READING PASSAGE 1 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1 on pages 2 and 3. The Importance of Business Cards The exchanging of business cards is as close to a universal ritual as you can find in the business world. The ritual may be universal, but the details of business cards and how they are swapped vary across countries, Americans throw their cards casually across a table; the Japanese make the exchange of cards a formal ceremony. While there are cards that are discreet and understated, others are crammed full of details and titles, Some businesspeople hand out 24-carat gold cards, and there are kindergarten children who have cards with not only their own contact details, but also with the job descriptions of their parents and even grandparents, This practice has become so common in parts of New York, for example, that the use of such cards is now prohibited by some of these institutions. Cards have been around a long time in one form or another. The Chinese invented calling cards in the 15th century to ive people notice that they intended to pay them a visit, but these were for social purposes only. Then, in the 17th century, European businesspeople invented a new type of card to act as miniature advertisements, signalling the advent of the business card, In today’s world, business cards can cause people to have strong emotional reactions. According to one experienced company director, very few things can provoke more heated discussion at a board meeting than the composition of the company’s business cards. Lots of companies try to promote themselves by altering the form of the card. Employees at one famous toy company give out little plastic figures with their contact details stamped on them, One fast food company has business cards which are shaped like a portion of French fries. A Canadian divorce lawyer once gave out cards that could be tom in two — one half for each of the spouses. For many business commentators, such gimmicky business cards prove that the use of a physical business card is nearly at an end. After all, why bother exchanging bits of thick paper at all when you can simply swap electronic versions by smartphone? However, one can just as well argue the opposite: that business cards are here to stay, and in a business world full of ‘meetings and correspondence, itis more important than ever that your card is unique. ‘Attempts to reinvent business cards for the digital age have not been successful. Even at the latest technology conferences, people still greet each other by handing out little rectangles made from paper rather than using a digital alternative. To understand business cards, it is necessary to understand how business ‘works. That business cards are thriving in a digital age is a forceful reminder that there is much about business that is timeless According to Kate Jones, a business lecturer, there is one eternal and inescapable issue. Her 2006 study of more than 200 business executives in North America found that trust was thekey element for running a successful business. It is vital to be able to look someone in the eye and decide what sort of person they are. In this way, you can transform acquaintanceships into relationships. A good proportion of business life will always be about building social connections — having dinner or playing sport with clients and colleagues ~ and while computers can deal with administrative tasks, itis still human beings that have to focus on the emotional The rapid advance of globalisation ‘means that this relationship building process is becoming ever more demanding. Managers have to put more effort in when dealing with intemational counterparts, especially when there is not a common language, which is so often the case these days. A recent UK survey showed that chief executives of global organisations now routinely spend three out of every four ‘weeks on intemational travel. Itis in these situations that business cards are doubly useful, as they are a quick way of establishing connections. Cards can also remind you that you have actually met someone in a face to face meeting rather than just searched for them on the intemet. Looking through piles of different cards can enhance your memory in ways that simply looking through uniform electronic lists would never do, Janet McIntyre is a leading expert on business cards in today's world. She ‘maintains that as companies become more complex, cards are essential in determining the exact status of every contact you meet in ‘multinational corporations. Janet also explains how exchanging business cards can be an effective way of initiating a conversation, because it gives people a ritual to follow when they first meet a new business contact. The business world is obsessed with the idea of creating and inventing new things that will change the way we do everything, and this does lead to progress. But there are lots of things that do not need to be changed and in Janet MeIntyre’s view, tradition also has an equally valuable role to play. Therefore the practice of exchanging business cards is likely to continue in the business world.Questions 1-5 Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1? In boxes 1-5 on your answer sheet, write: TRUE if the statement agrees with the information FALSE if the statement contradicts the information NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this Children’s business cards have been banned in some kindergartens. Itwas the Chinese who first began the practice of using business cards Designing business cards can be a controversial process for some companies, Reno A famous toy company has boosted their sales by using one type of unusual business card 5 Some business commentators predict a decline in the use of paper business cards.Questions 6 - 13 Complete the notes below. Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 6-13 on your answer sheet How business works Kate Jones’s research + The most important aspect of business is having 6 .. .. in others. +7. .. do not have the ability to establish the good relationships essential to business. Business and globalisation + Managers must work harder when they don't share the same 8 .. with their contacts. + AUK survey indicates that 9 .. . takes up the largest part of business leaders’ time. + Abusiness person's 10 ... ... of a meeting can be improved by looking at business cards. Janet Mcintyre + Business cards clearly show the 11 . of each person in a large company. + The ritual of swapping business cards is a good way of starting a 12 at the beginning of a business relationship. + Janet feels that in the business world, 13 ... innovation, . is just as important asREADING PASSAGE 2 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-26, which are based on Reading Passage 2 on pages 7 and 8. Questions 14 - 19 Reading Passage 2 has six paragraphs, A-F. Choose the correct heading for each paragraph from the list of headings below. Write the correct number, i-vii, in boxes 14-19 on your answer sheet. List of Headings Music comes to be enjoyed in a large variety of situations More people gain access to live music A focus on survival limits the practice of classical music A clash of musical styles takes place v__ Arange of scientific advances brings music to a wider audience vi Listening to music being limited to live performances vii How classical music has managed to survive for centuries 14 Paragraph A 15 Paragraph B 16 Paragraph © 17 Paragraph D 18 Paragraph E 19 Paragraph FClassical music over the centuries The production of any great art form, and classical music is no exception, does not usually occur in a society dominated by the basic material demands of food and shelter. Art and music have flourished in those periods of history, and those parts of society, in which the luxury of free time and material wealth has allowed such a culture to take precedence over more material matters. In the medieval European world, it was thus primarily in the closed communities of the church and monastery, and royal courts that music, literature and learning were able to flourish It was not until the 18th century that this situation changed to any great extent, and the rise of an economically independent middle class meant that concert-going became a public activity for anyone who cared to buy a ticket, It is worth remembering that the idea of classical music widely accepted today did not exist until about 300 years ago. Performing music in concert halls to a paying audience, as something inherently pleasurable and significant, was pretty ‘much unheard of until the 18th century, and not widely established until the 19th. The concert venue, the audience, and the idea of the ‘masterpieces’ of classical music, were all effectively invented during the course of the 18th century — in London, Paris, Vienna, Berlin and other European cities where the arts in general were blossoming. Today, music that was originally written for a concert venue may appear, out of its original context, in an advert or film, Conversely, music written specifically for films is sometimes performed live. But nothing has changed music over the last century more radically than the invention and dissemination of recording technologies. However, although Thomas Edison originally developed the phonograph in 1877, and wax cylinders were used as early as the 1880s for recording music, commercial recordings of music were not generally available to the majority until the 1920s. From the mid-1980s onwards, the vinyl disc gradually gave way to the new technology of the CD, but just a decade later, the digital MP3 file was already displacing the CD as the favoured way to produce recorded music, Yet now, people have more music stored on their phones or computers — which they can call up with the touch of a finger — than would have been contained on all the metres of library shelves of a proud “record collector” of the 20th century. Before recording, music was a social event — it involved one or more people coming together to make music. The music lasted for as long as the musicians sang or played and then it was over. Therefore, the only music that was heard tended to be compositions by recent or living musicians, probably working in the locality; it was rare to hear music from a past generation, distant place or culture. Even when music became more professionalised, people who wanted to listen to music went to a specific venue, at a specific time, to hear musicians create a one-off event. These days, however, technology makes almost all the world’s music instantly and constantly available to anyone with access to simple and cheap gadgets designed for playing it. Music thus floats free of any specific occasion or venue. It is no longer restricted to a particular audience or group of musicians. For the first time, music (any music) can be an entirely personal affair. This is one of the reasons that the ‘classical’ label becomes harder to pindown, One of its distinctive aspects — a performance defined by concert halls and opera houses — is dissolved by digital recording formats. As a consequence all music, classical music included, can become any person’s soundtrack for activities such as commuting, exercising or shopping. The ubiquity of music as recorded sound means that it’s very easy to overlook perhaps the most definitive aspect of the classical music tradition ~ the fact that itis a written or notated music. Though classical music may lack a precise definition today and mean quite different things to different people, at its heart is the idea of a music that has remained viable over the years because it was written down in some form. The origins of what music historians think of as classical music dates from the ninth century, when a system of musical notation was first developed. Before this time, singers in religious services in cathedrals or monasteries had to learn by heart a huge repertory of chants. The first attempts to notate music were intended to help them remember these. Over the next thousand years, notation became more complex, incorporating such aspects as rhythm and pitch, allowing composers to rework and refine their musical ideas. Put very simply, the history of classical music, in all its varied forms, is the history of a tradition that grew out of the possibilities of musical notation,Questions 20 and 21 Choose TWO letters, A-E. Write the correct letters in boxes 20 and 21 on your answer sheet. Which TWO of the following statements does the writer make about recording technologies? The vinyl disc was relatively easy to damage. The sound quality from wax cylinders was inferior to that of the phonograph Electronic storage allows people to keep a vast amount of music. Recorded music sold well immediately after Edison invented the phonograph The CD was popular for a relatively brief period mooow> Questions 22 and 23 Choose TWO letters, A-E. Write the correct letters in boxes 22 and 23 on your answer sheet. Which TWO of the following statements does the writer make about musical notation? The way it is interpreted has changed over time. It was originally designed as a memory aid. Itis offen ignored by classical musicians today. Classical music could not have survived without it. Its importance diminished with the arrival of recording, moow>Questions 24 - 26 Complete the summary below. Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 24-26 on your answer sheet. The impact of today’s technology on music These days, the world’s music is instantly and constantly available to almost everyone. Thus, music is no longer tied to a particular location or occasion, nor is it associated with a group of musicians or a specific 24 .. It can become, uniquely in its history, completely personal to each and every individual. Thanks to digital recording, the need for venues such as opera houses or 25 . where concerts are performed, has vanished Digitisation has also made it possible for people to treat music as a 26 .. their daily activitiesREADING PASSAGE 3 Answer Questions 30-46, which are based on Reading Passage 3 on pages 11 and 12. Redesigning the Cleveland Museum of Art Most great art museums have personalities based on the combined effect of their permanent collections and the buildings they occupy, and the Cleveland Museum of Art is no exception, The museum’s $320 million expansion and renovation project gave the institution a fresh, innovative quality that has gained much attention. And that change, which focuses on social equality, can be summed up in two words: cultural parity. America’s large art museums tend to segregate their collections in self-contained departments, treating art history as a straight-line chronology, grouped by Westem notions of scientific and technological progress. They begin with the ancient past and proceed up to the present. At the renovated Cleveland museum, where permanent collection galleries surround a big central atrium, art history now unfolds as a 5,000-year global dialogue among civilizations, without a sense of hierarchy. The museum’s new layout emphasizes a sense of balance and connection among global cultures, and especially between Asian and Wester art. You can cruise from ancient Greece or medieval France to 16th-century Japan or seventh-century Cambodia with ease, and with the ever-visible atrium in the heart of the museum layout as a useful central point of orientation. The overall message is that all world cultures have something to teach one another. It's a take-away that could be embraced by any lover of art or anyone curious about what it means to be human. Chronology hasn’t vanished, however. Broad sections of the museum, particularly those dealing with Westem art inside the museum’s renovated 1916 building and its new East Wing, are organized according to both geography and the march of time. But before its renovation and expansion, the museum more or less forced visitors to follow a strict linear framework. Once you started, it was hard to bail out in the middle. Former Director Katharine Lee Reid called the gallery sequence ‘the snake’, an aptly unattractive description. Cultures or civilizations that fell outside the framework seemed shunted aside. The museum’s acclaimed Asian collection, for example, used to occupy galleries on the lower two levels of the 1916 building—areas that felt as if they were cut off in a deep, dark basement. Today, the ease of moving from one part of the museum to another makes it possible to dip into or out of the flow wherever you like, and to make cross-cultural comparisons. Finding one’s way has also been facilitated by the museum’s ArtLens mobile app and the 40-foot-long ‘Collection Wall’, an interactive screen that enables visitors to access audio tours or create their own tour and transfer the information to their smartphone. By capitalizing on mobile devices, the museum has kept its gallery installations free of explanatory video screens or digital interfaces that would distract from the art on view. The overall philosophy of the museum’s gallery installations is to keep things simple, to get out of the way, and to let the art speak for itself. Designed by architect Rafuel Vifioly, the eight-year expansion and renovation increased gallery space by 32 percent, to 133,599 square feet. Roughly the same number of objects are on viewnow as before the expansion and renovation. The goal of the project was not just to significantly expand the display area within the museum. Jeffrey Strean, the museum’s director of design and architecture, says, “We wanted to show approximately the same amount [of art] but give it breathing room. By virtue of its relatively manageable size and vastly improved interior layout, the Cleveland museum has a clarity and intimacy that might be envied by its larger peers, including the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York, the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, and the Philadelphia Museum of Art. The sense of focus in Cleveland stems not just from the ‘museum’s new layout but also from the general nature of their permanent collection as an assembly of singular objects selected as examples of their kind. In Cleveland, you can slide up close to an exquisite fifth-century B.C. Atalanta lekythos, an ancient Greek oil jug that depicts the mythical story of a virgin huntress who promised to marry the man who could outrun her. Display cases at the Metropolitan Museum of Art hold dozens of pieces from the same period as the Cleveland example, but the effect of seeing so many in New York is completely different from seeing a single example, up close, in Cleveland. At a certain point at the Metropolitan Museum of Art, exhaustion sets in. Individual galleries within the Cleveland museum all have specific hierarchies which guide how their collection is displayed, based on the comparative significance of the works on view. Virtually every gallery is organized around key works of art displayed in centrally viewed. These located cases or on walls where there is open space to stand back and see the art. These touchstone artworks include Pablo Picasso’s seminal Blue Period depiction of human misery, La Vie, on view in the East Wing modem art galleries. On the opposite side of the museum in the ‘West Wing, there’s a monumental seventh-century Cambodian statue of the Hindu god Krishna who saved the Earth from a flood by raising a mountain over his head. The prominence accorded to these and other highlights in the collection reinforces the museum’s newfound sense of a more equitable depiction of art through the ages. The message is subtle, pervasive and deeply thought- provoking, And in a melting-pot city composed of scores of ethnic immigrant populations from around the world, the museum's new perspective on ethnic inclusion feels right on target.Questions 30 - 34 Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D. Write the correct letter in boxes 30-34 on your answer sheet. 27 28 29 30 What does the writer suggest about art museums in the first paragraph? A The focus of an art museum should be on the culture of its own country, B _Anart museum’s permanent collection determines its popularity. c The cost of an art museum's renovation often attracts public attention. D Both the art and building create an art museum's character. What does the second paragraph say about the display of art in the renovated Cleveland museum? A The permanent collection has been given greater prominence. B The artis arranged to reffect its international nature. © The artworks are organised according to advances in technology. D The prominence of the Western art collection has been reduced. What are we told about the Cleveland museum before it was renovated? A The sequence of displays was confusing for many visitors. B Visitors had little choice about the route they took through the building. C Many visitors chose to leave the gallery without seeing the whole collection D There was not enough information for visitors about the featured artists. What does the writer suggest about the use of phones in the museum in paragraph four? Visitors are sometimes distracted by interactive smartphone apps. Large video screens are more distracting than smartphones. More visitors listen to audio guides because they have smartphone apps. ‘Smartphone apps mean less information is displayed near the artworks. goua>Questions 31 - 35 Do the following statements agree with the views of the writer in Reading Passage 3? In boxes 31-35 on your answer sheet, write YES if the statement agrees with the views of the writer NO. if the statement contradicts the views of the writer NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this 31 America’s large art collections are generally organised into separate sections according to date 32 The new atrium helps visitors know where they are within the museum. 33 Katharine Lee Reid's description of the museum before renovation is unfair. 34 The Asian collection was more prominent when it was displayed in the 1916 building. 35 Rafael Vifioly was employed in order to attract more visitors to the museum.Questions 36 - 40 Complete the summary using the list of words, A-1, below. White the correct letter, A-I, in boxes 34-40 on your answer sheet. Cleveland's individual galleries Individual galleries in the Cleveland museum display their artworks according to their own 36 Most galleries display the artworks in areas that allow 37 or they are positioned in the middle of the room. Picasso's La Vie, a study in 38. , i$ one of the museum's most significant pieces. Important works such as this and the Cambodian statue of Krishna are displayed in a manner that promotes the gallery's awareness of presenting 39 ................ within the collection. According to the reviewer, the museum accurately reflects 40 in US society. A community issues B free movement C cultural diversity D historical balance E market value F unobstructed views G ranking systems H_ emotional distress 1 subtle lightingTRUE FALSE TRUE NG TRUE TRUST COMPUTERS LANGUAGE . TRAVEL 10. MEMORY 41.STATUS 12. CONVERSATION 13. TRADITION PPNPMEENS 44.111 45.11 16.V 47M 18.1 49.VI 20.C/E 21.C/E 22.B/D 23.B/D 24, AUDIENCE 25,HALLS 26.SOUNDTRACK 27.D 28.A/B 29.B 30.D 31.YES 32.YES 33.NO 34.NG 35.NG 36.G 37.B 38.H 39.D 40.C