NIOS CLASS 10 th

HOME SCIENCE (216)

QUESTION BANK

1
BIFURCATION

2
QUESTION PAPER PATTERN

3
 CONTENTS

Chapter Page
Chapter name
number number
1 WHAT IS HOME SCIENCE? 5
2 FOOD AND ITS NUTRIENTS 9
3 FOOD GROUPS 115
4 METHODS OF COOKING FOOD 19
5 PRESERVATION OF FOOD 27
6 ENVIRONMENT 36
7 HEALTH 45
8 COMMUNICABLE AND LIFESTYLE DISEASES 51
9 CARE AND MAINTENANCE OF FABRIC 59
10 FIBRE TO FABRIC 70
11 FABRIC FINISHES 79
12 HOUSING 89
13 SAFETY IN HOME 101
14 INTRODUCTION TO RESOURCES 110
15 MANAGING TIME AND ENERGY 116
16 MANAGING INCOME 121
17 LIFE BEGINS 127
18 CONCEPT OF DEVELOPMENT 138
19 MY FAMILY AND I 144
20 ADOLESCENCE CHARMS AND CHALLENGES 153
21 ETHICS IN DAILY LIFE 162
22 CONSUMER BEWARE, BE AWARE! 170

4
 CH- 1 WHAT IS HOME SCIENCE ?
MULTIPLE C HOOSE QUESTIONS:

1. Which one of the following is not a specialized area of Home Science?

(a) Food Science
(b) Garment Designing
(c) Nursing
(d) Interior Decoration

2. Home science means:

(a) The science of managing home.
(b) The art of managing resource efficiently.
(c) (c)The art of decorating our home.
(d) The art of achieving a successful career.

3. Career means:
(a) A chosen pursuit.
(b) A chosen profession.
(c) A chosen occupation.
(d) All of the above.

4. Which of the following is not an example of self- employment:

(a) Staff hotels guest house etc.
(b) Home based craft centre.
(c) Running NGO’s.
(d) Running guest house.

5. In which area of home science manager in canteen or restaurant wage –

employment.
(a) Catering.
(b) Arts and crafts.
(c) Food preservation.
(d) Interior decoration.

6. Home science prepares you for a __________.

(a) Beautiful career.
(b) good career.
(c) Successful career.
(d) All of the above.

5
 7. Something that can be used for support or help in achieving what one
wants to do is known as.
(a) Resources.
(b) Vocation.
(c) Career.
(d) Wage – employment.

8. Home science means _____________.

(a) Learning to build inter – personal communication.
(b) The art of managing your resources.
(c) Developing a skill to start an enterprise.
(d) All the above.

9. Study of home science does not lead to a career. (State True or False)

Ans - No. Its scope extends to activities associated with setting home based
enterprises as well as constituents.

10. Home science equips both girls and boys to perform their dual role as
home makers and as professionals. (State True or False)

Ans - Yes, home science offers various vocational professional avenues for both
and girls.

SHORT & LONG ANSWERS:

1. Write the meaning of Home Science. Why is it important to study Home

Science?

Answer - Home Science : Home science refers to the art of using our resources
effectively and to achieve a healthy and pleasant home and successful profession.
It is essential to study home science because –

• Home Science provides students with the ability to develop skills and
understand concepts and apply them to a variety of situations.

• It provides a wide range of employment opportunities which are limited to

students in other fields.

2. Is Home Science subject only for girls? Answer logically.

Answer - Home Science subject is necessary for both boys and girls because –

• It introduces both of them to various aspects of daily life.

6
• Home Science offers a variety of professional opportunities for both boys and
girls.

• In today's time, there is a lot of nuclear families, so both have to participate in

domestic responsibilities and work.

• Apart from this, employed women are also increasing.

Which means, the increase of additional responsibility on women. The woman is

also increasing the income along with housebuilding for the betterment of her
family. In these circumstances, in addition to women, men should also participate
in the workload.

3. Define Home science.

Answer - Home Science means the art of managing your resources efficiently and
the science of achieving a healthy and happy home as well as successful career.

4. Why home science is called as both Art and Science?

Answer - Home Science teaches you the art of using things so that a harmonious
whole is achieved and an overall pleasant effect is created. At the same time, it
gives you all the scientific knowledge of the procedures involved in making a
home aesthetic.

5. Why home science is important for both boys and girls?

Answer –

 Both have to succeed in an increasingly competitive world

 Both have to share household responsibilities and tasks
 Both need to manage resources
 In case of a problem they have to solve it together with other family
members.
 Home Science offers varied vocational and professional avenues for both
boys and girls
 Joint knowledge and skills help to improve the standard of living.

6. List the difference between Self and Wage Employment.

Answer –

Self-Employment Wage-Employment
Self-employment means that you are Wage employment means that you
the owner of an enterprise which you work for another person and receive
run and finance. wages or salary for your services.

7
7. Draw the flow chart for the specialization of home science.

Answer -

8. List the specializations of Home science.

Answer -

8
 CH-2 FOOD AND ITS NUTRIENTS
MUTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS:

1. Calcium is needed for:

(a) Improving the taste of food.
(b) Healthy bones.
(c) Strong teeth.
(d) Clotting of blood.

2. Richest source of iron is:

(a) Iodized salt.
(b) Milk.
(c) Leafy vegetables.
(d) Wheat.

3. Fortified salt is rich in:

(a) Iron.
(b) Iodine.
(c) Calcium.
(d) all the above.

4. Person suffering from iodine deficiency must eat/ drink:

(a) Sea food.
(b) Root and tubers.
(c) Milk Products.
(d) Fibre rich food.

5. Movement of muscles definitely requires presence of:

(a) Iodine.
(b) Iron.
(c) Calcium.
(d) All the above.

6. Tick mark (✓) the fat soluble vitamins from the choices given:
(a) Vitamin A.
(b) Vitamin B.
(c) Vitamin C.
(d) Vitamin D.

7. Deficiency diseases are those that occur in your body because of:
(a) Less water.
(b) Absence of a nutrient.
(c) Absence of exercise.

9
 (d) Presence of disease germs.
8. Deficiency diseases are those that occur in your body because of:

(a) Less water.

(b) Absence of a nutrient.
(c) Absence of exercise.
(d) Presence of disease germs.

9. Vitamin A is important because it:

(a) Prevents night blindness.
(b) Keep the skin healthy.
(c) Prevents anaemia.
(d) Prevents constipation.

10. Haemoglobin formation is reduced in:

(a) Scurvy.
(b) anaemia.
(c) Goitre.
(d) Night blindness.

11. If you take excessive amount of carbohydrates, you will become:

(a) Underweight.
(b) Anaemia.
(c) Obese.
(d) Marasmic.

12. An example of a food which prevents vitamin A deficiency is:

(a) Spinach.
(b) lemon.
(c) Banana.
(d) Potato.

13. An adult person need _________ gms of carbohydrates everyday.

(a) 300-350
(b) 400-420
(c) 420-450
(d) 350-400

14. Which of the following is not a fat soluble vitamin?

(a) Vitamin A

10
 (b) Vitamin D
(c) Vitamin B
(d) Vitamin K
15. One gram of fat gives us _________Kcal.
(a) 5
(b) 9
(c) 6
(d) 4

16. Sea foods like fish and sea weeds are the sources of:
(a) Iodine
(b) Fats
(c) Calcium
(d) Vitamin E

17. PEM deficiency mainly occurs in children below ______ years of age.
(a) 10
(b) 15
(c) 5
(d) 12

18. Vitamin D prevents us from which disease?

(a) Night blindness
(b) Rickets
(c) Beri-Beri
(d) Scurvy

19. Beri-Beri is caused when there is deficiency of:

(a) Vitamin C
(b) Vitamin B
(c) Vitamin A
(d) Vitamin D

20. Which of the following are Nutrients?

(a) Protein
(b) Carbohydrates
(c) Fats
(d) All of the above

21. One gram of protein gives:

11
 (a) 4 Kcal
(b) 5 Kcal
(c) 9.3 Kcal
(d) 10 Kcal

FILL IN THE BLANKS:

1. Vitamin D can be produced by the body in the presence of Sunlight.

2. One function of vitamin A is to keep our Eyes healthy.

3. To keep our gums and teeth healthy we must take Calcium.

4. The Vitamin which makes bones and teeth strong is Vitamin B.

STATE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS ARE TRUE OR FALSE:

(i) True/ False: Fibre is not essential in the diet.

Ans: False. Make digestive system healthy.

(ii) True/ False: We must remove the outer skin of apples before eating.

Ans: False. Apple skin is rich in fibre.

(iii) True/ False: Fibre helps in the prevention of cancer.

Ans: True.

(iv) True/ False Fibre markes fat.

Ans: False. Makes you fit and healthy.

(v) True/ False Fibre is found in tomatoes and grapes.

Ans: True.

(vi) True/ False: Fibre increases bulk of the foot.

12
Ans: True.

(vii) True/ False: You will lose weight if you do not eat fibre.

Ans: False. Fabri gives a feeling of safety and prevents overeating.

SHORT AND LONG ANSWER:

28. List the four important function of food.

Ans: Function of food:

1. Foods gives energy to do work.

2. Food helps in the growth and repair of tissues.

3. Food gives the strength of fight against disease germs.

4. Food helps in making the body function normally.

29. Recommend three energy giving food for an active school going child.

Ans: Three energy giving food:

1. Vegetable poha, vegetable sandwiches.

2. Egg buns, palak cheela.

3. Palak Puri, with dry dal.

30. Justify the need of extra calcium and iron in diet of adolescents.

Ans: Calcium: Calcium has vital significance in the diet of adolescents. It is required
for various internal activities, growth of bones, strengthening of teeth and coping up
with mental tensions, sufficient intake of calcium in diet fulfils the requirements of
phosphorus an well.

Iodine: Sufficient amount of iodine in diet of adolescents is very essential and

important for their physical and mental growth. Deficiency of iodine leads to goitre.

31. Write name of any four deficiency diseases and mention one symptom of
each.

Ans: Name of four deficiency diseases and it’s symptom:

1. Vitamin A → blindness → Initial deficiency symptoms of vitamin A are burning,

itching dryness and inflammation of eyes followed by “nyclolopia” (night blindness).

2. Vitamin D→ Rickets→ Sweating and irritability are the early symptoms of rickets.

13
3. Vitamin B→Beri-Beri→Loss of appetite persistent vomitting and diarrhoea,
sometimes the disease is accompanied with fever.

4. Vitamin C→Scurvy→Deficiency of vitamin C interferes with the absorption of iron

and acid, consequently the resultant anaemia and feeling of fatigue.

32. Write the difference between Nutrition and Nutrients.

Nutrition Nutrients
Nutrition as the science which tells us Nutrients are invisible compounds in the

about what happens to the food when it food which are necessary for keeping
enters our body and thereafter. the body healthy.

33. Define food fortification.

Food fortification or enrichment is the process of adding micronutrients to food.

34. What is cretinism and which deficiency causes it?

Deficiency of iodine leads to a disease called cretinism. Cretinism is a condition of

severely stunted physical and mental growth.

35. List the difference between Kwashiorkor and Marasmus.

Kwashiorkor Maramus
Protein intake is deficient but calories or When protein and energy both are
energy from carbohydrates are insufficient for a prolonged period.

sufficient.

Develops pot belly Leads to growth failure

14
 CH-3 FOOD GROUPS
MUTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS:

1. Which of these are not body building foods?

(a) Sugar
(b)milk
(c) Egg
(d) Meat
2. In which of the following calcium is present?
(a) Sugar
(b) Milk
(c) Rice
(d) Coconut
3. Which nutrients are found in green leafy vegetables?
(a) Calcium
(b) Iron
(c) Phosphorus
(d) all of the above
4. Cheese has mainly:
(a) Fat
(b) Milk
(c) Protein
(d) Vitamin B
5. All food can be grouped in ____________ groups.
(a) Five
(b) Three
(c) Two
(d) Four
6. From the nutritional point of view food can be divided into __________.
(a) Two
(b) Three
(c) Four

15
 (d) Five
7. Fruits and vegetables are foods.
(a) Body building
(b) Energy giving
(c) protective
(d) None of these
8. Pulses contain:
(a) Protein
(b) Vitamin B
(c) Calcium
(d) All of the above
9. A person suffering from constipation needs more:
(a) Fibre
(b) Vitamin B
(c) Vitamin A
(d) Vitamin D
10. A person suffering from diabetes should not eat:
(a) Chappati
(b) Rice
(c) Dal
(d) All of these
1. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words indicating more healthy food
practices.
a) Mary can eat Guava instead of an orange to get vitamin C.
b) Nagma can prepare stuffed Radish paratha instead of stuffed potato paratha.
c) Instead of cashewnut ladoos, Rita can prepare ladoos using peanuts.
d) Jaspreet can use Jaggery instead of sugar while making chikki.
e) Meera can prepare Soya nuggets curry instead of paneer curry for getting
protein.

2. State whether the following statements are true or false. Give reasons for
the same.
(i) Cereals are the main source of energy in our body. True
(ii) We should eat cereals in refined form. False

16
 (iii) Milk is considered the best food for small children. True
(iv) We should not consume a combination of cereals and pulses. False
(v) Pulses are specially recommended for vegetarian people. True

SHORT & LONG ANSWERS:

1. Describe the term “Food exchange”, with the help of example.

Ans: One food item with the other within a group in such a way that the nutrients
provided by them are approximately the same is called “Food exchange” example:
Guddi takes one glass of milk and roti in breakfast, arur eats poha and one katori
of curd whereas. Yes both of them take milk or its product along with cereals and
get approximately the same nutrients.

2. Explain “balanced diet” and meal planning ” in your own words.

Ans: Balanced diet: A balanced diet is one which contains different type of foods
in adequate quantities and right proportion to meet the nutritional requirements
of our [Link] Planning: Meal planning is the planning of meals for all
members of the family in order to provide nutrition in time according to their
needs and choices.

3. State The importance of meal planning.

Ans: Importance of Meal planning: Meal planning is important for a house
wife as she can achieve the following things by it.
 Balanced diet for all the members of the family.
 Saving of time, money and energy.
 Saving of fuel.
 Variety in meals.
 Control on food budget.
 Personal likes and dislikes
 The day as a unit.

4. Briefly explain three important factors that influence meal planning.

Ans: Factors affecting meal planning:
(i) Age: Age determines the nutritional requirements of all family members.
Example more protein and minerals are required for growing children. Adults
required food according to their activities.
(ii) Sex: Men are more muscular than women and the can do more manual and
strenuous work as compared to women. Hence, they need more proteins and
energy than the women.
(iii) Climate: Climate also affects meal planning. In winter our body needs
more energy and therefore, we tend to include more of the energy rich foods.

17
5. Define Balanced diet.
Ans: A balanced diet is one which contains all the nutrients in adequate
quantity to meet the body’s requirements and some amount of nutrients are
stored in the body to withstand short period of low intake.

6. Define Meal Planning.

Ans: Meal planning is a process of making a plan about what we should eat
each day in every meal.

18
 CH – 4 METHODS OF COOKING
MUTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS:

1. A method of cooking where the food being cooked does not come in
contact with water. –
(a) Steaming
(b) Boiling
(c) Simmering/Stewing
(d) Pressure Cooking

2. When vegetables are boiled and water is thrown away, which elements
are lost?
(a) Vitamins and carbohydrates
(b) Minerals and carbohydrates
(c) Vitamins and minerals
(d) Minerals, vitamins and carbohydrates

3. One of the four methods of cooking food through moist heating process
that preserves maximum amount of nutrients:
(a) Boiling
(b) Pressure cooking
(c) Simmering/Stewing
(d) Steaming

4. A method of cooking where food is cooked without coming in contact

with water is called ____________.
(a) Steaming.
(b) Boiling.
(c) Stewing.
(d) Pressure cooking.

5. Of the four methods of cooking food with moist heat, the one method
which preserves the maximum nutrients is called______________.
(a) Steaming.
(b) Boiling.
(c) Stewing.
(d) Pressure cooking.

6. Stewing is characterized by ______________.

19
(a) High temperature and lot of water.
(b) High temperature and little water.
(c) Low temperature and little water.
(d) Low temperature and lot of water.

7. Pressure cooking is done at______________.

(a) Above 100 degrees.
(b) Below 100 degrees.
(c) 100 degrees.
(d) Any of the above temperature.

8. It is the best to boil food in a:

(a) Flat pan.
(b) Deep pan.
(c) Lot of water.
(d) Pressure cooker.

9. The process of cooking food directly on hot fire is called ________.

(a) Roasting.
(b) Dry.
(c) hard.
(d) Baking.

10. If an oven is opened very often the food will become ___________
and_____________.
(a) Cold, hot.
(b) Dry, hard.
(c) Flat, deep.
(d) All of the above.

11. If you throw away the water in which food has been boiled, the food
losses:
(a) Colour.
(b) Nutrients.
(c) Taste.
(d) Flavour.

12. Cooking food in a Pressure cooker fast:

(a) And colour is lost.
(b) Some germs are destroyed.

20
 (c) Makes food safe to eat.
(d) Improves taste.

FILL IN THE BLANKS:

1. The method of cooking food in an oven is called Baking.

2. When sun shine is used for cooking it is called Solar Cooking.

3. The process of cooking food in hot sand is called Roasting.

4. Baking is a method of cooking where food is cooked in a closed box which is

heated on gas or coal or using electricity.

5. When food is cooked on direct flame the method is called Grilling.

6. Cooking on hot tawa is called Baking.

7. Cooking food in hot oil is called Frying.

8. Microwave cooking is a method where heat is generated in the food by rapid

vibrations of water molecules.

9. In Dry heat the temperature used is as high as 200-300°C.

10. Combination of food items in important since no food supplies all the

nutrients.
11. Combining food items is beneficial where less money is available.

12. Germination increases the nutritive value and Digestibility of food items.

WRITE TRUE OR FALSE FOR THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES:

1. Cooking Sade has no harmful effect on Nutrients present in food that is being
cooked – False

2. Minerals are lost when the water in which the foods are cooked is thrown
away – True

3. Maximum loss of nutrients occurs when food is Pressure –cooked- False

4. Vitamin C gets easily destroyed during cooking – True

21
SHORT & LONG ANSWERS:

1. Write two differences between baking and roasting.

2. Write two differences between shallow frying and deep frying.

3. State one advantage and limitation of solar cooking.

Ans: Advantage: It is no environment friendly method of cooking food.

Disadvantages: Solar cooked is used outdoors and works only when there is plenty
of sunshine.

4. Write three ways of preventing nutrient loss while cooking green

vegetables.
Ans: (i) Cook in an uncovered pan.
(ii) Cook in few water.
(iii) Do not use baking soda while cooking.

5. You made arhar dal and rice for the lunch. You can also cook the same
dal by mixing moong and spinach in it. Which meal is now more

22
 nutritious and why? Will this change be acceptable to your family? If not

then what will you do?

Ans: Yes, my family like this change. This meal is more nutritious because you

can cook two dals together and also add spinach which has enhanced the
nutrient content of the day.

6. List five advantage of cooking food.

Ans:

 Cooking makes food easily digestive.

 Cooking improves the appearance, texture, colour, flavour and taste of food.

 Cooking of food add veriety to our meals.

 Cooking helps to keep food longer.

 Cooking makes food safe.

7. Dolma prepared cabbage salad for herself, whereas Mohan cooked

cabbage for his meal. Who got more vitamin C from the cabbage?

Ans: Dolma got more quantity of vitamin than Mohan because vegetables
conserved as salad contains more vitamin.

8. Saraswati is cooking spinach in her kitchen. She chopped the spinach

finely, washed it thoroughly and shallow fried it in an open pan. Do you
think she cooked it in the right way? Give reasons for your answer.

Ans: Her method of cooking is wrong. Cut vegetables into large pieces just
before cooking. Small pieces mean greater loss of nutrients.

9. List two examples of Combination and fermentation.

Ans: Combination: Khichadi, dhokla, missi

Fermentation: curd, bread, khaman, dhokla and idli

23
10. List the advantages of Fermentation, Germination and combination.

Combination Fermentation Germination

quality of a meal is Improves the increases digestibility

improved. digestibility.

a simple technique Fermented foods increases the nutritive

become spongy and value
soft. Sitable for younger
children and elders.

11. What is the conservation of nutrients? Suggest ways to conserve nutrients.

Ans: Preservation of nutrients : The process of preserving nutrients during the

process of preparing and cooking food is called conservation of nutrients.

Following are the methods of nutrient preservation:

 Wash vegetables before cutting them so that minerals and vitamins are
not destroyed.

 Wash them only as much as necessary.

 The peels of vegetables should be peeled as thin as possible.

 Cut vegetables into large pieces just before cooking. Small pieces mean
greater loss of nutrients.

 Do not use cooking soda while cooking

 Use of tamarind or lemon juice during cooking helps to conserve the

vitamins.

 Cook rice in just enough water which gets absorbed during cooking.

 Cook in a pan which has a well-fitting lid. When you cook in an uncovered
pan most of the nutrients are lost.

24
12. Describe the methods of enriching the nutrients in food.

Ans: The nutritional elements in food are enriched by the following methods:

1. Combination:

No single food provides us all the nutrients. So we eat a variety of food. The
easiest way to consume all the nutrients is to include a combination of food items
from different food groups in your diet.

For example, when we mix rice and lentils, the quality of proteins in it becomes as
good as it is in milk. Similarly, vegetables like spinach, fenugreek and carrot are
rich in vitamins and minerals. When they are included in the diet, there is a wide
increase in the nutritional content of the food.

2. Fermentation:

Fermentation is a process in which micro-organisms present in the food or added

in the form of curd or yeast, change nutrients already present in the food, into
simpler and better form. In this process some new nutrients like Vitamin C and B
complex are also created.

For example, curd, bread, khaman, dhokla and idli are examples of fermented
food.

Advantages:

 Fermented foods become spongy and soft and thus become, specially,
useful for young children and elderly people.

 Fermentation improves the digestibility of food items.

25
3. Germination:

Soak whole ‘moong’ or ‘channa’ in some water overnight. The next day they
will change shape and become soft to touch. Tie them both in a muslin cloth
and leave them for 12 or 14 hours, small shoots will come out of them, this
process is called "Germination".

Advantages: • It makes the food digestible and nutritious

13. Describe the precautions to be taken while frying food.

Ans: The precautions to be taken while frying food are given below:

 Food should be cut into even sized pieces to ensure even cooking;

 Ghee or oil should be heated well and then the flame or heat should be
reduced a little;

 A few pieces of food should be put at one time as adding a lot of food
may lower the temperature of fat and increase fat absorption;

 Fried food should be placed on a clean, absorbent kitchen napkin or brown

paper;

 All the pieces of food should be removed from the oil or ghee to avoid
burning of these food pieces and spoiling of the ghee or oil.

26
 CH-5 PRESERVATION OF FOOD

MULTIPLE CHOICE ANSWER:

1. Food spoilage is due to:

(a) Microorganisms and enzymes.

(b) Micro-organisms and excess production.

(c) Enzymes and excess production.

(d) All of the above.

2. Non-perishable food items are those which:

(a) Do not spoil at all.

(b) Take long time to spoil.

(c) Spoil easily.

(d) Spoil according to place where they are kept.

3. Preservation of food means:

(a) To keep food safe.

(b) To retain quality of food.

(c) To prevent decomposition of food.

(d) All of the above.

4. Shelf life of food is related to:

(a) Freshness of food.

27
(b) Quality of food.

(c) Decomposition of food.

(d) Time limit for which food can be used.

5. The main reason for preservation food is to:

(a) Improve its colour and taste.

(b) Increases its shelf life.

(c) Make costly food available.

(d) Change it’s texture.

6. The word preserve means:

(a) To keep safe.

(b) To retain quality.

(c) To prevent decomposition.

(d) All of the above.

7. Which of the following can be preserved?

(a) Colour of food.

(b) Taste of food.

(c) Nutritive value of food.

(d) All of the above.

8. Which of the following can spoil the food?

(a) Microorganisms.

28
(b) Sunlight.

(c) Salt.

(d) Sugar.

9. Which of the following is true?

(a) Presence of enzymes in food do not spoil food.

(b) Enzymes present in food also spoil food.

(c) Micro -organisms do not spoil food.

(d) Rats do not spoil food.

10. Which of the following foods can be spoiled soon?

(a) Foods with low salt.

(b) Foods with low sugar.

(c) Foods with low acid content.

(d) All of the above.

11. Potato chips can be preserved by method of:

(a) Lowering temperature.

(b) Increasing temperature.

(c) Dehydration.

(d) None of the above.

12. By increasing the temperature:

(a) Enzymes present in foods are destroyed.

29
(b) Microorganisms are destroyed.

(c) Both ‘a’ and ‘b’.

(d) None of the above.

13. Which of the following is a natural preservative?

(a) Salt.

(b) Sugar.

(c) Acids, oils.

(d) All of the above.

14. Which of the following is a preservative?

(a) Lemons juice.

(b) Vinegar.

(c) Citric acid.

(d) All of the above.

15. Method of preserving of foods by using high temperature is known as:

(a) Pasteurization.

(b) Sterilization.

(c) Both ‘a’ and ‘b’.

(d) None of the above.

FILL IN THE BLANKS:

1. Papad is an example of preservation by Dehydration.

30
 2. Refrigeration reduces the activity of Enzymes and Microorganisms.

3. Dehydration is based on the principles of removal of Moisture.

STATE TRUE OR FALSE:

(i) Addition of spices to pickles allowed the Microorganisms to grow quickly. - False

(ii) When making squashes, we make use of an acid and a lot of sugar for
preservation. - True

(iii) Sterilization increases the activity of enzymes and microorganisms. – False

(iv) Orange can be kept for a long time without getting spoilt. – False

(v) While dehydration Fenugreek (methi) leaves these should be put in potassium
metabisulphite for 5-10 minutes. - True

MATCH THE FOLLOWING:

1.

31
2.

3.

32
SHORT AND LONG ANSWERS:

1. Define the terms preservation and shelf life.

Ans: (a) Preservation may be defined as a state in which any food may be retained
over a definite period of time without an adverse effect by proper cooking and
storing it in proper conditions.

(b) Shelf life is that period of time for which the food is fit for human consumption

2. Write down the steps you will follow to Pressure cauliflower by the
dehydration method.

Ans: (i) Clean and dry the plates and tin for drying and storage cauliflower.

(ii) Wash and cut cauliflower. Remove stems and any decaying portion.

(iii) Put the cauliflower pieces in boiling water. Take off when they are little soft.

(iv) Take out from water and spread on a clean cloth in the sun. Cover with a thin
cloth.

(v) When pieces are dry, cool and store in tins.

3. In your garden you have plenty of lemons. Last the products you can prepare
to preserve them. Describe the process of preparing any one preserved product
using lemons.

Ans: Process of preparing of lemons squash:

Lemons squash.

Ingredients:

Lemons juice: 1 little

Sugar: 2 kgs.

Water: 1 litre

33
Potassium metabisulphite (KMS): 1/2 teaspoon

Yellow essence: 1 teaspoon

Citric acid: 30 gms

Method: step 1: Select juicy lemons and extract the juice.

Step 2: Take water, sugar and citric acid and boil the mixture till the sugar is
completely dissolved.

Step 3: Add yellow colour, essence and juice.

Step 4: Dissolve the potassium metabisulphite in a little juice and mix it into the
prepared squash.

Step 5: Pour it into sterilized bottles. Allow to cool. Seal it or close the bottles tightly.

Step 6: Store the bottles in a cool place away from the sun.

4. Write down the steps in preserving pudina (mint) leaves by dehydration

method.

Ans: (i) Wash pudina leaves and remove the stems.

(ii) Spread these leaves on a clean cloth in the sun. Cover with a thin cloth to avoid
dust and flies getting into the food.

(iii) When the leaves are dry, cool to room temperature and store these leaves in an
air tight container.

[Link] the approporiate conditions appropriate for growth of micro-organisms .

Ans: .

 Conditions appropriate for growth of micro-organisms are:

 food having high moisture content

 air surrounding the food contains micro organisms

34
  food kept for a long time at room temperature.

 skin of fruits and vegetables getting damaged.

 foods with low salt, sugar or acid content.

6. Give two examples each of perishable, semi- perishables and non-

perishables.

Perishables Semi-perishables Non-perishables

Green leafy vegetables, Potatoes, Onions Whole grain cereals,

Tomatoes Pulses

7. Define Blanching.

Ans: vegetables are dipped in hot water or are exposed to steam for a few
minutes. This is known as blanching.

8. How can be the foods are preserved?

Ans: Food can be preserved at home by using the following methods- (i) Exposing
food to low temperature (ii) Exposing food to high temperature (iii) Using
preservatives (iv) Dehydrating food.

9. List out the low temperature at which the foods are stored.

Ans: Food can be preserved at low temperature by:

 Refrigeration- keeping food between 400 C- 700 C

 Cold storage - keeping food between 100 C- 400 C

 Freezing- keeping food between 1800C or below

10. Define Thawing.

Ans: Thawing is the process of removal of ice from frozen food.

35
 11. Difference between pasteurisation and sterilization.

Ans:

Pasteurisation Sterilization

food is heated to a high temperature The high temperature used in this method
and then quickly cooled. The micro- destroys all the micro-organisms in the food.
organisms are not able to withstand The food items are exposed to high
the sudden change in temperature and temperature for longer period and in some
are destroyed. cases under pressure.

12. When pickle is made at home, have you observed that oil is poured to
cover the mango, lemon or other vegetables which are being pickled?

Ans: The oil makes a protective covering and has two advantages-
 prevents contact of micro-organisms with the food, hence they can not
spoil the food.
 prevents contact of air with food, hence the micro organisms can not grow
and spoil the food.

13. Define Dehydration.

Ans: Dehydration means removing water or moisture from foods. The home
method of dehydration is sun drying.

14. What are the precautions to be taken during freezing of fruits and
vegetables?

Ans: The precautions to be taken during freezing of fruits and vegetables are:

 Packing material, such as polythene bags, should be strong enough to

withstand the pressure of spilling of the food.

 Food should not be frozen once removed from the freezer and brought to
room temperature.

36
  Small packets should be made so that the food removed can be used fully
and the unused food can be avoided from getting spoiled. By doing this,
you can also avoid refreezing the leftover food.

 The air must be carefully drained completely before sealing the packet.

 The freezer should not be opened frequently.

15. How to Prevent or delay the action of micro-organisms?

Ans:

Providing a protective covering: Peeled apples spoil faster than peeled apples.
Because the peel of the apple is its protective cover that prevents microbes from
entering the apple. They delay the reaction of microorganisms.

Polythene bags and aluminum foil : Food packed in polythene bags and
aluminium foils also provide protection from microbes. Microbes need air and
water to grow. However, if these are removed, the reaction of microbes can be
stopped and food does not get spoiled.

Lowering the temperature : Lowering the temperature or freezing food can also
delay the reaction of microbes and allow food preservation. Frozen food can
remain edibles for longer than fresh food. This is because microbes are not able
to react at low temperatures.

37
 Ch-6 Environment

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION:

1. Water is safe for human consumption only when it is free from:

a) Floating substance.
b) Unwanted smells.
c) Microorganisms.
d) All of the above

2. Domestic water causes water pollution by discharging

a) Waste water through soil to underground.
b) Waste water from toilets, bathrooms, kitchens etc., Into water
sources such as river, lake and pond etc.
c) Waste water from factories and power plants etc.
3. Washing clothes near a water sources is harmful because the dirt and
soap released:
a) Flow into the water.
b) Are absorbed by the soil to reach sub-soil water.
c) Are left behind to create slush.
d) Are responsible for doing all the above.

4. This is the latest technology in garbage disposal:

a) Compositing.
b) Burning.
c) Incineration.
d) None of these
5. Which of the following does not cause water pollution?
a) Spraying of Insecticides through aeroplanes.
b) Fertilizers.
c) Waste water from factories.
d) Waste water from kitchen.
6. Drinking of polluted water causes:
a) Typhoid.
b) Diarrhoea.

38
 c) Dysentery.
d) All of the above.
7. Straining makes water:
a) Clean.
b) Clean and safe.
c) Clean but not safe.
d) None of the above.
8. Which of the following is used to purify water?
a) Chlorine tablets.
b) Fluorine tablets.
c) Sodium tablets.
d) Potassium tablets.
9. Soil pollution may be caused due to:
a) Spitting.
b) Agricultural wastes.
c) Defecation in the open.
d) All of the above.
10. Deforestation may leads to:
a) Damage to wild life who live in forests.
b) Increased air pollution.
c) drought and floors.
d) All of the above.
11. Which of the following does not cause noise pollution?
a) Machines.
b) Smoke from factories.
c) Factories.
d) Automobiles.
12. Chemical pollution of soil is the result of:
a) Burning garbage.
b) Spitting.
c) Throwing garbage in the pits.
d) Throwing industrial wastes.

39
 13. Domestic wastes cause water pollution because –
a) Wastewater goes into the ground through the soil.
b) The wastewater from toilets, kitchens, etc. goes into water bodies like
rivers, canals and ponds etc.
c) Wastewater from factories and power plants etc.
d) All of the above

STATE TRUE OR FALSE :

1. Wind decreases the amount of dust particles in the air. - False.

2. Tall chimneys fitted with filters help to reduce air pollution. - True.
3. Location of factories near residential areas reduces air pollution in cities.-

False.
4. Adding a tall chimney to the chullha decreases air pollution. - True.

MATCH THE FOLLOWING:

SHORT & LONG ANSWERS:

1. How do oil spills in water bodies affect the plant and animal life present
in them?

Ans: Oil spills: Some times oil from oil tankers spills over large areas of sea. This
also causes water pollution. It affects the plant and animal life present in water.

40
 2. Write two measures to control soil pollution.

Ans: The two measures to control soil pollution are :

 Use of sanitary latrines.
 Use of environment friendly products.
3. List there methods of garbage disposal that you have seen or practised.
Ans: Methods of garbage disposal are:
 Dump outside the city limit.
 Land fills.
 Compositing.
 Burning of refuse.
4. Define the terms pollution and pollutant.
Ans: Pollution is the addition of any substance to the environment in excess to what
is normally present, thereby making the environment impure.
The substance which causes pollution is known as a pollutant.
5. What are the sources of air pollution?

Ans:

6. What are the effects of noise pollution?

Ans: Effects of noise pollution:
 They create strain our nerves.
 They create dis strong strain cause headache.
 The hearing ability of an individual is decreased.
 Mental disturbance.

41
 7. Mention two pollutants which pollute both soil and water.
Ans: Soil pollution:
 Spitting.
 Industrial wastes.
Water pollution:
 Domestic wastes.
 Industrial wastes.

8. How can you reduce pollution caused by smoke in your neighborhood?

Ans: The ways to reduce pollution caused by smoke are:
 To plant trees and take care of them.
 Not to let people cut trees.
 To use smokeless fuel in kitchen.

9. Why should we not defecate, urinate and spit on soil?

Ans: Disposal of domestic waste, defecating, urinating and Spitting in the open are
all sources of spread of disease germs and worms into the soil. When we walk
barefoot on the soil these germs enter into our body and eventually make us sick.
Very often industrial and agricultural wastes leave harmful chemicals in the soil.
Plants and vegetables grown in such soil absorb these chemicals. Animals and
human beings who consume these plants may fall ill.
10. List the effects of air pollution.

Ans:

42
 11. List any 6 ways to control Air pollution.

Ans: The ways to control air pollution is given below:

 Use a smokeless chulha at home.

 Use biogas which is a smokeless fuel.

 Use a solar cooker at home which uses heat from the sunlight.

 Factories should have chimney filters

 Factories emitting smoke must be located far away from the residential
areas.

 Vehicles must be fitted with special devices to reduce air pollution.

12. How can you control soil pollution?

Ans: Control soil pollution:

(i) Proper disposal of garbage: Garbage from home should be properly disposed
off so that it does not allow flies, mosquitoes and cockroaches to breed. At home, it
must be collected in a bin which should be kept covered.

(ii) Reuse and Recylce Waste: Reuse empty tins, cans and bottles. Do not throw
them in the garbage as far as possible. This will reduce the garbage quite a bit. We
must try to recycle everything that can be recycled.

(iii) Use of environment friendly products: Paper and cloth bags (cotton and jute)
are made up of substance which decompose and disappear in the soil. Such products
are called environment friendly and should be used more and more.

(iv) Limited use of insecticides/fertilizers: Insecticides are used to control the

spread of insects which damage crops and harm us. Fertilizers are used to increase
the yield of crops grown in the fields. Both are chemical substances. These are useful
and harmless to human beings when they are used in limited quantities.

43
13. List the diseases caused due to air pollution.

Ans: Air pollution affects the respiratory system of human beings. It leads to
diseases like bronchitis and asthma. Certain types of skin and eyes allergies
like rashes and redness are also common.

14. List the diseases caused due to a drinking unsafe.

Ans: Drinking unsafe water causes diseases like cholera, typhoid, diarrhea and
dysentery.

15. List the diseases caused due to polluted water.

Ans: cholera or gastroenteritis

16. What happens when you hear loud noises for a long period of time?

Ans: They tend to disturb us, strain our nerves, cause headache and mental
disturbance. They can also affect the hearing ability of an individual.

44
 Ch-7 HEALTH

MUTLIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS:

1. The body’s inability to do further work is termed as:

a) Lethargy.

b) Fatigue.

c) Restive.

d) None of the above.

2. In order to be beneficial, exercise must be:

a) Systematic.

b) Regular.

c) Adequate.

d) All of the above.

3. Exercise is important because:

a) It helps to reduce body fat.

b) It ensures better digestion and respiration.

c) It increases mental alertness.

d) All of the above.

4. Which of the following is necessary for a good health?

a) Personal hygiene.

b) Exercise.

45
c) Rest and sleep.

d) All of the above.

5. Mental health implies:

a) Has pleasant manners.

b) Has good posture.

c) Sensitive to the needs of others.

d) None of the above.

6. A person with good social health:

a) Gets along well with people around.

b) Has pleasant manners.

c) Helps others.

d) All of the above.

7. A person who enjoys good physical health is one who:

a) Is energetic.

b) Has good posture.

c) Has bright eyes.

d) All of the above.

8. If a person looks alert and responsive, he is:

a) Physically healthy.

b) Mentally healthy.

46
 c) Socially healthy.

d) All of the above.

9. If a person moves in the society confidently with others, he is:

a) Physically healthy.

b) Mentally healthy.

c) Socially healthy.

d) All of the above.

10. If a person is relaxed and free from any worries, he is:

a) Physically healthy.

b) Mentally healthy.

c) Socially healthy.

d) All of the above.

FILL IN THE BLANKS:

1. Type of immunity provided to a newly born child by mother’s milk ________

(natural immunity/acquired immunity)

2. Vaccine against TB ________ (BCG/DPT/TT)

3. Polio vaccine is first given at the age of ________ (10 weeks/6 weeks/1 year)

4. Day of week chosen for pulse polio ________ (Wednesday/Sunday/Monday)

47
SHORT AND LONG ANSWERS:

1. Why do we need to be healthy? List three reasons.

Ans: We need to be healthy because healthy person are energetic, efficient, happy
and productive.

2. Identify one healthy habit. How will you you motivate your younger
brother to practise this habit?

Ans: Brushing teeth regularly. Brushing teeth removes the food particles that get
stuck to our teeth. These food particles allow germs to multiply and harm our
teeth and gums and lead to bad breath. Thus brushing teeth daily is very
important.

3. Your mother has prepared lunch in the morning at 7 a.m. and it will be
served at 2.00 p.m. List any two precautions you will take to store it to
keep it healthy.

Ans: Food should be covered, stored in cool and insect proof place.

4. List some of the activities that are organized by the government in your
locality to maintain public health.

Ans: Cleanliness of the locality by removal of garbage, supply of clean drinking

water, fumigation, organizing immunization programmers, ensuring food
standards food stores and milk outlets.

5. What role does vaccination play in control of diseases? Explain.

Ans: Immunization is providing immunity power to a person by injecting dead

germs of disease in his body so as to make him produce [Link]
immunization is scheduled in the first year of life to provide optimal protection to
the infant. Any delay in following the immunization schedule exposes the infant
to the risk of these infections.

6. Define “healthy” according to WHO.

Ans: World health organization (WHO) health is a tate of completes physical,

mental and social well being and not merely the absence of disease.

48
 7. How is natural immunity different from acquired immunity?

8. List at least four steps essential to remain healthy.

And: Four common steps to remain healthy:

 Exercise regularly.

 Brush your teeth, cut your nails.

 Take bath daily, wear clean clothes.

 Eat nutritious food.

9. How are personal health and community health related? Explain with the
help of an example.

Ans: Personal health and community health joined to each other:

Personal Health: Health and hygiene go together. To keep yourself free from
diseases and to have good health you need to practice hygiene constantly. The
various practices that help in maintaining health constitute hygiene. The word
hygiene comes from a Greek word hygiene that means goddess of health. Adoption
of hygienic practice prevents many diseases such as diarrhea, Cholera, typhoid, worm
infections, jaundice, skin diseases, tuberculosis and many more.

Community health: is the practice of preventing disease and promoting health of a

population through the organized efforts of society, public and private
organizations, communities and individuals. It aims to improve the health of the
entire population and focuses on preventing diseases rather than their treatment.

49
 10. What precautions will you take while storing food to prevent it from
becoming unhealthy?

Food Hygiene

 Fruits and vegetables should be washed in clean water to make them free
from germs and pesticides (chemicals sprayed on plants to keep them insect
free) before cooking and consumption.

 Water used for drinking, cooking, washing utensils should be from a clean
source such as tap, hand pump set up by the municipal corporation or
panchayats and covered well.

 Food should be prepared in a clean kitchen and in a clean manner.

 While cooking food, it is important to heat it at high temperature to kill germs

present in it.

 Cooked food should be eaten fresh or covered and stored in cool, dry and
insect proof place.

 Milk should be stored either in the refrigerator or if kept outside, it should be

boiled again before use to make it germs free.

50
 Ch-8 COMMUNICABLE AND LIFESTYLE DISEASES

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS:

1. AIDS is spread by:

a) Shaking hands.

b) playing together.

c) Infected needles.

d) Water or food.

2. AIDS cannot be spread by:

a) Sneezing.

b) Blood transfusion.

c) Sexual contact.

d) Infected needles.

3. At which age BCG does is given to a child?

a) 0-1 month

b) 0-3 months

c) 0-5 months

d) 5-12 months

4. MMR is given to a child at the age of:

a) 9months.

b) 10 months.

51
c) 15 months.

d) 18 months.

5. What is the incubation period of chickenpox?

a) 3 weeks.

b) 1 weeks.

c) 2 weeks.

d) 5 weeks.

6. What is the approximate duration of mumps disease?

a) 2-5 days.

b) 10-12 days.

c) 8-12 days.

d) 7-10 days.

7. Symptoms of Diphtheria includes:

a) Painful swelling of throat.

b) Difficulty in swallowing.

c) High fever.

d) All of the above.

8. 1st booster for DPT and polio are going at the age of:

a) 1-2 years.

b) 2-3 years.

52
c) 3-4 years.

d) 4-5 years.

9. Measles vaccine is given at the age of:

a) 9-10 months.

b) 9-11 months.

c) 9-12 months.

d) 9-13 months.

10. The incubation period of measles is:

a) 10-12 days.

b) 9-10 days.

c) 9-12 days.

d) 9-10 days.

11. Last week Shanti ate street food. Now his tongue has a dry white coating
and he is having severe headache. She may be suffering from - Choose
the correct option –

a) Cholera

b) Typhoid

c) Hepatitis

d) Loose Motion

12. The diet of a family member suffering from tuberculosis (TB) should be
enriched: Choose the correct option-

a) iron

53
 b) calcium

c) iodine

d) carbohydrate

13. Which of the following does not spread HIV/AIDS infection ? Choose the
correct option-

a) Using the same toilet seat

b) Use of infected needles

c) Exchange of infected body fluids

d) From infected mother to child

MATCH THE FOLLOWING:

SHORT & LONG ANSWERS:

1. What is a ‘ Disease’?

Ans: Disease is a state of discomfort in which the normal functioning of the body
is affected.

2. Mohan had consumed infected food but is not showing any signs of the
disease. Can he make his friend Abdul ill? How?

Ans: (a) Fever, headache and bodyache.

54
 (b) Fever and dry coated tongue.

(c) Yellow eyes and dark yellow urine.

(d) Watery diarrhoea and cramps in the legs.

3. The full form of AIDS is Acquired immune deficiency syndrome.

4. Differentiate between communicable and non-communicable or lifestyle

diseases.

Ans: (i) Communicable Diseases: The diseases that spread from one person to
the other are called communicable disease or infectious disease. These diseases
are caused by infection which spreads or is communicated through the medium
of touch, sharing towel, hand kerchief etc. Of the patient, air, food or water or
through sexual contact with an infected person Influenza, polio, typhoid measles,
mumps etc.

(ii) Non-communicable or Lifestyle: These disease may develop in a person due to

faulty eating and living habits example obesity, diabetes, and hypertension. This
disease is a called life style disease.

5. Suggest three healthy eating practices that can prevent lifestyle diseases.

Ans:

 Take up regular exercise like walking, yoga, dancing, aerobics and cycling.

 Use stair-case instead of lift or escalator.

 Take a balanced diet at proper meal times.

 Do not over-eat

6. Why is there an increase in the occurrence of non-communicable or

lifestyle diseases in countries like India? Who are the victims of these
diseases?

Ans: The cause increasing life style diseases are as follows an increase:

55
 More and more young people are seen smoking and drinking despite
knowing the fact that these are harmful to health.

 Our nutritious and balanced meals are giving way to fast food and junk food,
fresh fruits and vegetables are being rejected in favour of processed and
packed food and soft drinks are replacing milk.

 We prefer to use a bus or car instead of walking even for short distances.

 More and more machines are being developed each day to reduce physical
labour associated with our work.

7. Life Style diseases impose financial burden and slow down progress of
the nation. Why?

Ans:

 It may be due to complicated condition.

 It also needs proper treatment and care for long time.

 It was a large economic burden for the family.

 This leads to reduction in productivity and development the country.

 As these are chronic conditions, they are a financial burden for life time.

8. Shazia went to a fair and food that was exposed to flies and dust. The
next day she had vomiting, diarrhoea and cramps in her legs. What do
these symptoms indicate? What steps will you take to manage the
patient?

Ans: Symptoms: Shazia suffering from cholera.

 Vomiting and pain in legs.

 Loose motions.

 Excessive thirst, dry tongue.

56
  If not treated early, the patient may die.

 Restlessness.

Care:

 Cholera vaccine should be given.

 Patient should be given full rest.

 Patient should be given boiled and cool ORS after every 1 or 2 hrs. In order to
supplement the deficiency of electrolytes.

 Doctor should be consulted as soon as possible.

9. What is a lifestyle disease? Suggest prevention of lifestyle diseases.

Ans: Lifestyle diseases are non-communicable diseases. These diseases develop

due to eating dirty food and poor lifestyle or habits. These include diseases like
obesity, diabetes, and hypertension, heart diseases.

Prevention of life style diseases :

 Take up regular exercise like walking, yoga, dancing, aerobics and cycling.

 Use stair-case instead of lift or escalator.

 Take a balanced diet at proper meal times.

 Eat 400 - 500 gms of seasonal fruits and vegetables in a day.

 Drink plenty of water.

 Practice yoga or meditation to avoid stress in life.

10. Write the full form of HIV/AIDS . How is the HIV/AIDS virus spread? Also
tell some preventive measures.

Ans: The full form of HIV/AIDS is:

57
HIV: Human Immunodeficiency Virus

AIDS : Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome

HIV/ The AIDS virus spreads in the following ways:

 By unprotected sex with an infected person.

 By the exchange of bodily fluids, for example blood transfusion.

 Due to use of contaminated needles while administering vaccinations etc.

 From mother to child infected during pregnancy or at the time of childbirth.

As of now, there is no cure for HIV/AIDS nor is there any vaccine available to
prevent it. However some preventive measures can be adopted:

 Limit sex to one person and use protection during sexual contact.

 Always use sterilized needles when injecting.

 Only get properly tested blood from registered blood bank in case of need of
blood transfusion.

 Consult a doctor for pregnancy if HIV is infected

58
 CH- 9 CARE AND MAINTENANCE

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS:

1. Old tea stain on white cotton fabric:

(a) Use salt water.

(b) Soak in glycerine.

(c) Soak in lime juice.

(d) Pour boiling water over borax.

2. Old blood Stains on coloured cotton fabric:

(a) Soak in salt water.

(b) Soak in glycerine.

(c) Soak in hot water.

(d) Wash with soap and hot water.

3. Lipstick stain:

(a) Use of salt water.

(b) Soak in ammonia.

(c) Sponge with methylated spirit.

(d) Wash with hot water and soap.

4. Rust stain:

(a) Use of salt water.

(b) Use lime juice and salt.

59
(c) Soak in methylated spirit.

(d) Wash with soap and cold water.

5. Nail polish stain on polyester fabric:

(a) Sponge with methylated spirit.

(b) Soak in warm borax water.

(c) Rub lime juice and salt.

(d) Soak in warm water and soap.

6. Removing dirt from clothes by washing and then finishing them is termed as:

(a) Starching.

(b) Sponging.

(c) Laundering.

(d) Dipping.

7. Clothes may become dirty due to the:

(a) Dirt.

(b) Grease.

(c) Perspiration.

(d) All of the above.

8. Greasy dirt can be removed by:

(a) Dipping.

(b) Drying.

60
(c) Laundering.

(d) Washing with water.

9. Fabrics can be cared and maintained by:

(a) Sponging.

(b) Dipping.

(c) Laundering.

(d) None of above.

10. Stains can be identified by their:

(a) Colour.

(b) Smell.

(c) Feel.

(d) All of the above.

11. Which of the following is an animal stain?

(a) Milk.

(b) Tea.

(c) Coffee.

(d) Rust.

12. Which of the following is a Grease stain?

(a) Curry.

(b) Pickle.

61
(c) Shoe polish.

(d) All of the above.

13. The method in which the entire fabric can be dipped in the stain remover is
termed as:

(a) Curry.

(b) Pickle.

(c) Friction washing.

(d) Washing by machines.

14. Which of the following method is suitable for washing cotton fabrics?

(a) Brushing and airing.

(b) Mending of damaged garments.

(c) Immediate stain removal.

(d) All of the above.

15. What is the common name of Orion?

(a) Cashmilon.

(b) Nylon.

(c) Polyester.

(d) None of above.

16. - _________ are used to clean old stains of grass.

(a) soap

(b) Onion paste

62
(c) Lemon

(d) Methylated spirits

17. For old tea stains on a white cotton cloth –

(a) Use salt water.

(b) Dip in glycerin.

(c) Dip in lemon juice.

(d) apply borax to the stain and pour boiling water over it.

18. Suitable for removing rust stains –

(a) Use of salt water.

(b) Use of lemon juice and salt.

(c) Dip in a methylated spirit.

(d) Clean with soap and cold water

FILL IN THE BLANKS:

1. Soaking clothes for time helps to ________ dirt.(loosen, fix, settle).

2. Starching is done to give cotton clothes ________ look.(dull, crisp, shinning).

3. ________ Should not be starched. (table linen, sarees, undergarments).

4. (d) Coloured cotton articles should be dried in the ________ (sun, shade,

daylight).
5. Long exposure to sunlight makes fabrics ________ (bright, weak,dull).

6. ________ Should be used to wash very dirty white articles (hot water, boiling
water, luke-warm).

7. When cotton articles are stored moist, they develop ________ (dullness,
brightness, mildew).

8. Fabric that is not properly rinsed becomes ________ (weak, yellow, bright).
9. Clothes must be ________ before washing. (blued, mended,ironed).

10. ________ Articles should not be soaked before watching. (coloured, white,
dirty).
11. Starching is applied to cotton clothes to give them a shiny appearance.

63
 12. Coloured clothes should not be soaked before washing.

13. The starch used for finishing silk clothes is called Gum Arabic.
14. If the garment has become bluer than indigo, then mix White vinegar or

lemon juice in clean water and dip the cloth in it.

STATE TRUE OR FALSE:

1. Neutral liquid soaps should be used for washing silks. True

2. Clod water should be used while watching wooden articles. True/false.

Ans: False, Luke warm water should be used for washing wooden articles.

3. Wooden articles should be soaked in water. True

4. Woollen articles can cleaned with any detergent solution. True/ false.

Ans: False, Woollen articles can be cleaned with mild alkaline detergent solution.

5. Friction cannot be applied to clean woollen articles. True

6. Synthetics clothes are squeezed well before drying. True/ false.

Ans: False, Synthetics clothes should not be squeezed and dried on a hanger.

7. Synthetics clothes are ironed, if necessary, with a warm iron. True

8. Cold water should be used to wash woolen clothes. - True
9. Woolen clothes should be washed with any detergent solution. – True
10. Synthetic clothes should be wrung out thoroughly before drying. – False

SHORT & LONG ANSWERS:

1. Meena has a basket full of soiled clothes. these include her silk
blouse,zari saree, cotton shirt, cotton paijama and woollen shawl. Which
of these would you recommend her to wash at home and which clothes
should she send for dry cleaning? Why?

Ans: Wash at home -cotton shirt, cotton paijama: dry clean silk blouse, zari saree,
woollen shawl.

64
 2. Summer season has set in. you have to put away the winter clothes. What
steps would you suggest to your friend to ensure that his clothes are
clean and ready to store till the next season?

Ans: Woollen clothes are stored during summer season. They should be stored
carefully otherwise they can be attacked by moth or silver fish. Woollens should be
dry cleaned before storing them. Moth balls should be kept with them to avoid
insects. Woollens should be kept wrapped in muslin cloth or paper.

3. Explain the meaning of the word “laundering.

Ans: Laundering means removing dirt from clothes by washing and then finishing
(Starching ironing) there by giving a neat and clean appearance.

4. What is a stain? How would you classify stains?

Ans: A stain is an unwanted mark of discoloration on a fabric caused due to contact

with another substance which cannot be removed by the normal washing process
and requires special treatment.

Classification of saints: stains can be grouped on the basis of their origin, e.g., tea
and coffee and many oils, vanaspati and ghee come from vegetable source. While
removing these stains you can use more or less the same removing agents and
method.

5. How will you wash a white cotton garment? Explain with reasons.

Ans: A white cotton garment should be washed by the following method:

65
  Preparation.
 Soaking: They should be soaked in soap or detergent solution for some time
to lose the dirt from the pores.
 Washing: Clothes should be rubbed well and washed.
 Rinsing: Clothes should be rinsed in water properly till the whole of the soap
is removed. Then they should be removed.
 Blueing: According to the type of clothes blueing should be done.
 Starching: While cotton clothes may should be Starching use it.
 Drying: Clothes should be dried in sun and coloured clothes in shade.
 Finishing: After drying Clothes should be ironed to give them good finish.

6. How does the laundering of synthetics differ from laundering of cotton.

7. Shelly bought a white cardigan. After wearing it twice she washed it

together with other clothes in a washing machine. Predict the effect on
the cardigan and the reason for it.

Ans:

 No need to soak in water.

 Draw an outline of the fabric so that it does not loose shape while drying.
 Temperature of water should be same throughout washing otherwise the
fabric gets shrunk.
 Detergent with mild soda is used.
 Wash the fabric with gentle hand.
 Do not wrinkle for drying.
 Dry in shadow and not in sunlight.
 Do not hang while drying otherwise fabric will loose shapes.
66
 8. Rehman wants to wash his brightly printed silk scarf at home. Tell him
the correct procedure.

Ans: Silk Clothes (scarf) are delicate clothes. They should be washed very carefully.
Soap and water makes its fibres weak. They should not be rubbed as it spoils it’s
colour and texture. Ritha and Shikakai solutions are suitable to wash such clothes.
They should not be rubbed. Light pressure should be applied silk Clothes.

9. How can we identify the stains?

Ans: stains can be identified by their colour, smell and feel

10. Write any two differences between Washing and Dry-Cleaning.

11. What are the things to keep in mind when cleaning stains ?

Ans: The following points should be kept in mind while cleaning stains:

 As far as possible, remove the stain when it is still fresh.

 For delicate and/or coloured fabrics, first try out the chemical on a small
portion of the fabric on the inner side of the seam or some portion of the
garment which is not visible when worn. In case the fabric or its colour gets
damaged, do not use the chemical.
 Use dilute and mild reagents as these are less harmful, though it may take a
little longer to remove the stain.
 Rinse the fabric several times after the removal of the stain, or the reagent
may damage the fabric on drying.

67
 12. What are the precautions to be kept in mind while removing the stain in
whites?
 Remove the stain when it is still fresh.
 For delicate and/or coloured fabrics, first try out the chemical on a small
portion of the fabric on the inner side of the seam or some portion of the
garment which is not visible when worn.
 Use dilute and mild reagents as these are less harmful.
 Rinse the fabric several times after the removal of the stain.

13. Explain the methods of Washing.

Ans: Friction method: For washing strong fabrics like cotton and linen this is the
right method.

 Hand friction: This is the most common method of washing clothes. Rub dirty
areas vigorously with the hand till the dirt is removed. It is suitable for
cleaning very soiled small sized areas in the garment like cuffs, collar.
 Scrubbing brush: While cleaning kitchen dusters which are very soiled use a
brush to remove dirt, grease and stains.
 Beating stick: While washing large clothes like bed sheets and towels use a
wooden beating stick to provide friction.

Washing by kneading and squeezing: This method is for delicate fabrics like silk,
wool, rayon, etc. This does not damage the fabric or change its shape because only
gentle pressure is applied repeatedly with hands.

Washing in machines: ‘Washing machine’ a labour saving device and provides all
the friction required for cleaning the clothes. The washing time varies with the type
of fabrics and amount of soiling. Washing machines available in the market are
automatic, semi-automatic and non-automatic.

14. Describe the process of removing coffee, blood, lipstick and oil stains.

Ans: There are different procedures to get rid of coffee, blood, lipstick and oil stains.
Which are as follows: Coffee Staining:

 Pour hot water over the fresh stain.

 Old Stain Dip the stained area of the cloth in glycerine or sprinkle borax
powder over the stain and place the stained area over a mug or pan and pour
hot water over it. Remove blood stains:
 Clean the fresh stain with cold water and soap.

68
  Dip the old spot in salt water (2 teaspoons salt + a bucket of water), or light
ammonia. Lipstick staining:
 Scrape off the excess of the fresh stain. a) Clean the stains with methylated
spirit or kerosene easily with the help of a sponge. b) Dry with turpentine.
 Old spot Repeat the process described above two to three times.

Removing oil stains:

 Wash fresh stains with warm water and soap. Dry it by placing it on top of
grass or shrub/plant in the sun.
 Make a paste of soap and water and apply it on the stain. Keep it moist in the
sun until the stain is removed.

15. You have to wash both colored cotton and synthetic clothes. With their
specific needs in mind, list five washing methods for each.

Ans: Washing methods for colored cotton and synthetic fabrics : Washing of
colourful cotton clothes :

 Do not soak cottons, especially when their colour bleeds.

 Use mild or neutral soap for washing.
 Wash using kneading and squeezing method
 Rinse thoroughly and apply starch after turning clothes inside out in the last
rinse.
 Dry in shade
 Iron clothes after making then evenly damp.
 Store clothes when completely dry

Laundering of Synthetics: Nylon, polyester and acrylic are synthetic fabrics.

Therefore, artificial fabrics are washed in a slightly different way.

 Use luke-warm or cold water. Do not use hot water as synthetics will wrinkle
very badly
 Use any good soap, light pressure and light rubbing while washing.
 Rinse well in cold water to remove soap completely
 To avoid wrinkles, do not squeeze tightly
 Preferably dry on a hanger. It will help to maintain the original shape.
 When dry, if necessary, iron with a warm iron and not a hot one.
 Store when completely dry.

69
 CHAPTER-10 FIBRE TO FABRIC

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS:

1. Muslim is a fabric which is ___________.

(a) Light weight and loosely woven.

(b) Transparent and crisp.

(c) Heavy weight and thick.

(d) Medium weight and plain.

2. Denim is a fabric which is ____________.

(a) Light weight and loosely woven.

(b) Transparent and crisp.

(c) Heavy weight and thick.

(d) Medium weight and plain.

3. Organdy is a fabric which is _____________.

(a) Light weight and loosely woven.

(b) Transparent and crisp.

(c) Heavy weight and thick.

(d) Medium weight and plain.

4. Poplin is a fabric which is _____________.

(a) Light weight and loosely woven.

(b) Transparent and crisp.

70
(c) Heavy weight and thick.

(d) Medium weight and plain.

5. Staple fibres are:

(a) Very Short.

(b) Very long.

(c) Short.

(d) Long.

6. Filament fibres are:

(a) Very Short.

(b) Short.

(c) Very long.

(d) Long.

7. Which of the following is not a natural fibres?

(a) Silk fibre.

(b) Nylon fibre.

(c) Jute fibre.

(d) Cotton fibre.

8. Which of the following is a man-made fibre?

(a) Polyester.

(b) Acrylic.

71
(c) Rayon.

(d) All of the above.

9. Which of the following is obtained from animal?

(a) Wool.

(b) Cashmilon.

(c) Cotton fibre.

(d) None of the above.

10. Which of the following is obtained from plant?

(a) Jute fibre.

(b) Cotton fibre.

(c) Coir.

(d) All of the above.

11. Which of the following is not correct?

(a) Jute is the outer covering of coconut.

(b) Rayon is the first man-made fibre.

(c) Silk is an animal product.

(d) Filamentous fibres are long fibres.

12. Which of the following does not catch fire easily but melts away?

(a) Nylon.

(b) Polyester.

72
(c) Acrylic.

(d) All of the above.

13. Cotswool is a mixture of:

(a) Cotton and silk.

(b) Silk and wool.

(c) Cotton and wool.

(d) Wool and Nylon.

14. Which of the following fabrics is made by the plain weave?

(a) Mulmul.

(b) Cambric.

(c) Organdy.

(d) All of the above.

15. Denim is made by:

(a) Plain weave.

(b) Twill.

(c) Satin weave.

(d) None of the above.

16. Which of the following fibres is a good conductor of heat?

(a) Cotton.

(b) Wool.

73
(c) Silk.

(d) Nylon.

MATCH THE FOLLOWING:

FILL IN THE BLANKS:

1. If wool: winter, then cotton :summer

2. If bark: flax, then fleece : wool
3. If cotton: king of fibres, then silk: Queen of fibres
4. If regenerated fibres: wood pulp, then synthetic fabrics: Petroleum products
5. If linen: cotton, then acrylic: Wool
6. A simple yarn has uniform Thickness in per inch length.
7. Cord yarn is a Multiple, Strand yarn.
8. Flex is stronger than Cotton
9. Synthetic yarns stretch and Do not break easily.

10. Hand knitting is known as Weft Knitting.

11. Khadi movement in India was started by Mahatama Gandhi.

12. Selvedge refers to Length of fabric.

13. Woven fabrics do not stretch.

74
STATE WHETHER TRUE OR FALSE:

1. Cotton is a filament fibre. True/false

Ans: False – Cotton is a staple fibre.

2. Length of staple fibres is measured in inches. True

3. Acetate is a man made fibre. True/ false

Ans: False – Acetate is a Regenerated fibre

4. Natural fibres can be made from chemicals. True/False

Ans: False – Wool is a protein fibre

5. Wool is a protein fibre. True

COMPREHENSIVE PASSAGE:

One evening, Geet was busy cooking dinner and her father was in the garden.
Suddenly, Geet saw her dupatta had caught fire. She shouted loudly and ran out of
the kitchen. Her father saw flames and rushed towards her with a cotton sheet.

He quickly wrapped it around Geet to put off the flam es. He immediately took her to
hospital. Doctor said Geet had received burns because the dupatta, made from
polyester, had melted and stuck to her skin. Her father had received only a few scalds
while wrapping Geet with cotton sheet and putting off the flames. Since he was
wearing cotton kurta, paijama he was saved.

The doctor appreciated her father’s presence of mind in wrapping a sheet that
helped in extinguishing the fire immediately. Fortunately the burns were not very
severe and Geet recovered soon.

Answer the following questions:

(i) Why did the dupatta catch fire?

Ans: Because, the dupatta, made from polyester.

(ii) Why did the dupatta get stuck to the body after catching fire?

75
Ans: Because, it is made from polyester, it catches fire easily had melted and stuck to
her skin.

(iii) Why was Geet’s father relatively safe from burns?

Ans: Geet’s father was relatively safe from burns because he was wearing cotton
kurta paijama.

(iv) What type of fabric should you prefer to wear while working in the kitchen?

Ans: Cotton clothes.

(v) List three other fabrics which can be worn while working near fire.

Ans: Nylon, jute, Rayon.

(vi) People know that synthetic fabrics catch fire easily yet most of them wear
these clothes while working in the kitchen. Convince them in about 30 words
on merits of changing into cotton clothes before working in the kitchen.

Ans: People working in a kitchen wearing into cotton clothes. It is a good conductor
of heat. It can withstand high temperature. It can be boiled in water for considerable
time without much damage.

SHORT & LONG ANSWERS:

1. Give one difference between the following:

(i) Coarse and fine yarn.

Ans: (a) Coarse: Jute Fibres are hairy and generally rough. The fibres are short and
lustrous but weaker than flax.

(b) Fine yarn: A yarn in a continuous strand made up a number of fibre which are
twisted together.

(ii) S and Z twist.

Ans: Twists given to fibre strand for formation of a yarn can be either ‘S-Twist’
(clockwise) or ‘Z- twist'(anticlockwise). The quality and strength of yarn is affected by
the number of twists in inch. Lesser the number of twists per inch, bulkier and less

76
strong is the yarn and more the number of twists, finer and stronger is the yarn.
Figure 10.2 shows number of turns in a yarn.

(iii) Four ply and cord yarn.

Ans: Four ply: Are also known as cable yarns. These are usually made by plying two
strands of two – ply yarns together.

Cord yarn: is a multiple strand yarn. Take 3/4/5 ply yarns and twist together and knot
both the ends to get cord yarn. These are generally used for making ropes.

(iv) Spun and filament yarn.

Ans: The short length fibres are called staple fibres and are measured in inches or
centimeters, e.g., cotton, wool and linen. The long fibres are known as filaments and
are measured in yards/ meters, e.g., silk and all man – made fibres.

2. Why Nylon, polyester and Acrylic eatch fire easily?

Ans: Synthetic fibres are made from petroleum products. Nylon, polyester and Acrylic
are the examples of synthetic fibres. Since these fibres catch fire easily and easily and
can stick to the body.

77
 3. Define dress or garment.

Ans: These are made from various kinds of materials and sewn in several forms called
dresses or garments.

4. Explain the classification of fibres.

Ans:

Natural fiber Man made Fiber

All the fibres obtained from nature, i.e., The fibres which are made in
plants or animals, are known as natural laboratories using chemicals are known
fibres. as man-made fibres.
Example: cotton, wool, linen, silk Example: Rayon, Nylon and acrylic

Fibres obtained from plant source are Regenerated fiber: The natural fibres
called cellulosic fibre e.g., cotton and are allowed to dissolve these chemical
linen. and the solution is then converted into
The fibres that come from animal solid fibres. Examples are rayon
sources are also known as protein (cellulose out of
fibres, e.g., wool and silk. viscose/acetate/triacetate)
Synthetic fibres - These are made
using various petrochemical products.
Nylon, acrylic and polyester

5. What do you mean by Weft, Warp and Selvage?

Ans: Straight yarns in fabric are known as warp yarns. Horizontal yarns are known as
weft yarns. Along the length of the woven fabric, on both sides, end yarns are
woven very densely and the portion is named as selvedge.

6. List the advantages of weaving.

Ans: The advantages are given below:

 Weaving gives a firm fabric.

 Woven fabrics do not stretch and are thus easy to handle.
 Woven fabrics are easy to print and embroider.
 Weaving is most commonly used method of fabric construction.

78
 CHAPTER – 11 FABRIC FINISHERS
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS:

Which of the following is a basic finish?

(a) Water proofing.

(b) Stiffening.

(c) Printing.

(d) None of the above.

2. Which of the following is applied to almost all fabrics to improve their

appearance?

(a) Basic finishes.

(b) Special finishes.

(c) Finishing with colour.

(d) None of the above.

3. Oil spots from the fabric are removed by:

(a) Bleaching.

(b) calendering.

(c) Scouring.

(d) None of the above.

4. To make fabrics white or to dye them in light colours they are:

(a) Bleached.

(b) Stiffened.

79
(c) Cleaned.

(d) All of the above.

5. Which of the following is an is ironing process?

(a) Calendering.

(b) Stiffening.

(c) Scouring.

(d) Cleaning.

6. Which of the following bleach is applied to all kinds of fabrics?

(a) Hydrogen chloride.

(b) Hydrogen peroxide.

(c) Carbon dioxide.

(d) Hydrogen sulphide.

7. The alkali used in Mercerisation is:

(a) Hydrogen peroxide.

(b) Hydrogen sulphide.

(c) Hydrogen chloride.

(d) Sodium hydroxide.

8. Why do we dye fabrics?

(a) To give colour to the fabric.

(b) To improve the looks of the fabric.

80
(c) Both ‘a’ and ‘b’.

(d) None of the above.

9. Which of the following is obtained from plants?

(a) Saffron, indigo.

(b) Henna, onion chilka.

(c) Tesu flowers, katha.

(d) All of the above.

10. The process of resist dyeing is termed as:

(a) Tie and dye.

(b) Marbling.

(c) Binding.

(d) Knotting.

11. The dye used for cotton is:

(a) Vat.

(b) Disperse .

(c) Reactive/Direct.

(d) Basic.

12. The treatment done to prevent the fabric from shrinking after washing is:

(a) Sanforisation

(b) Mercerization

81
(c) Parchmentization

(d) None of the Above

13. Which dyes are extremely harmful to human health?

(a) Reactive dyes

(b) Azo

(c) Vat

(d) Disperse

14. Which state is famous for block printing?

(a) Madhya Pradesh

(b) Gujarat

(c) Rajasthan

(d) West Bengal

FILL IN THE BLANKS:

1. The treatment given to fabrics to enhance their appearance, performance or

handling is known as Finishes.

2. When no finish is applied on a fabric’s surface it is known as Grey fabric.

3. Dyeing and Printing produce variety in fabric.

4. A chemical finish is also known as Wet finish.

5. Water proof finish is a Functional finish.

6. Mercerisation is Durable finish

7. Shrinkage control is indicated as Sanforised on the label.

8. Wash n wear is a Special finish.
9. Vegetables and animal dyes are known as Natural dyes.

82
 10. Tyrian purple dye is obtained from Animal source.

11. Fibre dyeing is more popular in Man made fiber.

12. Tie and dye is Resist dyeing.

13. At home fabric can be decorated easily by Block printing.

14. If the colour does not bleed on washing, it means fabric is Colour fast.

15. Starching is applied to cotton clothes to give them a Shiny appearance.

16. Coloured clothes should not be soaked before washing.

17. The starch used for finishing silk clothes is called Gum Arabic.
18. If the garment has become bluer than indigo, then mix White vinegar or

lemon juice in clean water and dip the cloth in it.

19. Santiniketan in West Bengal is famous for batik.

20. Hydrogen peroxide is a suitable bleaching agent for protein-rich fibre

Sodium Hypochlorite is used for woollen fabrics.

21. Bleaching is a chemical treatment given to a fabric that removes its yellowish
or colour, turning a fabric white.

STATE TRUE OR FALSE:

(i) Scouring is a finish used to clean the fabric. (True/ False)

Ans: True, scouring is washing fabric with soap and chemicals to remove all
impurities.

(ii) Bleaching has no damaging effect on fabric.(true/ false).

Ans: False, Bleaching has to be done very carefully. It destroys the colour. Strong
bleach can damage the fabric to some extent.

(iii) Shrinkage control can be done at home also.(True/ False)

Ans: True, soaking the fabric overnight and drying it causes Shrinkage.

(iv) Organdy is a permanently stiff fabric.(True/ False)

Ans: True, this is due to a permanent finish called parchmentisation.

83
(v) Mercerized thread should be used for stitching. (True/ false)

Ans: True, mercerization makes cotton smooth, shiny and strong.

(vi) Organdy is a permanently stiff fabric. – True

(vii) Bleaching has no harmful effect on the fabric. (True/False)

Ans: False (Correct Answer - Bleaching in excess can damage the fabric.)

(viii) Hydrogen peroxide bleaching is required for man-made fabrics. (True/False)

Ans: False (Correct Answer - Man-made fabrics do not require bleaching.)

MATCH THE FOLLOWING:

SHORT AND LONG ANSWERS:

1. What is a textile finish? Why is it necessary to apply on fabric?

Ans: A finish is a treatment given to a fabric to change its appearance,

bundling/touch or performance. It’s purpose is to make the fabric more suitable for
its end use.

Importance of Textile Finishes:

 Improve the appearance of fabric and enhance its looks.

 Produce variety in fabrics through dyeing and printing.

84
  Improve the feel or touch of fabric.

 Improve the draping ability of light weight fabrics.

2. How does a gray fabric differ from a finished fabric?

Ans:

3. Describe any two basic finishes and their application.

Ans: Mainly finishes can be divided into two categories:

o Basic finishes: Some finishes are considered basic finishes because

they are essential for all types of fabrics, cleaning, ironing bleaching,
sizing etc.

o Special finishes: Some finishes are given to enhance the utility of

fabrics for special purposes.

85
 o For example: Water proofing is done only on that fabric for which
water proofing is must like rain coat, tarpaulins. etc. Similarly other
special finishes are mercerising dyeing, printing, shrinkage, control etc.

4. “Dyeing is finishing with colour”. Explain.

Ans: “A dye is a compound that can be fixed on a surface in a more or less

permanent state, the avokes the visual sensation of a specific colour. Dyeing gives a
solid colour to the fabric. It is very important for the dyed and printed fabric to be
colour fast. Example the colour should not comes out or fade easily.

5. Differentiate between natural and synthetic dyes.

Ans:

Natural dye Synthetic dye

These are obtained from natural sources These days are prepared synthetically
– vegetables, animals or minerals. with the help of different chemicals.

These are eco-friendly and do not They cause a lot of pollution and skin
pollute water or land. allergies etc.

Natural dyes is slow, difficult and Synthetic dyes are very easy to use and
expensive. have better fastness than natural dyes

Example : turmeric (haldi), henna Example: classes of synthetic dyes are –

(mehndi), madder (manjishta) and direct, basic, acid, disperse, azo, vat and
indigo (neel) reactive days

6. You have just bought a shirt that has a label “Piece dyed”. What do you
understand from it? What are the other methods of dyeing Textiles?

Ans: Before the stitching clothes may used different types of dye. Different
stages at which textiles are dyed include:

86
(i) Fibre stage: Thought all types of fibres can be dyed at this stage, the method is
more popular for dyeing man made fibres. It gives uniform dyeing and it is coloured
fibres during subsequent processing.

(ii) Yarn Stage: Colour can be applied or rendered (popular term used in textile
dyeing) on fibres after spinning into yarns, especially when they have to be sold as
such. Knitting yarns and all types of threads – sewing, embroidery, crocheting, etc.
are dyes at this stage.

(iii) Fabric stage: Most of the dyeing in the Textile industry is done at this stage, and
fabrics are dyed in one solid colour. It gives uniform colouring. Colour matching
becomes easier at this stage. This method is also suitable for dyeing blended fabric.
Blends are made by mixing two fibres together and then made into a yarn and fabric.

7. The sewing thread Ritu brought had the label Mercerized. Give the
advantages of ‘mercerization’ and explain the process of mercerization to
Ritu.

Ans: Advantage of Mercerization: Cotton is basically a dull fibre. The fabric made
from cotton wrinkles easily and is Difficulty to dye. It is therefore, treated with
sodium hydroxide to make it strong, lustrous and absorbent. This process is called
mercerization. It also improves the dye uptake of fabrics.

Process of mercerization:

o The fabric is strong and durable.

o The fabric is more compact.

o Glazeness and lustre of the fabric given it a silent look.

o Absorbency of the fabric increases.

o Affinity for dyes increases.

o Dyed in fast colours.

8. Describe batik and block printing.

Ans: (i) Batik: Batik is also a method of resist dyeing. Hero, wax is used as a resist
material to prevent the dye from colouring certain areas. On selected areas of the

87
fabric, a mixture of Bees’ wax and paraffin wax is filled with a brush or a block,
according to the design. These areas do not get coloured when dyed giving a
patterned effect. The wax is later removed.

(ii) Block Printing: Here a wooden block, which has a design engraved on it, is
pressed into a thick dye paste and then stamped on to the fabric. Do not worry if you
do not have a wooden block. You can follow the same procedure for printing at
home using easily available objects in place of a block. Take any vegetables like
ladies’finger or onion or gourd (torai), cut and use it as a block. Even bowl, glasses
leaves and flowers can also be used for printing.

9. Write about the Wash 'n' Wear finish.

Ans - Wash 'n' Wear finish :

 Wash "n" Wear is a finish that can be used on cotton fabrics to completely
change their appearance.

 The fabric treated with this process does not get wrinkled and its maintenance
also becomes easier.

 If the wash "n" ware is thoroughly dried and maintained organically, it can be
worn without ironing or a little ironing.

 In addition to cotton fabric, wash "n" wear can also be given to linen and
woollen fabrics.

10. Explain the importance of Textile Finishes.

Ans - Textile finishing is important for the following reasons. Finishing helps in the
following:

 improve the appearance of fabric and enhance its looks;

 produce variety in fabrics through dyeing and printing;

 improve the feel or touch of fabric;

 make the fabric more useful;

88
  improve the draping ability of light weight fabrics;

 make fabric suitable for an end (specific) use.

11. Explain the Scouring process.

Ans – Scouring: Scouring is the process of industrial cleaning of fabrics with the help
of warm water and soap solution.

Scouring Process: Fabric, as it comes from the loom, is dull in appearance. It may
have stains of oils as well as starches, waxes, etc., that are applied to yarns to make
weaving easier. Once the fabric is woven, the presence of these additives hinders
further finishing processes such as bleaching, dyeing, printing, etc. Therefore, these
need to be removed before sending the fabric for further processing. Scouring is the
process of washing fabric with soap solution. After cleaning, the fabric becomes
smooth, neat and more absorbent.

89
 CH- 12 HOUSING
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS:

1. Soakage pits provide a Hygiene method for the disposal of ________.

(i) Garbage.

(ii) Waste water.

(iii) Human excreta.

(iv) All of the above.

2. Disposal of human excreta through water carriage system is generally not

found in rural areas because it ________.

(i) Requires plenty of water.

(ii) Is expensive to construct.

(iii) Requires a common system of removal.

(iv) All of the above.

3. The purposes of ventilation is ________.

(i) To give ample light.

(ii) To circulate the fresh air.

(iii) To bring in ample light and air.

(iv) None of these.

4. The ideal method of disposal of human excreta at community level is ________.

(i) Water closet.

(ii) Pit latrine.

90
(iii) Septic tank.

(iv) Any of these.

5. An ideal method of garbage disposal in a village is construction of a ________.

(i) Garbage pit.

(ii) Placement of garbage bins.

(iii) Throwing garbage on the sides of streets.

(iv) None of the above.

6. A house is basically the physical construction made of:

(a) Brick.

(b) Sand.

(c) Cement.

(d) All of the above.

7. Which of the following is a function of a home?

(a) Protective.

(b) Religious.

(c) Educative and social.

(d) All of the above.

8. Which of the following is not an artificial light?

(a) Sun light.

(b) Tube light.

91
(c) Bulb light.

(d) Lantern light.

9. Which of the following statements is not correct?

(a) Sun light acts as a mild disinfectant.

(b) Home is a place where all family members stay together with love and affection.

(c) A home does not have economic function

(d) We enjoy a particular status in the society if we are staying in a home.

10. Which of the following can help circulation of air a home?

(a) Table fan.

(b) Ceiling fan.

(c) Ventilator.

(d) None of the above.

11. Which of the following statements is incorrect?

(a) The house should be swept and mopped daily.

(b) The household waste should not be disposed of in the public garbage.

(c) Waste water from the house should be led into the Soakage pit.

(d) Soakage pits should not be constructed near a well.

12. Which of the following is the most sanitary method for removal of human
excreta?

(a) Water closet.

92
(b) Pit laterine.

(c) Bore hole latrine.

(d) None of the above.

13. Daily cleaning includes:

(a) Sweeping and mopping of floors.

(b) Dusting surfaces.

(c) Making beds in the morning.

(d) All of the above.

14. Stain on plastic chairs can be removed by:

(a) Soap.

(b) Vinegar.

(c) Water.

(d) None of the above.

15. Which of the following activities are performed in a home?

(a) Cooking.

(b) Dining and bathing.

(c) Sleeping.

(d) All of the above.

16. The main purpose of ventilation is:

(a) Removing deodorants from the room

93
(b) Enhancing the fragrance in the room

(c) Getting pure air in the room

(d) Keeping the room cool

17. What is used for cleaning glass?

(a) Soap solution

(b) Soft fabric

(c) Moist newspaper pad

(d) All of the above

18. The best way to dispose of wastewater is:

(a) Soakage pits

(b) Water Closet

(c) Septic Tank

(d) None of the Above

STATE TRUE OR FALSE:

(a) Sunlight acts as a mild disinfectant.

Ans: True.

(b) Indoor plants turn yellow when placed in brightly lit rooms.

Ans: False.

(c) people living in dark and dingy rooms are more prone to falling sick.

Ans: True.

94
(d) Circulation of air removes stale air and brings in fresh air.

Ans: True.

(e) Ventilators provide light and fresh air in rooms.

Ans: True.

(f) When indoor plants are kept in a room with intense light, they turn yellow.
(True/False)

Ans: False (Correct Answer - Placing plants in a dark room causes them to lose their
luster, hang, and begin to wither.

MATCH THE FOLLOWING:

SHORT & LONG ANSWER:

1. You want to make your room look more spacious. List the things you would
do.

Ans: (a) Light furniture.

(b) Multi use furniture.

(c) Combine kitchen and dining room.

(d) Light colours on walls.

2. Why is cross ventilation important for maintaining a healthy environment

inside the house? Suggest ways to ensure cross ventilation in a house.

Ans: It provides good circulation of air in the room.

95
• Cross ventilation is possible when a window opens on to each of two different sides
of the house and direct flow of air can take place between the two openings.

• By Placement of door and windows across from each other.

3. State any three functions performed by your home.

Ans: Three functions performed by own home are as follows:

a) Protective: It gives us protection from outside heat and cold, sun , wind, rain
etc. It also gives protection to small children and and people who need special
care.

b) Religious: A home provides a place for a number of religious activities. We

celebrate various festivals while staying in a home.

c) Educative: A home is the centre of family life. A child ‘s basic education starts
from the home, which helps in the development of personality.

4. State any four important points to be considered while selecting a house and
tell why you consider these important.

Ans: Our home meets many of our needs. It involves a lot of money and cannot be
changed often. It is important that certain points are kept in mind so that a wise
decision is made. Site of your house plays an important role in its selection.

Physical features: While selecting a site, choose a house in an open area. It should
not be close to heavy traffic areas. These can affect health and activities due to air
and noise pollutions.

Soil: The foundation of the house should be strong for it to stand on. The foundation
depends upon the type of soil.

Sanitary requirements: You must have seen vacant plots filled with garbage. Such a
piece of land is not recommended for construction of a house. A house built on such
a plot will have uneven soil level and drainage problems.

Neighborhood: The house should be in the area which is developed in all aspects. A
place is called developed area when it has electricity, roads and drainage laid out
common facilities like post office, banks, school, and markets are available nearby.

96
5. Name two sources of lightning in the house and state why each one is
important.

Ans: Two sources of lightning in the house are:

1. Natural Lighting: The light that we receive from natural sources Example: The
sun.

2. Artificial Lighting: The light that we receive from artificial source, such as tube
light, bulbs.

Sun light is important for all the rooms but more specially for kitchen and bathroom
where water is used frequently. If sunlight dose not enter into these areas, they will
remain dark and damp. It will encourage the entry of mosquitoes and cockroaches. It
is not very hygienic to stay in such a house.

Sometimes it is not possible to have natural light in each and every corner of the
house. Some use artificial light. In the evening we need artificial Lighting.

6. State any three advantage of ventilation.

Ans: Three advantage of ventilation:

1. Fresh air is essential for healthy living.

2. The carbon dioxide that we breathe out is removed and the fresh air brings in
oxygen for us to breathe in for this.

3. Ventilators can help circulation of air.

7. What are the effects of poor lighting on your health?

Ans: Poor lighting in home leaves very bad effect on our health. It should be ensured
that most of the rooms get some sunlight during the day. Sunlight acts as a mild
disinfectant. Example it kills germs and keeps the place healthy. It also heats up the
rooms and thus, remove dampness from the home.

8. Which method do you suggest is ideal for the disposal of human excreta and
waste water and why?

97
Ans: Septic tank system is the most sanitary method for removal of human
excreta because:

1. Hygienic.

2. Low cost and easy to construct than the water closet system.

3. Free from foul smell.

4. Maintenance is easy and cost low.

5. Dose not require cleaning of pits.

6. Gases are dispersed into the soil.

7. Eliminates mosquitoes, insects and fly breeding.

9. Name two cleaning agents you will use to clean window glass panes.

Ans: 1. Moist newspaper pad.

2. Vinegar and commercial glass cleaner.

10. Suggest two ways you will adopt to make a one room house appear
spacious.

Ans: 1. If the room is small, use white, yellow and cream colours because they reflect
light, spread illumination and add to the spaciousness of any area.

2. A well lit room seems more spacious than a poorly lit room. Light and mirrors
together work wonders in creating an illusion of space.

11. Write any three essential planning tips for designing a good kitchen.

Ans: A good kitchen has:

1. Kitchen should be clean to the dining room and away from bed room and drawing
room to avoid germs and smell.

2. Kitchen should have proper arrangement for natural light and fresh air.

98
3. Kitchen should also have an exhaust fan or chimney for exhaustion of smoke
fumes and hot air.

12. List any four activities which are performed in a kitchen.

Ans: Four activities performed in a kitchen are:

1. Cooking area.

2. Preparation area.

3. Washing area.

4. Storage in the kitchen.

13. What is meant by water closet?

Ans: Water Closet: In a majority of large towns, human excreta is removed through
the water carriage system. In this, along with the household waste water, the faeces
and urine are carried away by a flush of water through a system of drains and sewers.
A water closet is a sanitary installation for reception of the human excreta. It is
connected to a sewer through a pipe.

14. What is a septic tank? Describe the benefits of septic tank.

Ans: Septic tank is another option for disposal of human and other wastes. These
types of tanks are seen in semi-urban areas where sewerage system is not available.
In this method, basically concrete tanks or troughs are constructed. Domestic
exhaust pipes are connected with these troughs. Sulabh Shauchalaya have been
constructed on the principle of septic tanks.

Advantages of septic tanks :

• Maintain cleanliness.

• They are lower cost and easier to manufacture than water closet system.

• They do not pollute the land or ground water.

• Septic tanks are odor-free.

99
• The system requires only 1.5 to 2 litres of water as compared to 13-14 litres in
conventional flush toilets.

• The pit does not need to be cleaned.

• Waste collected in the trough can produce good manure.

• The gases formed in them are found in the soil itself.

• Prevents mosquitoes, germs and flies from breeding.

100
 CH-13 SAFETY AT HOME

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS:

1. Which of the following is a source of accident due to fall?

(a) Slipping over wet floors.

(b) Slipping on railings of staircase.

(c) Playing at unsafe places.

(d) All of the above.

2. Accident due to fire may take place because of the following:

(a) Misuse of matches.

(b) Filling oil in a lighted stove.

(c) Naked oil lamps.

(d) All of the above.

3. A sudden unexpected unfortunate event without any clear visible cause is

termed as:

(a) Illness.

(b) Mental illness.

(c) Accident.

(d) None of the above.

4. Electrocution may take place due to:

(a) Leaving an electric appliances, e.g., iron, connected and switched on.

(b) Touching switched off electric appliance.

101
(c) Pulling out the plug by the plug.

(d) Using electrical appliances with a three-pin plug.

5. Poisoning may occur due to:

(a) Consuming detergents.

(b) Consuming insecticides.

(c) Eating unwashed fruits and vegetables.

(d) All of the above.

6. Falls can be prevented by:

(a) Keeping the floor dirty and wet.

(b) Keeping the floor clean and dry.

(c) Wear slippery footwear.

(d) Switching off light in stair-case.

7. Poisoning can be prevented by:

(a) Labeling all chemicals.

(b) Storing them with food items.

(c) Eating unwashed fruits and vegetables.

(d) Keeping poisonous chemicals on the table.

8. If a victim has a fracture and is bleeding as well as, the bleeding part should
______________.

(i) Be raised.

102
(ii) Not be raised.

(iii) Be treated first.

(iv) Be tied to a splint first.

9. The fractured area can be tied to a ____________.

(i) Wooden stick.

(ii) Rolled up magazine.

(iii) Scale.

(iv) All of the above.

10. While treating a sprain, cold water is applied to ____________.

(i) Lower the body temperature.

(ii) Lesson pain and swelling.

(iii) Calm the victim.

(iv) All of the above.

11. A person suffering from shock needs a ____________.

(i) Blanket.

(ii) Damp sheet.

(iii) Hot water bottle.

(iv) Thin saree.

12. Victim of shock should be made to lie down ____________.

(i) With the legs raised.

103
(ii) With the head raised.

(iii) Flat on the ground.

(iv) On the side.

13. To disconnect a victim from electric shock, it is advisable to use ____________.

(i) You hands.

(ii) Any object nearby.

(iii) Hockey stick.

(iv) A metal stick.

14. Careless handling of which liquid can cause a fire?

(i) Petrol.

(ii) Aerated drinks.

(iii) Hot water.

15. Do not put more than one electrical appliances in one electric socket
because:

(i) It leads to overheating of wires.

(ii) It does not look nice.

(iii) It entangles the wires.

16. Wearing clothes made of which fabric is dangerous in the kitchen?

(i) Cotton.

(ii) Silk.

104
(iii) Nylon.

17. When a fire breaks out in the house, clean air is at the:

(i) Ceiling level.

(ii) Ground level.

(iii) Window level.

18. In case you smell cylinder gas leaking in the kitchen, what should you do?

(i) Light a matchstick.

(ii) Switch on a light.

(iii) Open the windows.

FILL IN THE BLANKS:

1. Keep the matchbox and chemicals out of reach of children.

2. Before sleeping Extinguish burning candle or lighted fire.

3. Store inflammable liquids in Labelled containers

4. Put two electric appliances in Two socket/s.

5. All worn out wires and cables should be Replaced.

6. Wear Well fitted clothes in the kitchen.

7. Knob on the gas cylinder should be Switched off at night.

8. Buy Only ISI certified appliance and gas pipes.

9. Throw sand on open flame caused by electricity.

10. Throw Cold water on fire.

105
11. Use multiple ladder to rescue people.

12. You will crawl on floor to come out from building

13. Use wet handkerchief to breathe.

14. Open all windows

15. Use Blanket to douse the flames from a victim’s clothes.

SHORT OR LONG ANSWER:

1. Kartik cut his hand while chopping vegetables. What could be the possible
reasons? Write down three such reasons.

Ans: (i) Keep her hand flat while chopping vegetables on board/not curled finger.

(ii) Cutting with hand/Not using chopping board.

(iii) Knife not sharp/using blunt knife.

2. Suggest two safe methods of picking up broken pieces of glass on the

kitchen floor.

Ans: Anything sticky will pick up fine remnants of glass and the person handling the
broken glass does not cut his/her hands.

3. Which is a safer way to open a window with its handles or by pushing the
glass?

Ans: Glass, when pushed, can break and cut your hand.

4. Your younger brother wants to sharpen his pencil. What will you give him? A
sharpener or a blade? Why?

Ans: Sharpener, reason – as there is no chance of cutting his hand with it or he may
cut his hand with a blade.

5. Kerosene oil is stored in a used vegetable oil container.

106
Ans: Kerosene oil should be stored in a Labeled bottle or container or in its original
container as someone can mistake it to be oil and use it.

6. Medicines should be kept in the upper shelves of a cupboard.

Ans: Medicines should be kept in the upper shelves of locked cupboard, out of reach
of children.

7. Cupboard where pesticides are kept is left open.

Ans: Cupboard, where all pesticides are kept, should be locked at all times.

8. Little shalu fell off the roof. Her grandmother advised to message her foot
and put some ointment. By the evening her foot had swollen. They waited for a
few hours for the pain to subside but there was no relief. Finally, when the pain
was unbearable they took her to a doctor. The doctor took an X- ray and
informed that she had fractured her foot. If you were shalu’s sister or brother
how would you given her first aid? Analyse the mistakes the family members
had made.

Ans: Treatment: 1. When the bone is broken, it should be kept in fixed position this
prevents more damage.

2. Tie the broken bones with splints and bandages before moving the person.

3. If the wound is bleeding, try to stop it immediately.

4. One should not move the bones and call for the doctor immediately.

5. The injured person should be taken carefully to the hospital for plastering on
stretcher.

9. Inform your friend about ways to prevent getting an electric shock.

Ans: Prevent:

• Buy ISI marked electrical appliances only.

• No electric wire should cross any heating device.

107
• Electrical sockets should not be directly exposed to water to prevent electrocution.

• Cover all unused sockets with safety plugs or sticking tapes.

• Wear rubber slippers while handling electrical appliances.

• Keep electrical appliances on a wooden board as wood is a bad conductor of

electricity.

10. Advise your friends on how to give first -aid treatment in case of

(a) Bleeding.

(b) Burn.

Ans: (a) Bleeding: Press the bleeding part with the help of sterile gauze, for 20
minutes. In case bleeding does not stop, ice bag should be applied on the dressing.

• Wash the spot with antiseptic.

• In case, blood is flowing in jerks, then tie a bandage tightly on the side, closest to
the heart.

• In case bleeding continues, raise the bleeding part to slow down the flow of blood
and tie the bandage on the side which is away from the heart.

(b) Burns: Remove victim away from fire.

• Place burnt area under running cold tap water.(do not use ice, as it causes blisters)

• Pat dry and apply antibiotic .(silver sulphadiazine)

• Put clean gauge and bandage on the burnt part.

• Give water to drink.

• For serious burns, rush to the hospital.

• Home remedy (egg or peeled aloe vera leaf applied on burnt area also helps to
prevent blisters and eases pain)

108
11. A lady has dropped hot oil on herself. How will you help her?

Ans: 1. Burn should be treated very carefully.

2. Burnol, toothpaste, or any other antiseptic cream should be applied on burn skin.

3. Ice cubes should be applied on scald skin till it reduces pain.

4. If the blisters are formed, they should not be pricked.

5. If the person is to shock state, he should be treated for shock first.

6. Person should be given water with salt to drink.

7. Immediately send for doctor’s aid.

12. Saleem was driving a car at a very high speed when it went out of his
control and hit the motor cyclist. The boy became unconscious. Seeing no one
around he decided to flee. He thought he was lucky to escape until he come
home and realizad he had hit his own son, who could have been saved had he
got timely medical attention!

• If you were the driver, what would you have done?

• If you were a passer by would you have taken the victim to the hospital or just
looked the other way?

• Had you been the victim, what would you have expected – To be left lying on the
road or to be immediately taken to the hospital?

Ans: 1. First aid should be given quickly without wasting time and call the doctor.

2. Yes, I have taken the victim to the hospital in patient.

3. I have expected any person immediately taken to the hospital and call the doctor.

109
 CH-14 INTRODUCTION TO RESOURCES
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS:

1. A target that we want to achieve is known as:

(a) Aim.

(b) Goal.

(c) Target.

(d) None of the above.

2. All the things used to achieve our goals are known as:

(a) Resources.

(b) Money.

(c) Capitals.

(d) None of the above.

3. Which of the following is a type of resources?

(a) Money.

(b) Land.

(c) Knowledge.

(d) All of the above.

4. Which of the following statements is not correct?

(a) Time is a resource.

(b) Energy is a resource.

110
(c) Material goods are not resources.

(d) Knowledge is a resource.

5. Which of the following is an example of human resources?

(a) Energy.

(b) Skills.

(c) Abilities.

(d) All of the above.

6. Which of the following is not an example of non human resources?

(a) Time.

(b) Money.

(c) Community facilities.

(d) Land.

7. Planning is:

(a) Listing activities.

(b) Sequencing activities.

(c) Providing flexibility.

(d) All of the above.

8. Carrying out the actual activities as planned and organized earlier is termed
as:

(a) Planning.

111
(b) Organizing.

(c) Implementation.

(d) None of the above.

9. Examining the steps of management to judge what went right and what went
wrong is known as:

(a) Planning.

(b) evaluation.

(c) Implementation.

(d) None of the above.

10. Organizing ensures that:

(a) All the work gets done.

(b) Time is saved.

(c) Work gets finished on time.

(d) All of the above.

SHORT & LONG ANSWERS:

1. Define the terms goals and resources.

Ans: Goals: A goal is a larger or aim that we want to achieve or goals are our needs/
wants which we try to achieve.

Resources: The means used to attain goals are called Resource, They are all the
things used to achieve our goals.

2. Differentiate between human and non-human resources. Give two examples

of each.

112
Ans: Human resources – are those resources which belong to the person and cannot
be taken away by others. e.g., time , knowledge.

Non-human resources can belong to the person or the community. These can be
taken over or shared by others.e.g. park, money.

3. Why do we consider money as a non-human resources?

Ans: Money is non-human resources because it can change hands.

4. With the help of two examples, bring out the importance of using resources
wisely.

Ans: To achieve our goals, we have to manage within the limited resources. Each one
of us has our own limited resources to achieve the goals. Therefore, it is important to
use them wisely.e.g. money is limited, the total time of the day is also limited.

5. List there guidelines for making judicious use of resources.

Ans: Points to be kept in mind while managing resources:

• Do not waste resources.

• Conserve Resource.

• Understand alternative use of resources.

• Learn the proper way to make sure you do not deprive others.

6. Sudha wants to become a doctor. For this she has to work very hard and
secure 90% marks if she wants to get admissions in a good college. Her mother
wants her to eat well so that she is healthy. Besides, sudha also plays
badminton for 2 hours in the evening as she is aiming for the state
championship. Identify Sudha’s goals.

Ans: Identify Sudha’s goals:

(a) She wants to become a doctor.

(b) She secure 90% marks.

113
(c) She gets admission in AIIMS.

(d) Be healthy.

(e) State champion in Badminton.

7. Why is organizing important?

Ans: Organising is one of the most important crucial steps in management. It fixes
responsibilities for collecting and assembling resources needed for carrying out a
plan.

8. Your brother wants to host a party to celebrate the first birthday of his
daughter. List the goals and the resources he will need to achieve his goal
successfully. The party goes off very well and all the guests appreciate its
management.

Ans: 1. Making a list of members.

2. Meal planning.

3. Music system (planning).

4. Call for members in guests.

5. Orders of cake.

6. Cleaning rooms and decorating.

7. Put in good dress.

Then divides her works in family members.

10. What is the importance of planning? You attended your cousin ‘s wedding.
All went well except the following:

• The train reservation was not confirmed till the last minute.

• On reaching you found that one of your dresses did not fit properly.

114
• The family had left behind one of the gifts purchased for the cousin.

On the basis of what you have learnt in this lesson, suggest at least one way in which
each of the above stated problem could have been avoided.

Ans: It important so that you do not forget any important aspect once you start
carrying out the task.

11. Explain the importance of evaluation in the process of management.

Ans: Evaluation is examining the steps of management to judge “what went right”
and what went wrong, it examines the progress of a plan to find out the
shortcomings and take corrective measures accordingly. Evaluation also helps to
understand our weakness and mistakes so that it is not respected in future.

Evaluation is done at each stage of management. Because one constantly evaluate

her/his work, he/she comes to know the defects of his/ her plan and he/ she are thus
trained to make better plans to future.

12. Surroundings of your house must be kept clean for a healthy environment.
List the resources you will need and use for this purpose. How will you plan for
the beautification of space of space around your house?

Ans: 1. Proper disposal of garbage.

2. Dump outside the city limits.

3. Building, factories should be away from residential area.

4. Roads must be metalled so that dust does not rise and mix with air.

5. There should be planted and cared for so that these keep the air fresh and pure.

115
 CH-15 MANAGEMENT OF TIME AND ENERGY

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS:

1. An advance plan of what we are going to do in a given time period is termed

as:

(a) Time plan.

(b) Energy plan.

(c) Energy management.

(d) None of the above.

2. Time plan can be a plan for:

(a) Morning.

(b) Afternoon.

(c) Full day.

(d) All of the above.

3. Which of the following is not an advantage of making a time plan?

(a) One can find time to rest.

(b) We can’t do more work.

(c) Work done is of better quality.

(d) Saves the last minute tensions and confusion.

4. Which of the following is an example of an impractical time plan?

(a) 7.00 am-7.05 am – is get ready for office.

116
(b) 9.30 am – 11.00am – finish cleaning the house.

(c) 11.00 am-11.30 am – bathe and get ready.

(d) 1.30p.m.2.00pm – clean the kitchen.

5. We can save time by

(a) Not wasting time.

(b) Using labour saving equipment.

(c) Making time plans and strictly following them.

(d) All of the above.

6. Which of the following is not an advantage of an impractical time plan?

(a) There is no enough time for doing each activity.

(b) There is no extra time for unexpected happenings.

(c) Both ‘(a)’ and ‘(b)’.

(d) None of the above.

7. The method in which two or three activities are done at the same time is
known as:

(a) Dovetailing.

(b) Multifarious work.

(c) Multi Activities.

(d) None of the above.

8. Time plan helps you:

117
(a) Finish all the work in time.

(b) Find time to rest.

(c) Find time to enjoy yourself.

(d) All of the above.

STATE TRUE OR FALSE:

(a) And energy are closely related to each other. True/False

Ans: True.

(b) Time can be utilized more effectively if time -plan is not made. True/False

Ans: False. Time can be utilized effectively only if time schedule is prepared.

(c) When we combine two or three activities together it is known as

dovetailing. True/False

Ans: True.

(d) While preparing time plan there is no need to think about number of
activities to be performed. True/False

Ans: False. Considering number of activities to be performed is very important while

preparing time schedule.

SHORT OR LONG QUESTIONS:

1. What are the advantages of preparing a time plan?

Ans: Advantages of making a time:

1. We can finish all your work in limited time.

2. We can find time to rest.

118
3. We can find the time to do things which we like such as hobbies, playing watching
movies etc.

4. We do more work.

5. Work done is of better quality.

2. Differentiate between heavy , moderate and light work. Give one example of
each.

Ans:

3. Why is it important to categorize activities of work?

Ans: 1. Find time for rest and relaxation

2. Finish all your work efficiently with out feeling tired.

3. Do more productive work in less time.

4. Better quality of work is done.

5. You are saved from last minute tensions and confusion.

4. What do you understand by the term dovetailing and how does it help to
save time?

Ans: Doing two or more activities at the same time which is called
as”dovetailing” of activities. Example:

119
1. Fill water in washing machine, add detergent and start washing.

2. Firs put water on stove for boiling dal.

3. Clean and wash dal and put it in water for cooking.

4. Wash and cut vegetables and keep for cooking.

5. Wash dishes while cooking and washing of clothes is going on.

6. Wind up kitchen cooking.

7. Wind up washing of clothes and drying .

Also while doing dishes you can listen to music or radio. Thus by dovetailing
activities, we can save time.

5. Mention any three advantages of preparing a time plan.

Ans - Advantages of preparing a time plan:

• finish all your work efficiently without feeling tired

• find time for rest and relaxation and less wastage of time.

• saved from last minute tensions and confusion and better quality work is done.

120
 CH- 16 MANGAING FAMILY INCOME

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS:

1. The money that is kept for future use is known as:

(a) Savings.

(b) Spending.

(c) Income.

(d) Expenditure.

2. Allocation of money for Expenditure depends upon:

(a) Income of family.

(b) Size of family.

(c) Age of family members.

(d) All of the above.

3. Which of the following statements is not correct?

(a) The less the income, more will be the expenditure on various items.

(b) The members in a family determine the extent of expenditure.

(c) A spending plan helps the family to live within the income .

(d) None of the above.

4. Family Income means:

(a) Income of all related person living in the household.

(b) Commodities and services produced in the country.

121
(c) Right to consume goods and services.

(d) All the above.

STATE TRUE OR FALSE:

(a) ___________ Budget is the process of allocating income among various uses.

Ans: True.

(b) ___________ Family goals affect the budget.

Ans: True.

(c) ___________ A budget forces you to decide what is more important than the
other.

Ans: True.

(d) ___________ A budget can’t help in achieving long term goals.

Ans: False- A budget can help in achieving long term goals.

(e) ___________ Budgeting helps in the management of your finance.

Ans: True.

(f) ___________ The main purpose of a budget is to allow you to live within your
income.

Ans: True.

(g) ___________ Income of the family members does not influence the budget.

Ans: False – Income of family members influence the budget.

(h) ___________ Making a budget helps in saving money.

Ans: True.

122
(i) ___________ Major amount from the income is spent on food.

Ans: False – He was concerned about other people – friend.

Now you must have understood the importance of managing money as it is an

important resource. Your family members work very hard to earn money. It should
not be wasted.

You must start managing the money you get as pocket money. Also help your
parents understand the importance of money management and help them in
preparing a budget.

SHORT & LONG ANSWERS:

1. Define any two of the following:

(a) Money – Income.

(b) Direct and Indirect Income.

(c) Budget.

Ans: (a) Money – Income: Whatever is earned in the from of money which comes
into the family is called it’s income. This income may come from various sources.

(b) Direct and Indirect Income: It is the good and facilities enjoyed by a family
directly, without the use of money.

It is the good and facilities enjoyed by a family indirectly, with the use of money or in
exchange of goods.

(c) Budget: Budget is a tentative estimate of a family’s income and expenditure over
fixed period of time.

2. Give any five points highlighting the importance of ‘Family Spending plan ‘.

Ans: Importance of family “Spending plan”

1. Keep in mind all the income and facilities available to you for the period for which
you are making the spending plan.

123
2. List all the requirements (commodities and services)needed by the family members
for that period.

3. Prioritize these needs.

4. Allocate funds keeping in the total income. This will help in effective utilization of
money and other resources.

5. Balance the spending plan. This will also help to save some money.

3. List the characteristics of a good budget.

Ans: CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD BUDGET:

(a) Accurate estimates of income: Find the exact amount of income that will be
available to you for expenditure. (Gross income of the family differs from its take
home pay).

(b) Accurate estimates of expenditure: The expenditure estimate should be as

accurate as possible. Look up the budget of the previous years or the record of past
expenditures and savings.

(c) Reasonably accurate allocation of money: The resources on expenditures side

should be reasonably accurate; the family must be able to determine its present
needs and wants and anticipate future changes (e.g. for some families budgeting for
October-November will need extra outlay on spending on festivals and other
occasions.)

(d) Flexible A: A budget is made flexible by allowing sufficient margin on certain

items. It should allow you to divert some money from one item to another as per
your need. For example, some money can be easily diverted from entertainment in
case of an unexpected high medical expenditure.

4. Request your friends to discuss and plan their family’s spending plan. If they
are not willing to do it:

• Give two reasons to convince them about the importance of a spending plan.

• Let them develop their spending plans.

124
• Give suggestions for Improving it by supporting with reasons for each flaw in the
plan.

Ans: To expand according to the income. It is necessary to make plan of spending.

According to spending plans we spend money for our primary needs. According to
this we spend money for our primary needs. According to this we save some money
from our income for future planing.

5. Define the term “spending plan” and explain the factors on which the
allocation of money on different items is decided.

Ans: Spending plan: A spending plan is a planned approach to spend money. It is

based on the total income of family. It helps the family to live within their income
and also save money for future needs and emergencies.

Factors: (i) Income: The total family income from all sources will basically help to
decide how much can be spent on various items. More the income more will be the
money spent for purchasing different items.

(ii) Size of family: More the number of family members more will be the
expenditure on food and clothing. Hence, the family will be able to spend less on
entertainment and luxurious etc.

(iii) Age of family members: If there are school going children, expenditure on
education, school uniform, stationery etc., Will be more.

(iv) Place of residence: In big cities like Delhi and Mumbai, cost of living, food,
house rent, travel expenses and school fee are higher than in small towns and
villages.

(v) Skills: If some family members have certain skills like making preserves or doing
household repairs like repairing electrical equipments carpentry etc., Then the family
will have to spend less on getting the repairs done.

(vi) Savings: Keeping in mind the future needs.

6. Radha is a housewife, give her any four suggestions to increase income

sitting at home. Also, suggest ways to reduce expenditure.

Ans- Tips to increase income sitting at home and ways to reduce expenditure are as
follows: Tips to increase income –

125
• Instead of getting your clothes stitched by a tailor outside, sew yourself at home
and stitch others' clothes so that income can also increase.

• Preparation and sale of preserved foods. Such as pickles, papad, murabba, jam,
jelly, tomato sauce etc.

• Giving tuition to children at home.

• Making handicraft items.

• Producing vegetables at home instead of buying them from outside. Like- tomato,
chilli, coriander etc.

126
 CH – 17 LIFE BEGINS
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS:

1. The fertilized egg is also called.

(i) An ovum.

(ii) A zygote.

(iii) Cervix.

2. The zygote attached itself to the lining of the

(i) Vagina.

(ii) Uterus.

(iii) Cervix.

3. The vital organs like organs like heart and lungs of the child start developing
in the trimester of pregnancy.

(i) First.

(ii) Second.

(iii) Third.

4. Colostrum contains:

(a) A lot of antibodies.

(b) Immunoglobins.

(c) Both (a)’ and ‘(b)’.

(d) None of the above.

5. Fusion of sperm and ovum leading to pregnancy is know as:

127
(a) Fertilization.

(b) Conception.

(c) Amniotic sac.

(d) None of the above.

6. The process of fertilization leading to pregnancy is known as:

(a) Neonate.

(b) Amniotic sac.

(c) Conception.

(d) None of the above.

7. Which of the following protect a baby from shocks and change in

temperature?

(a) Placenta.

(b) Amniotic fluid.

(c) Umbilical cord.

(d) None of the above.

8. Which of the following carries the nutrients to the child and the waste
products back to the mother?

(a) Placenta.

(b) Umbilical cord.

(c) Amniotic fluid.

(d) None of the above.

128
9. Which of the following is a name given to a child after birth upto one month?

(a) Neonate.

(b) Pronate.

(c) Baby.

(d) None of the above.

10. Which of the following affect the growing foetus?

(a) Emotions of the mother.

(b) What a mother eats.

(c) Disease germs.

(d) All of the above.

11. The first 3 months:

(a) The attaches itself to the wall.

(b) Foetus rapidly increases in size.

(c) Foetus begins to move.

(d) Foetus reacts to light and sound.

FILL IN THE BLANKS:

(i) Care of a woman during pregnancy is called Prenatal care.

(ii) A new born baby is likely to sleep for 16 hours.

(iii) Immunization is offered free at Government hospitals and health centres.

(iv) A woman should get herself immunized for Tetanus as early as possible during
pregnancy.

129
(v) BCG and polio are given to a baby at the time of birth.

STATE TRUE OR FALSE:

(i) The cut cord of a newborn baby should be left exposed to dry up.
(True/False)

Because ________________.

Ans: True: True – If the cord is covered it will not dry up quickly and this can result in
infections .

(ii) Colostrum is good for the baby. (True/ False).

Because ________________.

Ans: True: Colostrum provides immunity and is also very nutritious.

(iii) The mother should not breast feed the baby for first few days after
birth.(True/False).

Because ________________.

Ans: False: The mother should put the baby to her breast within one hour of delivery
so that the child can get the benefit of having Colostrum too.

(iv) Breast – fed babies are stronger and healthier. (True/False)

Because ________________.

Ans: True: Breast milk is nutritionally adequate, Prevents infection improves

immunity and results in better bonding of the baby with the mother, thus making the
babies, stronger and healthier.

(v) Mothers who are breast feeding need a nutritious diet. (True / False)

Because ________________.

Ans: True: Nursing and mothers have to produce milk for their babies and therefore,
need to consume large amount of nutrients in their diets.

130
SHORT & LONG ANSWERS:

1. You are travelling in a bus and lucky to have got a seat because the travelling
time up to your home is more than an hour. At the next stop a pregnant
woman boards the bus. Should you look away or offer her the seat? Why?

Ans: (i) Sudden jerks can result in fall and can harm the foetus – can cause abortion.

(ii) The women needs to be given as much rest as possible.

(iii) She should be made to feel comfortable.

2. Your 21 year old married sister is 6 months pregnant. She is shy and refuses
to step out of her home. What kind of clothes would you recommend she wears
during pregnancy?

Ans: Clothes recommended: Slightly loose fitting kurta – salwar, top – trousers,
saree can be worn. The clothes should not put undue pressure on the women ‘s
abdomen and should allow her to move around freely.

3. List the vaccines recommended for a new born baby under the National
immunization schedule. State the diseases that they prevent.

Ans: Vaccine BCG: Disease prevented – TB.

Vaccine – Oral polio: Disease prevented – Polio,

Vaccine – DPT: Disease prevented – Diphtheria, Pertussis Tetanus.

Vaccine: Hepatitis ‘B’: Disease prevented – Jaundice.

Vaccine -MMR: Disease prevented – Measles, Mumps, Rubela.

4. Reena and Abhay have three children in a span of three years of marriage
whereas Ayesha and Firoz started their family after three years of marriage and
have only one child. Explain, giving appropriate reasons which couple has taken
the right decision.

Ans: Ayesha and Firoz have taken a right decision.

131
Reason: They have taken time to understand their new family and adjust to the new
environment and only after that they had a baby. They will be able to devote
adequate time to their baby and take care of all its needs. Ayesha will be more
patient as her own health status will be in a stable condition. If she is a professional,
she will also be able to devote time to her work.

Reena: Has conceived immediately after marriage deterioration of her and has also
has to more children in quick succession which could affect her health and nutritional
status, Besides their children may not get enough nutrition and affection from her.
This could make their children irritable and more susceptible to infectious disease.
Reena and Abhay may also feel more irritable and guilty as they will not be able to
devote adequate time to all their young children with their high demands.

5. Ritu is a 15 year old unmarried girl who has become pregnant. What advice
will you give to her family and friends to help her copo with the situation?

Ans: Advice to family and friends.

(i) Family, friends and Ritu may rationally discuss the pros and cons of the situation
and come to a mutually agreeable decision.

(ii) If the final decision is to abort the child then it should be under proper medical
supervision. Ritu should be given emotional and physical support.

(iii) If pregnancy has to be taken to full term, then friends and family should keep
Ritu happy, make her feel comfortable and normal, encourage her to face life bravely
they should not allow Ritu to feel guilty, should encourage her to take nutritious
meals, go for regular medical check up and continue with her studies.

6. How does a woman come to know that she has become pregnant?

Ans: From the following signs a woman comes to that she has become
pregnant:

(i) The women misses her period. This is often the first sign.

(ii) Morning sickness or nausea which gives the feeling of wanting to vomit, specially
in the morning, is worse during the second and third months of pregnancy.

(iii) The frequency of urination may increase.

132
(iv) Changes in the breast occur fairly early during pregnancy. The breasts tend to get
enlarged. The nipples also enlarge and become more prominent.

(v) Apart from these signs, there may be some digestive change also. Some women
develop a strong liking for sour foods like pickles tamarind, etc.

7. What do you think would be the consequences of conceiving a baby by a

young woman who is under 18 year of age?

Ans: She has faced many consequences of conceiving a baby by a young woman
because the right age to have a baby is when the mother is 20-35 years old. Before
20 years, the female reproductive system is not very well developed and after 35
years the reproductive system becomes a little weak. A mother who is likely to have
more Complications during pregnancy.

8. Trace the development of the foetus from the first to third trimester of
pregnancy.

Ans: Development of foetus in the womb:

 The first 3 months or the First Trimester

(i) The foetus attaches itself to the uterine wall.

(ii) Structures to protect and feed the foetus from amniotic sac, placenta and
umbilical cord.

(iii) Many external and internal organs from.

(iv) The sex of the foetus can be known.

 6 months or the Second Trimester:

(i) Rapid increase in size.

(ii) Foetus begins to move.

(iii) Brain development is especially fast.

(iv) Foetus reacts to light and sound.

133
  6-9 months or Third trimester:

(i) Increase in size continuous.

(ii) Foetus can survive, if born around this time.

(iii) Antibodies are transmitted from mother to the foetus so that the child is
protected from diseases once he is born.

(iv) At the end of nine months the foetus usually turns in an upside down direction in
order to be born.

9. List four things a woman and her family can do to ensure the birth healthy
and happy child.

Ans: (1) It is extremely important for al pregnant women to go to a doctor for a

proper medical check up.

(2) Take a tetanus vaccination.

(3) During pregnancy, it is right for a woman to be happy.

(4) A mother must eat a good diet so that her baby gets proper food to grow.

10. What do you understand by the term fourth trimester?

Ans: “Fourth trimester” means “after birth while it is true that the new born baby
need a lot of tender loving care. It is equally true that the mother who has just had a
baby needs as much. If not more, looking after, she has gone through a stressful time
giving birth and her body needs to recover it strength after giving birth. She can also
catch infections if she does not look after herself properly after delivering the baby.

11. Identify two practices to care for a mother and her baby after deliver. Why
are these practices important?

Ans: For the baby:

Cleaning the new born baby: A new born child’s skin is often wrinkled, and is
covered with a white cheese like substance and some fine hair. Wipe it with clean

134
cloth soaked in warm water. Do not scrub as both these are protective in nature and
fall after some [Link] clean and dry to prevent any infection.

For the mother: The woman must ensure that her room is kept clean, well lit and
ventilated. She must also have a bath regularly and keep the stitches clean and dry to
prevent any infection.

12. Why is it important for a child to be breast fed right from birth? Give two in
support of your answer.

Ans: Important of Breast Milk:

(i) Colostrum contains sufficient nutrients and has vital protective qualities.

(ii) It contains large amount of antibodies and white blood cells to protect the child
against infection.

(iii) It also has some growth inducing nutrients.

(iv) Breast feeding for the infant becomes very important from the very first day of
the birth.

13. Prepare a short talk giving reasons for the need to give special care to a
pregnant woman and the role of her family in doing so.

Ans: (i) It is important for every woman to take care of her health throughout her life.
She becomes extremely vulnerable during the period of pregnancy and child birth.
Therefore, s needs a log of support from her people around -ly her. The concern
shown by all the members nt her family, neighborhood and community general.

(ii) Only a healthy woman can give birth a healthy baby. To be healthy she must eat
the right food.

(iii) The family members and colleagues must pay special attention to her and ensure
that a woman get adequate rest and remains stress free at all times constant support
from the family, friends and colleagues can help the pregnant woman easily tide over
this physiologically and psychologically stressful period.

14. A couple should plan small family. Give reasons.

135
Ans: It is important for a couple should plan small family because. it is nice to have a
few children in family. A small family can also spend more money to meet the needs
of the children. Children can be educated properly and trained well. It is therefore
necessary, that families should produce few children and keep an age difference of at
least 3-4 years in between the two child births.

15. What elements should be included in the diet of a pregnant woman? or

What are the four foods that you would include in a pregnant woman's diet
while planning a diet? Why?

Ans: A pregnant woman needs to take nutritious diet so that her child can get proper
nutrition for growth. This is because the oxygen and food required by the foetus is
received from the mother through the placenta. If the mother's diet is not adequate
or there is a lack of certain nutrients, the baby will also be born weak. Such a baby is
more likely to get an infection sooner and fall ill after birth. The following four foods
should be included when meal planning:

1. Milk intake is essential for the supply of calcium in the development of bones.

2. Protein-rich food should be eaten for muscle development, like pulses, eggs/non-
vegetarian food.

3. Carbohydrate-rich food should be eaten to get energy, like – Rice/wheat.

4. Intake of minerals is essential for brain development, which is obtained from green
leafy vegetables and fruits.

16. What should be considered when selecting clothes for children ?

Ans: The following things should be kept in mind when selecting clothes for children:

• The clothes should be soft.

• Clothes should be such that they do not prick children.

• The clothes should be of cotton.

• The clothes should not be silky and synthetic.

• Clothes should be comfortable.

136
• The clothes should be close to the actual size of the children.

• Clothes should be easy to wear and take off.

• Clothes should be machine washable.

• Clothes should suit the personality of the children.

137
 CH- 18 CONCEPT OF DEVELOPMENT
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS:

1. Children who are taller for their age during early childhood years are taller
during adulthood also. By this observation which of the following principle of
development is proved.

(i) Development is the product of maturation and learning.

(ii) Development is predictable.

(iii) Rate of development remains constant.

(iv) Early development is more important than later development.

2. On the whole the sequence in which a child develops, follows two trends.

(i) Learning and Maturation.

(ii) Constant and correlated.

(iii) Growth and development.

(iv) Cephalo-caudal and Proximodistal.

3. You did not start speaking on the day you were born, instead you developed
speech gradually. This is a principle of: _________________.

(i) Development is predictable.

(ii) Development proceeds stage by stage.

(iii) Rate of development remains constant.

(iv) Development is correlated.

4. If Sufi’s birth height was 21 inches, by her second birthday she will be
__________ tall.

(a) 32 inches.

138
(b) 34 inches.

(c) 42 inches.

5. Preeti is seven months old ___________ incisors must have erupted in her
mouth.

(a) Central.

(b) Lateral.

(c) First molars.

6. Skills such as running and writing are improved during ___________.

(a) Babyhood.

(b) Infancy.

(c) Early childhood.

7. Amit was born with a birth weight of 7 pounds, he will be ___________ by the
end of his first birthday.

(a) 18 pounds.

(b) 14 pounds.

(c) 21 pounds.

8. Tanvir and Manvir are 5 years old. The differences in their body builds have
become apparent in __________.

(a) Infancy.

(b) Early childhood.

(c) Toddler.

139
STATE TRUE OR FALSE:

1. The colour of an individual’s hair is a product of environment. (True/False)

Ans: False, product of heredity.

2. Good physical and mental development can take place if the child takes good
nutrition and his environment is stimulating. (True/False)

Ans: True.

3. Each child is unique in terms of genetic make up even if brought up in similar

environments. (True/False)

Ans: True.

4. The best type of child rearing practice followed by parents is permissiveness.

(True/False)

Ans: False, democratic child rearing practice.

FILL IN THE BLANKS:

1. No one taught me to crawl, but one day I showed my parents that I can do it. This
is Maturation.

2. I have learnt to make new friends, it refers to the term Development.

3. I have acquired the skill of skipping because my parents gave me an opportunity

to do so- Learning.

4. I am becoming taller and heavier and can be measured in centimeters and

kilograms - Growth

5. Listening to a story will enhance a child’s Language development.

6. Putting the pieces of puzzle together is a part of Cognitive and Physical

development.

7. Showing Empathy is an indication of sound social development.

8. Severe malnutrition will affect overall development.

140
9. Climbing tree is part of physical development.

10. Children can communicate to their elders about their needs through the
Emotions.

SHORT & LONG ANSWERS:

1. Define the following terms and give at least two differences between them.

(i) Growth and development.

Ans: (i) Growth is quantitative and development is qualitative in nature.

(ii) Growth is limited to height and weight but development refers to all changes
leading towards maturity.

(ii) Heredity and development.

Ans: (i) Heredity: It provides the basis for the development of human personality.
Heredity is what a person is born with. It is a specific combination of genes we inherit
and is shown in characteristics like height and certain habits.

Environment: includes aspects of the surroundings i.e. human and non-human such
as parents, family, friends, school neighbourhood, work place and socio-economic
conditions to which the individual is exposed since birth. These factors influence the
development of an individual.

2. Give four reasons for individual differences amongst children.

Ans: There are many factors affecting developments:

(i) Heredity: Development depends upon the potentials that child gets from his
parents. These potentials decide the limit of development of a child, e.g. height,
weight body structure etc.

(ii) Nutrition: The nutrition that child gets before birth or after birth affects his
development. If the child gets good nutrition he develops well and complete his
development tasks. His bones, muscles and internal organs also develop will.

141
(iii) Immunization: Immunization at proper time saves the child from various
diseases. This helps the child to grow properly become weak and their body
development legs behind.

(iv) Proper ventilation: Sunlight and pure air helps in good body development. Sun
ruge are good source of vitamin D. Which makes bones of the child strong.

3. Good emotional development helps in establishing cordial relationships.

Justify the statement in 60 words.

Ans: Emotions are natural instincts. The child experiences these emotions from early
stages of his life. Emotions include physical as well as mental processes. Love,
jealousy, anger, fear, disgust and rivalry are various emotions. According to “Bridges”
In the beginning only feeling of general excitement is found in babies. When the
baby is three months-old feelings of distress and delight emerge. When the baby
feel pain he cries, when he is happy he smiles, throws his arms and legs in the air and
make joyous sounds. When the child become six months old emotions of anger, fear
and disgust are also developed. One year old shows the emotions of elation and
effection, towards adults of joy also.

4. Distinguish between physical and motor development.

Ans: Physical Development: Growing of various organs of body like bones, muscles,
internal organs and their gaining of strength is called physical development. The
working capacity and capability of different organs increases during the
development. It includes increase in height, weight, body, bones, sense organs and
nervous system’s capacity.

II. Motor Development: As the child develops physically his nervous system,
muscles, bones, etc., also get strong. They coordinate with each other in a better way.
The child now attains better control over his body. As a result, he is able to do many
activities. The child does these activities in order to explore his environment and tries
to adjust with it. Such activities are called motor activities. Their development is
called motor development.

5. Your friend has bad handwriting. Name the aspect of development in which
he is lagging behind? Suggest two activities to help him to improve his
handwriting.

Ans: Activities:

142
1. We give good practice book and revision doing to many time.

2. We give some help for teacher, father elder brother and sister.

6. Suppose a child in your locality is not provided with a stimulating

environment in his home. Suggest activities which can help in promoting his
cognitive development.

Ans: Cognitive Development: The process that are involved in thinking, perceiving.
memorizing and understanding following instructions, exploring the environment,
building with blocks, playing with toys, imitating behavior, asking questions and
wanting answers are signs of cognitive development which one will see in children as
they grow.

143
 CH-19 MY FAMILY AND I
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS:

1. When you are choosing clothes for your children see that these are:

(i) Simple and soft.

(ii) Absorbent.

(iii) To wear and take off.

(iv) All the above.

2. Interesting and attractive toys help children in their:

(i) Physically development.

(ii) Mental development.

(iii) Social development.

(iv) All the above.

3. When children indulge in make believe play it helps in:

(i) Development of their future roles.

(ii) Their physical development.

(iii) Disciplining them.

(iv) Developing them socially.

4. Democratic discipline helps in developing in children:

(i) Social maturity.

(ii) Self control.

144
(iii) Self confidence.

(iv) All the above.

5. Permissive discipline does not develop in children:

(i) Social maturity.

(ii) Self control.

(iii) Self confidence.

(iv) Independence.

6. Which of the following is a function of a family?

(a) Give protection.

(b) Provide emotional bonding.

(c) Provide financial service.

(d) All of the above.

7. Family consists of:

(a) A married man and woman.

(b) Children of a married man and their children.

(c) A married woman and man and their children.

(d) None of the above.

8. Which the following statement is not correct?

(a) The affection and love received from parents and other family members is
essential for the proper development of children.

145
(b) At birth, the young child does not depend upon adults for all its needs.

(c) The family looks after not only the children but all the other members too.

(d) Caring for and giving protection to the children and old is an important function
of the family.

9. The emotional bonding

(a) Close family ties.

(b) Make children feel wanted.

(c) Make feel loved.

(d) All of the above.

10. Family is made up of _________ man and woman and their children.

(a) Unmarried.

(b) Separated.

(c) Married.

(d) Divorced.

11. A nuclear family:

(a) Does not encourage initiative.

(b) Does not encourage independence.

(c) Encourages self reliance among its members.

(d) Does not encourage decision-making among the children.

12. A joint family:

146
(a) Encourages family members to be cooperative.

(b) Cares for old, the helpless and the unemployed in the family.

(c) Encourages family members to be accommodating.

(d) All of the above.

13. Which of the following factor do not break relations? does.

(a) Mistrusting everyone.

(b) Trusting behaviour.

(c) Criticizing and arguing.

(d) All of the above.

SHORT & LONG ANSWER:

1. List four characteristics of children that are the result of heredity.

Ans: (i) Colour of the eyes.

(ii) Skin.

(iii) Height. and

(iv) Body build.

2. Explain the meaning of early stimulation.

Ans. Providing ideal facilities for development to children in early years of life.

3. What is a family life cycle?

Ans: Family life cycle means your parents.

Father → his eldest son → his Children

147
4. How do loving and understanding parents help adolescents to grow into
responsible persons?

Ans: 1. It is important that parents have a balanced approach while disciplining

adolescents.

2. They must set rules and limits and be firm and flexible according to the situation,
keep ail channels of communication open and provide emotional support.

3. Trusting the adolescent is very important.

5. What are the different parenting styles?

Ans: The different parenting styles are: (i) Autocratic disciplining style: Where
emphasis is laid on restrictions and punishment to follow parents directions. Children
from such families often lack self-confidence, become anxious about social
comparisons and fail to initiate They may have poor communication skills and may
become rebellious later on in life.

(ii) Democratic disciplining style: Children are allowed to be independent but are
under the control of their parents. Children can express their opinion and present
their arguments. The parents are warm and open towards their children. Children of
such parents are socially well adjusted, responsible and are usually self-confident.

(iii) Permissive disciplining style: Parents are totally not involved with their
children. As a result of this, the children develop no self-control and lack social skills.
They are unable to get along with others.

6. Why is discipline necessary in family?

Ans: Discipline at home: Yet another component of environment is the discipline at

home. As the child grows, it becomes essential to teach the child ‘self control’, which
is taught through disciplining the child. Discipline helps the child to follow a certain
code of conduct. It starts from an early stage of life that is, from the time of feeding
and toilet training. Discipline helps the child to evolve a personal value system of
what is acceptable and what is not. Parents become role models in order to inculcate
good habits in their children.

148
7. How can a family help a newly married girl to adjust in her new house?

Ans: To help her adjust in the new home, without any problems, members in this
family can make her feel welcomed, accept her as an integral part of the family, give
her time and space to understand the ways of her new home. They should also have
realistic expectations and be non-critical. Can you visualize how these actions can
help the new member entering the family?

8. Compare the environment for growing children in extended families with

that of a nuclear family.

Ans: In an extended family, there are members of all age groups. Children in Indian
homes are always instructed and guided to be polite and respectful to adults,
specially the elderly. They observe their elders behaving in this manner. Elderly
persons are also generally happy in such homes and try to be useful in whatever way
day can.

Nuclear family, the elderly person feel lonely because there is no one to talk to. Their
failing physical health makes it difficult to deal with household chores.

9. State the role of parents towards infants school going children and
adolescents to facilitate their development.

Ans: 1. Parents support there children for eating, bathing and dressing.

2. Parents responsibility to supervise and support the child in studies.

3. It is always helpful if the child is given a separate space in the house to sit and
study. It can be a place where he/ she can keep all his things and also learn to be
organized and orderly.

4. Parents provide children good and healthy good.

5. Parents can help children to develop moral education and good habits.

10. What are the values of life and how are they inculcated in the children in a
family?

Ans: Values in Life: Values from the crux of our social environment. They help in
establishing a just and equitable society. Traditionally, children observe their elders
and imbibe values like respect for elders honestly, truthfulness and humility. The

149
values that we hold have been derived from our family, friends neighbours, teacher,
mass media and so on. Many of the values that you have are learnt from your own
family members.

Parents teach values by:

1. Directly telling the children when to do and what not to do.

2. Their own example. If the parents tell their children to be truthful but they
themselve tell lies, what do you think will happen. The child will get confused and not
be able to decide what is right and what is wrong.

11. Uma got married to Rajan three years ago. She lives in a conservative joint
family in a big city. In her family there are her husband’s parents and his
unmarried brother Akash and sister Neha. Uma gets along very well with Akash
but not with Neha. They are more or less of the same age.

If you were Uma how would you improve your relationship with Neha?

Ans: Improve your relationship with Neha are:

1. Talk to each other courteously.

2. Learn to listen to each other.

3. Help each other.

4. Work together.

5. Share responsibilities equally.

6. Share your plan each other.

7. Do not care to Neha for other.

12. Suggest some ways for adolescents to establish good relations with their
family.

Ans: Ways for teens to establish good relationships with their family :

150
• Adolescents should share their feelings and thoughts with their parents and
establish a free path of communication.

• Both teenagers and their parents should listen to each other's views and consider
each other's suggestions carefully.

• They should present their views and feelings clearly and mutually respectful.

• Teenagers should be as polite to their parents as you would your friends' parents.

13. Difference between Nuclear and joint family.

Ans:

Nuclear Family Joint Family

When a family consists of a couple and When there is a family, where there are
their children, both natural (born to the parents and siblings of the couple, the
couple) and adopted (those who have family
been legally taken in by the couple),
living together under one roof

14. List the functions of Family.

Ans: A family provides to all its members:

 protection from any danger to life opportunities

 for emotional bonding among its members,
 financial and emotional security
 facilities for preparation for life through education
 passing of socio-cultural values
 recreation

15. Briefly explain the stages of family cycle.

Ans: The stages of family cycle is explained below:

i) Beginning stage :

The life cycle of a family begins with ‘youth’. This is the stage of life when
individuals gain their identity and emerge as independent young adults. It is this
intimacy that enables young persons to endure hard times and other challenges
in the absence of their family. At this stage commitment, compatibility, trust and
attachment are some of the essential ingredients for establishing intimate
relationships. Marriage is one of the most intimate relationships that a person
forms.

ii) Expanding stage:

151
Parenthood should be by choice since it brings many additional demands and
responsibilities with it. The couple should be physically, mentally, emotionally and
financially prepared to handle these demands. During this stage the parents bear
and rear their children. They provide for all their physical, emotional, educational
and social needs.

iii) Contracting stage:

This stage of life cycle starts when the first child is ready to leave the home as an
independent adult. This stage ends with the last child leaving the home or with
the passing away of either of the couple.

152
 CH- 20 ADOLESCENCE CHARMS AND CHALLENGES
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS:

1. A two year old can:

(a) Sit without support.

(b) Can walk.

(c) Can run.

(d) All of the above.

2. Which of the following statement is wrong?

(a) A five month old can turn.

(b) A five month old can only grasp big objects.

(c) A five month old can walk and run.

(d) A five month old can only sit with support.

3. Growth rate is fast till:

(a) The first 1 year.

(b) The first 12 year.

(c) The first 2 year.

(d) The first 3 years.

4. The temporary teeth first appear during:

(a) 2-3 months.

(b) 6-8 months.

153
(e) 5-6 months.

(d) 8-12 months.

5. Motor development means control over:

(a) Body movements.

(b) Finger movements.

(c) Brain movements.

(d) None of the above.

6. Which of the following is a gross motor skill?

(a) Standing.

(b) Writing.

(c) Catching.

(d) Grasping.

7. Which of the following is a five motor skill?

(a) Running.

(b) Standing.

(c) Catching.

(d) None of the above.

8. At 2 year of age the child can:

(a) Pick up small objects.

(b) Run smoothly.

154
(c) Skip smoothly.

(d) Walk a balance beam.

9. A childs begins to use telegraphic speech at the age of:

(a) 10 months.

(b) 12 months.

(c) 18-24 months.

(d) 2½ years.

STATE TRUE OR FALSE:

(i) Children should not be educated about the changes during adolescence as it
may distract them.

Ans: FALSE- they should be prepared beforehand so that they do not get shocked
and are prepared / relaxed for the forthcoming changes.

(ii) Malini should not play outdoor games during menstruation.

Ans: FALSE – she can continue with all her normal activities.

(iii) Sohail’s brother makes him feel guilty by saying that nocturnal emission
happens to those who have sexual fantasies.

Ans: FALSE- it can happen otherwise too as excess of semen flows out in sleep.

(iv) Girls should eat iron rich foods.

Ans: TRUE – Girls should eat iron rich foods.

(v) A girl cannot become pregnant before her first periods.

Ans: FALSE – she can get pregnant before her first periods as ovum is formed few
weeks before the start of menstrual cycle begins.

155
(vi) Genital hygiene is important for both boys and girls.

Ans: TRUE -Genital hygiene is important for both boys and girls.

SHORT & LONG ANSWERS:

1. Write two signs of physical growth which are common and two which are
specific to adolescent boys and girls.

Ans: Common signs: Increase in height and weight, hair in arm pit and pubic area,
increase in genitals.

Boys: Nocturnal emissions, increased muscular development, facial hair.

Girls: Growth of breasts, menarche, broadening of hips.

2. Nasreen is the best athlete in her village and has won many awards at both
district and state level. For the past two years she has been practicing very hard
for the coming district athletes meet. She is very upset and wants to know that
she is not shortlisted for the same. Given below are three different ways in
which Nasreen can try to find why she has not been shortlisted for district
athletes.

Option 1: Nasreen argues with the sarpanch of the village and accuses him of being
unfair.

Option 2: Nasreen locks herself in a room and refuses to eat her meals.

Option 3: She goes to sarpanch and asks him the reason for her not being selected
for district athletes.

Which do you think is the most sensible option? Give reasons for your answer.

Ans: Option 3 is the best option. REASON- one should find out the reason instead of
expressing anger as that would not solve the problem. May be by mistake her name
not there or she may not fulfill criteria for age bar.

3. Neha got very angry when her parents did not allow her to go out with her
friends. She threw her books on the floor, shouted at everyone and refused to.
eat her food. If you were Neha, what would you have done to convince your
parents? Please suggest at least two methods.

156
Ans: Neha should ask them the reason for not allowing her, understand their point of
view. She should have not thrown her books, eaten her food and talk politely with all.

4. Sudha is very conscious of her complexion. She avoids interacting with

people around. Give four suggestions Sudha which can help build a positive self
esteem.

Ans: (i) Realize that certain physical aspects in you cannot be changed.

(ii) Spend time analyzing your strong points and appreciate your strengths.

(iii) Do not indulge in self pity.

(iv) Eat healthy and exercise.

(v) Take advice from a trusted friend or a trained counsellor.

5. Neha is 13 years old. She feels her mother does not love her anymore. She is
not allowed to go out with her friends and has frequent arguments with her
mother. Suggest two ways in which Neha can improve her relationship with her
mother. Could you also recommend two ways in which Neha’s mother can
contribute towards improving the relationship with her daughter?

Ans: Neha’s role:

(i) Confide in her parents.

(ii) See their point of view.

(iii) Respect them and talk courteously.

(iv) Participate in household chores with parents.

Role of her mother:

(i) Involve her in family discussions and household chores.

(ii) Share problems.

(iii) Understand.

157
(iv) Talk openly about the issues.

(v) Counsel her.

6. Adolescents are often confused whether they are children or adults. Narrate
any incidence from your personal life to justify statement.

Ans: Any incidence where your parents one minute tell you that you are child but
very next minute they expect you to behave adult like.

7. Enumerate any two characteristics of cognitive development of adolescence.

Ans: (i) Personal fable – think they are unique.

(ii) Imaginary audience – think everyone watching them.

(iii) Abstract thinking – can imagine impossible, which is not true.

(iv) Systematic – can take all factors in mind before planning anything.

8. Adolescents are often reckless and refuse to wear ill fitted clothes. Give
reasons for their behavior.

Ans: Reckless – because of personal fable where they think nothing wrong can
happen to them. Refuse to wear a defective dress-as think everyone can see the
defect even if it is not noticeable.

9. Differentiate between emotional and social during adolescence.

Ans: Emotional changes: Due to physical changes emotionality of the young

adolescent is greatly influenced. Due to hormonal secretion the adolescent becomes
restless and emotionally unstable. The adolescent is constantly irritated and under
pressure. The adolescent get excited easily experience ups and lows of emotions
frequently. This emotional instability creates tension in his mind as well as around
him.

Physical changes: The adolescent is not ready for these change mentally. These
change cause discomfort stress and finally depression. The adolescent is still a child
in his heart but due to the physical changes starts looking like a grown up person so
feels awkward. It is difficult for the adolescent to accept these changes as part of his
new personality.

158
10. Giving an example explain how positive self esteem helps in better
performance.

Ans: Example: While planning for a family holiday adolescents can list out suitable
options available examine them keeping in mind weather condition, location, best
time to go, market area, way to reach the destination and places to see and
accordingly decide and plan a holiday.

11. How would systematic thinking help in choosing a career?

Ans: Yes, systematic thinking help in a person choosing a good career.

Everyone hopes to do something that they enjoy and also earn a decent livelihood.
Very often, you are expected to join your parents in their profession. But if you have
other interests, you should explore them. Remember what ever you you must try to
do your best and excel in the chosen For this you may have to put in extra labour
and effort. After all hard work always pays in the long run. There are many options
available besides the usual professions of doctor, engineer or architect.

12. Your Nine year old brother is watching a violent film. In what ways can you
help him selection appropriate program?

Ans: 1. Share problems.

[Link] her.

3. Understand.

[Link] openly about the issues.

5. Personal interest in your activities.

6. Watching a T.V. to meet her.

13. Cite a situation where you experienced a conflict between what you wanted
to do and what was expected of you. How did you resolve the situation?

Ans: Riya is ten year old. She feels her mother does not love her Any more. She is not
allowed to go out with her friends house because she was a girl. But I do not like her
behaviour.

159
14. Educate your friends on how to be assertive when being forced to do things
against their wishes.

Ans: Educate your friend when being forced to do things against their wishes:

1. Make it strong.

2. Do not indulge in self pity.

3. Counsel with family members.

4. Talk openly about the issues.

5. Understand on matter (what will be right/wrong).

15. Discuss the effects of media on the lives of teenagers.

Ans - The following are the effects of media on the lives of adolescents :

Positive Effects:

• Media not only creates awareness on various issues but also involves participation
in various programmes on television and radio.

• It also provides an opportunity to publish teenagers' articles in newspapers,

magazines, websites, etc.

• Media can encourage adolescents to participate in these activities by promoting

sports, social service, etc.

Negative Effects:

• Teenagers are greatly influenced by famous people such as stars, business players,
film stars and television actors as their idols and leave their own personality behind.

• Artists and models impress the youth with their ideal physical shape. Most girls
start controlling their diet, due to which many types of eating disorders arise.

• Boys also have obsessive weight training problems and take medicines and dietary
supplements to increase their muscle mass and weight lifting capacity.

16. Suggest some ways for adolescents to establish good relations with their
family.

Ans: Ways for teens to establish good relationships with their family :

160
• Adolescents should share their feelings and thoughts with their parents and
establish a free path of communication.

• Both teenagers and their parents should listen to each other's views and consider
each other's suggestions carefully.

• They should present their views and feelings clearly and mutually respectful.

• Teenagers should be as polite to their parents as you would your friends' parents.

161
 CH- 21 ETHICS IN DAILY LIFE
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS:

1. Values provide the basis for making choices in our:

(a) decisions.

(b) actions.

(c) behaviour.

(d) All of the above.

2. Which of the following problem is faced by us in our daily life?

(a) Lack of punctuality in offices, shop, schools etc.

(b) regularity in all our dealings with others.

(c) honesty.

(d) discrete use of resources.

3. The process of acquiring values involves:

(a) choosing.

(c) acting.

(b) prizing.

(d) all of the above.

4. We can care the elderly and handicapped persons by:

(a) spending time with them.

(b) respecting their views and opinions.

162
(c) encouraging them to take care of themselves.

(d) all of the above.

5. Discrimination shown a girl in family can be prevented by:

(a) giving equal opportunity to her.

(b) recognising that girls and women too, have needs and fulfilling them as far as
possible.

(c) showing equality in terms of food, education, clothing etc.

(d) all of the above.

6. Value at the work place include:

(a) dishonesty.

(b) reliability.

(c) inefficiency.

(d) disrespecting the work one is entrusted with.

7. Which of the following is not a Fundamental Right?

(a) Right to equality.

(b) Right to Freedom.

(c) Right to exploitation.

(d) Right to constitutional remedies.

FILL IN THE BLANKS:

1. Feeling when you loose your temper, Anger.

2. The opposite of honest is Dishonest .

163
3. Sheena is she does not Selfish like to share anything.

4. We should always show this to our elders Disrespect.

5. We should not use Foul language.

6. Politeness in a person’s speech shows that he has good manners.

7. Mahatma Gandhi was always Truthful.

8. A person with Caring attitude is liked by all.

9. We learn Discipline in school.

10. Ask for this if you do something wrong. - Forgiveness

MATCH THE FOLLOWING:

STATE TRUE OR FALSE:

1. We can care for others as long as we are happy and contended. Agree/disagree.

164
Ans: Disagree. Caring for others is a value that does not depend upon mood or
situations.

2. Only intolerance and aggression can give what we want. Agree/disagree.

Ans: Disagree. Aggression may result in negative consequences.

3. Education and good upbringing promotes us values. Agree/disagree.

Ans: Agree. Both education and good upbringing have a big role in developing
values.

4. Children from poor families cannot have values. Agree Disagree.

Ans: Disagree. Values are based on what we think is right or wrong, it has nothing to
do with the amount of money we may have.

5. Showing tolerance and empathy are the keys for leading a peaceful
life. Agree/disagree.

Ans: Agree. Tolerant rarely fight with others, which helps in building peaceful
environment.

SHORT & LONG ANSWERS:

1. Define the terms Ethics and Values.

Ans: Values are the ideas and beliefs we hold as special and those that we imbibe
from our parents and immediate surroundings. Ethics are how we actually behave in
a difficult situation that tests our values.

2. Do you think it was right for the farmer to take Rupees 10 from the little boy
for just looking at the puppies?

Ans: No, farmer can’t take Rs.10 for looking puppies.

3. What according to you must the little boy had felt when he came to know
that the pup was suffering from a physical defect in his limbs?

Ans: Little boy thought that good condition pup is bought anyone. But physical
defect pup can’t buy anyone. So he think pup not alone.

165
4. Do you think that it was brave of the little boy to accept the pup with such a
defect?

Ans: Yes, little boy is brave because he help the defective pup.

5. Define the terms Values and Ethics with the help of examples from your daily
life.

Ans. Values are ideas and beliefs we hold and are learnt from childhood. They are
imbibed from our parents and immediate surroundings caring for others. Ethics test
our values, it is the way we behave in difficult situations.

6. Where there are rights there are responsibilities too. Comment.

Ans. Where there are rights, there are responsibilities. Similar to your rights, your
responsibilities are also mentioned in our constitution.

They are:

Every citizen should

(i) abide by the constitution.

(ii) cherish and follow the noble ideals which inspired our freedom, struggle.

(ii) defend our country and render national service when called upon to do so.

(iv) promote harmony and spirit of common brotherhood among people of different
religion, languages and regions.

The basic thing to understand here is that we all have our rights but we also have the
responsibility to respect others’ rights. Only if rights and responsibilities are taken
together will there be peace and harmony sail round. It is everyone’s duty to see that
rights are not misused in any way.

7. Why do you think there is a need for ethics in our daily life?

Ans: There will be total imbalance in the society, if all its members do not practice
value and ethics. Crime and chaos will rule and life will become difficult. Hence, it
becomes our responsibility ility as an individual to live

166
8. List down all the values you have learnt this chapter.

Ans: 1. Honesty and loyalty.

2. Respect for work.

3. Punctuality, regularity and discipline.

4. and politeness with others.

5. Judicious use of resources.

6. Taking initiatives.

7. Efficiency in completing tasks.

9. How can the ethics of work-place benefit the employee?

Ans: Benefits:

1. To may be help good and polite behavior.

2. To may be help to be disciplined.

3. To may be help be respect your job.

4. To may be help to do the job with feeling of services.

5. To may be help Team spirit.

6. To may be help knowing the job well.

7. To may be help Loyal to your organization.

10. How can we show respect to our elders?

Ans: 1. Importance of caring and respecting our elders.

2. Help me our elders.

167
3. I respect my elders to advice me every issue.

11. Why is it important to appreciate/ respect all jobs equally?

Ans: Important to all job:

1. They get a feeling of responsibility.

2. There is no hesitation in doing any type of official household work. A dignity of

labour is inculcated.

3. Develop a feeling of independence.

4. Become habitual of doing work systematically.

5. Save time.

6. Get a feeling of satisfaction.

12. We should not be tolerant of everything that happens around us. Discuss.

Ans: Tolerance of the wrong things is a great evil. Tolerance is another skill which
help us live peacefully in the society. Tolerance is the ability to accept opinions and
practices different from your own. We can easily think of people who are learnt and
cause a lot of pain to others.

13. How can our positive attitude help us in our daily life?

Ans: Positive attitude help to cope up with the day-to-day life. It brings optimism and
makes it easier to avoid negative things and worries it also helps to developed
maintain healthy interpersonal relationship.

14. How has this chapter helped you to develop your personal code of conduct?

Ans: Your code of conduct:

1. It can help you to develop.

2. Your Ethics in daily life.

168
3. Rights and responsibilities of an individual as a member of a family and
community.

4. Importance of caring and respecting elder.

5. Developing dignity of labour tolerance, empathy and positive attitude in life.

15. Suggest some ways to reduce anger and deal with a stressful situation
positively.

Ans: Some ways to reduce anger and deal with a stressful situation positively:

• First, identify your anger signs and accept that you are angry.

• Try to divert yourself or do something constructive to calm down.

• Reacting in positive and healthy ways to stressful situations helps reduce negative
emotions.

16. What values should every human being have?

Ans: It is extremely important for each of us to imbibe the values set forth in order to
maintain a harmonious environment. Some of these values are:

• Honesty and loyalty

• Respect for work

• Punctuality, regularity and discipline

• Courtesy and politeness with others

• Judicious use of resources

• Taking initiatives

• Efficiency in completing tasks

169
17. What values should a person have at the workplace?

Ans: It is very important for an employee to possess a set of values in order to

maintain a conducive atmosphere at the workplace. A few of them are mentioned
below:

• Honesty and loyalty for the organization

• Respect for the work assigned

• Punctuality, regularity and discipline

• Judicious use of resources

• Courtesy and politeness with co-workers

• Efficiency in completing tasks

• Willingness to take up new tasks

170
 CH-22 CONSUMER BEWARE! BE AWARE!
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS:

1. If a vendor on a train, charges you Rs. 5/- more than the MRP, you would
_____________.

(i) Give him Rs.5/-

(ii) Refuse to buy.

(iii) Complain about him to the concerned authorities.

(iv) Bargain with him.

2. If a shopkeeper refuses to give you pamphlets of the appliances, before you

decide to buy it, you may _____________.

(i) Buy the product and read the pamphlet later.

(ii) Buy from another shop where the pamphlet is shown.

(iii) Refuse to buy the product.

(iv) Start arguing with the shopkeeper.

3. When you buy medicines worth Rs.34.50p, do you _____________.

(i) Insist on taking the bill and keep it safely.

(ii) Take the bill and keep it at home.

(iii) Think it is too small an amount to take a bill.

(iv) Insist on taking the bill.

4. When onions are available in the market at Rs 50/- kg., do you________________.

(i) Buy them in bulk and hoard them.

171
(ii) Find substitute for onions.

(iii) Buy in less quantity and blame the government for rising prices.

(iv) Use all your resources to buy onions for personal use.

5. When filing a complaint for products worth over ten lacs, you would
approach the _______________.

(i) District Court.

(ii) State Consumer Court.

(iii) National Consumer Court.

(iv) High Court.

6. In case there is a variation in price, you would _______________.

(i) Never know as you do not compare the prices.

(ii) Buy it from a shop as the shopkeeper is known to you

(iii) Survey the market and buy at a lower rate even if the shop is very far away.

(iv) Weigh the pros and cons for after sales service, quality, guarantee, price
and standardized mark before buying.

7. To avoid buying adulterated turmeric powder ___________.

(i) Buy the turmeric powder bearing Agmark.

(ii) Buy reputed brands.

(iii) Buy sealed packets.

(iv) Buy whole spices and grind at home.

8. A consumer is a person who:

172
(a) Buys goods.

(b) Buys services.

(c) Paya for the services hired from the market.

(d) All of the above.

9. Which of the following is a problem faced by the consumers?

(a) Price variation.

(b) Poor quality.

(c) Adulteration.

(d) All of the above.

10. In case of non-availability, black- marketing and hoarding a consumer

should:

(a) Shift to a different brand of the same product.

(b) Use an alternative to the product altogether.

(c) Stop using the product.

(d) All of the above.

11. Rice is adulterated with:

(a) Stone’s.

(b) Marble chips.

(c) Haldi powder.

(d) Soil.

173
12. Before buying a packaged item one should see:

(a) The date of manufacturing and date of expiry.

(b) Ingredients.

(c) Instructions regarding use.

(d) All of the above.

13. Quality of pressure cooker is ensured by:

(a) ISI mark.

(b) FPO mark.

(c) Agmark.

(d) Woolmark.

14. Packed spices are given:

(a) ISI mark.

(b) FPO mark.

(c) Agmark.

(d) Woolmark.

15. FPO mark is given to:

(a) Tinned fruits.

(b) Tinned juices.

(c) Jams.

(d) All of the above.

174
MATCH THE FOLLOWING:

FILL IN THE BLANKS:

(a) The person who buys goods and pays for services Consumer.

(b) The items that we buy from the market Products.

(c) Repair of an electric switch for which the consumer pays money Service.

(d) The term used to indicate duplicate products Duplicate / Fake/ Imitation.

(e) The process of addition or removal of something to lower the quantity or quality
of food stuffs Adulteration.

(f) Selling goods at prices more than the actual cost at the time of shortage
Hoarding/black-marketing.

(g) Manufacturers informing the consumers about their products Advertisement.

(h) Absence of this creates a problem to the consumers while selecting quality goods
Standardized marks.

(i) A shopkeeper cannot charge you more than this amount MRP.

175
SHORT & LONG ANSWERS:

1. Define the following in your own words:

(a) Consumer.

(b) Consumer aids.

Ans: (a) A consumer is a person who buys or uses either goods or service, to satisfy
his needs.

(b) Consumer aids:

(i) “One who buys and uses any goods.”

(ii) “One who hires or avails of any service for personal use.”

2. (a) Briefly describe any four problems faced by you as a consumer in the
following categories:

(i) Products.

(ii) Services.

(b) Suggest any four ways by which you can overcome these problems.

Ans: (a) (i) Product: 1. Price variation.

2. Poor quality.

3. Adulteration.

4. Black marketing and hoarding lack of standardized products.

(ii) Service: 1. Rude Behaviour of service provider.

2. Unhelpful.

3. Refuse to cooperate.

176
4. Untimely delivery of water, electricity bills etc.

(b) Four ways by which a consumer can overcome the problems are:

(i) Do not be tempted by sales, discounts and free gifts.

(ii) Buy goods with the standardization marks on them and learn to identify these
marks correctly.

(iii) Buy from reliable shops and reputed stores which will take back or replace faulty
goods. These shops will not sell duplicate or inferior things.

(iv) Check the prices printed as MRP on all the goods that you purchase. Do not pay
more than the printed maximum retail price.

3. Give four reasons for imparting consumer education to all.

Ans: If a consumer is educated:

1. He can properly utilize his money and all other resources.

2. He will not face any problems in buying a product as no one can cheat him.

3. He will be aware of his rights and responsibilities as a consumer.

4. He will aware of the laws to safeguard himself.

Q.4. You plan to buy a cooler. What are your responsibilities in this context?

Ans: Responsibilities should: (i) Buy standard product.

(ii) take a bill kept it safely.

(iii) have read and followed instructionS.

(iv) complain to authorities.

5. Why is it important to buy products with standardized marks?

177
Ans: Standardized marks: These marks ensure the quality of products and indicate
whether a product has been produced in accordance with the norms laid down by
the standardizing agency.

These encourage manufacturers to provide better competition in the market and also
upgrade the quality of their products.

6. List any four ways to which you are likely to get cheated by traders and
manufacturers.

Ans: Malpractice of Traders:

1: Use of stones for weighing.

2. Defective weights for weighing.

3. No stamp on weights and measures departments.

4. Weights may have hollow space.

5. Magnet may be stuck at the bottom of the pan.

7. You have paid for one meter of cloth for your blouse. The tailor tells you it is
short by 20 cms. In what ways could the shopkeeper have fooled you?

Ans: 1. Use of faulty measuring rods.

2. Shopkeepers use ordinary rods or no rods at all.

3. They have marking done on their table top and measure from it.

8. What steps would you adopt to protect yourself from buying adulterated
food?

Ans: 1. It is our responsibilities to get and use the information while

purchasing/acquiring using various goods.

2. We should report to the shopkeeper for his adulterated good and ask him to
replace.

178
3. We should demand compensation and seek redressal from consumer courts.

4. We should inform the concerned under prevention of food Adulteration Act to

take action against the shopkeeper.

9. What kind of information does a label provide about the product?

Ans: The label provides the following types of information about the product:

• Product & Brand Name

• Name and address of the manufacturer

• Material/Raw Material Used

• Product Use, Warnings , Precautions and Care Instructions

• Expiry date of production , guarantee period

• Dosage in relation to drugs

• Total Weight/Volume/Length

• Maximum Retail Price (MRP) inclusive of all taxes

10. Mention any 5 problems you face as a consumer.

Ans: Here are 5 problems faced by the consumer:

1. Price Variation: Sometimes shopkeepers charge more than the price printed on
the item. This printed price is the Maximum Retail Price (MRP) and means that the
shopkeeper cannot charge you more than this amount. Shopkeepers often start
making excuses when asked about charging more than MRP.

2. Imitation: The packaging of many items is a copy of the packaging of famous

brands. Often names similar to brand names are used to fool the consumer. They
often make their brands famous by copying famous brands because they know that
most consumers buy the product by looking at the packaging of the product and do
not consider it necessary to read the words printed on it. For example, the popular
brand of ‘Colgate’ tooth paste is imitated as ‘college’ toothpaste, though the colour
combination and design of the cover is exactly the same. Similarly

3. Adulteration: Adulteration means the deliberate or unintentional addition of

inferior substances to a commodity or the removal of its vital elements in order to
increase its quantity. This is done to increase profits. For example, the milk that is

179
supplied does not produce much cream. Even rice and pulses have pebbles. The
pulses are polished with artificial colours to make them look beautiful and fresh.

4. Misleading information or lack of information: Most of the items are

misleading and exaggerated. The items are not as impressive as claimed in
advertisements. Consumers also have problems in getting detailed information about
the items they want to buy. Often the information printed on the label is very short,
vague, or in the local language, which most people do not understand.

5. Defective Weights and Measures: The problem of defective weights and

measures is the most widespread problem.

(a) Shopkeepers use bricks and stones etc. instead of standard weights to weigh the
goods.

(b) Weights sometimes have empty spaces or are bent. Their weight is less than the
written weight. (c) Shopkeeper weighing food items, especially sweets, with cans.

(d) Many times the bottom of the measuring scales is raised from the bottom.

(e) Shopkeepers hit the stick while using the scales, such as putting a magnet under
the scales.

(f) Defective meter rods sell short length cloth to the consumer.

10. Identify the given standardized symbols. Write on which products these symbols
are used.

Ans: 1. ISI Mark : The Indian Standards Institute ISI Mark assures everyone that your
product is safe for use. List of some of the goods/products that have been certified
by Bureau of Indian Standards: (a) Food items: Salt, biscuits, powdered milk, coffee,
custard powder etc.

(b) Electrical appliances: electric irons, fans, regulators, water heating rods, geysers,
etc.

(c) Home appliances: pressure cooker, gas stove, etc.

180
2. FPO Mark: Food product order, FPO mark guarantees that the product has been
manufactured in a clean 'food-safe' environment.

• FPO mark is applied on these items: Preserved foods like canned fruits and
vegetables, juices, jams, sauces, pickles, etc.

3. Hall Mark: This mark provided by the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) has been
prescribed for gold and silver jewellery which is a hallmark of their purity.

11. Explain any 6 rights included in the consumer rights covered under the
'Consumer Protection Act'.

Ans: Consumer rights included under the 'Consumer Protection Act':

1. Right to safety: This right protects us from products and services that are harmful
to our health and property, such as adulterated foods and unsafe electrical
appliances etc.

2. Right to Information: It gives us the right to information about the quality,

quantity and prices of goods and services. Therefore, all products should be labeled
with this information.

3. Right to choose: This right gives us the right to choose different types of goods
and services of fair quality and price.

4. Right to be heard: With this right, we have the right to raise our voice against any
kind of rigging by traders and the repressive policies of the government.

5. Right to Compensation: This right entitles us to compensation and settlement of

reasonable complaints regarding defective goods and services.

6. Right to Consumer Education: This right qualifies us to make a judicious choice.

12. As a consumer, what things will you keep in mind while purchasing a
product from the market?

Ans: As a consumer, one should keep the following points in mind while buying
products from the market :

1. What to buy: Buy only the things you need and that are of high quality. Be sure to
survey the market before buying and gather as much information as possible about
that item. After this, choose a certain brand and select the product.

181
2. How much to buy: Buy only the right quantity according to your need, money
and storage location. This reduces wastage of goods.

3. Where to buy: Purchases should be made from retail shops, cooperative stores,
company showrooms, authorized dealers or wholesale markets only.

4. When to buy: Buy some items according to the season such as fruits and
vegetables while others should be bought after the season or when they are
discounted, such as room coolers, electric heaters, warm clothes etc. Go shopping to
the shops only when the vendors are empty. As far as possible, do not shop on
Sundays and evenings.

[Link] to buy : Items can be purchased by paying cash or even on credit. When you
buy by paying cash, you pay relatively little money, but if you buy on credit, you buy
the item by paying a little more than the actual price.

• You can save tax by giving cash or you can also buy by borrowing on installments.
If you are shopping on installments, then be sure to analyze the necessary terms and
conditions before purchasing.

• It is better to buy goods on installments than to spend your savings by paying cash.
It is your right to ask for a guarantee and warranty card along with the receipt.

182