13 [MPLE NI 10) “The motion of a body is said to be simple harmonic if 1 its acceleration is directly proportional to its displacement from the equilibrium position. 2 the acceleration is always directed towards the equilibrium position. These two conditions can be represented by the equation (Ll) a=-o'x Where «is a positive constant. This constant is written as 0 rather than @ because of the connection of SHM and uniform circular motion thus « is called angular frequency Repl. by id [a placing a by qyz ives : dx Fy oF o-ax- ----(1.2) de ‘Two particular cases of SHM will be considered in this course: (i) ‘The motion is taken to start from the equilibrium position, ie. t=0. ii) ‘The motion is considered to start from the position of maximum displacement. jie. x=, when t= 0. »~ fie MOTION STARTING FROMTHE = vilibmintn EQUILIBRIUM POSITION. elton When the motion starts from the equilibrium Acceleration position, the solution to equation 1.2 is x =x, Peer ‘sincot, Using this equation and equation 1.1 : - give the set of equations, shown in Table13.1, | acceleration for the motion of the body. ~ . Velocity V= exqcosat r 1 ~ Velocity ve duv( xx?) eS — Table 13.1 \ , ce ‘f [| \ \"“The equations show in Table 13.1 are represented graphically in the diagrams below. Par (T) 22/6 = UE swine ve wheat DeM STARTIN SI In this case the solution to equation 1.2 is x=x,cosot, and the set of equations which describe the motion is shown in Table 13.2 Displacement ‘Acceleration Acceleration -o*x,cosot Velocity v= -ox,sinot Velocity v=tov(x?-2)| ENERGY IN SHM The total energy E, of the oscillating system is the sum of its kinetie energy B, and its potential energy E,, E.=%mv'= mone -x) When x=, the maximum kinetic energy = ¥4 ma*x,? = the total energy of the body Ey. Ep = E+ Ep Ep=Ey-Ex= Amar xe -Yemar(x x)= marx |A sketch of the interchange of energy between kinetic and potential is shown in Fig,13.1 Ene c Fig 13.1\CILLATING Fig 13.2 (@) shows an unstretched spring that obeys Hooke's law. In Fig 13.2 (b) a body of mass m attached to the spring is at rest in its equilibrium position, and in Fig.13.2 (c) the body is osillating, The oscillating body is moving downwards atthe instant shown. In the analysis downwards will be considered positive From Fig. 1322 (6) T=kxy=mg From Fig13.2 (0 mg-F=ma But F= k(x +x) cemg-K(xy +2) = ma Substituting kx,=mg_ gives Fig. 13.2 The analysis shows that the acceleration of the object is directly proportional to its displacement, Therefore the motion is simple harmonic. For SHM aceeleration is given by a = -a"x. Comparing this equation with the acceleration of the body on the spring suggest that and the period T of the oscillations is given by sheaght hive through origin, Se ‘ Crods A : . ay ant vesi LUM Fig.13.3 shows a bob of mass m attached toa string of length L. The bob oscillates in «plane parallel to the plane of the paper. Fig. 13.3 “The force F that allow the bob to oscillate is given by F mgsind 1f 0 is small then @ ~ sin and F=-mg0 wk but -o? x, thenTI NS) IRCULAI Consider a particle P moving with constant angular speed «in a circular path of radius r= ¥. tu shown Fig. 13.4. As P moves in the circular path the point D on the diameter of AOB of the circle would oscillate in SHM about the points AB. ‘The acceleration of the particle P is a x, and itis directed towards the centre of the circle, The acceleration of the point D is a,, the horizontal component of ~0" x, a, = -e'x,c0s0 But cos0 = xt, i.e, motion is SHM Periodof = periodof = 27 rotation of P oscillation of Dy Examples 1 A300 g mass oscillates in SHIM at the end of a spring, The amplitude of the motion is 8.0 cm and the period is 0.35 s, Find (i) the angular frequency of the motion, (i) the spring constant, ii) the maximum speed of the mass, (iv) the maximum acceleration of the mass, (¥) the speed and acceleration when the displacement is 4.0 om. ins 200, dye €.0 un T= 0.35 seaono tio 2m _ 28-180 rads T 035 @ o= : “STatm _ 4a? x03 Tv 0.357 (ili pay = OX, = 18% 0.08 = 1.44 ms wy hen ai max Wl smut = =96.7Nm™ > k= Gaga = OPK, = 18 * 0.08 = 26.0 m s* amar when x= xX, (vy) ve y=18V 0.08 -0.04 =1.2ms 8?x 0.04 =- 13. ms, az-o%x ‘ 2, Find the period and frequency of oscillation of a simple pendulum, of length 50 cm, ‘on the surface of the Moon where the gravitational acceleration is 1.60 m s®. Solution ee 2050 T=2n,|—=2n,|—— =3. Ve V1.60 f= 0.29 Hz ca ‘A300 g mass oscillates at the end of a spring with a spring constant of 200 Nm". If the total energy of the system is 5.0 J, find the amplitude of the oscillation. Solution E,= max, = 4 kx? = v2x5/200 = 0.22 m.