FROM
RAM KRISHNA SHARMA
B.TECH (7TH SEM)
ELECTRONICS AND COMMU.
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INTODUCTION
• In Dec 2003 Microsoft was awarded US
Patent 6,754,472, which bears the title:
Method and apparatus for transmitting
power and data using the human body.
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• In this Microsoft is using the skin's own
conductive properties to transmit the data
needed & thus forming network called
PAN.
• According to the patent the body could
generate the power needed to run its
various attached devices in a similar way
to self-winding watches.
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WIRELESS NETWORKS
There are four types of wireless networks,
classified by the amount of coverage they
provide.
• Wireless Area Network (WAN).
• Local Area Network (LAN).
• Personal Area Network (PAN).
• Body Area Network (BAN).
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PERSONALISE AREA NETWORK.HOW
DID THEY COME IN EXISTENCE?
• The development of PAN grew out of a
meeting between Professor Mike Hawley's
and Professor Neil Gershenfeld's at the
MIT Media Laboratory.
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• They realized that, by modulation, the
electric field being used for position-
sensing data could be sent through a
body.
• In 1996, IBM has already demonstrated
that data can be transmitted through the
human body, as well as between
individuals.
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STATE OF THE TECHNOLOGY
• A PAN prototype has been developed to
demonstrate the digital exchange of data
through a human body using battery-
powered low-cost electronic circuitry.
• The detector is a current amp (gain =
106) followed by an analog bipolar
chopper controlled by a digital
microcontroller.
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USING THE BODY,
AS A COMMUNICATION MEDIUM !
HOW IS THIS POSSIBLE?
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PASSING ELECTRIC CURRENTS
THROUGH THE BODY:
SCARY THOUGHT, ISN’T IT ?
BUT, NO NEED TO WORRY ABOUT
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• Electric currents are flowing through our body
all the time - our nerves, senses and thought
patterns all hinge on delicate electric
transmissions.
• The current used in PANs is one-billionth of an
amp (i.e. a nano amp) - lower than the
electrical current that flows naturally through
our body.
• Every time we comb our hair, we are creating
1,000 times more electrical charge than a PAN
connection.
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DATA TRANSMISSION SPEEDS
• Theoretically PAN devices can
communicate at 417 Kilo bits per second,
if a robust SNR of 10db is assumed. The
PAN transceiver prototype implements a
modest 2400 bits-per-second modem.
• PAN devices may deliver channel
capacities of 100 Kilo bits per second.
Data compression will also increase the
effective capacity of a PAN communication
channel.
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POWER AND SECURITY
• PAN devices working at low frequency and
low power ensure that the signal can not
propagate very far beyond the body.
• Thus, only devices worn by the user, or by
people or devices in direct contact with
the user, could detect it.
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• PAN devices 25 to 80 millimeters long
require a carrier of several giga hertz for
efficient transmission.
• Since the energy consumed by electronic
components increases with frequency,
therefore PAN communication can take
place at very low frequencies (0.1 to 1
megahertz), that can be generated
directly from inexpensive microcontrollers.
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PAN DEVICES
• Any device we carry around can potentially
act as a PAN device. Our watch, pager,
mobile phone, PDA, identification badge,
credit card and even our shoe.
• Our watch can be a natural choice of a
display. Our PDA can act as a storage
point. Our mobile phone/ pager can act as
an interface medium to the outside world.
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APPLICATIONS OF THE
TECHNOLOGY
• Now in order to exchange business cards
between two persons we just need to shake
hands.
• In case of medical emergencies the doctors can
immediately access all our medical information
at the touch of a finger.
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• We can transfer information between all sorts
of electronic devices: cellular phones, pagers,
personal digital assistants (PDAs) and smart
cards. For instance, when someone sends us a
telephone number on our pager, we can
transfer that number automatically to our
cellular phone.
• Homework assignments, grades, shopping lists,
and reminders can automatically exchanged
among family members at the dinner table.
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• No problem of synching the address books of
PDAs, mobile phone etc. This can be done
seamlessly over PAN.
• If we want to make a long distance call using our
pre-paid card. We don't have to key in our PIN
first. The phone can sense our PIN as soon as we
touch the key pad. The PIN is transferred securely
from our pre-paid card in our pocket to the phone
by a simple touch.
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• When we reach our house in the evening
the door could open immediately when we
touch the door knob. An identification
code could flow from our body to the door
knob and on authentication it could open.
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A CLARIFICATION !
• Personal area networks (PAN) actually
refers using a near field electric field to
send data across various devices using the
body as a medium.
• PAN should not be confused with
networks formed using Bluetooth
technology. Bluetooth is a far field radio
technology enabling communication
between devices in the ISM band.
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ISSUE AND CONCERNS
• The biggest issue is security. This
increases the risk of transferring data
accidentally if we bump into somebody.
• It is convenient to transfer ATM code into
the teller machine, but the same should
not happen if someone touches us while
doing so. So, a lot of work on encryption
techniques has to be yet done. 21
USING THE BODY TO TRANSFER
POWER
• Recently it was demonstrated that using
the body, we cannot only transfer data
between devices but power as well.
• A device can be put into the shoe which
can convert the mechanical energy
generated while walking into electrical
power which can be transmitted through
body to some device which can use this to
power its operations. 22
HOW IS THIS POSSIBLE?
• It has been shown that under reasonable
conditions, an available power of 200mW
at 1.0 MHz applied at one hand leads to
the recovery of around 20mW of rectified,
filtered DC power at one foot.
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• The human body is used as a conductive
medium, e.g., a bus, over which power
and/or data is distributed.
• Power is distributed by coupling a power
source to the human body via a first set of
electrodes. One or more devices to be
powered, e.g., peripheral devices, are also
coupled to the human body via additional
sets of electrodes. The devices may be,
e.g., a speaker, display, watch, keyboard,
etc. 24
EXPANDING THE HORIZONS OF
PANS
• Just as networking between devices open
up a wide spectrum of applications,
networking of networks can expand the
horizons considerably.
• Whereas a PAN is limited to the
communication between devices we are
carrying or we are in contact with, using
technologies like Bluetooth our body
network can connect to the outside world.
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• Consider an example of getting a message
paged on cell phone.
• The message is sent over to the watch
using PAN.
• If our watch is Bluetooth-enabled and we
are sitting in our office in front of our
desktop computer, our watch could send
this message over to our PC instantly and
we could see the message in a pop-up
window on our monitor screen.
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CONCLUSION
1. The technology is in prototyping stage
today and most of the work has been done in
the lower layers aiming to make transmissions
over body work efficiently and reliably.
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2. Lots of work needs to be done at the
higher layers relating to issues like
security, authentication and reliability.
Also, the sensitivity and bit rate must be
increased. PAN should be further studied
and quantified in order to be more
practical.
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CITED REFERENCES
• Electronics For You magazine
(September 2004) page-32.
• www.wirelessdevnet. com
• www.upsto.gov
• www.microsoft.com
• www.guardian.co.uk
• www.ban.fraunhofer.de
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MAKE CLEAR THE THINGS, IF YOU HAVE.
QUESTIONS ?
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THANKS TO YOU ALL
PLEASE MAIL FOR ANY INFORMATION RELATED TO THE TOPIC ON
ramkrishna.tp@gmail.com
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