TOPIC:- Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs)
Presented By:- Akshay Singh
Roll No.:- RB2702B37
Reg No.:- 3070070014
Sec:- B2702
What is an UAV…???
An UAV is an aircraft that flies without a human crew on
broad the aircraft..!!!
UAVs are also known as Remotely Piloted Vehicles
(RVP).
Sometimes they are also self piloted which have
“Artificial Intelligence” inducted into them, so as to
enable them to take decisions according to the
conditions..!!
Introduction Continued..!!!
An UAV can essentially be considered as “Robot plane”
that is operated to Ground Control System (GCS).
A GCS comprises of a flight control system and GPS for
navigating the robot.
Basically components of an UAV are payload, an engine,
flying control electronics and GCS.
A little from the History of UAVs..!!
The very first UAV was “Aerial Target” developed by [Link].
Then first remotely controlled aircraft was designed after the First World War
and it was named Hewitt-Sperry Automatic Airplane.
Then their real use came during the Second World War. During that period
these unmanned vehicles were used to train the antiaircraft gunners.
With the advent of jet engine the scenario changed and
companies like Beechcraft came into existence that build UAV for the US Navy.
Earlier these types of system were implied in ballistic missiles.
Some earlier operationalV1UAVs ..!!
Raythe units
“Flying on
Bomb” Tomah
1944 – awk
45 1983 -
present
Max 656 880 kph
speed
Max 850 454 kg
payload
Max 330 1,104 km
payload
Wingsp 5.3 2.67 m
an
Classification of UAVs..!!!
Basically UAVs are divided into six functional categories.
Target and decoy-: providing ground and aerial gunnery a
target that simulates an enemy aircraft or missile
Reconnaissance-: providing battlefield intelligence
Combat-: providing attack capability for high-risk
missions
Logistics-: UAVs specifically designed for cargo and
logistics operation
Research and development-: used to further develop
UAV technologies to be integrated into field deployed UAV
aircraft
Civil and Commercial UAVs-: UAVs specifically designed
for civil and commercial applications
Functions performed by
UAVs….
Remote Sensing:- Sensing for an UAV includes EM-spectrum
sensing, biological sensing and chemical sensing.
Transport:- UAVs can be used to transport goods using various
means based on their configuration.
Scientific research:- Unmanned aircraft are uniquely capable of
penetrating areas which may be too dangerous for piloted craft.
Armed attacks:- UAVs can be armed with destructive equipments
Search and rescue:- UAVs will likely play an increased role in
search and rescue. The first use of UAV was seen in 2008 when US
was struck by hurricanes in Louisiana and Texas.
Targeting system of an UAV..!!!
Engines used in UAVs…!!!
Engines used for making an functional
UAVs are simple two stroke or four stroke
that are used in normal vehicles such as
scooters and bikes..!!!!!
Parameter 2 4 units
stroke stroke
power per cc engine 76 73 Watts
capacity / cc
power-to-weight ratio 2.893 1.727 kWatt
s / kg
engine efficiency 0.654 0.813 J / cc
J/ccfam
noise level high low
vibration level high low
Some Engines used in UAVs..!!!
These are two types of
engines used in UAVs.
The first one is a two
stroke engine which is
generally used to power a
scooter and the second is
a four stroke engine used
in bikes..!!!
UAVs need high data spaces for processing
which is problematic..!!
The UAVs used for survey or
spying purposes require a lot
of data storage and processing.
The end product of the UAV
survey work has to be an accurate, high resolution,
multi-layer image / map, from which the user, or, a
computer system, can infer sub-surface geological
features, from the selective superposition of the
available images and maps.
System Performance over the years..!!
UAVs in India..!!!
In India UAVs are only
used by the Indian Army.
India is one of those
countries which has the
highest number of
operational UAVs.
India has more than 400 UAVs that are operational.
Colleges like Delhi College of Engineering (DCE) are
conducting researches on UAVs.
An RCV designed by students of DCE..!!
Example of an UAV- MQ-1 Predator.
The most common UAV that is used is
MQ-1 Predator. It is used by US army
and they call it as MALE type UAV.
MALE is an abbreviation for Medium
Altitude Long Endurance UAV. MQ-1 Predator is instead a fully
operational system rather than a simple aircraft. It consists of
four air vehicle all equipped with sensors, a ground control
system (GCS) and a Predator primary satellite link
communication suite.
In its name M designates “multi-role” and Q designates an
Unmanned Aircraft System whereas “1” describes it as being
the first of a series of aircraft systems.
Communication System..!!
The Predator air vehicle and sensors are controlled from the
ground station via a C-band line-of-sight data link or a K-
band satellite data link for beyond-line-of-sight operations.
The of MQ-1 Predator is a pilot and two sensor operators in
the GCS.
This aircraft is equipped with AN/AAS-52 Multi-spectral
Targeting System, a color nose camera , a variable aperture
day-TV camera and a variable aperture infrared camera . In
some cases they are also equipped with a RADAR and arms
for battle fields.
Its specifications.!!
Length: 27 ft (8.22 m)
Wingspan: 48.7 ft (14.8 m (dependent on block of aircraft))
Height: 6.9 ft (2.1 m)
Wing area: 123.3 sq ft (11.5 m²)
Empty weight: 1,130 lb (512 kg)
Loaded weight: 2,250 lb (1,020 kg)
Max takeoff weight: 2,250 lb (1,020 kg)
Power plant: 1× Rotax 914F turbocharged Four-cylinder engine, 115 hp (86 kW)
Maximum speed: 135 mph (117 knots, 217 km/h)
Cruise speed: 81–103 mph (70–90 knots, 130–165 km/h)
Stall speed: 62 mph (54 knots (dependent on weight of aircraft), 100 km/h)
Range: >2,000 nm(3,704 km, 2,302 miles)
Service ceiling: 25,000 ft (7,620 m)
2 hardpoints:-2 × AGM-114 Hellfire (MQ-1B) and 2 × AIM-92 Stinger (unknown
number) (MQ-1B)
Some other examples of UAVs…!!
SR200 VLOT UAV:-
Features:
121cc 8.7 HP Gasoline 2-stroke Engine
up to 20kg /50 lbs Payload Capacity
WAAS differential included
Ready-to-Fly
Safety/Manual Aircraft Controller & Transmitter
802.11-based Telemetry System
Stable hover (Patent Pending)
SR20 Electric VTOL UAV
Features:-
Electric Propulsion Motor
up to 10lbs Payload Capacity
WAAS differential included
Ready-to-Fly Autonomous
Safety/Manual Aircraft Controller & Transmitter
802.11-based Telemetry System
Stable hover (Patent Pending)
25 Knots Top Speed
Low maintenance costs
Applications
of UAVs..!!!
WHY UAV..???
An UAV is more advantageous than a manned aircraft.
Some of these are:-
The UA can fly day-after-day, night-after-night, in dangerous weather conditions,
for up to 30 hours at a time, on an accurate flight path, under computer control.
Since Unmanned Aircraft can follow a precise flight path, they can fly close to each
other to complete a survey in far less time than would be required for a manned
aircraft.
An advantage in using several Unmanned Aircraft is that an UA that develops a
fault in any of its systems can be replaced by a back-up UA, ensuring the assigned
task is always completed on time. Several Unmanned Aircraft can also measure
data in the same location in a survey, to provide quality data, by removing any
instrument drift or errors.
It can fly safely at low altitudes, enabling high resolution aeromagnetic mapping.
Network Centric approach in which data from each UA in flight updates a server
computer in real time, allowing users to view the latest information, via the
Internet.
Issues involving UAVs..!!
Safety:- Since no pilot is there, what will happen if there is a technical
failure in the flight. If there loss of communication link then how it will
avoid mid air collisions.
Reliability:- As a rule of thumb, reliability is related to the cost of the
aircraft. The UAV is less expensive than a manned aircraft, so, it may be
less reliable. Its consequences can be disastrous as it can lead to a crash.
Integration in Air Traffic Control Systems:- How can UAVs be
integrated in established commercial and military Air Traffic Control
Systems? How can the Control Tower give flight instructions to the
non-existent pilot in a UAV?
Flight automation:- Can the operation of the UAV be de-skilled, since
the pilot is no longer required? In fact, could the UAV take off, flight
and landing be managed entirely by computer (i.e. automated flight),
leaving the only human intervention the servicing of the UAV?
The End..!!!!
Any Queries….??????
