1
}
T
dt
0
output
+
-
r(t)
Decision
Circuit
cos w
L
t
cos w
H
t
}
T
dt
0
E
2 correlators fed with local coherent reference signals
difference in correlator outputs compared with threshold to
determine binary value
P
e,BFSK
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
0
N
E
Q
b
Probability of error in coherent FSK receiver given as:
Coherent BFSK Detector
2
operates in noisy channel without coherent carrier reference
pair of matched filters followed by envelope detector
- upper path filter matched to f
H
(binary 1)
- lower path filter matched to f
L
(binary 0)
envelope detector output sampled at kT
b
compared to threshold
P
e,BFSK, NC
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
0
2
exp
2
1
N
E
b
Average probability of error in non-coherent FSK receiver:
r(t)
output
Decision
Circuit
+
-
E
Envelope
Detector
Matched Filter
f
L
Envelope
Detector
T
b
Matched Filter
f
H
Non-coherent Detection of BFSK
3
Non-coherent Quadrature BFSK Detector
output
Decision
Circuit
r(t)
}
T
dt
0
+
+
(\ 2/T) cos w
H
t
}
T
dt
0
E
(\ 2/T) sin w
H
t
(.)
2
Z
1
(T)
I-channel
Q-channel
(.)
2
Z
2
(T)
E
+
-
}
T
dt
0
Z
3
(T)
I-channel
}
T
dt
0
+
+
(\ 2/T) cos w
L
t
E
(\ 2/T) sin w
L
t
(.)
2
Q-channel
(.)
2
Z
4
(T)
4
Tutorial
Derive minimum frequency spacing
(f
2
f
1
) for
Non-coherent detection
(arbitrary phase |)
Coherent detection
5
Type of continuous phase FSK (CPFSK)
Spectrally efficient
Constant envelope
Good BER performance
Self-synchronizing capability
Requires coherent detection
Minimum Shift Keying ( fast FSK)
6
minimum frequency spacing (bandwidth) for 2 FSK signals
to be coherently orthogonal
minimum bandwidth that allows orthogonal detection
FSK modulation index
b
R
F A 2
k
FSK
=
MSK modulation index is k
MSK
= 0.5
AF
MSK
=
b
b
T
R
4
1
4
=
Minimum Shift Keying
7
MSK can be thought of as special case of OQPSK
uses half-sinusoidal pulses instead of baseband rectangular pulses
arch shaped pulse of period = 2T
b
modify OQPSK equations using half-sine pulses for N-bit stream
several variations of MSK exist with different basic pulse shapes
e.g.
- use only positive sinusoids
- use alternating negative & positive sinusoids
all variations are CPFSK that use different techniques to achieve
spectral efficiency
Minimum Shift Keying
8
Transmitted MSK signal
(OQPSK variant)
s
MSK
(t) =
=
1
0
) (
N
i
Ii
t m
=
1
0
) (
N
i
Qi
t m
p(t 2iT
b
-T
b
)sin(2f
c
t)
p(t) =
s s
|
|
.
|
\
|
elsewhere
T t
T
t
b
b
0
2 0
2
cos
t
sine pulse given by
m
Ii
(t) = i
th
bit of m
I
(t), the even bits of m(t)
m
Qi
(t) = i
th
bit of m
Q
(t), the odd bits of m(t)
m
I
(t) & m
Q
(t)are bipolar bit streams (1) that feed I & Q
arms of the modulator - each arm fed at R
b
/2
m(t) = 1 bipolar bit stream
p(t 2iT
b
)cos(2f
c
t) +
9
s
MSK
(t) =
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
k
b
i
Q
i
I c
b
b
T
t
t m t m t f
T
E
|
t
t
2
) ( ) ( 2 cos
2
MSK waveform
- as a special case of CPFSK
|
k
= 0 or t depending on whether m
I
(t) = +1 to -1
s
MSK
(t) has constant amplitude
to ensure phase continuity at bit interval select f
c
= ; n integer
4
b
nR
phase of MSK varies linearly over T
b
MSK is FSK signal with binary signaling frequencies given by
f
c
+
b
T 4
1
f
c
-
b
T 4
1
and
10
b
i
t (T) i
0 T
-/2
odd
1 T
/2
odd
0 2T 0 even
1 2T
even
(t) can take on only 2 values at odd or even multiples of T
t = even multiple of T (T) - (0) = or 0
t = odd multiple of T (T) - (0) = /2
0 t T
t
T 2
t
(t) = (0)
h =
Phase Continuity of MSK
assuming (0) = 0
11
Phase Trellis: path depicts (t) corresponding to a binary sequence
for h = F = R
b
/4
minimum F for two binary FSK signals
to be coherently orthogonal
e.g. if R
b
= 100Mbps = F = 25MHz
i b
i
(i-1)T (iT) i
1 1 0
/2
odd
2 0 /2
0
even
3 0 0 -/2 odd
4 1 -/2
even
5 1
/2
odd
6 1 /2
even
7 0 -/2 odd
8 1 -/2
even
(t) - (0)
/2
0
-/2
-
0 2T 4T 6T t
1 0 0 1 1 1 0
b
i
t (T) i
0 T
-/2
odd
1 T
/2
odd
0 2T 0 even
1 2T
even
12
Orthonormal basis for MSK as
|
1
(t) =
( ) t f t
T T
c
t
t
2 cos
2
cos
2
|
.
|
\
|
0 t T
|
2
(t) =
( ) t f t
T T
c
t
t
2 sin
2
sin
2
|
.
|
\
|
0 t T
s
1
/2
0 1
/2 0
-/2
1
-/2
0 0
s
2
(T) (0) bi
b
E
b
E
b
E
b
E
b
E
b
E
b
E
b
E
s(t) = s
1
(t)|
1
(t) + s
2
(t)|
2
(t) then
}
T
dt t t s
2
0
1
) ( ) ( |
s
1
=
=
( ) ) ( E
b
0 cos -T t T
}
T
T
dt t t s ) ( ) (
2
|
s
2
= =
( ) ) ( sin T E
b
u
0 t 2T
with
13
MSK Power Spectrum
RF power spectrum obtained by frequency shifting |F{p(t)}|
2
F{-} = fourier transform
p(t) = MSK baseband pulse shaping function (1/2 sin wave)
p(t) =
<
|
|
.
|
\
|
elsewhere
T t
T
t
b
b
0
| |
2
cos
t
P
MSK
(f) =
2
2 2 2
2
2 2 2
16 . 1
) ( 2 cos 16
16 . 1
) ( 2 cos 16
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
|
|
.
|
\
| +
b
b c
b
b c
T f
T f f
T f
T f f t
t
t
t
Normalized PSD for MSK is given as
14
MSK spectrum
(1) has lower side lobes than QPSK (amplitude)
(2) has wider side lobes than QPSK (frequency)
99% MSK power is within bandwidth B = 1.2/T
b
99% QPSK power is within bandwidth B = 8/T
b
n
o
r
m
a
l
i
z
e
d
P
S
D
(
d
B
)
QPSK, OQPSK
MSK
PSD of MSK & QPSK signals
f
c
f
c
+0.5R
b
f
c
+R
b
f
c
+1.5R
b
f
c
+2R
b
10
0
-10
-20
-30
-40
-50
-60
15
MSK has faster roll-off due to smoother pulse function
Spectrum of MSK main lobe > QPSK main lobe
- using 1
st
null bandwidth MSK is spectrally less efficient
MSK has no abrupt phase shifts at bit transitions
- bandlimiting MSK signal doesnt cause envelop to cross zero
- envelope is ~ constant after bandlimiting
small variations in envelope removed using hardlimiting
- does not raise out of band radiation levels
constant amplitude non-linear amplifiers can be used
continuous phase is desirable for highly reactive loads
simple modulation and demodulation circuits
MSK spectrum
