Lesson_19
THERMODYNAMICS
Temperature and Heat
Objectives
After completing this lesson, you should be able to:
Define Thermodynamics;
Define temperature and heat;
Convert temperature scale reading, ⁰C, ⁰F and K;
Define Heat and specific heat;
Analyze and solve problems relating to temperature and heat.
Thermodynamics
Thermodynamics – is the study of energy
transformations involving heat, mechanical work, and
other aspects of energy and how these
transformations relate to the properties of physics.
Thermodynamics forms an indispensable part of the
foundation of physics, chemistry and the life sciences,
and its application turn up in such places as car
engines, refrigerators, biochemical processes, and the
structure of stars.
Temperature
Temperature – is rooted in qualitative ideas of hot
and cold based on our sense of touch. It is a measure
of hotness and coldness
Temperature also related to the kinetic energies of
the molecules of a material.
Temperature Scale
Celsius and Fahrenheit Temperature scales are based on the
freezing (0⁰C = 32⁰F) and boiling (100⁰C = 212⁰F) temperatures of
water.
One Celsius degree equals 9/5 Fahrenheit degree.
Kelvin scale has its zero at the extrapolated zero-pressure
temperature for a gas thermometer, - 273.15 ⁰C = 0 K.
Relationship among Kelvin (K) Celsius (C),and
Fahrenheit (F) Temperature scales
Example 1: Body Temperature
Solution:
Given:
Find:
(a) Temperatures in degrees Celsius and Kelvins;
(b) Find
b)
a) For degrees Celsius
For Kelvins
Kelvin Scale and Gas-Thermometer
In the gas thermometer scale, the ratio of two temperatures T1
and T2 is defined to be equal to the ratio of two corresponding
gas-thermometer pressure P1 and P2.
Kelvin scale is called an absolute temperature scale, and its zero
point ( T = 0 K = -273.15 ⁰C).
Linear Expansion
When a temperature change ΔT, it causes a change in any linear
dimension of a solid body. The change ΔL is approximately
proportional to and ΔT.
Coefficients of Linear Expansion
Volume Expansion
When a temperature change ΔT, it causes a change ΔV in the
volume of any solid or liquid; ΔV is approximately proportional
to and ΔT.
Coefficients of Volume Expansion
Example 2: Length Change Due to
Temperature
Solution :
Example 3: Volume change due to
temperature change
Solution:
Given:
(relationship bet. Coefficient of volume expansion and coefficient of linear expansion)
Heat
Heat – refers to energy transfer caused by temperature
differences and learn how to calculate and control such
energy transfers.
Calorie – define as the amount of heat required to raise the
temperature of 1 gram of water from 14.5 ⁰C
to 15.5 ⁰C.
BTU – British Thermal Unit is a corresponding unit of heat
using Fahrenheit degrees and British units. One BTU is the
quantity of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 pound
of water 1 F⁰ from 63 ⁰F to 64 ⁰F.
Quantity of Heat
We use the symbol Q for quantity of heat.
The quantity of heat Q required to increase the
temperature of a mass m of a certain material from T1 to
T2 is found to be approximately proportional to the
temperature change ΔT = T2 - T1.
It is proportional to the mass m of material.
Specific Heat
the quantity c from is called the specific
heat.
Specific heat is different for different materials.
For infinitesimal temperature change dT
corresponding to quantity of heat dQ.
Example 4: Feed a cold, starve a fever
Solution:
Given:
Example 5: Overheat Electronics
Solution:
Given:
Find:
