Electrical Safety
Electrical work can be deadly if not done safely.
AHMAD FADIATUDIN B. MAT TAHIR ELECTRICAL ENG. DEPARTMENT PSA, SHAH ALAM.
Electricity How it Works
Electricity is the flow of energy from one place to another
Requires a source of power: usually a generating station A flow of electrons (current) travels through a conductor
Travels in a closed circuit
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Electrical Terms
Current -- electrical movement (measured in amps) Voltage--Voltage is electric potential energy per unit charge, measured in joules per coulomb (volts). Circuit -- complete path of the current. Includes electricity source, a conductor, and the output device or load (such as a lamp, tool, or heater) Resistance -- restriction to electrical flow Conductors substances, like metals, with little resistance to electricity that allow electricity to flow Grounding a conductive connection to the earth which acts as a protective measure Insulators -- substances with high resistance to electricity like glass, porcelain, plastic, and dry wood that prevent 3 electricity from getting to unwanted areas
How power supply reach us?
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Safe Work Environment
A safe work environment is created by controlling contact with electrical voltages and the currents. Electrical currents need to be controlled so they do not pass through the body. In addition to preventing shocks, a safe work environment reduces the chance of fires, burns, and falls.
Issues to remember..
Accidents can happened to anyone, anywhere, anytime.. Accidents are all alike.
All accidents are preventable. Everyone must prevent accidents
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Laws and Regulations
Factories and Machinery Act 1967 (FMA) Occupational Safety and Health Act 1994 (OSHA) National Institute of Occupational Safety & Health (NIOSH) Environmental Quality Act 1974 (EQA) The 16th IEE regulation (Institution of Electrical Engineers) currently is used in commonwealth countries IEC 60364 ( International Electrical Construction). Suruhanjaya Tenaga. www.st.gov.my EtcTNB, 7
COMPETENT PERSON
Wireman (Pendawai Elektrik ), PW1 to PW6 Chargeman (Penjaga Jentera Elektrik ), A0 to A4 Electrical Supervisor (Penyelia Elektrik ) Cable Jointer (Pencantum Kabel ) Competent Engineer (Jurutera Elektrik Kompeten ) Service Electrical Engineer (Jurutera Elektrik Perkhidmatan ) Competent Resident Electrical Engineer (Jurutera Elektrik Kompeten Residen )
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Electrical Shock
An electrical shock is received when electrical current passes through the body. You will get an electrical shock if a part of your body completes an electrical circuit by Touching a live wire and an electrical ground, or Touching a live wire and another wire at a different voltage.
Shock Severity
Severity of the shock depends on: Path of current through the body Amount of current flowing through the body (amps) Duration of the shocking current through the body
LOW VOLTAGE DOES NOT MEAN LOW HAZARD
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Dangers of Electrical Shock
Current 1 milliamp Reaction current flows from hand to the surface of the body and then goes to the earth (safety limit for the human body ). Slight shock felt. Disturbing, but not painful. Most people can let go. However, strong involuntary movements can cause injuries. Painful shock Not be able to leave our hand (can paralyze or freeze muscles) It may not be possible to let go. Extremely painful shock, respiratory arrest (breathing stops), severe muscle contractions. Death is possible. Ventricular fibrillation (heart pumping action not rhythmic) occurs. will cause death within a few minutes unless a special device called a defibrillator is used Heart paralysis Muscles contract; nerve damage occurs. Death is likely. Cardiac arrest and severe tissue burns occur. Death is probable.
5 milliamps
625 milliamps (women) 930 milliamps (men) 50150 milliamps
Defibrillator in use
Power drills use 30 times as much current as what will kill.
1,0004,300 milliamps 10,000 milliamps
Electrical Injuries
Types of electrical injuries: Direct:
Electrocution or death due to electrical shock Electrical shock Burns Electric static Brightness
Indirect:
Falls Fire Explosions Temperatures Chemical / Radiations and etc..
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Burns
Most common shockrelated injury Occurs when you touch electrical wiring or equipment that is improperly used or maintained Typically occurs on hands Very serious injury that needs immediate attention
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Electrical burn on hand and arm.
The knee on the left was energized, and the knee on the right was grounded.
Arm with third degree burn from high-voltage line.
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All fire extinguishers are marked with letter(s) that tell you the kinds of fires they can put out. The letters and symbols are explained below (including suggestions on how to remember them).
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Falls
Electric shock can also cause indirect injuries
Workers in elevated locations who experience a shock may fall, resulting in serious injury or death
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Same Level
Different Level
Slipping from surfaces covered with spilled water, oil , or other chemicals.
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Falls of sharp or heavy objects.
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Temperature
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Chemical
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Compressions occur when the feet or toes are rolled over or pressed between heavy objects.
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Punctures from a nail or other sharp object piercing through the sole of the foot.
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Electricity when stepping on live equipment with a non insulated steel toe cap.
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INJURY TO THE FINGERS
Fingers and hands are exposed to cuts, scratches , bruises and burns , they can be shielded from many common injuries by the use of proper protective equipment.
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Injury To The Eyes
Eyes must be protected from flying objects , splashes of corrosive liquids or molten metals , dust and harmful radiation among other hazards.
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Chemical Handling
Acids, alkali, etc are serious, frequent sources of danger which could produces chemical burn and permanent damage to the eyes.
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Electrical Hazards and How to Control Them
Electrical accidents are caused by a combination of three factors: Unsafe equipment and/or installation, Workplaces made unsafe by the environment, and Unsafe work practices.
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Exposed Electrical Parts
Cover removed from wiring or breaker box
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Isolate Electrical Parts
Use guards or barriers
Replace covers
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Isolate Electrical Parts - Cabinets, Boxes & Fittings
Conductors going into them must be protected, and unused openings must be closed
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Close Openings
Junction boxes, pull boxes and fittings must have approved covers Unused openings in cabinets, boxes and fittings must be closed
Photo shows violations of these two requirements
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Lockout and Tagging of Circuits
Apply locks to power source after de-energizing Tag deactivated controls
Tag de-energized equipment and circuits at all points where they can be energized Tags must identify equipment or circuits being worked on
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Overhead Power Lines
Usually not insulated Examples of equipment that can contact power lines: Crane Ladder Scaffold Backhoe Scissors lift Raised dump truck bed Aluminum paint roller
Safety : Overhead Power Lines
Stay at least 10 feet away Post warning signs Assume that lines are energized Use wood or fiberglass ladders, not metal Power line workers need special training & PPE
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Pada 5 Ogos 2008, pemandu lori yang sedang memunggah naik jentera cerucuk (piling rig) ke atas trailernya telah terkena renjatan elektrik. Kejadian ini berlaku semasa memunggah naik jentera cerucuk berkenaan yang pada kedudukan terlalu hampir sehingga menyentuh kabel talian aerial voltan tinggi 11,000 volt.Keadaan ini menyebabkan badan lori berkenaan dicaj pada voltan 11,000 volt dan arus elektrik tidak dapat mengalir ke bumi disebabkan oleh tayar lori tersebut dan jalan bertar yang kering telah bertindak sebagai penebat. Apabila pemandu lori berkenaan cuba membuka pintu lorinya, arus elektrik mengalirkan melalui tubuhnya ke bumi. Pemandu lori meninggal dunia di tempat kejadian akibat terkena renjatan elektrik.
Cords & Wires
Insulate live wires Check before use Use only cords that are 3-wire type Use only cords marked for hard or extra-hard usage Use only cords, connection devices, and fittings equipped with strain relief Remove cords by pulling on the plugs, not the cords Cords not marked for hard or extra-hard use, or which have been modified, must be taken out of service immediately
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Use the Correct Wire
Wire used depends on operation, building materials, electrical load, and environmental factors Use fixed cords rather than flexible cords Use the correct extension cord
Must be 3-wire type and designed for hard or extra-hard use
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Inadequate Wiring
Hazard - wire too small for the current Example - portable tool with an extension cord that has a wire too small for the tool The tool will draw more current than Wire Gauge the cord can handle, causing overheating and a possible fire without tripping the circuit breaker WIRE The circuit breaker could be the right size for the circuit but not for the Wire gauge measures smaller-wire extension cord wires ranging in size from
number 36 to 0 Standard wire gauge (SWG)
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Defective Cords & Wires
Plastic or rubber covering is missing
Damaged extension cords & tools
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Damaged Cords
Cords can be damaged by: Aging Door or window edges Staples or fastenings Abrasion from adjacent materials Activity in the area Improper use can cause shocks, burns or fire
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Permissible Use of Flexible Cords
Flexible cords must not be:
Run through holes in walls, ceilings,
or floors. Run through doorways, windows, or similar openings (unless physically protected). Hidden in walls, ceilings, floors, conduit or other raceways.
DO NOT use flexible wiring where frequent inspection would be difficult or where damage would be likely.
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Grounding
Grounding creates a lowresistance path from a tool to the earth to disperse unwanted current. When a short or lightning occurs, energy flows to the ground, protecting you from electrical shock, injury and death.
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Improper Grounding
Tools plugged into improperly grounded circuits may become energized Broken wire or plug on extension cord
Some of the most frequently violated OSHA standards
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Ground Tools & Equipment
Ground power supply systems, electrical circuits, and electrical equipment Frequently inspect electrical systems to insure path to ground is continuous Inspect electrical equipment before use Dont remove ground prongs from tools or extension cords Ground exposed metal parts of equipment
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Assured Equipment Grounding Conductor Program
Program must cover: All cord sets Receptacles not part of a building or structure Equipment connected by plug and cord
Program requirements include: Specific procedures adopted by the employer Competent person to implement the program Visual inspection for damage of equipment connected by cord and plug
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Overloaded Circuits
Hazards may result from: Too many devices plugged into a circuit, causing heated wires and possibly a fire Damaged tools overheating Lack of over current protection Wire insulation melting, which may cause arcing and a fire in the area where the overload exists, even inside a wall
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Electrical Protective Devices
Automatically opens circuit if excess current from overload or ground-fault is detected shutting off electricity Includes GFCIs, fuses, and circuit breakers Fuses and circuit breakers are over current devices. When too much current: Fuses melt Circuit breakers trip open
Over Load Protection Switched
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Power Tools Requirements
Inspect tools before use Use the right tool correctly Protect your tools Use double insulated tools Have a three-wire cord with ground plugged into a grounded receptacle Be powered by a low-voltage isolation transformer
Double Insulated marking
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Using Power Tools Safety Tips
Use gloves and appropriate footwear. Store in dry place when not using. Dont use in wet conditions. Keep working areas well . Ensure not a tripping hazard. Dont carry a tool by the cord. Keep cords away from heat, oil, & sharp edges. Disconnect when not in use and when changing accessories such as blades & bits . Remove damaged tools from use.
Always test a circuit to make sure it is de-energized before working on it.
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Safety-Related Work Practices
To protect workers from electrical shock: Use barriers and guards to prevent passage through areas of exposed energized equipment Pre-plan work, post hazard warnings and use protective measures Keep working spaces and walkways clear of cords
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Safety-Related Work Practices
Use special insulated tools when working on fuses with energized terminals Dont use worn or frayed cords and cables
Dont fasten extension cords with staples, hang from nails, or suspend by wire.
Avoid Wet Conditions
If you touch a live wire or other electrical component while standing in even a small puddle of water youll get a shock. Damaged insulation, equipment, or tools can expose you to live electrical parts. Improperly grounded metal switch plates & ceiling lights are especially hazardous in wet conditions.
Wet clothing, high humidity, and perspiration increase your chances of being electrocuted.
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Wet Conditions
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Preventing Electrical Hazards PPE (personal protective equipment)
Proper foot protection (not tennis shoes)
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Head Protection(insulated - nonconductive)
Dont wear another hat under your hard hat
Never store anything in the top of your hard hat while you are wearing it.
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Respiratory Protection
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Hearing Protection Device
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Eye Protection
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Lifting Of Weights
Lift with your legs, not your back!
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Working at Heights
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Dealing With Radiation
External Radiation Sources outside the body and is capable of penetrating the body causing damages.
Internal Radiation Hazards caused by sources which have been ingested or absorbed and remain in the body.
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Clues that Electrical Hazards Exist
Tripped circuit breakers or blown fuses Warm tools, wires, cords, connections, or junction boxes Worn or frayed insulation around wire or connection
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Preventing Electrical Hazards Planning
Plan your work with others Plan to avoid falls Plan to lock-out and tagout equipment Remove jewelry Avoid wet conditions and overhead power lines
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Training
Train employees / student working with electric equipment in safe work practices, including:
Deenergize electric equipment before inspecting or repairing Using cords, cables, and electric tools that are in good repair Lockout / Tag out recognition and procedures Use appropriate protective equipment
Combinations of hazards increase risk.
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Summary
Hazards :
Hazards :
Inadequate wiring is dangerous. Using the wrong PPE is Exposed electrical parts are dangerous. dangerous. Using the wrong tool is Overhead power lines are dangerous. dangerous. Some on-site chemicals are Wires with bad insulation can harmful. give you a shock. Defective ladders and Electrical systems and tools that scaffolding are dangerous. are not grounded or double Ladders that conduct electricity insulated are dangerous. are dangerous. Overloaded circuits are Electrical hazards can be made dangerous. worse if the worker, location, or equipment is wet. Damaged power tools and equipment are electrical hazards. OSHA Office of Training & Education 69
Protections :
Proper grounding Use GFCIs Use fuses and circuit breakers Guard live parts Lockout / Tag out Proper use of flexible cords Close electric panels (Cover) Listed and labeled Free from hazards Used in the proper manner Protected from electrical shock Provided necessary safety equipment OSHA Office of Training & Education Training Eliminate Reduce / substitute Isolate Control Personal protective equipment (PPE) Discipline.
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