MACHINE LEVEL REPRESENTATION OF DATA (Part 1)

Prepared by: Nor Fauziah Binti Abu Bakar, FSKM

Contents
Bits, bytes, and words 2. Numeric data representation and number bases Binary, Octal, Hexadecimal 3. Conversion between bases
1.

Bits, Bytes, and Words

Bits
The basic unit of information in computing and

telecommunication In computing, a bit is defined as a variable or computed quantity that can have only two possible These two values are often interpreted as binary digits and are usually denoted by 0 and 1 In several popular programming languages, numeric 0 is equivalent (or convertible) to logical false, and 1 to true. The correspondence between these values and the physical states of the underlying storage or device is a matter of convention, and different assignments may be used even within the same device or program

Bits, Bytes, and Words - cont

Bytes
a unit of digital information in computing and

telecommunications, that most commonly consists of eight bits a byte was the number of bits used to encode a single character of text in a computer and it is for this reason the basic addressable element in many computer architectures. The byte size and byte addressing are often used in place of longer integers for size or speed optimizations in microcontrollers and CPUs

Bits, Bytes, and Words - cont

Words
In computing, word is a term for the natural unit of data

used by a particular computer design A word is simply a fixed sized group of bits that are handled together by the system The number of bits in a word (the word size or word length) is an important characteristic of computer architecture. The size of a word is reflected in many aspects of a computer's structure and operation; the majority of the registers in the computer are usually word sized and the amount of data transferred between the processing part computer and the memory system, in a single operation, is most often a word

NUMBERING SYSTEM :
PLACE BASE

5TH PLACE
105

4TH PLACE
104 10,000

3RD PLACE
103 1,000

2ND PLACE
102 100

1ST PLACE
101 10

SINGLE UNIT
100 1

1ST PLACE
10-1 0.1 1/10

2ND PLACE
10-2 0.01 1/100 2-2 0.25 1/4 8-2 0.015625 1/64 16-2 3.906 X 103 1/256

3RD PLACE
10-3 0.001 1/1000 2-3 0.125 1/8 8-3 1.953125 X 103 1/512 16-3 2.441406 2 X 104 1/4096

DECIMAL

100,000

25 BINARY 32

24 16

23 8

22 4

21 2

20 1

2-1 0.5 1/2

85 OCTAL 32,768

84 4,096

83 512

82 64

81 8

80 1

8-1 0.125 1/8

165 HEXADECIMAL 1,048,57 6

164 65,536

163 4,096

162 256

161 16

160 1

16-1 0.0625 1/16

Number Bases
Radix : when referring to binary, octal, decimal,

hexadecimal, a single lowercase letter appended to the end of each number to identify its type. E.g. hexadecimal 45 will be written as 45h octal 76 will be written as 76o or 76q binary 11010011 will be written as 11010011b

Number System
The following table shows the equivalent values for decimal numbers in binary, octal and hexadecimal:

Number System
Decimal system: system of positional notation based

on powers of 10.
Binary system: system of positional notation based

powers of 2
Octal system: system of positional notation based on

powers of 8
Hexadecimal system: system of positional notation

based powers of 16

Number System
Base:
The number of different symbols required to represent any

given number
The larger the base, the more numerals are required
Base 10: Base 2: Base 8:

Base 16 :

0,1, 2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9 0,1 0,1,2, 3,4,5,6,7 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,A,B,C,D,E,F

For a given number, the larger the base

the more symbols required

but the fewer digits needed

Number System
EXAMPLE:
Example #1:

6516 10110 Example #2: 11C16 28410

1458 4348

110 01012 1 0001 11002

Binary System
WHY??
Early computer design was decimal
Mark I and ENIAC

John von Neumann proposed binary data processing (1945)

Simplified computer design Used for both instructions and data

Natural relationship between

on/off switches and calculation using Boolean logic

On True Yes

Off False No

Binary System
A computer stores both instructions and data as

individual electronic charges.

represent these entities with numbers requires a system

geared to the concept of on and off or true and false

Binary is a base 2 numbering system

each digit is either a 0 (off) or a 1 (on)

Computers store all instructions and data as

sequences of binary digit

e.g. 010000010100001001001000011 = ABC

Binary System
Each digit in binary number has a value depending on its

position Example:
The number 1002 means
(1 X 2) + ( 0 X 2) + (0 X 2)
4+0+0 4

Base 2

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Decimal System
Decimal is a base 10 numbering system
We use a system based on decimal digits to represent

numbers Each digit in the number is multiplied by 10 raised to a power corresponding to that digit position. Example : The number 472810 means : (4 X 1000) + (7 X 100) + (2 X 10) + 8 4000 + 700 + 20 +8 4728

Base 10

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Octal System
As known as base 8 numbering system
There are only eight different digits available (0, 1, 2, 3,

4, 5, 6, 7) Example :
The number 7238 means (7 X 8) + (2 X 8) + (3 X 8) 448 + 16 + 3 467

Base 8

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Hexadecimal System
Hexadecimal is a base 10 numbering system

Used not only to represent integers Also used to represent sequence of binary digits

Example : The number 2C16 means: (2 X 16) + (C X 16) 32+ 12 44

Base 16

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Conversion Between Bases

1. Conversion of decimal to binary 2. Conversion of decimal to octal 3. Conversion of decimal to hexadecimal 4. Conversion of binary to decimal 5. Conversion of binary to octal 6. Conversion of binary to hexadecimal 7. Conversion of octal to decimal 8. Conversion of octal to binary 9. Conversion of hexadecimal to binary 10.Conversion of hexadecimal to decimal

CONVERSION : DECIMAL OTHER BASES

From Base 10 to Base 2

Base 10 Quotient 2) 42 Remainder 42 ( 0 Least significant bit

2) 2) 2) 2) 2)
Base 2

21 10 5 2 1 0

(1 (0 (1 (0 (1
101010

Most significant bit

From Base 10 to Base 2

Convert 3710 to binary.
37 2 18 2 92 42 22 12 = = = = = = 18 9 4 2 1 0 balance balance balance balance balance balance 1 0 1 0 0 1 (LSB)

(MSB)

Therefore , 3710 = 1001012

* MSB (most-significant-bit) : left most bit LSB (least-significant-bit) : right most bit

From Base 10 (decimal point) to Base 2

What is the value of 37.687510 in binary? Steps : 1. Convert the integer to binary by using method shown in previous slide. 2. Convert the decimal point to binary by using the following 0.6875 method.
X (MSB) 1 0 1 (LSB) 1 2 1.3750 X 2 0.7500 X 2 1.5000 X 2 1.0000 The 1 is saved as result, then dropped and the process repeated

So, (0.6875)10 = (0.1011)2 ; Therefore, 37.687510 = 100101.10112

From Base 10 to Base 8

Base 10 135 Remainder 135 ( 7 Least significant bit 16 ( 0 2 ( 2 Most significant bit 0 Base 8 207

Quotient

8) 8) 8)

From Base 10 (decimal point) to Base 8

Convert 21.2510 to octal. 8 21 8 2 0 5 2 2 0.25 8 2.00

Therefore, 21.2510

25.28

From Base 10 (decimal point) to Base 8

Convert 21.2510 to octal. (OTHER METHOD)

21 2 = 10 10 2 = 5 52 = 2 22 = 1 12 = 0 So, 2110 = 101012

balance balance balance balance balance

1 0 1 0 1

(LSB)

Now, (MSB) 0 1

(MSB)

(LSB) So, 0.2510 = 0.012

0.25 X 2 0.50 X 2 1.00

Therefore, Refer to conversion of binary to hexadecimal 21.2510 = 010 101 . 0102 = 25.28

From Base 10 to Base 16

Base 10 5,735 Remainder 5,735 ( 7 Least significant bit 358 ( 6 22 ( 6 1 ( 1 Most significant bit 0 Base 16 1667

Quotient

16 ) 16 ) 16 ) 16 )

From Base 10 to Base 16

Base 10
Quotient 16 ) 16 ) 16 ) 16 )

8,039 Remainder
8,039 ( 7 Least significant bit 502 ( 6 31 ( 15 1 ( 1 Most significant bit 0

Base 16

1F67

From Base 10 to Base 16

Convert 2110 to hexadecimal.
21 16 1 16 = = 1 balance 5 0 balance 1 (LSB) (MSB)

Therefore , 2110 = 1516

From Base 10 (decimal point) to Base 16

Convert 21.2510 to hexadecimal. 16 21 16 1 0 5 1 4 0.25 16 4.00

Therefore, 21.2510

15.416

From Base 10 (decimal point) to Base 16

Convert 21.2510 to hexadecimal. (OTHER METHOD)

21 2 = 10 10 2 = 5 52 = 2 22 = 1 12 = 0 So, 2110 = 101012

balance balance balance balance balance

1 0 1 0 1

(LSB)

Now, (MSB) 0 1

(MSB)

(LSB) So, 0.2510 = 0.012

0.25 X 2 0.50 X 2 1.00

Therefore, Refer to conversion of binary to hexadecimal 21.2510 = 10101 . 01002 = 15.416

EXERCISES
1. Find the binary representation for 31.62510. Show your work. 1. Convert the following numbers to the respective numbering system.

5610 base 8 (until 5 binary point)

2. Convert 95.2510 to hexadecimal.