FRONT LOADERS

The front loader is a tractor equipment, mounted on tracks or wheels, that has a large bucket on its
frontal extreme
LOADERS ON TIRES
They are called front loaders, they have four-wheel drive with two motor axles and two differentials, which give them
they allow for better operating conditions and a better utilization of the engine's power
Partes: Cabina, Cucharon, Cuchillas, Cilindro hidraulico, Varillaje de inclinacion, Motor, Eje, Contrpeso,Transmision, Eje
differential
Activity that is carried out
Loading of materials
Mix of materials
Excavation of loose or soft ground
Piling of material and loading of loose material
Deposit the loose material, either at a plant (crusher, concrete, asphalt, recycling plant, etc.) or in a waste location.
Crawlers over Lizards
The caterpillars are made up of modular chain links that form a closed chain. Each link is wide and
It is frequently made with manganese alloy steel to increase strength and durability.
ACTIVITIES CARRIED OUT BY THE LOADER ON ORGUGA
Road constructions
Earthmoving
Exploitation of mining deposits
Mineral loading
In the treatment of waste materials, sanitary landfills
Reconstruction and cleaning of channels, coasts, streams, and rivers
Snow removal
Cleaning a city by extracting waste
Civil construction works
In the demolition, etc.

1.1. EXAMPLE OF THE CALCULATION OF THE PERFORMANCE OF A FRONT LOADER

DATA

Front loader model FR 140

Efficiency (50/60) = 0.83
Sponge factor 1.10
Return distance 50 m.
Lap speed 10 km/h
Outbound speed 5 km/h
The ascent-descent time 20 min
Capacity of the ladle in m3 2.5m3

SOLUTION:
Calculation of the duty cycle
Cm tf tv
1 min
tf 20 seconds
60 seconds
tf 0.33 min
50x60 50x60
tv 
5x1000 10000
tv 0.9 minutes
Cm 0.33 minutes 0.9 minutes
Cm 1.23min

CALCULATION OF YIELD
2.5x0.83x1.10x60
R
1.23
R 111.34m3/h
Dump truck
Also known as dump trucks, they are used for transporting soil, aggregates, and other construction materials.
Due to the high speeds they are capable of developing, they require suitable roads to make the most of their great potential.
transport capacity at relatively low costs
ACTIVITY PERFORMED BY THE DUMP TRUCK
These units are used in construction for the transportation of cement, iron, aggregates, etc.
In road construction, for the transport of materials from the deposits or borrow pits to the fills or
embankments, for the transport of classified materials destined for the sub-base, base layers, and stabilization of
platforms or dirt paths for the transportation of asphalt mixtures, etc.
VENTAJAS Y DESVENTAJAS DE LOS VOLQUETES DE ACUERDO A SU CAPACIDAD
SMALL DUMP TRUCKS
Easy to maneuver, advantageous for short-distance transport.
They develop higher speeds.
It is easier to balance the number of trucks with the capacity of the loader.
Higher operating cost due to the greater number of drivers required.
Higher acquisition cost due to the greater number of trucks needed to achieve a certain capacity.
Higher maintenance costs, because they require more spare parts and more labor hours.
HIGH-CAPACITY DUMP TRUCKS
They require less investment because fewer units are needed.
A smaller number of trucks facilitates the work cycle, avoiding congestion and waiting times.
They require fewer drivers.
Its greater weight can damage the haul roads.
Greater difficulty in balancing the number of trucks with the loading team's capacity.
They require a charger with a higher capacity.
EJEMPLO DEL CÁLCULO DE RENDIMIENTO DE UN CAMNION VOLQUETE
MACHINERY DUMP TRUCK
CAPACITY 10 m3
SPEED WITH LOAD 40 Km/h
SPEED WITHOUT LOAD : 50 Km/h
COST PER HOUR MACHINE S/. 150.00/hour
Loading time (with a CAT 950B Front Loader, 155HP). It takes time to load in all regions of Peru.
loose material.
2.61 min.
- Download time

2 min
- Loaded travel time=
=1.5*d min
- Download travel time=

=1.2*d min

Ciclo = (2.7*d+4.61) minutos

CALCULATION OF YIELD

Cycle (2.7*d + 4.61) minutes

But, d = 5 Km
Cycle (2.7*20+4.61) minutes
Cycle 62.235 minutes
hours mniuest
USEFUL TIME = 8 x60 x0.90 432 min/day
day 1 hour
432 minutes/day
Nº DE VIAJES = 6.94 7 trips/day
cycle 62.235min
TRANSPORTED VOLUME = (Number of trips)(Capacity)
= (7trips)(10m3loose
Performance = 80m3day

EQUIPMENT FOR CUTTING AND DEMOLITION

TRACTORS
 They are machines that convert engine power into traction energy, for excavating, pushing, or pulling loads.
Crawlers and wheeled tractors
DOZERS
Dozers are defined as tractors equipped with a bulldozer blade mounted at the front.
BULLDOZER
They are tractors that have the bulldozer blade fixed, perpendicular to their longitudinal axis, work in a straight line, and only have vertical movement.
ANGLEDOZER
They are tractors equipped with a movable bulldozer blade that can rotate up to an angle of 30 degrees relative to the longitudinal axis of the
tractor
TILDOZER
This machine has a turning system on the bulldozer blade. horizontal and vertical rotation through a hydraulic control system
TYPES OF TOPPING LEAVES
STRAIGHT SHEET 'S'

TILTABLE AND INCLINABLE SHEET POWER "P"

VARIABLE RADIO SHEET 'VR'
ANGLEABLE SHEET 'A'
SEMI UNIVERSAL SHEET 'SU'
SOIL CHARACTERISTICS THAT INFLUENCE TRACTOR PRODUCTIVITY
a) Size and shape of the particles.- The larger the soil particles, the greater the difficulty in penetration.
from the blade.
b) Amount of voids.- When there are no voids, or they are very few, most of the surface of each particle is in contact with
others.
e) Water content.- Water content. In almost all dry matter, the bond between the particles is stronger, making it more difficult the
extraction. And if it is very wet, it weighs more and requires more power
Duration of the cycle (T)
It is the time required for a bulldozer to complete a work cycle, excavation, pushing, retreating, and changes, and it is calculated with
the following formula:

D(D d )
T  Z
D = Distancia de acarreo (m ) A R
A = Velocidad de avance (m/min )
R = Retraction speed (m/min)
d = Distancia de corte (m)
Z = Time the cutting operation lasts
Tiempo de corte (Z)
This value represents the duration of the cutting or excavation operation; to evaluate this time, conditions are considered.
average, a distance that varies from 10 to 15 meters and a speed equal to 50% of the tractor's forward speed.

d 2d
where:
Z
A A
A = Velocidad de avance (m/min)
d = Distancia de corte (m)
2
TRAILERS AND MOTOR TRAILERS
The scrapers are commonly used machines in earthmoving of large volumes, especially in fine soils or
small particle granules with little or no rock content. They are conveyor machines that have the ability to excavate,
self-load, transport, unload, and spread the materials in uniform layers. The trailers can be of the towed type by a
tractor or self-propelled (motor trailers).
MOTOR TRAILS
They are excavator trailers mounted on two pneumatic wheels and towed by a single-axle tractor with two wheels, which practically
they integrate to form a single unit. Their load capacity can be from 10 to 40 m3.
The motor graders are equipped with the following elements:
Trailer controls.-It consists of a double-acting hydraulic system that allows the operation of the gate, the box, and the ejector.
Tray box.- This box is low and wide to facilitate its filling, it is equipped with a blade perpendicular to its longitudinal axis, which
penetrates into the ground to carry out the excavation.
Gate.-Concentric swing, remains open when the machine is excavating and closes when the box has been filled with
the excavated material
HYDRAULIC EXCAVATORS (BACKHOES)
They are machines that are manufactured to perform excavations in different types of soils, as long as they do not have a high content.
rocks are used for excavation against attack fronts, for earth movement, trench opening, excavation for
foundations of structures, demolitions, excavations of aggregate banks, in the assembly of sewer pipes, etc.
They are machines that are manufactured to perform excavations in different types of soils, as long as they do not have a high content.
of rocks, are used for excavation against attack fronts, for earthmoving, trench opening, excavation for
foundations of structures, demolitions, excavations of aggregate banks, in the installation of drainage pipes, etc
DREDGES WITH BIVALVE CLAM
The bivalve bucket model expands the range of action of excavators because it allows for the execution of tasks that would not be possible.
to be carried out with a normal scoop, such as deep vertical excavations, earthmoving around shoring,
demolitions in hard-to-reach places, dredging for the extraction of aggregates, etc.
LIFTING AND LOADING EQUIPMENT

As a lifting team, we can refer to cranes, which consist of a boom longer than a shovel, a hook, and cables.
When necessary, the cranes can be mounted on truck platforms or also on tracks, their capacity varies from
a model to another and is measured by the weight it lifts.
LOADING EQUIPMENT
Front loader
They are machines composed of a tractor chassis, which at its front has a loading shovel made up of a bucket held
by two lateral arms, which are powered by two double-acting lifting pistons, fed by a hydraulic pump of
high pressure.
TRANSPORT OR CARRIAGE EQUIPMENT
Among the equipment used for transportation, we can mention trucks, dump trucks, wagons, trailers, bulldozers, and motorized bulldozers.
etc. These units are used in construction for the transport of cement, steel, aggregates, etc.
DUMP TRUCKS
They are trucks with greater capacity and power than dump trucks, with a payload exceeding 20 tons. The difference with dump trucks is that
its chassis, engine, and tipping box are manufactured as a single unit.
WATER TRUCKS
They are cylindrical water tanks, mounted on truck chasses, that are used for watering embankments in order to achieve the
optimal humidity specified for a construction and facilitate the compaction work. The tanks according to the engine power and the
The number of axles of the truck can have a capacity that varies between 2,000 to 30,000 liters.
EQUIPMENT FOR THE CONSTRUCTION OF EMBANKMENTS
2.4.1. MOTOR GRADERS
They consist of a four-wheeled tractor, which has a long arm or frame at the front supported by a two-wheel front axle.
wheels, which are for steering. The motor grader is equipped with a cutting blade that has vertical and horizontal movements, and
of rotation and translation in its own plane, it is mounted between its front axle and its rear drive axles. The movement
The horizontal of the sheet varies from 0° to 180° in relation to the longitudinal axis of the machine. In the vertical plane, its inclination can reach 90°.
in relation to the land.
COMPACTING
It is the mechanical operation performed to increase the density of the soil, that is, its weight per unit volume, in order to increase its
resistance.
COMPACTION MACHINERY
Among the most frequently used compactors in the compaction work of platforms and embankments in roads,
airports, urban roads, earthen dams, etc.
GOAT FOOT COMPACTORS
They are made up of hollow cylindrical rollers, on whose surface prism-shaped stamps that resemble their shape are mounted.
to goat hooves, with a height of 20 to 25 centimeters.
Vibratory Roller Compactors
They are vibratory rollers specifically used on rocky terrain, in granular conglomerates, in cobblestones, and in mixtures.
asphalt. Depending on the type of material, the amplitude and frequency of vibration should be adjusted. They can be towed or self-propelled:
HIGH-SPEED GOAT-FOOT COMPACTORS
The high-speed Pata de Cabra compactors are made up of four steel wheels or drums, equipped with legs or tampers.
they have self-propulsion through a diesel engine with a power of 170 to 300 HP, they have compaction widths that vary from 3 to 3.80
metros; they develop speeds between 5 and 35 km/h.
PNEUMATIC COMPACTORS
The main use of these equipment is in the construction of asphalt layers, stabilized base and subbase layers, granular layers.
etc., where its effect is superior to that of other types of compactors, as it can achieve a perfect sealing of pores and surfaces.
defect-free uniforms.
COMBINED COMPACTORS
They are made up of a smooth vibrating roller mounted on the front axle, and they are equipped with pneumatic wheels on the rear axle.
generally in a number four, to improve the compaction conditions, giving greater uniformity to the surface. They are manufactured
in a wide variety of weights and models.
Pavers
The concrete paver is a machine specially designed to lay concrete in layers of uniform thickness, whose
The surface must remain homogeneous and of uniform texture. These machines are equipped with a hopper, whose capacity is variable.
according to the models. The hopper is fed by a dump truck. The material is automatically discharged onto the base layer, with a
feeding flow that is proportional to the paving speed.
MIXER TRUCK
The mixer truck (also known as a concrete mixer truck, mixing truck, and/or agitator) consists of a truck equipped with a
concrete mixer.
dump truck
Transmisión, Dirección hidráulica, Cabina, Neumático, Frenos, ABS, Dimensiones externas, Embrague, Caja de cambios, Toma de fuerza,
Transmission tree, Radiator, battery