Fedora Linux Core 4

(46320388) (46320511) (46321105) (46321139) 3 . . 2548

1 1.1 1.2 1.3 2 3

Linux Unix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Linux . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fedora Linux . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . OS

3 3 4 6 8 10 10 10 11 11 12 12 12 12 13

Hardware 3.1 CPU . . . . . . . . . . 3.2 Hard Drive . . . . . . . 3.3 Memory . . . . . . . . . 3.4 . . . . . . . . . . . RAID 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4

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RAID . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RAID . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Inexpensive independent ? . . . RAID . . . . . . . . . . . .

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File System 14 5.1 ext2 Second extended file system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 5.2 ext3 Third extended file system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Memory Management 16 18

1.1 1.2 Linus Torvalds, 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6

Unix

Unix Compatible ( [Link] . . . . . Linux kernel ( [Link] . . . . . . . . .

4 4

Richard Matthew Stallman, GNU ( [Link] . . . 5 Andrew S. Tanenbaum, Professor of Computer Science, Vrije University . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Red Hat Enterprise Linux 4 ( [Link] Hat Enterprise Linux) . . . . 6 Fedora Core 4 GNOME desktop environment ( [Link] 7 8 8

2.1 GNOME desktop environment ( [Link] . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2 KDE desktop environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5.1 Ext File System Layout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 6.1 Logical address in Linux . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

Linux
Fedora Linux Core 4 Unix Linux

1.1
Thompson

Unix
Unix Bell Labs ( AT&T) Ken Dennis Ritchie 1969 MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology), AT&T Bell Labs GE (General Electric) Multics 1960 Mainframe Computer GE 635 (Interactive) Bell Ken Thompson Ken & Dennis Unix PDP-11/20 Bell Labs . . 1976 . . 1978 Version 7 Bell Labs AT&T Unix Assembly Unix) Unix Unix System III 1982 Unix Berkley Multics (Shell) C( Version AT&T Unix Dennis Ritchie

Labs Bell Labs PDP-7 Multics Version 2 C 6

1983 System V University of California at Berkley BSD Unix (Berkley Software Distribution) (Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency - DARPA) Unix TCP/IP Version Protocol X.25 XENIX V Group Unix 1. 2 Unix Digital Unix, SCO Unix, IBMs Open Edition 2. Unix ( 1.1) Unix Clone) The Open Group Unix Sun OS BSD Version 4 Berkley Berkley Solaris AIX BSD Version 4.4 Unix DEC Berkley Ultrix (Registered Trademark) Unix OSF/1 BSD DARPA . . 1993

System The Open

Unix (Unix Compatible, Unix like systems

Sun Solaris, IBM AIX, Linux

1.1)

1.1:

Unix

Unix Compatible (

[Link]

1.2

Linux
. . 1980 Linus Trovalds ( 1.3) . 1990 1.2) GNU Unix

(Computer Science) . . 1983 Richard Matthew Stallman ( Linux GNU Thomas Bushnell . 1991 Minix GNU Bash Shell

The BSD 44-Lite Kernel 0.01 POSIX Trovalds Linux

1.2: Linus Torvalds,

Linux kernel ( 4

[Link]

1.3: Richard Matthew Stallman,

GNU (

[Link]

1.4: Andrew S. Tanenbaum, Professor of Computer Science, Vrije University

Trovalds Linux Linux (Minix) (Andrew S. Tannenbaum) ( 1.4)

X [Link] .

2.6.14 (01/11/05) 1.0.x,1.2.x 1.1.x, 1.3.x GNU/Linux Open Source ) Source ( ) Linux Linux Novell Sun Microsystems IBM, Linux Distribution Linux Open Source ( Linux Open

1.3

Fedora Linux

1.5: Red Hat Enterprise Linux 4 ( Linux Distribution 1.5) Server Download Package 2003 Linux Red Hat Linux Linux Distribution 1 Red Hat Inc. (

[Link] Hat Enterprise Linux) Red Hat Linux ( Distribution Downtime Desktop ) Windows Support Open Source Red Hat Red Hat

Graphic Interface

Linux Distribution Red Hat Enterprise Linux Project Fedora Linux Fedora Linux 3 Linux Red Hat Linux Package

2 Fedora Linux Red Hat Red Hat Inc. Red Hat Enterprise Linux Red Hat Advance Server Community

Red Hat Enterprise Linux 3 Server Server Desktop Workstation

1. Advance Server (AS) 2. Entry Server (ES) 3. Workstation (WS) 4. Desktop Red Hat Enterprise Linux Fedora Fedora Core ( Linux 1.6)

Data center Mail Server, File/Print Server

Beta tester

Red Hat Enterprise Linux Linux distribution Red Hat

RPM-based (Red Hat Packages Management - Base)

1.6: Fedora Core 4

GNOME desktop environment (

[Link]

Fedora Linux Fedora Core 1 (FC1, 6 ACPI 2004

Core Cambridge, 2003 Red Hat Linux 9 cpufreq Yarrow) 20 AMD64

Fedora Legacy Automated Updates

2004 Notebook

Fedora Core 2 (FC2, Fedora Legacy 2.6, KDE 3.2.1, SELinux Windows XP

Tettnang) 11

2005

18 2004 Linux Kernel 2.6, GNOME XFree86 [Link] Server dual-booting

Fedora Core 3 (FC3, Heidelberg), i386 AMD64 8 KDE 3.3.0, [Link] Server 6.8.1, Xen virtualizer, Fedora Core 4 (FC4, GNOME 2.10 Stentz)

2004 Linux kernel

GNOME 2.8 2.6.9 (25 13 2005) 2.6.11.

i386, AMD64 PowerPC KDE 3.4, GCC 4.0, gcj-compiled

Eclipse IDE

2005 Linux kernel (

Fedora Core 5 Test 1 ) 2006 21 23 23 27 Fedora Core 5 2005 - Fedora Core 5 Test 1 2005 - Fedora Core 5 Test 2 2006 - Fedora Core 5 Test 3 2006 - Fedora Core 5 Final ( )

27

OS
Fedora Packages 5,000 packages GUI installation Packages

File Manager Metacity Desktop Environment

Nautilus (

Windows Explorer)

Default Window Manager

GNOME

2.1)

2.1: GNOME desktop environment (

[Link]

2.2: KDE desktop environment ( 2.2) Themes ClearLooks Theme

[Link] 2.1) Bluecurve Theme KDE (

GNOME (

[Link] , K office , GNOME Office [Link] Version 2.0 8

Microsoft Office System Microsoft Windows

Server (Web Server, Mail Server, DHCP Server, DNS Server, Internet Sharing, Proxy Server, File sharing Server ) Lan Card 1 Lan Card Internet Lan Card Network Fedora Linux IP Address (DHCP Server), Share Internet, Proxy Server DNS Cache Server Internet , Firewall , Internet Port Lan Card Fedora Linux IP Address (DHCP Server) Proxy Server * Lan Card Firewall Share Internet Apache Web Server Website Web page FTP Fedora Linux Admin Samba Server Network Place File File Share Web page Windows ssh Unix/Linux Client Windows ( backup) Web Admin Tools Windows Internet Mail Webmin Tools Mail Fedora Linux

Fedora Linux File Operating System (OS) Intranet Mail Server Server Mail Server Internet Fedora Linux Spam Visual Host Backup and Restore Restore Backup

Folder Fedora Linux

CD/DVD Upgrade

Unix operating system/Linux

Programming language C/C++, Java, Perl, Python, Ada, Tck/tk, Embedded systems , Palm Portable device Linux

Graphics Rendering, Realtime, Image Processing and Simulation Linux , Daimler Chrysler Linux Image Processing

Digital Domain Titanic Linux Linux

Reder

CGI (Computer Generated Imagery) Titanic Graphics Rendering

Square Render Farm Pixar RenderMan for Linux

900+ CPU render

Linux Cluster

Software

Hardware
3.1 CPU

CPU 32-bit x86 systems

Pentium CPU ( Fedora Core 4 optimized CPU Pentium 4 AMD VIA ) Pentium, Pentium Pro, Pentium II, Pentium III CPU CPU text-mode 200 MHz Pentium Pentium II

graphical-mode

400 MHz

CPU 64-bit x86 64 systems

CPU AMD64 processors ( Intel processors Athlon64 Opteron) Intel EM64T

Intel Extended Memory 64 Technology

CPU PowerPC (PPC)

PowerPC G3 / POWER4 Fedora Core 4 New World Apple Power Macintosh 1999 64-bit G5 processor POWER processors IBM eServer pSeries IBM RS/6000 CPU CPU text-mode 233 MHz G3 400 MHz G3

32-bit

graphical-mode

3.2

Hard Drive

CPU 32-bit x86 systems)

Custom Installation ( Server: 1.1GB Personal Desktop: 2.3GB Workstation: 3.0GB Custom Installation ( ): 6.9GB ): 620MB

10

CPU 64-bit x86 64 systems

Custom Installation ( Server: 1.5GB Personal Desktop: 2.7GB Workstation: 3.4GB Custom Installation: ( ) 7.5GB ): 900MB

CPU PowerPC (PPC)

CPU 64-bit x86 64 system

3.3

Memory

CPU 32-bit x86 systems

text-mode: 64MB graphical-mode: 192MB ( for graphical-mode: 256MB)

CPU 64-bit x86 64 systems

text-mode: 128MB graphical-mode: 256MB ( for graphical-mode: 512MB)

CPU PowerPC (PPC)

CPU 64-bit x86 64 systems

3.4
Keyboard*, Mouse* Floppy Drive*, Optical Drive*, Monitor* * Optical Drive Optical Drive Optical Drive

11

RAID
RAID RAID logical unit) Redundant Array of Independent Disks Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disks Hard Drive Hard Drive Hard Drive 1 ( single

4.1

RAID
1978 Norman Ken Ouchi IBM for recovering data stored in failed memory unit" U.S. Patent 4,092,732 "System

1988 RAID level 1 - 5 David A. Patterson, Garth A. Gibson "A Case for Redundant Arrays of Inexpensive Disks (RAID)" SIGMOD Conference 1988 109 - 116

Randy H. Katz

4.2

RAID
(Data Transfer Rates) single logical unit (C,D,E )

Data redundancy/ Fault tolerance Down

4.3

Inexpensive
I RAID RAID

independent ?
independent inexpensive SCSI IDE/ATA RAID RAID Flash Inex-

memory pensive

Independent

12

4.4
3

RAID
RAID Standard RAID levels Level Level Standard RAID levels, Nested RAID Levels, Proprietary RAID levels

Standard RAID levels

RAID Level 0 oriented data mapping ,

Level
Striped Disk Array without Fault Tolerance Data Block RAID parity , RAID performanceData Block

RAID 0 (data redundancy) Hard Drive Hard Drive RAID Level 1 2 Drive Disk Mirroring

provides redundancy by writing identical RAID RAID Level 0

parity RAID Level 0 Hard Drive RAID Level 4 striping parity bit RAID Level 0

, Drive 2 Drive Drive

Independent Data Disks with Shared Parity Disk Hard Drive 3 Drive 2 Drive Drive parity bit strip strip parity bit parity strip RAID Level 0 parity bit Drive parity 2

RAID Level 5 striping parity bit RAID Level 0 bit Drive stripping

Independent Data Disk with Distributed Parity Blocks RAID Level 4 2 Drive Drive parity bit Drive strip parity Drive RAID Level 5 Drive 3 stripping 1 2 3 parity bit Drive 2 3 1 parity bit

Linear RAID sequentially drive (disk) space drive drive Drive

Drive drive drive

linear RAID

allocated drive

linear RAID

13

File System
File System (FS) file system Minix File system Fedora Linux xiafs 2 NILFS, ReiserFS Fedora Linux Core 4 Linux ext2 Reiser4 ext3 File System Extended file system ext

5.1
ext2 System ext2

ext2

Second extended file system

Linux kernel Remy Card Journaling File System * Debian Linux metadata Linux, NTFS WinHFS+ Mac OS X system failure crash Non-Journaling .. benchmark tool ), ( 1993 Journaling File

File System ext3 file system

Red Hat Linux, Fedora Linux Core

* Journaling File System (FS) Journaling FS dows, XFS IRIX, EXT3, Reiser4, ReiserFS Journaling FS force reset ( 100% power ..

shutdown process)

5.2

ext3

Third extended file system

ext2 ext3 3

1. Journaling File System 2. H-tree (hashed tree) directory indexes 3. Online filesystem resizing ext3 file system Red Hat Linux, Fedora Linux Core, Ubuntu Linux Debian Linux

14

ext2 : Stephen Tweedie ( ), Theodore Tso ( ACLs), Andreas Dilger (

ext3 ext3 online resizing), Third extended file system (ext3) ext2 2001 ( Linux ), Remy Card ( ext2, ext3

), Andreas Gruenbacher (xattrs

: Second extended file system (ext2) : kernel 2.4.15)

1992 (Linux kernel 0.96c) ext3 H-tree (ext3) table (metadata)

Directory : inode table (ext2)

File allocation : bitmap (free space) Bad blocks : Table : 255 : : 2TB

: 32TB

: Unix permissions, ACLs

arbitrary security attributes (Linux kernel 2.6

5.1: Ext File System Layout

15

Memory Management
kernel memory management

6.1: Logical address in Linux

Paging (Physical memory) ical memory) page table (frame management) (Process address space) Memory descriptors Memory regions Page faults (Log-

Linux Linux paging

Intel x86

segmentation * segmentation

16

page page table 3

4KB

x86 CPU

8KB

Alpha CPU

64-bit addresses space

x86 processors page table 2 32 bit addresses space 32 bits) user space 3 GB

Segment + Offset 4 GB Linear address ( kernel space 1GB hardware TLB (Translation Lookaside Buffer) ** )

paging * Segmentation (

2 (Offset) (Dynamic partitioning) ** TLB : Translation lookaside buffer ( 2 2 TLB miss cach memory (TLB : Translation Lookaside Buffer) TLB TLB TLB hit (Internal fragmentation) )

17

(NECTEC) [Link]

Unix ( ) [Link] (Kaiwal Development Team) [Link] [Link] ( [Link] )

Unix Linux ?( ) [Link] Fedora Core ( ) [Link] Core Fedora Project, sponsored by Red Hat (Red Hat, Inc.) [Link] Red Hat Enterprise Linux ( ) [Link] Hat Enterprise Linux Journaling filesystem ( ) [Link] filesystem General overview of the Linux file system (Machtelt Garrels) [Link] intro/sect 03 [Link] The Official Red Hat Linux Reference Guide RAID (Red Hat, Inc.) [Link] Comparison of file systems ( ) [Link] of file systems Linux Memory Management (Craig M. Grube) [Link] Lecture Overview Linux Memory Management (Dr. Richard Hall, Torsten Fink) [Link] Journaling filesystem, [Link] (ithilien rp ( ))

18