PASSIVE RADAR
SYSTEMS
PRESENTATION BY:
SHARANYA KRISHNAMURTHY
&
CHARITHA SHETTY M
DATE:14/01/2020
INTRODUCTION
• Major differences between Active and Passive RADAR systems are
1. The location of Tx and Rx.
2. Source of illumination.
• Bistatic radar is a radar system where TX and RX are separated by a
distance comparable to the expected target distance.
• A radar in which the transmitter and receiver are collocated is called
a monostatic radar.
• A system containing multiple spatially diverse monostatic radar or
bistatic radar components with a shared area of coverage is
called multistatic radar.
PAPER 1: PASSIVE BISTATIC RADAR AND WAVEFORM
DIVERSITY
H.D. GRIFFITHS
• Nature of waveforms of illuminators
• Broadcast, communications & radio navigation transmissions.
• Studies the effect of waveform on the performance of PBR.
PBR using FM Radio signal as illuminator.
• Broadcast receivers have poor NF, inefficient antennas and sited in
poor locations. Tens of dB link margin is needed to achieve full
coverage favorable to Passive Radar Designer.
• PBR receivers operating in urban areas will be within range of 4-5 Tx
reasonable coverage of aircraft targets (both bistatic and
multistatic).
(PAPER 1 CONTD.)
• Littoral regions Broadcast Tx sited inland to maximize their
coverage of land.
• Mountainous coastal region blockage that extended coverage
out to sea is not achieved topographic maps used to evaluate the
available coverage.
• Over the ocean atmospheric and precipitation losses usually
ignored at VHF and UHF frequencies but multipath or the ‘Lloyd’s
mirror’ effect can cause deep nulls in the receiver’s antenna pattern.
• Coverage in the littoral region against low-altitude targets may not
be complete.
(PAPER 1 CONTD.)
• Ambiguity performance of FM transmissions depends on
instantaneous modulation spectral content of the modulation &
how it varies with time.
• narrowest ambiguity function peak best range resolution.
• The paper concludes with two ideas that need to be explored:
1. dynamic selection of illumination sources, based on instantaneous
modulation and bistatic geometry
2. the use of spectral interpolation to realize high range resolution
from multiple channels from a single transmitter
PAPER 2: MULTISTATIC PASSIVE RADAR GEOMETRY
OPTIMIZATION FOR TARGET 3D POSITIONING ACCURACY
FRANCESCA GUMIERO, CINZIA NUCCIARONE, VALERIA
ANASTASIO, PIERFRANCESCO LOMBARDO, FABIOLA COLONE
• Design procedure for a multistatic PR performance optimization in
terms of 3D positioning accuracy.
• Air traffic control scenario en-route flight and approach path
• Guides the designer to select the geometry that maximizes the 3D
target positioning accuracy.
• Multistatic PR with 2-3 Tx & 1 Rx localize targets with positioning
accuracy comparable to conventional air traffic control systems.
• System is able to estimate target 2D position with good accuracy.
• Poor performances in terms of target altitude estimation.
• Using an a priori value for target altitude approach allows measuring
target position based on two bistatic couples.
PAPER 3: ALGORITHM FOR TARGET TRACKING USING
PASSIVE RADAR
MATEUSZ MALANOWSKI
• Problem of target tracking in passive radar is addressed.
• Passive radar measures bistatic range & bistatic velocity.
• Two stage tracking algorithm is to convert the bistatic measurements
into Cartesian coordinates + target localization algorithm to initialize
Cartesian tracks from bistatic measurements.
• Real data obtained from an FM-based passive radar “PaRaDe”
(Warsaw University of Technology).
(PAPER 3
CONTD.)
Tracking algorithm
• The combination of
bistatic and Cartesian
tracker enhances the
localization accuracy
and mitigates the ghost
target phenomenon.
• Future work using the
information about the
direction of arrival
• using more than 3
transmitters and
multiple receivers.
PAPER 4: PASSIVE COHERENT LOCATION RADAR SYSTEMS: PERFORMANCE
PREDICTION
H.D. GRIFFITHS AND C.J. BAKER
• In this paper, the bistatic form of the radar range equation
specifically tailored to PCL systems is developed.
• Realistic examples are used to examine and compare variations in
sensitivity and coverage for three candidate transmitters of
opportunity. These are analogue FM radio, cellular phone base
stations and digital audio broadcast (DAB).
• Performance predictions is done for three ‘straw man’ systems,
attempting to show the likely achievable performance and to identify
critical factors. The systems considered are the examples
mentioned. In each case, an omnidirectional receiver antenna, a
target RCS of 1 m2, a noise figure of 25 dB, losses of 5 dB and 0.1s
integration time are assumed for performance prediction.
(PAPER 4 CONTD.)
• Bistatic Radar Equation
• The effective receiver bandwidth B is of the directly received signal.
This bandwidth is subject to the processing gain owing to coherent
integration, which in turn depends on the time for which the target
echoes remain coherent. A rule of thumb for the maximum value of
the coherent processing gain is given by,
(PAPER 4 CONTD.)
• The below equation predicts the coverage around the transmitter
and receiver in the form of the well known Ovals of Cassini (loci
corresponding to r1,r2 = constant). This is the form of the bistatic
radar equation that is used to predict the performance for differing
illuminators of opportunity.
REFERENCES
1. H.D. Griffiths, “ Passive Bistatic Radar And Waveform Diversity”,
RTO-EN-SET-119(2009).
2. Francesca Gumiero, Cinzia Nucciarone, Valeria Anastasio,
Pierfrancesco Lombardo, Fabiola Colone, “ Multistatic Passive Radar
Geometry Optimization for Target 3D Positioning Accuracy”,
Proceedings of the 7th European Radar Conference, October 2010.
3. Mateusz Malanowski, “Algorithm for Target Tracking Using Passive
Radar”, INTL JOURNAL OF ELECTRONICS AND
TELECOMMUNICATIONS, 2012, Vol. 58, NO. 4, PP. 345–350.
4. H.D. Griffiths and C.J. Baker , “Passive coherent location radar
systems: Performance prediction”, IEE Proc.-Radar Sonar Navig.,
Vol. 152, No. 3, June 2005.
