HVAC

HVAC Design Principle course

Course content:
 Air condition definition
 HVAC Applications
 Psychometric Process
 AC main component cycle
 Codes and standards
 Equations for cooling load calculation
 Cooling Load calculation software
What is the deference between CAV and VAV
Central Air condition systems
 Ceiling Concealed Duct
 Package Type
 VRF system
 Air handling Unit (AHU)
 Chilled water systems
Survey Pattern and understanding Architecture
drawing
Load calculation for project and System select
using HAP
Chilled water system Design
 Pipe design
 FCU hock Up
 Chilled water Hock up
 Head Pump Calculation

VRF System design

 Features for VRF
 Indoor unit selection
 Outdoor unit sizing
 Joints and copper pipes sizing
Air Distribution
Air Outlets Grills ,Diffusers
Air Dumpers
Air Ducts
 Duct Types
 Duct design
Air Filters
Fans and ventilation
Air condition System efficiency
Air condition Definition

A system or process for controlling the

temperature, humidity, and the purity of the
air

6
HVAC Application

7
Hotels

8
Residential
building

9
Malls

10
 Office
building

.| 11
Restaurants

12
Hospital

13
Oil and Gas
Industry

14
Telecom
Industry

15
 Psychometric
The sience which deals with the study of the
behavior of air and water vapor mixture
And its effect on human comfort

Psychometric properties
The properties of water vapor and air mixture

17
 AIR properties
Dry Bulb Temperature (DBT)

Wet Bulb Temperature (WBT)

Dew Point Temperature (DPT)

Humidity Ratio (H) (Ɯ)

Relative Humidity (RH)

Specific volume (V)

Enthalpy (h) 18
 Dry Bulb temperature
The temperature of air measured by
thermometer

Sensible heat of air

The quantity of heat that can be measured by
measuring the dry bulb temperature of the air

19
 Wet bulb temperature
The temperature is measured by thermometer its
bulb covered with wet cloth and is exposed to a
current of moving air

 WBT≤DBT
 WBT=DBT (If air is 100% saturated)
Dew Point temperature
At this temperature the air can no longer hold all
of the water vapor and some of water vapor
condense
20
FOG Phenomena …???

21
 Absolute Humidity
It is the weight of water vapor in kg Air
g/kg

Relative humidity
The ratio of actual weight of water vapor to
the weight of water vapor in saturated air at
the same temperature and same volume
(Unit less)
22
Psychometric Chart

23
 Comfort zone for human
Dry bulb temp 24 C – 75.2 F

Relative humidity 50%

24
Comfort requirement not only temperature and humidity
control

Fresh air requirement

Air distribution
Noise level 30-55 db.
lighting density

25
 Psychometric process
Sensible Heating
Sensible Cooling
Humidification
Dehumidification
Adiabatic humidification
Heating and Humidification
Heating and dehumidification
Cooling and dehumidification
26
27
 Sensible Heating
Using Electrical Heater ,Steam ,Hot Water
coil or Heat Pump

Increase Dry bulb temperature without any

change in humidity

28
 Sensible cooling
Pass air in surface which its temp above
Air dew point

Decrease Dry bulb temperature without

any change in Humidity

29
 Humidification

Increase Humidity without any change in Dry

bulb Temperature (evaporating latent)

30
 Dehumidification

Decrease humidity without any change in Dry

bulb temperature ( cooling latent)

31
 Adiabatic Humidification
(evaporating and cooling )

use air washer

Increase humidity and decrease dry bulb

temperature without any change in wet bulb
temperature

32
 Humidification and Heating
This process in Winter season in Dry weather

Like Riyadh in winter

Using (Air washer +Heating coil )

33
 Cooling and dehumidification

We use this process in hot and high humidity

weather
like (Alexandria and Jeddah in summer season )

34
 Units......
imperial Units (British units)

SI metric units

Eng.| Mohamed Saad

HVAC design Principle 35
 Unit conversion
Length
M CM MM Inch feet
1 100 1000 39.37 3.28

Note : Inch =2.54 CM

Volume
CMM CFM gpm l/s
1 35.3 264.2 16.67

Eng.| Mohamed Saad

36
HVAC design Principle
Power
HP W KW
1 746 0.746

Pressure
bar KPa Ft wg Psi Kg/ CM3
1 100 33.455 14.7 1.0198

Cooling capacity
TR BTU/h KW w
1 12000 3.5 3516.8

Eng.| Mohamed Saad

37
HVAC design Principle
Definition of BTU
The amount of heat required to raise the
temperature of one pound of water one
degree Fahrenheit.

Quiz :
How many Btu's are required to raise the
temperature of 100 pounds of water from 72°F
to 82°F?

Eng.| Mohamed Saad

38
HVAC design Principle
Temperature

C=5/9 *(F-32)
Where
C: is temperature in degree of Celsius
F: is temperature in degree of Fahrenheit
Eng.| Mohamed Saad
39
HVAC design Principle
The Fahrenheit temperature scale places
the zero where a salt-water mixture freezes,
and has 180 divisions between the freezing
and boiling points

The Celsius temperature scale has 100

divisions between the freezing and boiling
points of water.

C=5/9 (F-32)
Eng.| Mohamed Saad
40
HVAC design Principle
AC main Component cycle

Eng.| Mohamed Saad

41
HVAC design Principle
P-H Chart

Eng.| Mohamed Saad

42
HVAC design Principle
Most popular Organization and it’s
abbreviation

Eng.| Mohamed Saad

43
HVAC design Principle
 ASHRAE
American society of heating and refrigeration
And Air conditioned Engineers

SMACNA
Sheet metal Air-conditioned National
Association

AMCA
Air movement and control Association
Eng.| Mohamed Saad
44
HVAC design Principle
 ARI
Air conditioning and refrigerant institute
ASME
American Society of mechanical Engineers
ANSI
American national standard institute
NFPA
National Fire Protection Association
NEMA
National Electric Manufacture association
Eng.| Mohamed Saad
45
HVAC design Principle
What the difference between
code and standard….?

Eng.| Mohamed Saad

46
HVAC design Principle
 Code
provides mandatory guidelines for system
design
We can say its recommended method to do
some thing

Standard
Provides more specific details for the design
of component Such as Dimensions and it is
a degree of required quality
Eng.| Mohamed Saad
47
HVAC design Principle
 COOLING
LOAD
CALCULAIONS
Eng.| Mohamed Saad
48
HVAC design Principle
 Important definitions
Heat Gain ) ‫(الحرارة المكتسبة‬
heat rate gain from external and internal sources

Cooling load ( ‫)حمل التبريد‬

Rate for extraction of heat required to maintain
the air temperature and humidity inside the air-
conditioned places
Eng.| Mohamed Saad
49
HVAC design Principle
Heat transfer methods
Conduction

Convection

Radiation
Eng.| Mohamed Saad
50
HVAC design Principle
 Sources of heat
External sources Internal sources

-Heat transfer from wall -People

and celling
-lighting
-Solar effect
-Electrical equipment
-Ventilation and
infiltration

Eng.| Mohamed Saad

51
HVAC design Principle
 Sources of heat
Sensible Heat Latent heat
causes a change of causes a change of state, but
temperature, but no change no temperature change.
of state. During a change of state, the
temperature remains
constant until the change of
state is completed.

Eng.| Mohamed Saad

52
HVAC design Principle
 Design conditions
Out Side design Condition Inside design condition

DBT
WBT DBT
RH% 22 -23-24-25
Elevation
RH
45 -50 %

Eng.| Mohamed Saad

53
HVAC design Principle
 Survey pattern
 Walls directions of the building to count the effect of the sun and wind.

 Dimensions of the building.

 Construction materials for the building.

 Glass of windows and quality of spaces and identify air leakage rates.

 Occupancy conditioned persons of interest rates.

 lighting rates and capabilities of the equipment motors.

 Where I could feed the building with electricity and water.

 The places available for the installation of air conditioning units and ducts ways
Eng.| Mohamed Saad
54
HVAC design Principle
Cooling load calculation

Manual

Eng.| Mohamed Saad

55
HVAC design Principle
Lighting load ( Sensible load)

Q light = Light intensity (W/m^2)* floor Area m^2

60
45
40
20
17
15

Eng.| Mohamed Saad

56
HVAC design Principle
Electrical Equipment

1- Get sensible and latent heat gain from tables

150 220 515

290 525 930
350 700 1050
875 2190 2190

0.60 200
0.70 750 375
For equipment with electrical motor 0.80 4 1
0.85 15 512
0.88 15

Q sensible = (1-ἠm) * motor power

Eng.| Mohamed Saad
57
HVAC design Principle
Heat of occupants
Air conditioned places get heat from occupants
Because the difference between human body temperature
37 C and temperature in air conditioned places 24C

Q p,s = number of persons * QS/Person (W)

Eng.| Mohamed Saad

58
HVAC design Principle
 total
QL/person

97 31 66
117 45 72
132 59 73
132 59 73
146 73 73
162 81 81
229 139 81
293 183 110
292 204 88
425 255 170
425 255 170

Eng.| Mohamed Saad

59
HVAC design Principle
Ventilation load (sensible and latent)

Q vent , total = m’ air * (h o - h I )

How to get Air flow rate )m’ air( ??????

Eng.| Mohamed Saad

60
HVAC design Principle
Person requirement method

9.5 7
7.5 5
7 5
15 12
3.5 2.5
5 3.5
14 12
14 12
24 14
12 7
12.5 7.5
10 7.5
6 3.5
5 2.5

Eng.| Mohamed Saad

61
HVAC design Principle
Important note
ASHRAE 62.1 2007 tables is updated in ventilation section –
person requirement fresh air in air conditioned places per HSE
laws as smoking is prevent in air conditioned places

Eng.| Mohamed Saad

62
HVAC design Principle
Floor area method and Air change method

)L/S/m2(
)(
)m2(
1 1
1.5 1.4 8

2 1.8
3 2.8
4 3.7 4
5 4.6
7 6.7
9 8.3 2
11 10

Eng.| Mohamed Saad

63
HVAC design Principle
Transmission load through walls, Celling, roof and doors

Q t = U A (T o - T I)
U= overall heat transfer coefficient (W/m^2.K)

1/U = (1/ho)+ ∑(x/k) + (1/hi)

K =thermal conductivity (w/m.k)
h =convective heat transfer coefficient (w/m^2.k)
X= wall thickness

Eng.| Mohamed Saad

64
HVAC design Principle
 K
0.72 (Common brick)
1.30 (Face brick)
1.72 (concrete)
1.10 (Tiles)
1.80 (Stone)
0.72 (Cement plaster)
0.80 (Gypsum plaster)
0.16 (Hard wood)
0.12 (Soft wood)
1.72 (Sand)
0.036 (Cork)
0.036 (Glass wool)
0.040 (Polystyrene)
0.023 (Polyurethane)
0.79 (Glass)

Eng.| Mohamed Saad

65
HVAC design Principle
Heat transferred through contact surfaces (Partitions)

Q=UAt (W)

Eng.| Mohamed Saad

66
HVAC design Principle
Solar heat gain

• Part of the solar radiation will be absorbed and

the other will be reflected

0.7 – 0.55
Q sun = U A (∆T sun) 0.5 – 0.4
0.5 – 0.3
0.65
0.9
∆T sun = ᾳ I /ho 0.9 – 0.8

I= max solar radiation intensity based on wall direction ( table )

ᾳ = Surface solar radiation absorptivity
Eng.| Mohamed Saad
67
HVAC design Principle
Heat Transmission through glasses

Normal method
Q glass=SC * Ug * (To – T i)
Where:
SC Shade coefficient
U g Heat transfer coefficient for glass material
From ASHRAE 62.1 2007 tables

Eng.| Mohamed Saad

68
HVAC design Principle
Heat Transmission through glasses

Glass load factor method

Q glass = GLF * window area

GLF : Glass load factor

GLF based on glass type and window direction Get from ASHRAE
From ASHRAE 62.1 2007 tables

Glass types :

Regular single glass

Regular double glass
Heat Absorbing Double glass
Clear triple glass

Eng.| Mohamed Saad

69
HVAC design Principle
Hourly Analysis program (HAP)

Eng.| Mohamed Saad

70
HVAC design Principle
 What is the
difference
between
CAV and VAV
systems

Eng.| Mohamed Saad

71
HVAC design Principle
Variable air volume (VAV)
A traditional VAV system consist of VAV box with
a damper to control the volume of air
delivered to a space

Eng.| Mohamed Saad

72
HVAC design Principle
• Fan powered VAV :
The addition of a fan to a VAV box improves air
movement at times when a space is near its
design temperature and supply air is very low

Eng.| Mohamed Saad

73
HVAC design Principle
Advantages:
High efficient and not very high initial cost
Independent thermostat base space control
High grade of flexibility

Disadvantages
VAV box needs space
Inefficient in different space applications

Eng.| Mohamed Saad

74
HVAC design Principle
Air conditioners

Eng.| Mohamed Saad

75
HVAC design Principle
 DX systems conditioners

Split units

Air Packaged units and window type

MultiV (VRF)

Eng.| Mohamed Saad

76
HVAC design Principle
Split units

Eng.| Mohamed Saad

77
HVAC design Principle
Window type

Eng.| Mohamed Saad

78
HVAC design Principle
 Air packaged units

 Packaged roof top unit

 Packaged vertical unit

Eng.| Mohamed Saad

79
HVAC design Principle
Multi V type (VRF)

Eng.| Mohamed Saad

80
HVAC design Principle
 Terminals units DX (Indoor units)
Concealed Duct (high static)
Concealed Duct (low static)
Wall mounted

Celling cassette 1way ,2 ways and 4 way

Eng.| Mohamed Saad

81
HVAC design Principle
Floor standing

Celling suspended

Celling floor

Eng.| Mohamed Saad 82

HVAC design Principle
 Chilled water systems
Air cooled Chilled water

Water cooled chilled water (cooling tower)

Open discussion

Eng.| Mohamed Saad

83
HVAC design Principle
Chilled water (Air cooled)

Eng.| Mohamed Saad

84
HVAC design Principle
Chilled water (water cooled )

Eng.| Mohamed Saad

85
HVAC design Principle
Chiller system P-only

Eng.| Mohamed Saad

86
HVAC design Principle
Two way Valve

Eng.| Mohamed Saad

87
HVAC design Principle
Three way Valve

Eng.| Mohamed Saad

88
HVAC design Principle
AHU

Eng.| Mohamed Saad

89
HVAC design Principle
Terminal units (Chilled water system)
FAN COIL UNIT (FCU)

-2 pipe FCU - 4 pipe FCU

Eng.| Mohamed Saad

90
HVAC design Principle
 Chilled water pumping systems
 Primary system (P-only)

 Conventional primary secondary System (P-S)

The distribution pumps

primary pump for (P-only) and the secondary
pump for (P-S) system are fitted with Variable
Speed drive (VSD)

Eng.| Mohamed Saad

91
HVAC design Principle
Fresh Air system

Eng.| Mohamed Saad

92
HVAC design Principle
 Fresh air system -
ventilation reclaim

Eng.| Mohamed Saad

93
HVAC design Principle
 Mixing box

How to calculate T mix

Use this formula

(V fresh + V return) T mix =(T o* V fresh )+ (Tr * V return)

Eng.| Mohamed Saad

94
HVAC design Principle
Chilled water system

Design

Eng.| Mohamed Saad

95
HVAC design Principle
 Design steps
Find the cooling load for each zone
Select the suitable cooling coil for each zone
Get the total new cooling load by multiply by
diversity factor
Select suitable Air conditioned system for your
project
Select the suitable outdoor unit based on the
cooling capacity and the ambient temperature
Define the combination ratio between indoor
load and outdoor unit capacity
Eng.| Mohamed Saad
96
HVAC design Principle
Select the risers or mechanical shafts
positions
Connect the coils to the main branches and
then to the riser
Start the pipe sizing (chilled water or
refrigerant pipes)
Start to design ducts according to required Air
flow rates

Eng.| Mohamed Saad

97
HVAC design Principle
 Chilled water system design parameters

Chilled water flow rate =2.4 GPM / TR

Load (tons) = Flow (US gpm) x (°Fin – °F out)/24
Chilled water supply temperature = 7 C
Chilled water return temperature = 12 C
Minimum allowable flow velocity = 0.6 -3 m/s
Allowable pressure drop through
pipes 400 pa/m
Eng.| Mohamed Saad
98
HVAC design Principle
Eng.| Mohamed Saad
99
HVAC design Principle
 Piping design
Important notes

Decrease Pipe length as possible as

Decrease number of Elbows and Tees to

decrease system initial cost

Decrease pressure drop in pipes to decrease

system running cost
Eng.| Mohamed Saad
100
HVAC design Principle
2 inch (50.8 mm) pipe diameter
• Incase pipe diameter lower than 2 inch ,water
speed should not exist 1.2 m/s or 4 F b S

• Incase pipe diameter 2 inch or more than this

value ,pressure drop not exist 400 pa/m

This values according to ASHRAE but we should

consider that we don’t deal with ideal materials
and ideal welding

Eng.| Mohamed Saad

101
HVAC design Principle
 Pipe material
The second factor we should consider in piping
design is pipe material

Steel
PVC
Aluminum
Cupper

Eng.| Mohamed Saad

102
HVAC design Principle
 Important definition
Nominal pipe diameter

Internal pipe diameter

Example :
1 inch nominal pipe diameter =25.4 mm
You will find internal pipe diameter
higher than 25.4 mm

Eng.| Mohamed Saad

103
HVAC design Principle
Friction loss for pipe steel SCH 40

Eng.| Mohamed Saad

104
HVAC design Principle
Eng.| Mohamed Saad
105
HVAC design Principle
 Pressure drop in elbows or tee connection

∆P= K * Ᵽ * (v^2/2g)
Use tables to get K and charts to get v

Where
K pressure drop factor
Ᵽ water density kg/m^3
V water speed m/s
g gravity m/s^2
Eng.| Mohamed Saad
106
HVAC design Principle
 Piping design software

Pipe Sizer by mcQuay version 6.2

Pipe flow advisor
Pipe flow wizard
Pipe flow expert

Eng.| Mohamed Saad

107
HVAC design Principle
Pipe flow wizard software

Eng.| Mohamed Saad

108
HVAC design Principle
 Total Dynamic Head Pump Calculation
 Get Pressure drop in chiller (from Catalogue)

 Get Pressure drop in AHU or FCU (from Catalogue)

 Get Pressure drop in two way valve (from Catalogue)

 Calculate Pressure drop in pipe supply and return

Take Safety factor 10 or 20%

Eng.| Mohamed Saad

109
HVAC design Principle
pressure drop in chilled water calculation
To calculate the total pressure drop we should
study the worst piping pass

The farthest fan coil not should be the worst

piping pass ,we should consider elbows and
tee connection

Eng.| Mohamed Saad

110
HVAC design Principle
VRF System Design

Eng.| Mohamed Saad

111
HVAC design Principle
 Air outlets
• Grill

• Linear bar grill

Eng.| Mohamed Saad

112
HVAC design Principle
• Ceiling diffuser (Square – rectangular -
round)

• Linear bar diffuser

Eng.| Mohamed Saad

113
HVAC design Principle
 Air distribution
Important definition

Throw
Drop

Eng.| Mohamed Saad

114
HVAC design Principle
Eng.| Mohamed Saad
115
HVAC design Principle
 AIR
Ducts
Eng.| Mohamed Saad
116
HVAC design Principle
 Duct material
Galvanized sheet metal duct
Pre-insulated Aluminum Duct
Fiberglass duct-board
Spiral metal duct
Flexible duct
Textile duct

Eng.| Mohamed Saad

117
HVAC design Principle
 Supply duct system
Distributes air to the terminal units , diffusers in the
conditioned spaces

Duct systems:
Plenum system
Extended plenum system
Reducing Plenum system
Perimeter loop

Eng.| Mohamed Saad

118
HVAC design Principle
 Plenum system
Suited for a job where the room outlets are all close
to the unit

Eng.| Mohamed Saad

119
HVAC design Principle
 Extended plenum system
(Trunk duct System)
Can be applied to a long structure ,this system takes the
plenum closer to the farthest Point, low noise level
applications

Eng.| Mohamed Saad

120
HVAC design Principle
 Reducing plenum system
Reduce the trunk duct size as branch ducts are added
,Has the advantage of saving material and keeping the
same pressure from one end of the duct system to the
other

Eng.| Mohamed Saad

121
HVAC design Principle
 Perimeter loop system
Well suited for installation in a concrete floor in heating
application , Provides the same pressure to all outlets

Eng.| Mohamed Saad

122
HVAC design Principle
 Duct system combination

Metal trunk lines with round branch ducts

Metal trunk lines with flexible branch ducts
Duct board trunk lines with round metal branch duct
Duct board trunk lines with flexible branch duct
Round metal duct with round metal branch duct
round metal trunk lines with flexible branch duct

Eng.| Mohamed Saad

123
HVAC design Principle
Return duct

Eng.| Mohamed Saad

124
HVAC design Principle
 Fire damper
Installed in the return duct before air enter AHU.
To Prevent air return to AHU in case of fire

Eng.| Mohamed Saad

125
HVAC design Principle
Duct design

Eng.| Mohamed Saad

126
HVAC design Principle
Important notes
• Decrease duct length as possible as

• Decrease number of fittings and elbows to

decrease initial cost , and decrease pressure
drop to decrease running cost

Eng.| Mohamed Saad

127
HVAC design Principle
 Ducts types
Round Ducts Rectangular ducts

Low pressure drop High pressure drop

High initial cost because Low initial cost compared

high manufacturing cost with round ducts
and high insulation cost

Eng.| Mohamed Saad

128
HVAC design Principle
 Air duct design Consideration
We should consider the following parameter
when we design ducts

 Heat loss or gain through air ducts

 Maximum allowable aspect ratio
 Air friction loss
 Elbow and fitting used

Eng.| Mohamed Saad

129
HVAC design Principle
low velocity air duct system

V air =6-12 m/s

∆P=0.8 -1.5 Pa/m

High velocity air duct system

V air=12-30 m/s
∆P=3-5 Pa/m

Eng.| Mohamed Saad

130
HVAC design Principle
 Air duct design steps
• Building drawing
• Select Air duct system (plenum ,extended
plenum ,reduced plenum ,perimeter).
• Select air outlet positions (supply &return)
• Duct routing (single line)
• Identify Air flow in duct sections
• Find duct dimensions
• Find the total pressure drop to select the
proper fan section
Eng.| Mohamed Saad
131
HVAC design Principle
 Two methods to get duct dimension

• Constant friction method

‫ى‬

• Velocity

Eng.| Mohamed Saad

132
HVAC design Principle
Equal friction method

Eng.| Mohamed Saad

133
HVAC design Principle
Convert from round duct to
rectangular duct

Eng.| Mohamed Saad

134
HVAC design Principle
Duct sizer soft ware

Eng.| Mohamed Saad

135
HVAC design Principle
Duct thickness and duct Gauge

Eng.| Mohamed Saad

136
HVAC design Principle
 How to calculate
Metal Sheet weight
required for your project?
Duct Weight = 0.4 * (W+H) * t * L
Where:-
W = duct width (inch)
H = duct depth (inch)
t = duct thickness (mm)
L = duct length (m)

Eng.| Mohamed Saad

137
HVAC design Principle
 Thermal insulation
Using fiberglass material

Internal insulation thickness = 1 inch

External insulation thickness = 2 inch

Eng.| Mohamed Saad

138
HVAC design Principle
 Air fans
Provide the pressure difference to moves
the air through the duct system and
outlets with a proper velocity

Total pressure in duct system

=Static pressure + velocity pressure

Eng.| Mohamed Saad

139
HVAC design Principle
Eng.| Mohamed Saad
140
HVAC design Principle
 Air fans
Propeller fans Centrifugal fans
• Used in exhaust air • Desirable for
system. ductwork.
• Will handle large volumes • Builds more pressure
of air at
• low pressure differentials.
from the inlet to the
outlet.
• Makes noise and is used
where noise is not a • Very quiet when
factor. properly applied.
• Can be used in very
large high pressure
systems.
Eng.| Mohamed Saad
141
HVAC design Principle
 Fan type

Forward curved Backward curved Radial

Eng.| Mohamed Saad

142
HVAC design Principle
Direct drive motor assembly

Eng.| Mohamed Saad

143
HVAC design Principle
Belt driven assembly

Eng.| Mohamed Saad

144
HVAC design Principle
 Ventilation

Ventilation is to reduce high latent heat

CO2,contaminants and toxic gases in the
space by means of supplying fresh air to
keep the minimum permissible concentration
of each in the space. That to maintain a
healthy space

Eng.| Mohamed Saad

145
HVAC design Principle
Eng.| Mohamed Saad
146
HVAC design Principle
 Ventilation types
• Local ventilation (mechanical):
The ventilation spot at the point of harmful gases
generation using hoods . that to avoid the spread of
gases in the space (kitchen and workshops)

• Central ventilation (mechanical)

It is allow air change allover the space and not spotted
at the contaminate point (Garage and factories ).
The supply point is preferable to be lower than exhaust
air point
Eng.| Mohamed Saad
147
HVAC design Principle
 Ventilation types
Positive ventilation
Negative ventilation
Balanced ventilation

Eng.| Mohamed Saad

148
HVAC design Principle
Local ventilation (HOOD)
Negative Pressure

Eng.| Mohamed Saad

149
HVAC design Principle
 Air Filters
Air Filter types:
-washable filter (Aluminum mesh)
-Bag filter
-Box filter
-throwaway filter
-Pleated filter
-cartage filter

Eng.| Mohamed Saad

150
HVAC design Principle
Eng.| Mohamed Saad
151
HVAC design Principle
Eng.| Mohamed Saad
152
HVAC design Principle
Eng.| Mohamed Saad
153
HVAC design Principle
Eng.| Mohamed Saad
154
HVAC design Principle
 (MERV)
Minimum. Efficiency
Reporting. Value
ASHRAE standard 52.5

Eng.| Mohamed Saad

155
HVAC design Principle
 Typical applications for the major
MERV value ranges
 MERV 1 – 4
Minimum filtration, used almost exclusively in residential
buildings
 MERV 5 – 8
Most commercial applications and better residential buildings
 MERV 9 – 12
Superior residential buildings and better commercial buildings
 MERV 13 – 16
Hospital inpatient and general surgery; found in superior
commercial buildings
 MERV 17 – 20
Clean rooms and pharmaceutical manufacturing
Eng.| Mohamed Saad
156
HVAC design Principle
Eng.| Mohamed Saad
157
HVAC design Principle
Eng.| Mohamed Saad
158
HVAC design Principle
How to get pressure drop in Air filter

Eng.| Mohamed Saad

159
HVAC design Principle
 Air condition
System efficiency

Eng.| Mohamed Saad

160
HVAC design Principle
Coefficient of Performance -
COP
The Coefficient of Performance - COP - is the
basic parameter used to report efficiency of
refrigerant based systems.
The Coefficient of Performance - COP - is the ratio
between useful energy acquired and energy
applied and can be expressed as
COP = Eu / Ea
where
 COP = coefficient of performance
 Eu = useful energy acquired
 Ea = energy applied

Eng.| Mohamed Saad

161
HVAC design Principle
COP can be used to define both cooling
efficiencies or heating efficiencies
Cooling - COP is defined as the ratio of of heat
removal to energy input to the compressor
Heating - COP is defined as the ratio of heat
delivered to energy input to the compressor
higher COP - more efficient system
COP can be treated as an efficiency
where COP of 2.00 = 200% efficiency.

Eng.| Mohamed Saad

162
HVAC design Principle
 Energy Efficiency Ratio
EER
The Energy Efficiency Ratio - EER - is a term
generally used to define cooling efficiencies of
unitary air-conditioning and heat pump
systems.
The efficiency is determined at a single rated
condition specified by an appropriate
equipment standard and is defined as the
ratio of net cooling capacity - or heat removed
in Btu/h - to the total input rate of electric
power applied - in Watts. The units
of EER are Btu/Wh.
Eng.| Mohamed Saad
163
HVAC design Principle
 EER = Ec / Pa
where
• EER = energy efficient ratio (Btu/Wh)
• Ec = net cooling capacity (Btu/h)
• Pa = applied electrical power (Watts)
 This efficiency term typically includes the energy
requirement of auxiliary systems such as the
indoor and outdoor fans.
• higher EER - more efficient system
•
Eng.| Mohamed Saad
164
HVAC design Principle
 BMS

All buildings have mechanical and electrical service .

These services need to be controlled
By some means (BMS) in order to ensure comfort
conditions

Eng.| Mohamed Saad

165
HVAC design Principle
BMS functions

Central controlling facilities

Automatically control various operation
Manage and coordinate various systems
Provides a comfortable conditions in efficient way
.System to be controlled (lighting ,fire fighting
,Smoke management ,HVAC, audio-visual and
attendance reporting

Eng.| Mohamed Saad

166
HVAC design Principle
 BMS
Smoke management is to pressurize the staircase and
escape paths and exhaust the smoke from the required
space

In case of fire elevators have to be stopped and

direction signs should be operate

In case of electric shutdown, the backup system has to

operate the system partially with minimum hazardous
requirements
Eng.| Mohamed Saad
167
HVAC design Principle