IDEAL INDIAN SCHOOL, DOHA-QATAR

Sub: Islamic Studies -Non-Arabs

Class: XII

The Glorious Qur’an – Notes

(It’s Mode of Revelation, Compilation, Structure and Major Themes)

Learning Objectives
By the end of this lesson, students will be able to:
Define the Qur’an and explain why it is the highest form of revelation. Understand how the Qur’an
was revealed, preserved, and compiled.
Differentiate between Makkan and Madinan Surahs.
Recognize the major themes and scientific miracles in the Qur’an. Appreciate the Qur’an as
divine guidance for humanity.
Learning Outcomes
After completing this lesson, students should be able to:
Recall key facts about the Qur’an’s revelation, compilation, and protection. Explain the reasons for
gradual revelation.
Identify important names and themes of the Qur’an.
Answer exam-based questions in various formats (long, short, MCQs, etc.). Apply lessons from
the Qur’an to daily life with understanding and reflection.

1. Long Questions & Answers (5)

Q1. Define the Qur’an and explain why it is the highest form of revelation.
A1. The Qur’an is the final, divine revelation sent by Allah to Prophet Muhammad ‫ ﷺ‬in Arabic
through Angel Jibreel ‫السالم عليه‬. It is the highest form of revelation
because it is Allah’s direct word, preserved without alteration, unlike earlier scriptures which
were changed or lost.

Q2. How is the Qur’an protected from corruption?

A2. Allah Himself promised to preserve the Qur’an (Surah Al-Hijr 15:9). It has been safeguarded
through memorization (ḥifẓ) by countless Muslims and through meticulous written compilation
during the time of Abu Bakr ‫ عنه هللا رضي‬and Uthman ‫عنه هللا رضي‬, ensuring no addition, deletion, or
alteration.

Q3. Describe the beginning and the last revelation of the Qur’an.
A3. The first revelation was Surah Al- ‘Alaq (96:1-5) in the cave of Hira, commanding the Prophet ‫ﷺ‬
to “Read in the name of your Lord.” The last revelation is reported as Surah Al-Ma’idah 5:3, which
declared the perfection of religion, though some scholars say the last was 2:281.

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Q4. Why was the Qur’an revealed in stages?
A4. The Qur’an was revealed over 23 years to gradually guide the Muslims, strengthen the
Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬and his followers, provide solutions for arising issues, and facilitate memorization
and understanding. This method gave practical guidance suited to real-life situations.

Q5. How was the Qur’an collected and preserved after the Prophet’s ‫ ﷺ‬death?
A5. During Abu Bakr’s caliphate, Zayd ibn Thabit ‫ عنه هللا رض‬compiled the Qur’an into a single
manuscript due to fear of loss after many memorizers were martyred. Later, Uthman ‫عنه هللا رض‬
standardized copies and distributed them to different regions to prevent differences in recitation.

2. Short Questions & Answers:

Q1. What are some names of the Qur’an?
A1. Al-Furqan (The Criterion), Al-Dhikr (The Reminder), Al-Kitab (The Book), Al-Huda
(The Guidance).
Q2. What is meant by Makkan and Madinan Surahs?
A2. Surahs revealed before Hijrah are Makkan, and those after Hijrah are Madinan.
Q3. What is Nadhm in the Qur’an?
A3. Nadhm refers to the coherence and perfect arrangement of the Qur’anic verses and Surahs.
Q4. What is the main theme of the Qur’an?
A4. Tawheed (Oneness of Allah), guidance for mankind, laws of life, stories of Prophets, warnings
and glad tidings.
Q5. Mention one scientific miracle in the Qur’an.
A5. The stages of human embryo development (Surah Al-Mu’minun 23:12-14).

3. Multiple Choice Questions:

Q1. The Qur’an was revealed over a period of:
a) 10 years
b) 23 years
c) 40 years
d) 3 years
Q2. The first revelation was in the cave of:
a) Thawr
b) Hira
c) Mina
d) Safa
Q3. The verse declaring the perfection of religion is in:
a) Surah Al-Fatiha
b) Surah Al-Baqarah
c) Surah Al-Ma’idah
d) Surah Al-Kahf

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 Q4. Who supervised the first compilation of the Qur’an?
a) Umar bin Khattab AR)
b) Uthman bin Affan (RA)
c) Abu Bakr As Siddique (RA)
d) Ali bin Abi Talib (RA)
Q5. The Qur’an is protected from corruption according to:
a) Surah Al-Baqarah
b) Surah Al-Hijr 15:9
c) Surah Al-Nur
d) Surah Al-Nas

4. Fill in the Blanks (5)

1. The Qur’an was revealed to Prophet (Muhammad ‫)ﷺ‬.

2. The first revelation was from Surah (Al-‘Alaq).
3. The Qur’an was revealed over a period of years (23).
4. The Qur’an is also called Al- (Furqan).
5. The Qur’an is protected by Allah as mentioned in Surah (Al-
Hijr 15:9).

5. True or False (5)

1. The Qur’an was revealed in one single night.
2. Makkan Surahs generally focus on Tawheed and the Hereafter.
3. Uthman ‫ عنه هللا رض‬ordered standard copies of the Qur’an to prevent differences.

4. The Qur’an is the word of Prophet Muhammad ‫ﷺ‬.

5. The Qur’an contains guidance for all aspects of life.

6. The summary of Surah Al fathiha (‫)سورة الفاتحة‬

Surah Al-Fātiḥah, also known as “The Opening”, is the first chapter of the Qur’an and a central
part of every Muslim’s prayer. It teaches the basic foundations of faith and the relationship
between Allah and His servants.
The Surah begins by praising Allah as the Lord of all worlds, the Most Merciful and the Owner
of the Day of Judgment. It reminds believers that only Allah deserves worship and only He can
provide guidance and help. The Surah then asks Allah to guide us to the Straight Path—the path
of those whom He has blessed—and to keep us away from the paths of those who went astray or
earned His displeasure.
, reliance on Allah, and the importance of seeking true guidance in life.

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 7. Short Notes:
1. Major Themes of the Qur’an:
The Qur’an emphasizes Tawheed, guidance for righteous living, stories of past nations, laws,
moral lessons, glad tidings for believers, and warnings for
disbelievers.

2. Scientific Miracles in the Qur’an:

Examples include the stages of embryonic development, expansion of the universe, barrier between
fresh and salt water, and the creation of everything in pairs — all proving its divine origin.

Chapter 3 The Four Caliph of Islam

I. Multiple Choice Questions:
1. Who compiled the Qur’an into one official version?
A) Umar ibn al-Khattab B) Uthman ibn Affan
C) Ali ibn Abi Talib D) Abu Bakr
Answer: B
2. Which Caliph introduced the Islamic Hijri calendar?
A) Abu Bakr B) Ali ibn Abi Talib C) Umar ibn al-Khattab D) Uthman bin Affan
Answer: C
3. Who was the first Caliph after the death of Prophet Muhammad (PBUH)?
A) Ali B) Uthman C) Umar D) Abu Bakr
Answer: D
4. The capital of the Islamic state was moved to Kufa by:
A) Abu Bakr B) Umar C) Ali D) Uthman
Answer: C
5. Who was known as 'Al-Farooq'?
A) Abu Bakr B) Ali C) Umar ibn al-Khattab D) Uthman
Answer: C
II. Short Questions & Answers:
1. Who were the Khulafa-e-Rashidun?
They were the first four rightly guided Caliphs who succeeded Prophet Muhammad (PBUH).
2. What was Abu Bakr’s greatest contribution?
He united the Muslim Ummah and initiated the compilation of the Qur’an.
3. What title was given to Umar (r.a)?
Al-Farooq – the one who distinguishes truth from falsehood.
4. Why was Uthman (r.a) assassinated?
Due to internal dissent and political unrest.
5. What major event occurred during Ali’s caliphate?
The civil wars: Battle of the Camel and Battle of Siffin.
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III. Long Questions & Answers:
1. Describe the major achievements of Caliph Umar ibn al-Khattab.
Caliph Umar ibn al-Khattab (r.a) achieved remarkable progress for the Muslim empire. He expanded
the Islamic state into Persia, Syria, Egypt, and beyond. He established an organized system of
governance with ministries, courts, and administrative departments. Umar (r.a) also introduced the
Hijri calendar to unify the Muslim community. His rule was marked by justice, welfare programs, and
strong institutions that protected the rights of all.

2. How did Abu Bakr (r.a) maintain the unity of the Muslim Ummah?
Abu Bakr (r.a) preserved the unity of the Ummah through strong and wise leadership. He took
decisive action during the Ridda Wars to stop apostasy and rebellion. His firmness ensured that the
Islamic state did not collapse after the Prophet’s ‫ ﷺ‬passing. He also supervised the preservation of the
Qur’an by ordering its compilation. His calmness and sincerity helped stabilize the Muslim
community in a critical time.

3. What was Uthman ibn Affan's role in standardizing the Qur’an?

Uthman ibn Affan (r.a) played a crucial role in protecting the Qur’an from differences in recitation.
He reviewed the compiled Qur’anic manuscript and ordered multiple official copies to be written.
These copies were then sent to different regions of the Muslim world. He also instructed that all
unofficial variations be removed to avoid confusion. His efforts ensured that the Qur’an remained
unified and preserved in its original form.

4. Explain the challenges faced by Ali ibn Abi Talib as a Caliph.

Ali ibn Abi Talib (r.a) faced severe challenges during his caliphate, including internal conflicts. A
major difficulty was the outbreak of civil war among Muslims. He also had to deal with the rebellion
of the Khawarij, who rejected his arbitration decision. The divisions within the community created
political and social instability. Despite these hardships, Ali (r.a) tried to uphold justice and maintain
peace with wisdom and patience.

5. Compare the leadership qualities of all four Caliphs.

Abu Bakr (r.a) showed sincerity, wisdom, and gentle firmness in guiding the Ummah. Umar (r.a) was
known for his justice, strength, and powerful administrative skills. Uthman (r.a) displayed great
generosity, humility, and dedication to preserving the Qur’an. Ali (r.a) was admired for his bravery,
deep knowledge, and spiritual insight. Together, the four Caliphs demonstrated leadership based on
integrity, faith, and service to Islam.

IV. Fill in the Blanks

1. Abu Bakr was known as As-Siddiq.
2. The Hijri calendar was introduced by Umar ibn al-Khattab.
3. The Qur’an was compiled into one official version during the rule of Uthman ibn Affan.
4. Ali ibn Abi Talib shifted the capital to Kufa.
5. Uthman belonged to the Umayyad clan.
V. Higher Order Thinking Questions (HOTQs)
1. Why do you think Uthman’s role in standardizing the Qur’an was crucial for Islamic unity?
2. How did the leadership of Umar ibn al-Khattab influence modern Islamic governance?

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3. Discuss how Ali’s approach to civil conflict reflects Islamic principles of justice and patience.
4. Imagine if the Ridda Wars were not fought. What could have happened to the unity of Muslims?
5. Compare how the leadership challenges faced by Ali differ from those of Abu Bakr.
VI. Key Takeaway Messages
Leadership in Islam is based on service, justice, and responsibility, not power.
The early Caliphs were role models of piety, wisdom, and sacrifice.
Unity and adherence to Qur’an and Sunnah are central to Islamic governance.
Difficult times call for courageous, sincere, and visionary leadership.
The success of the Rashidun Caliphs was due to their God-consciousness and consultation (Shura).
VII. Analysis
The Rashidun period was a golden age that showed practical implementation of Islamic principles in state
affairs.
Each Caliph responded to unique challenges – military, social, political – with exemplary decision-making.
The Caliphs didn’t seek leadership for fame; they led with humility and fear of Allah.
Their model continues to be referenced in Islamic political theory and thought.
The diversity in their leadership styles reflects Islam’s adaptability and balance between firmness and
mercy.

Lesson 8: Marriage in Islam

Learning Objectives:
- Understand the significance and beauty of marriage in Islam.
- Recognize marriage as a natural inclination and an act of worship.
- Explain the primary aims of marriage in Islamic teachings.
- Identify the qualities of a good spouse (both male and female).
- Understand Islamic guidance on marriage proposal, contract, and mahr.
- Learn about the Sunnah of Walīmah (wedding feast) and its etiquettes.
- Derive wisdom and moral lessons from the Prophet’s ‫ ﷺ‬guidance on marriage.

Learning Outcomes:
- Describe how Islam views marriage as a sacred bond of love and mercy.
- Explain the process and conditions of marriage in Islam.
- Recall the importance of Mahr and Walīmah.
- Identify the rights and responsibilities of both spouses.
- Apply the Prophet’s ‫ ﷺ‬teachings on choosing a righteous spouse.

Summary:
Marriage in Islam is a divine institution designed to nurture love, mercy, and righteousness. It protects
society, strengthens family bonds, and ensures peace. The contract, mahr, and walīmah are sacred elements
under Allah’s guidance and the Sunnah of His Messenger ‫ﷺ‬.
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Wisdom Takeaway Messages:
- Marriage completes one’s faith.
- Piety and good character are the foundations of a successful marriage.
- Mutual respect and mercy sustain love in marriage.
- Mahr symbolizes dignity and should be given with kindness.
- Walīmah strengthens social ties and spreads joy.
- Seeking Allah’s guidance brings blessings.
Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)
1. What is the primary purpose of marriage in Islam?
a) Wealth accumulation
b) Companionship and chastity
c) Social prestige
d) None of the above
2. Which verse mentions love and mercy between spouses?
a) Surah Al-Baqarah 2:256
b) Surah Ar-Rum 30:21
c) Surah An-Nur 24:35
d) Surah Al-Ahzab 33:40
3. The Mahr is:
a) A dowry from bride’s family
b) A bridal gift from the groom
c) A wedding tax
d) A charity
4. The Walīmah is held:
a) Before marriage
b) During proposal
c) After consummation
d) After divorce
5. What quality should a Muslim prioritize in choosing a spouse?
a) Wealth b) Lineage
c) Beauty d) Religion

Fill in the Blanks:

1. Marriage is a bond of ______ and ______.
2. Islam discourages ______ relationships before marriage.
3. The bridal gift given by the groom is called ______.
4. The wedding feast in Islam is known as ______.
5. Attending a wedding feast is ______.
True or False:
1. Islam encourages lifelong celibacy.
2. Seeing one’s prospective bride is permissible.

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3. Mahr is a bride’s right in Islam.
4. Walīmah is an innovation (Bid‘ah).
5. The Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬advised marrying for beauty only.
Match the Following:
1. Mahr - Bridal gift
2. Walīmah - Wedding feast
3. Istikharah - Seeking Allah’s guidance
4. Nikah - Marriage contract
5. Ar-Rum 30:21 - Verse about love and mercy

Short Answers:

1. What are the main aims of marriage in Islam?

The main aims of marriage in Islam are:
• To preserve chastity and protect from immoral behavior.
• To establish a righteous family and continue human generation.
• To provide emotional comfort, love, and mercy between spouses.
• To strengthen the Muslim community through moral households.
2. What are the conditions of a valid Nikah?
A valid Nikah requires the following:
1. Consent of both bride and groom.
2. Two Muslim witnesses to the contract.
3. Mahr (bridal gift) given to the bride.
4. Offer (Ijab) and Acceptance (Qabul) in one sitting.
5. The marriage should not contradict any Islamic law (e.g., marrying prohibited relations).
3. What is the importance of Mahr in marriage?
• Mahr is the bride’s lawful right and symbolizes respect and honor.
• It signifies the groom’s sincere intention and responsibility.
• The Qur’an commands:“And give the women their bridal gifts graciously.” (Surah An-Nisā’ 4:4)
• It is a token of love, not a price, and should be given willingly.
4. Who is the best woman to marry according to the Prophet ‫?ﷺ‬
• The Prophet ‫ﷺ‬said:“A woman is married for four things: her wealth, her lineage, her beauty, and her
religion. So marry the religious woman, may your hands be rubbed with dust (i.e., may you
prosper).” (Bukhari & Muslim)
• Thus, the best woman to marry is one who is pious and has good character.
5. Why is Istikharah recommended before marriage?
• Istikharah means seeking Allah’s guidance before making important decisions.
• It shows reliance on Allah’s wisdom and prevents future regret.
• It is a Sunnah of the Prophet ‫ﷺ‬for every significant matter.
• Through it, a believer entrusts his choice to Allah for blessings and success.

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Long Answers:
1. Discuss the Islamic concept of marriage as a bond of love and mercy.
• Marriage in Islam is a divine institution that unites a man and a woman in love and compassion.
• The Qur’an describes marriage as a sign of Allah:
“And among His signs is that He created for you mates from among yourselves, that you may find
tranquility in them, and He placed between you affection and mercy.” (Ar-Rūm 30:21)
• It provides peace of mind, emotional security, and mutual support.
• It is not merely a social contract but an act of worship that completes one’s faith.
• The Prophet ‫ﷺ‬emphasized that through marriage, one protects chastity and gains reward from Allah.

2. Explain the essential elements of the marriage contract (Nikah).

The essential elements (Arkan) of Nikah in Islam include:
1. Proposal (Ijab) – A clear statement by one party (e.g., the bride’s guardian).
2. Acceptance (Qabul) – The groom’s response confirming the proposal.
3. Consent – Both the bride and groom must agree freely.
4. Mahr (Bridal Gift) – A gift given by the groom as a right of the bride.
5. Witnesses – Two Muslim adult witnesses are required.
6. Public Declaration – The marriage should be announced publicly to avoid secrecy.
These conditions ensure that marriage in Islam is lawful, respectful, and transparent.

3. Describe the Prophet’s ‫ﷺ‬guidance on choosing a righteous spouse.

• The Prophet ‫ﷺ‬emphasized piety and good character over wealth, beauty, or status.
• He said: “A woman may be married for four things: her wealth, lineage, beauty, and religion. So
choose the religious one.”
• Similarly, for women choosing husbands, the Prophet ‫ﷺ‬said:
“When someone with whose religion and character you are satisfied comes to you (to propose), marry him.”
(Tirmidhi)
• This guidance ensures that marriage is built on faith, trust, and long-lasting harmony.
• Righteous partners help each other in faith and raise righteous children.

4. What is the importance of Walīmah and what are its etiquettes?

• Walīmah is the wedding feast hosted after marriage as a Sunnah of the Prophet ‫ﷺ‬.
• It expresses gratitude to Allah and shares happiness with others.
• The Prophet ‫ﷺ‬said:
“Give a Walīmah, even if it is only with one sheep.” (Bukhari & Muslim)
• Etiquettes include:
o Holding it after the consummation of marriage.
o Inviting relatives, neighbors, and the poor.
o Avoiding extravagance and unlawful entertainment.
o Attending it when invited (as it is a Sunnah to do so).
• Walīmah strengthens brotherhood and spreads joy among Muslims.

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5. How does marriage complete half of a Muslim’s faith?
• The Prophet ‫ﷺ‬said: “When a man marries, he has completed half of his religion; so let him fear
Allah regarding the remaining half.” (Bayhaqi)
• Marriage protects temptation and helps in maintaining chastity.
• It instills responsibility, patience, and moral discipline.
• Through marriage, one fulfills social duties, raises a righteous family, and contributes to the Ummah.
• Thus, it balances spiritual, emotional, and social aspects of a believer’s life.

ALL THE BEST

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