WIRELESS POWER

CONSORTIUM

Qi Specification
Active Alignment System

Version 2.2.1

Publish Date: 19 June 2025

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COPYRIGHT
© 2025 by the Wireless Power Consortium. All rights reserved.
The Qi Specification, Active Alignment System, is published by the Wireless Power Consortium and has been prepared by
the members of the Wireless Power Consortium. Reproduction in whole or in part is prohibited without express and
prior written permission of the Wireless Power Consortium.

DISCLAIMER
The information contained herein is believed to be accurate as of the date of publication, but is provided “as is” and may
contain errors. The Wireless Power Consortium makes no warranty, express or implied, with respect to this document
and its contents, including any warranty of title, ownership, merchantability, or fitness for a particular use or purpose.
Neither the Wireless Power Consortium, nor any member of the Wireless Power Consortium will be liable for errors in
this document or for any damages, including indirect or consequential, from use of or reliance on the accuracy of this
document. For any further explanation of the contents of this document, or in case of any perceived inconsistency or
ambiguity of interpretation, contact: info@wirelesspowerconsortium.com.

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Contents
1. General 5
1.1 Structure of the Qi Specification 5
1.2 Scope 7
1.3 Compliance 7
1.4 References 7
1.5 Conventions 8
1.5.1 Notation of numbers 8
1.5.2 Tolerances 8
1.5.3 Fields in a data packet 8
1.5.4 Notation of text strings 9
1.5.5 Short-hand notation for data packets 9
1.6 Power Profiles 10
2. Introduction 14
2.1 Terminology 14
3. System Model 15
3.1 Coil Design 15
3.2 Coordinate System 16
3.3 Initial Alignment 17
3.4 Misalignment Event Detection 18
3.5 Cloaked Alignment 19
3.6 Renewed Alignment 20
4. Requirements 21
4.1 Active Alignment Requirements 21
4.1.1 TAAX001 - Active Alignment 21
4.1.2 TAAX002 - Initial Alignment 21
4.1.3 TAAX003 - Realignment 21
4.1.4 TAAX004 - Cloaked Alignment 21
4.1.5 TAAX005 - Renewed Alignment 21
4.2 LQK Requirements 22
4.3 Power Delivery Requirements 23
4.3.1 Operating Frequency 23
4.3.2 Digital Ping 23
4.3.3 K Estimation 24
4.3.4 Gain Measurement 24
4.3.5 Power Transfer Control 24
4.3.6 Mitigation of Side Effects of Cd at MPP Frequency 24
4.4 Communications Physical Layer Requirements 25
4.4.1 FSK 25
4.4.2 ASK 25

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4.5 Foreign Object Detection Requirements 26

4.5.1 Mated Q-Deflection Test 26
4.5.2 MPP Power Loss Accounting 26
4.5.3 Delta PLoss 27
4.6 Communications Protocol Requirements 28
4.6.1 TCFG001 - APP PTx Identifier 28

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1. General
The Wireless Power Consortium (WPC) is a worldwide organization that aims to develop and promote global standards
for wireless power transfer in various application areas. An important application area comprises flat-surface devices
such as mobile phones and chargers operating at power levels up to 25 W.

1.1 Structure of the Qi Specification

General documents
l Introduction
l Glossary, Acronyms, and Symbols
l Technical System Overview

System description documents

l Mechanical, Thermal, and User Interface
l Power Delivery
l Communications Physical Layer
l Communications Protocol
l Foreign Object Detection
l NFC Tag Protection
l Authentication Protocol
l MPP System Specification
l MPP Communications Protocol
l Magnetic Covers
l Active Alignment System
l Thermal Management Protocol

Reference design documents (informative)

l Power Transmitter Reference Designs
l Power Receiver Design Examples

Compliance testing documents

l Power Transmitter Test Tools
l Power Receiver Test Tools
l Power Transmitter Compliance Tests
l Power Receiver Compliance Tests
l MPP Power Transmitter Test Tools
l MPP Power Receiver Test Tools
l MPP Power Transmitter Compliance Tests
l MPP Power Receiver Compliance Tests
l APP PTx Compliance Tests
l MC-PRx Compliance Tests

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NOTE: The compliance testing documents are restricted and require signing in to the WPC members’ website. All other specification
documents are available for download on both the WPC public website and the WPC website for members.

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1.2 Scope
The Qi Specification, Active Alignment System (this document) defines the requirements of the active alignment power
profile, allowing use of the magnetic protocol for PTx products that use active alignment.

1.3 Compliance
All provisions in the Qi Specification are mandatory, unless specifically indicated as recommended, optional, note,
example, or informative. Verbal expression of provisions in this Specification follow the rules provided in ISO/IEC
Directives, Part 2.

Table 1 - Verbal forms for expressions of provisions

Provision Verbal form

requirement “shall” or “shall not”

recommendation “should” or “should not”

permission “may” or “may not”

capability “can” or “cannot”

1.4 References
For undated references, the most recently published document applies. The most recent WPC publications can be
downloaded from http://www.wirelesspowerconsortium.com. In addition, the Qi Specification references documents
listed below. Documents marked here with an asterisk (*) are restricted and require signing in to the WPC website for
members.

l Product Registration Procedure Web page*

l Qi Product Registration Manual, Logo Licensee/Manufacturer*
l Qi Product Registration Manual, Authorized Test Lab*
l Power Receiver Manufacturer Codes,* Wireless Power Consortium
l The International System of Units (SI), Bureau International des Poids et Mesures
l Verbal forms for expressions of provisions, International Electotechnical Commission

For regulatory information about product safety, emissions, energy efficiency, and use of the frequency spectrum, visit
the regulatory environment page of the WPC members’ website.

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1.5 Conventions

1.5.1 Notation of numbers

l Real numbers use the digits 0 to 9, a decimal point, and optionally an exponential part.
l Integer numbers in decimal notation use the digits 0 to 9.
l Integer numbers in hexadecimal notation use the hexadecimal digits 0 to 9 and A to F, and are prefixed by "0x"
unless explicitly indicated otherwise.
l Single bit values use the words ZERO and ONE.

1.5.2 Tolerances
Unless indicated otherwise, all numeric values in the Qi Specification are exactly as specified and do not have any
implied tolerance.

1.5.3 Fields in a data packet

A numeric value stored in a field of a data packet uses a big-endian format. Bits that are more significant are stored at a
lower byte offset than bits that are less significant. Table 2 and Figure 1 provide examples of the interpretation of such
fields.

Table 2 - Example of fields in a data packet (table)

b7 b6 b5 b4 b3 b2 b1 b0

B0 (msb)

B1 16-bit Numeric Data Field (lsb)

B2 Other Field (msb)

B3 16-bit Numeric Data Field (lsb) Field

16-bit Numeric Data Field

10-bit Numeric Data Field

Figure 1 - Examples of fields in a data packet

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1.5.4 Notation of text strings

Text strings consist of a sequence of printable ASCII characters (i.e. in the range of 0x20 to 0x7E) enclosed in double
quotes ("). Text strings are stored in fields of data structures with the first character of the string at the lowest byte
offset, and are padded with ASCII NUL (0x00) characters to the end of the field where necessary.

EXAMPLE: The text string “WPC” is stored in a six-byte fields as the sequence of characters 'W', 'P', 'C', NUL, NUL, and
NUL. The text string “M:4D3A” is stored in a six-byte field as the sequence 'M', ':', '4', 'D', '3', and 'A'.

1.5.5 Short-hand notation for data packets

In many instances, the Qi Specification refers to a data packet using the following shorthand notation:
<MNEMONIC>/<modifier>

In this notation, <MNEMONIC> refers to the data packet's mnemonic defined in the Qi Specification, Communications
Protocol, and <modifier> refers to a particular value in a field of the data packet. The definitions of the data packets in
the Qi Specification,Communications Protocol, list the meanings of the modifiers.

For example, EPT/cc refers to an End Power Transfer data packet having its End Power Transfer code field set to 0x01.

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1.6 Power Profiles

A power profile defines a set of mandatory and optional features that determine the compliance properties exposed at
an active area of a PTx product, a PRx product, or a magnetic cover. Table 3 and Table 4 define the available PTx Power
Profiles. Table 5 and Table 6 define the available PRx Power Profiles. Table 7 defines the available Magnetic Cover
Power Profiles.

Table 3 - PTx Power Profiles

PTx Power Profiles

Feature
BPP EPP5 EPP

Potential Load Power 5W 5W 8/12/15 W

Magnetic Attachment no no no

Active Alignment option option option

Baseline Protocol yes yes yes

Extended Protocol no yes yes

Magnetic Protocol no no no

Authentication no option yes

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Table 4 - PTx Power Profiles (continued)

PTx Power Profiles

Feature
MPP MPP15 MPP25 APP APP15 APP25

Potential Load Power 15 W 15 W 25 W 15 W 15 W 25 W

Magnetic Attachment yes yes yes no no no

Active Alignment no no no yes yes yes

Baseline Protocol yes yes yes yes yes yes

Extended Protocol option option option option option option

Magnetic Protocol yes yes yes yes yes yes

Authentication yes yes yes yes yes yes

Power Modes no yes yes no yes yes

Gain Linearization no yes yes no yes yes

Open air Q FOD option option option option option option

Mated Q FOD no yes yes no yes yes

MPLA FOD yes yes yes yes yes yes

MPLA2 FOD no yes yes no yes yes

FOD Delta Ploss no option yes no option yes

calibration

Thermal management no option option no option option

NOTE: MPP and APP are maintained for backwards compatibility with v2.1 and below.

Table 5 - PRx Power Profiles

PRx Power Profiles

Feature
BPP EPP

Rated Load Power up to 5 W up to 15 W

Magnetic Attachment option option

Baseline Protocol yes yes

Extended Protocol no yes

Magnetic Protocol no no

Authentication no option

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Table 6 - PRx Power Profiles (continued)

PRx Power Profiles

Feature
MPP MPP15 MPP25

Rated Load Power up to 15 W up to 15 W up to 25 W

Magnetic Attachment yes yes yes

Baseline Protocol yes yes yes

Extended Protocol option option option

Magnetic Protocol yes yes yes

Authentication option option option

Power Modes no yes yes

Gain Linearization no option option

Mated Q FOD no yes yes

MPLA FOD yes yes yes

MPLA2 FOD no yes yes

FOD Delta Ploss calibration no option yes

Thermal management no option option

NOTE: MPP is maintained for backwards compatibility with v2.1 and below.

Table 7 - Magnetic Cover Power Profiles

MC Power Profiles
Feature
MCPE MCPM

Feedthrough magnet no yes

Termination magnet yes no

Following are definitions for the various features:

l Potential Load Power:
l The value of the Potential Load Power field in any transmitted CAP data packet
Rated Load Power:
l The highest guaranteed load power level that the PRx attempts to negotiate.
l Magnetic attachment:
l A form of guided positioning where the PRx product attaches to the PTx product using magnets. This
method typically increases the accuracy of the alignment between the PTx and PRx coils when mated,
resulting in an optimized power transfer.

NOTE: The Qi Specification does not allow BPP and EPP PTx products to contain magnets in the interface volume.

l Active alignment: The process of aligning the centre of the PTx product's coil to within a radius of 2 mm from the
centre of the PRx product's coil.

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l Baseline Protocol: A power transfer protocol that which uses Power Receiver-to-Power Transmitter
communications only.
l The Communications Physical Layer book defines the low-level formats of data bits, data bytes, and data
packets.
l The Communications Protocol book defines the payloads of the data packets and their use in the power
transfer protocols.
l Extended Protocol: A power transfer protocol that supports bi-directional communications and enhanced Foreign
Object Detection (FOD) features, as well as data transport stream functionality and authentication options.
l Magnetic Protocol: A power transfer protocol that relies on the presence of magnetic attachment or active
alignment functionality for more efficient power transfer. It supports two operating modes:
l Restricted Mode: One-way communications (PRx to PTx) with limited power levels.
l Full Mode: Bi-directional communications enabling negotiation of higher power levels and improved FOD.
l Authentication: A tamper-resistant protocol by which a power receiver can verify the identity of a Power
Transmitter.
l Termination magnets: Magnets within a magnetic cover that block the propagation of the magnetic attachment
field to the PRx.
l Feedthrough magnets: Magnets within a magnetic cover that circulate the magnetic attachment field through the
PRx.
l Power Modes: Power delivery optimisations designed to maximise efficiency and performance within specific
power ranges.
l Gain Linearization: A control error calculation method that speeds up convergence of the power level control.
l Open air Q FOD: A pre-power foreign object detection method used to detect the presence of foreign objects
placed on the PTx prior to mating the PRx.
l Mated Q FOD: A pre-power foreign object detection method used to detect the presence of foreign objects when
the PTx and PRx are mated.
l MPLA FOD: A method to detect the presence of foreign objects that uses power loss accounting during the power
transfer.
l MPLA2 FOD: An enhanced version of MPLA FOD.
l FOD Delta Ploss calibration: A method to detect the presence of foreign objects that uses a calibrated power loss
during the power transfer.
l Thermal Management: A method of controlling the temperature of PTx and PRx products.

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2. Introduction
The Active Alignment System (this book) describes the system model and requirements for APP-compliant PTx products,
the benefits of which include:

l The expansion of the magnetic protocol to the wider ecosystem.

l Ensuring users of MPP-compliant PRx products receive a similar charging experience regardless of whether a PTx
product contains magnetics or uses active alignment.

2.1 Terminology
The following terms are specific to the Active Alignment System book.

Other relevant terminology is defined in the Glossary, MPP System, and MPP Communications Protocol books.

Term Definition

Active Alignment The process of aligning the centre of the PTx coil to the centre of the PRx coil.

Active Alignment Power Profile A power profile applicable to PTx products using the magnetic protocol and active
(APP) alignment.
NOTE: One example of how to implement active alignment is to make use of a moving coil.

Misalignment Event An event causing the centre of the PRx coil to be misaligned from the centre of the
PTx coil.

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3. System Model
3.1 Coil Design
The system model of APP-compliant PTx products is identical to the system model of MPP-compliant products, with the
following exceptions:
l The magnet ring and permeable magnet shunt are not present
l The distance from the top surface of the coil to the interface surface ( ) is 2 mm to accommodate the
presence of a moving coil mechanism (see Figure 2 and Table 8).

interface surface

ferrite PTx coil

Figure 2 - Side view of PTx coil system model assembly

Table 8 - Assembly dimensions of PTx coil system model

Dimension Description Nominal Value

Distance from top surface of coil to interface surface 2 mm

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3.2 Coordinate System

The alignment of the PTx and PRx coils is characterized using the coordinate system shown in Figure 3.

A reference point at the PTx product's surface represents the origin of the coordinate system. A reference point at the
surface of the PRx product marks its magnetic centre.
NOTE: Any point within the interface surface of the PTx product may serve as the origin of the coordinate system.

Coordinates are expressed as tuples (x, y, z) and provide the PRx product's reference point in relation to the reference
point on the PTx product.

The notation (r, z) describes the misalignment of the PTx and PRx products, with r calculated as
with (xt, yt) and (xr, yr) representing the centres of the PTx and PRx coils in the plane of the
interface surface, respectively.

Figure 3 - Example of coordinate system

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3.3 Initial Alignment

When the PRx product is placed on the interface surface of the PTx product, the latter determines the initial coordinates
(x1, y1) of the PRx coil's position (see Figure 4). The detected coordinates are retained for comparison with future
coordinate readings to determine if the PRx product has moved. Refer to the Power Delivery book for a description of the
PRx detection system.

Figure 4 - PRx product mated to an APP-compliant PTx product showing initial coordinates (x1,y1)

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3.4 Misalignment Event Detection

The following flowchart describes how the PTx determines whether a drop in the power level during power transfer is
due to a misalignment event or the presence of a foreign object. It is based on detecting differences in the PTx inverter
voltage to determine whether there is a need to enter cloak phase to make the distinction.

Detect PRx coil position

Initial Alignment

v {ref) ;;c
Store Vmv as inv
CD
at power stabilization ::I
CD
~
C.
~
Power transfer
cc·::I
3

-
CD
::I

Exit cloak phase Enter cloak phase

z
0
;;c
CD Detect PRx coil position
e!.
cc·
::I
3

-
CD
::I

Cloaked Alignment

Realign PTx coil to

PRx coil position

Figure 5 - Active alignment

If a change in inverter voltage is detected and it exceeds the threshold, then the PTx initiates cloak phase, and detects
the new coordinates of the PRx coil (x2, y2). These coordinates are compared to the PRx coil coordinates (x1, y1) stored
at initial alignment, and the difference is calculated using the Euclidean distance formula:

A misalignment event is identified when the difference between the coordinates indicates a shift in the PRx coil position
greater than 2 mm. The PTx realigns its coil while still in the cloak phase.

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3.5 Cloaked Alignment

If the PTx identifies a misalignment event, the PTx coil moves to the detected coordinates of the PRx coil to restore
alignment to within the required LQK boundary. Figure 6 shows the detected coordinates of the PRx coil following a
misalignment event, and Figure 7 shows the PTx and PRx coils realigned. Once realigned, the new coordinates of the PRx
coil are redefined as the initial coordinates (see Section 3.3, Initial Alignment ) i.e. (x2, y2) becomes (x1, y1) for future
reference.

The PTx then exits cloak phase and returns to the power transfer phase.

Figure 6 - PRx coil coordinates identified following a misalignment event

PRx PTx

new
<x1, Y1)-ii---+ 4 - -M
---- y

old
PTxand PRx
(x1, Y1)
coils realigned

Figure 7 - PTx and PRx coils realigned following active alignment

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3.6 Renewed Alignment

If the shift is such that there is a communications loss, it is not possible to realign the PTx and PRx coils during cloak
phase (see Figure 5). In this case the PTx returns to the initial alignment stage and treats this as a new mating instance
(see Section 3.3, Initial Alignment ).

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4. Requirements
4.1 Active Alignment Requirements

4.1.1 TAAX001 - Active Alignment

After active alignment is completed, the distance between the coil centres shall be less than or equal to 2 mm.

4.1.2 TAAX002 - Initial Alignment

When a PRx product is mated to a PTx product, the PTx product shall execute and finish active alignment within 5
seconds after mating occurs.

4.1.3 TAAX003 - Realignment

The PTx product shall execute and finish active alignment within 5 seconds after a misalignment event occurs.
NOTE: When the PTx carries out active alignment in the cloak phase, it should exit the cloak phase directly after completing the
active alignment.

4.1.4 TAAX004 - Cloaked Alignment

When a misalignment event does not result in a loss of communications, the PTx product shall execute and finish active
alignment in the cloak phase of the magnetic protocol, with cloak reason "generic."

4.1.5 TAAX005 - Renewed Alignment

When a misalignment event results in a loss of communications, the PTx product shall execute and finish active
alignment within 7 seconds.

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4.2 LQK Requirements

An APP-compliant PTx product shall comply with the following requirements detailed in the MPP System book.

l TMBX300 - Magnetic Boundary when Aligned

l TMBX400 - Magnetic Boundary when Misaligned and Vertically Offset

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4.3 Power Delivery Requirements

An APP-compliant PTx shall comply with the following requirements detailed in the MPP System:

l Power Delivery Spec 1

l Power Delivery Spec 2
l Power Delivery Spec 3
l Power Delivery Spec 4
l Power Delivery Spec 5 ( MPP25 PTx Only)
l Power Delivery Spec 6 ( MPP25 PTx Only)
l Power Delivery Spec 8
l Power Modes Spec 1
l Power Modes Spec 2
l Power Modes Spec 3 ( MPP25 PTx Only)
l Power Modes Spec 4
l Power Modes Spec 5
l Power Modes Spec 6
l Power Modes Spec 7
l Power Modes Spec 8

4.3.1 Operating Frequency

l PTx Frequency Spec 1
l PTx Frequency Spec 2
l PTx Frequency Spec 3

4.3.2 Digital Ping

PTx DP 128 kHz HB_Low

l PTx DP 128 kHz HB_Low 1
l PTx DP 128 kHz HB_Low 2
l PTx DP 128 kHz HB_Low 3
l PTx DP 128 kHz HB_Low 4
l PTx DP 128 kHz HB_Low 5

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PTx DP 360 kHz Ping Spec

l PTx DP 360 kHz Ping Spec 1
l PTx DP 360 kHz Ping Spec 2
l PTx DP 360 kHz Ping Spec 3

(Optional) PTx DP 128 kHz Ping HPM

l PTx DP 128 kHz HPM Spec 1
l PTx DP 128 kHz HPM Spec 2
l PTx DP 128 kHz HPM Spec 3
l PTx DP 128 kHz HPM Spec 4
l PTx DP 128 kHz HPM Spec 5

4.3.3 K Estimation
l PTx KEST Spec 1
l PTx KEST Spec 5
l PTx KEST Spec 6
l PTx KEST Spec 7
l PTx KEST Spec 8 ( MPP25 PTx only )

4.3.4 Gain Measurement

l PTx Gain Measurement Spec 2
l PTx Gain Measurement Spec 3
l PTx Gain Measurement Spec 4

4.3.5 Power Transfer Control

l PTx E2E Spec 1
l PTx E2E Spec 2
l PTx E2E Spec 3
l PTx E2E Spec 4
l PTx E2E Spec 5
l PTx E2E Spec 6
l PTx E2E Spec 7
l PTx Gain Linearization Spec 1

4.3.6 Mitigation of Side Effects of Cd at MPP Frequency

l PTx OCP Spec 1
l PTx OVP Spec 1
l PTx OVP Fast Recovery Spec 1

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4.4 Communications Physical Layer Requirements

An APP-compliant PTx shall comply with the following requirements detailed in the MPP System:

4.4.1 FSK
l PTx FSK Spec 1
l PTx FSK Spec 2
l PTx FSK Spec 3
l PTx FSK Spec 4
l PTx FSK Spec 5
l PTx FSK Spec 6
l PTx FSK Spec 7
l PTx FSK Spec 8
l PTx FSK Spec 9
l PTx FSK Spec 10
l PTx FSK Spec 11
l PTx FSK Spec 12
l PTx FSK Spec 13
l PTx FSK Spec 14

4.4.2 ASK
PTx ASK Spec 1

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4.5 Foreign Object Detection Requirements

An APP-compliant PTx shall comply with the following requirements detailed in the MPP System:

4.5.1 Mated Q-Deflection Test

l PTx Mated Q-Deflection Test Spec 1
l PTx Mated Q-Deflection Test Spec 2

4.5.2 MPP Power Loss Accounting

l PTx MPLA Spec 1
l PTx MPLA Spec 2
l PTx MPLA Spec 3
l PTx MPLA Spec 4
l PTx MPLA Spec 5
l PTx MPLA Spec 6
l PTx MPLA Spec 7
l PTx MPLA Spec 8
l PTx MPLA Spec 9
l PTx MPLA Spec 10
l PTx MPLA Spec 11
l PTx MPLA Spec 12
l PTx MPLA Spec 13
l PTx MPLA Spec 14
l PTx MPLA Spec 17
l PTx MPLA Spec 18
l PTx MPLA Spec 19
l PTx MPLA2 Spec 1
l PTx MPLA2 Spec 2
l PTx MPLA2 Spec 3
l PTx MPLA2 Spec 4
l PTx MPLA2 Spec 5
l PTx MPLA2 Spec 6
l PTx MPLA2 Spec 7
l PTx MPLA2 Spec 8
l PTx MPLA2 Spec 9
l PTx MPLA2 Spec 10
l PTx MPLA2 Spec 11
l PTx MPLA2 Spec 12
l PTx MPLA2 Spec 13
l PTx MPLA2 Spec 14

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l PTx MPLA2 Spec 15

l PTx MPLA2 Spec 16
l PTx MPLA2 Spec 17

4.5.3 Delta PLoss

l PTx Delta-PLoss Spec 1
l PTx Delta-PLoss Spec 2
l PTx Delta-PLoss Spec 3
l PTx Delta-PLoss Spec 4
l PTx Delta-PLoss Spec 5
l PTx Delta-PLoss Spec 6
l PTx Delta-PLoss Spec 7
l PTx Delta-PLoss Spec 8
l PTx Delta-PLoss Spec 9
l PTx Delta-PLoss Spec 10
l PTx Delta-PLoss Spec 11
l PTx Delta-PLoss Spec 12
l PTx Delta-PLoss Spec 13

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4.6 Communications Protocol Requirements

An APP-compliant PTx shall comply with all PTx requirements detailed in the MPP Communications Protocol.

The following requirement also applies:

4.6.1 TCFG001 - APP PTx Identifier

An APP-compliant PTx product shall set the APP bit to ONE in the PTx XID data packet.
NOTE: Refer to the MPP Communications Protocol book for details of the PTx XID data packet.

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