Management of Stores
Introduction
Store is a place where excess material is kept which will be used as and when required.
Store management is to receive materials, to protect them while in storage from damage & unauthorized removal, to issue the material in the right quantities, at the right time to the right place and to provide these service promptly and at least cost.
Objectives of store
Minimizing cost of production through minimizing cost on materials Maintaining the value of materials Service to user departments Establishing Co-ordination with other departments Advising materials Manager
Functions of Stores
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
Receipt Storage Retrieval Issue Records Housekeeping Control Surplus management Verification Interaction & coordination
Receipt
Any item of goods or material that enters the organization always enters through the stores. Similarly, every item unless specifically excluded, has to leave through the store. Stores is the final account keeper of all materials.
Material sent by any supplier after the security clearance comes to the stores. Stores check the document carried by the carrier, known as Delivery Challan, against the copy of the Purchase Order placed on the supplier by the organization.
Receipt
Once the adequacy is established and quantity is verified the material is sent for testing for quality parameters.
Some times quality control tests are elaborate and time consuming. If the policy of receipt is to unload the material subject to quality control acceptance, it is cleared for unloading. Unloaded material is kept on the hold if it not yet cleared by quality control department. If the material is rejected it is sent back to the supplier after clear documentation.
Storage
Once the unloaded material is approved by the quality control department, as per the quality plan in the quality system, it is moved to a specific place in the stores layout.
The material is so stored that it becomes easy to retrieve and issue subsequently. Storage should also ensure protection against deterioration, damage and pilferage.
Storage
Detailed system is adopted for location and labeling of items while in storage. Storage plan is made keeping in mind,
1.
2. 3.
4.
nature of the product- physical state, toxicity, inflammability and other hazards volume and weight- heavy or light movement frequency- fast moving or slow moving point of use
Retrieval
Easy and quick retrievability of items that are demanded by the internal customers. Easy identification, maximum space utilization and minimum handling are key factors to retrieval functions. It is common knowledge in many of the companies that after hours of searching for the item is declared to be out of stock. This causes hold up of production process and avoidable urgent purchase of out of stock material. This function takes place as per established retrieval system.
Issue
Fulfilling customer demand for the item in minimum time, keeping quality high and cost minimum is issue. An internal customer doesnt pay the price but he has to fulfill requirement of authorization for the demand. A duly authorized indent or requisition for the item is the key
Records
Maintaining records of receipt and issue. Updating the stock levels as per movement of materials. Basic records of store are bin card and stock register.
Bin card is placed on the bin in which items are stored. This gives information about receipt, issue and balance. stock register gives all the information in the bin card and also the value.
Housekeeping
Maintenance of spic and span cleanliness in the store and ensuring principle of Place for Everything and Everything in its place is fully implemented.
Good housekeeping ensures satisfactory work practices
Control
Taking measures to ensure material plan is being adhered to.
Any changes in consumption pattern or replenishment pattern are closely monitored for corrective action. Material movement is watched to identify nonmoving material for disposal. Effective control puts into effect management objective of no shortage and no excess.
Surplus management
Effective disposal system for unneeded material to reduce inventory cost and proactive measures to eliminate deterioration and obsolescence.
Obsolete items are good in all respect but have no useful role in the company due to changes that have occurred in the course of time.
Surplus management
Surplus items are those that have accumulated due to faulty planning, forecasting and purchasing. Hence a usage value is associated with these items. Scrap is wastage generated due to processes like turning, boring drilling etc. and also due to bad manufacturing. it is said that in India nearly Rs. 2500 crores are tied up as obsolete, surplus and scrap items.
Verification
Stock verification to eliminate gap between information and physical stock. In stores some items are maintained as stock items. The stores triggers the procurement cycle for such items when a predetermined reorder level is reached. Hence correct stock position through verification is critical to ensure no shortage and no excess for the item.
Interaction & coordination
Very close interaction between Purchasing, production, quality control and engineering functions is obviously needed in the discharge of the functions discussed so far. It also becomes necessary to coordinate the flow of material samples and information through a network of departments for performance of stores functions. Besides, every management function being an internal customer interaction is very important.
Types of Stores
Centralized store Decentralized store
Centralized or decentralized stores organization
Centralized stores concept is to store all items at a central place and control materials movement from this central place. Whereas Decentralization concept is moving the material to the respective consumer function or directly to the points of use.
Centralized Store Figure
Features of centralized stores organization
1. 2.
3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
Effective supervision and control. Issue at single point reduces cost of issue Reduced personnel requirement Efficient layout for stores Better handling technology Better inventory checks Maintenance of optimum stores Elaborate documentation
Advantages of centralized store
The variety of goods can be supplied to all users from one small location. Less manpower will be required. Better control of materials is possible. Material handling will be easy. Wastage and deterioration of materials will be less.
Disadvantages of centralized store
It may not be suitable for large manufacturing concern. More staff will be required for shifting & transportation of the materials to various production units.
Decentralized Stores Figure
Machine shop
Store Store Store
Molding & Casting
Fitting shop
Features of decentralized stores organization
1. 2. 3. 4. Reduced handling Customer friendly Fewer production stoppages Visual management is easier
Advantages of decentralized stores
Reduced material handling and associated cost. Less chances of bottlenecks and delays. Convenient for every department to draw materials. Less transportation time.
Disadvantages of decentralized stores
Coordination and control of all decentralised store is a challenge to management. Labor utilization may suffer due to low store activity level.
INTRODUCTION
Inventory-A physical resource that a firm holds in stock with the intent of selling it or transforming it into a more valuable state. Inventory System- A set of policies and controls that monitors levels of inventory and determines what levels should be maintained, when stock should be replenished, and how large orders should be placed.
Items carried in inventory can be
Raw materials Purchased parts Components Subassemblies Work-in-process Finished goods
Types of Inventory
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Reasons for keeping Inventories
To stabilise production To take advantage of price discounts To meet the demand during the replenishment period To prevent loss of orders(sales) To keep pace with changing market conditions
Objectives and Benefits
Inventory control aims at keeping track of inventories. In other words, inventories of good quality and right quantities should be made available to different departments as and when they needed.
Goals: Reduce Cost, Improve Service
By effectively managing inventory:
Xerox eliminated $700 million inventory from its supply chain Wal-Mart became the largest retail company utilizing efficient inventory management GM has reduced parts inventory and transportation costs by 26% annually
Functions of Inventory
To meet anticipated demand To smooth production requirements To decouple operations To protect against stock-outs
Inventory Management
COSTS IN INVENTORY
Inventory costs may vary from 28 to 32% of the total cost. Apart from material costs, several other costs are also involved in inventory. These are given as below: Ordering Costs Holding Costs/ Carrying Costs Stock Out Costs
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Inventory Management
Ordering Costs
Stationary Clerical and processing, salaries/rentals Postage Processing of bills Staff work in expedition /receiving/ inspection and documentation
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Inventory Management
Holding/Carrying Costs
Storage space (rent/depreciation) Property tax on warehousing Insurance Deterioration/Obsolescence Material handling and maintenance, equipment Stock taking, security and documentation Capital blocked (interest/opportunity cost) Quality control
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Inventory Management
Stock out Costs
Loss of business/ profit/ market/ advise Additional expenditure due to urgency of purchases a) telegraph / telephone charges b) purchase at premium c) air transport charges Loss of labor hours
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Inventory Planning and Control
For maintaining the right balance between high and low inventory to minimize cost
Inventory Control Decisions
Decisions: How much to order? When to order?
Objective of Inventory Control Systems
The objective of an inventory control system is to ensure the constant availability of products, by defining:
When products should be ordered. What quantities of products should be ordered How to maintain adequate quantities to meet demand, while avoiding overstocks and stockouts
Inventory Control Systems
Maximum/minimum
Inventory Control System are defined by
months of stock
Systems
are designed so stock quantities routinely fall between the minimum and maximum stock levels minimum stock level includes safety/buffer stock
The
Any inventory control system (max/min or other) must take into account safety/buffer stock
Process of Inventory Management and control
Dtermination
of optimum inventory levels and procedures trends of sales inventory
Determination
of degree of control-by classification
Planning
and design of inventory control systemFixed order quantity system and Fixed order periodic system Planning for inventory control organisation
ABC Inventory Classification
ABC classification is a method for determining level of control and frequency of review of inventory items A Pareto analysis can be done to segment items into value categories depending on annual dollar volume A Items typically 20% of the items accounting for 80% of the inventory value-use Q system B Items typically an additional 30% of the items accounting for 15% of the inventory value-use Q or P C Items Typically the remaining 50% of the items accounting for only 5% of the inventory value-use P
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The AAU Corp. is considering doing an ABC analysis on its entire inventory but has decided to test the technique on a small sample of 15 of its SKUs. The annual usage and unit cost of each item is shown below
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(A) First calculate the annual dollar volume for each item
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B) List the items in descending order based on annual dollar volume. (C) Calculate the cumulative annual dollar volume as a percentage of total dollars. (D) Classify the items into groups
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Graphical solution for AAU Corp showing the ABC classification of materials
The A items (106 and 110) account for 60.5% of the value and 13.3% of the items The B items (115,105,111,and 104) account for 25% of the value and 26.7% of the items The C items make up the last 14.5% of the value and 60% of the items How might you control each item classification? Different ordering rules for each?
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ABC Application
Jewelry Store Fine Dining Restaurant Outdoor Retailer Large Department Store
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Inventory Management
SELECTIVE INVENTORY CONTROL
Selective Inventory Control is defined as a process of classifying items into different categories, thereby directing appropriate attention to the materials in the context of companys viability.
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Classification of Materials for
Inventory Control
Classification A-B-C V-E-D H-M-L F-S-N S-D-E Criteria Annual value of consumption of the items Critical nature of the components with respect to products. Unit price of material Issue from stores Purchasing problems in regard to availability
S-O-S
G-O-L-F X-Y-Z
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Seasonality
Channel for procuring the material Inventory value of items stored
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Inventory Management
ABC Classification System
Classifying inventory according to annual value of consumption of the items.
A - very important B - mod. important C - least important
High Annual $ value of items Low Few
A B C
Many
Number of Items
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Inventory Management
ABC Classification System (Contd)
When a large number of items are involved, relatively few items account for a major part of activity, based on annual value of consumption of items.
It is based on the principles of vital few and trivial many.
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Inventory Management
ABC Classification System (Contd)
A-items : 15% of the items are of the highest value and their inventory accounts for 70% of the total. B-items : 20% of the items are of the intermediate value and their inventory accounts for 20% of the total. C-items : 65%(remaining) of the items are lowest value and their inventory accounts for the relatively small balance, i.e., 10%.
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Inventory Management
Procedure for classification
All items used in an industry are identified. All items are listed as per their value. The number of items are counted and categorized as high-, medium- and low-value. The percentage of high-, medium- and lowvalued items are determined.
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Inventory Management
Pareto curve
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Inventory Management
V-E-D Classification
Based on the critical nature of items.
Applicable to spare parts of equipment, as they do not follow a predictable demand pattern. Very important in hospital pharmacy.
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Inventory Management
V-E-D Classification (Contd)
Items without which the activities will come to a
V-Vital :
halt. E-Essential : Items which are likely to cause disruption of the normal activity. D-Desirable : In the absence of which the hospital work does not get hampered.
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Inventory Management
H-M-L Classification
Based on the unit value (in rupees) of items. Similar to A-B-C analysis H-High M-Medium L -Low
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Inventory Management
F-S-N Classification
Takes into account the distribution and handling patterns of items from stores. Important when obsolescence is to be controlled. F Fast moving S Slow moving N Non moving
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Inventory Management
S-D-E Classification
Based on the lead-time analysis and availability. S Scarce : longer lead time D Difficult : long lead time E Easy : reasonable lead time
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Inventory Management
S-O-S Classification
S-O-S :Seasonal- Off- Seasonal Some items are seasonal in nature and hence require special purchasing and stocking strategies. EOQ formula cannot be applied in these cases. Inventories at the time of procurement will be extremely high.
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Inventory Management
G-O-L-F Classification
G-O-L-F stands for: G Government O Ordinary L Local F Foreign
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Inventory Management
X-Y-Z Classification
Based on the value of inventory stored.
If the values are high, special efforts should be made to reduce them.
This exercise can be done once a year.
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What is EOQ ?
Economic order quantity is one of the techniques of inventory control which minimizes total holding and ordering costs for the year.
The economic order quantity is the technique which solves the problem of the materials manager.
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Definition of EOQ
EOQ is essentially an accounting formula that determines at which the combination of order, costs and inventory carrying cost are the least. The result is the most cost effective quality to order. In purchasing this is known as order quantity, in manufacturing it is known as the production lot size. - Dave Piasecki
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EOQ Models
Q Models; &
P Models.
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Assumption of the EOQ Models
Demand is known and is deterministic, i.e. constant; The lead time, i.e. the time between placement of the order and the receipt of the order is known and constant; The receipt of inventory is instantaneous. In other words the inventory from an order arrives in one batch at one point in time; Quantity discount are not possible, in other words it dose not make any difference how much we order, the price of the product will still be the same; and That only costs pertinent to inventory model are the cost of placing an order and cost of holding or storing inventory over time.
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Q Model of EOQ
In Q model, a fixed quantity of material is ordered when ever the stock on hand reaches the recorder point the fixed quantity of material ordered each time is nothing but the economic order quantity (EOQ). when the new consignment arrives the total stock shall be within the maximum and the minimum limits.
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Graphic presentation of Q Model
I N V E N T O R Y E G K MAXIMUM LEVEL
E O Q
BUFFER STOCK
RE-ORDER LEVEL
MINIMUM LEVEL A B C TIME PERIOD
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Mathematical method of EOQ
The objective is to determine the quantity to order which minimize the total annual inventory management cost; Minimize Total cost per period = inventory holding cost per period + order cost per period; Where order cost = the number of order placed in the period x order cost; and Carrying cost = average inventory level x the carrying costs of 1 unit of stock for one period.
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Merits of Q system
Each material can be in the most economical quantity; Purchasing an inventory control personnel automatically devote attention to the items that are needed only when required; and Positive control can be easily exerted to maintain total inventory investment at the desired level, simply by manipulating the plant maximum and minimum values.
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Demerits of Q system
The orders are raised at irregular intervals which may not be convenient to the suppliers; In case the lead time is very high supply of inventory may interpret; EOQ may give you an order quantity which is much below the supplier minimum, and there is always a chance that the ordering level for an item has been reached but not noticed in which case a stock out may occur; and The items cannot be group and ordered at a time since the recorder points occur irregularly.
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P model of EOQ
In this model the stock position of each item of material is regularly is reviewed;
Under this model inventory is ordered based on fixed period.
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Graphical Presentation of P Model
Replenishment level R1
Q U A L I T Y
S2 S1 R2 R3 S3
Y2
Y1
Y3
UNITS OF STOCK
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15 days
R2
S2
R3
S3
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Merits of P model
The ordering and inventory cost are low; The supplier will also offer attractive discount on sales are granted; and The system works well for material which exhibit an irregular or seasonal use and whose purchase must be planned in advance on the basis of sales estimates.
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Demerits of P model
It compels a periodic review of all item; this in itself make the system somewhat inefficient. because of difference in uses rate supply may not have to be order until succeeding review; Equally important the system demand the establishment of rather inflexibility order quantities. in The interest of the administrative efficiency; and The periodic review system tends to peak the purchasing work around the review dates.
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Inventory Counting Systems
Inventory Management
(Contd)
Two-Bin System - Two containers of inventory; reorder when the first is empty. Universal Bar Code - Bar code printed on a label that has information about the item to which it is attached.
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Value Analysis
Manufacturing: Systematic analysis that identifies and selects the best value alternatives for designs, materials, processes, and systems. It proceeds by repeatedly asking "can the cost of this item or step be reduced or eliminated, without diminishing the effectiveness, required quality, or customer satisfaction?" Also called value engineering, its objectives are (1) to distinguish between the incurred costs (actual use of resources) and the costs inherent (locked in) in a particular design (and which determine the incurring costs), and (2) to minimize the locked-in costs.
2. Purchasing: Examination of each procurement item to ascertain its total cost of acquisition, maintenance, and usage over its useful life and, wherever feasible, to replace it with a more cost effective substitute. Also called value-in-use analysis.
VALUE ANALYSIS: STEPS
First step is to specify the Function of the Product and to identify those Product Characteristics and Dimensions that are of value to Customers.
Typical questions might be: a. What is the Product or Component? b. What is its Function? What does it do? Why do we need to do it? c. What characteristics are of value to the customers? How will the customer use the Product? It is helpful to define the function of a product or component using two-word statements. For example to the question What is the product or component supposed to do? The answer might be: Control current (Electrical device), Transfer funds (bank cheque), Cure illness (Medical procedure), Heat fluid (Heating element in machine). This type of answer reveals the core of the product.
VALUE ANALYSIS: STEPS (contd.)
The second step is to determine how each product characteristic or component contributes to its value (functionality) and to determine what each component costs. Typical questions might be: a. How does this component contribute to functionality? How does it increase the products value? b. What does it cost.
The final step is the creative phase in which we redesign product or component to reduce its cost or improve its value. During this phase, team members focus especially on simplifying the design and evaluating the appropriateness of the product specifications, using the following questions:
VALUE ANALYSIS: STEPS (contd.)
a. Can this be done another way? Can it be done more cheaply?
b. Is the item over-engineered? Does it do more than necessary? c. Can the items function be combined with that of another component? How much does it cost to do this? d. Can a standard or existing component be used? e. Can a different material be used? f. Can this product be made easier to assemble? The answers to these questions represent design alternatives that can be compared and evaluated in terms of their value and cost. Example: VE played an important role in Hondas design of its 1994 ACCORD. Each part has to pass careful examination by a VE team. Not until the part passed this evaluation (answering questions such as: Why this shape? Why this material?) could a designer sketch a prototype part.
