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PMBOK®
Fourth Edition
CHAPTER 2
PROJECT LIFE CYCLE AND ORGANIZATION
Introduction
Organization
Project
The last product life cycle phase for a product is generally the
product’s retirement.
Project life cycles occur in one or more phases of a product life
cycle.
Care should be taken to distinguish the project life cycle from the
product life cycle.
All projects have a purpose or objective, but in those cases where
the objective is a service or result, there may be a life cycle for the
service or result, not a product life cycle.
2.1 The Project Life Cycle - Overview
Examples:
When the output of the project is related to a product, there are many
possible relationships.
For instance, the development of a new product could be a project
on its own.
Alternatively, an existing product might benefit from a project to
add new functions or features, or a project might be created to
develop a new model.
Many facets of the product life cycle lend themselves to being run
as projects, for example, performing a feasibility study, conducting
market research, running an advertising campaign, installing a
product, holding focus groups, conducting a product trial in a test
market, etc. In each of these examples, the project life cycle would
differ from the product life cycle.
2.1 The Project Life Cycle - Overview
Additional Efficiencies through Program Management:
Since one product may have many projects associated with it,
additional efficiencies may be gained by managing all related
projects collectively. [Possibility, not mandatory]
PROJECT PHASES
2.1 The Project Life Cycle - Overview
What are project phases?
Project phases are divisions within a project where extra control is
needed to effectively manage the completion of a major
deliverable.
Key Concepts:
Project phases are typically completed sequentially, but can overlap
in some project situations.
Similarity No. 3
The primary deliverable or objective of the phase requires an
extra degree of control to be successfully achieved.
Some will have only one phase. Other projects may have many
phases.
An overlapping relationship
An iterative relationship
2.1 The Project Life Cycle - Overview
Sequential Phase Relationship:
A sequential relationship, where a phase can only start once the
previous phase is complete.
OPERATIONS work.
Operations work does not terminate when its current objectives are
met but instead follow new directions to support the organization’s
strategic plans.
2.2 Projects vs Operational Work
Operations work supports the business environment where projects are
executed.
Examples of these types of projects can include, but are not limited to:
Developing a new product or service that is added to an
organization’s product line to be marketed and sold,
Installing products or services that will require ongoing support,
PMBOK®
Fourth Edition
CHAPTER 2
PROJECT LIFE CYCLE AND ORGANIZATION
STAKEHOLDERS
2.3 Stakeholders
Definition:
Stakeholders are
persons or organizations who are actively involved in the project
or
whose interests may be positively or negatively affected
by the performance or completion of the project.
sponsors
the public
2.3 Stakeholders
Exert influence on the project, its deliverables, and the project team
members.
Operations Management
Functional Managers
2.3 Stakeholders
Stakeholders Responsibility and Authority:
It can be difficult.
An organization’s
degree of project management maturity and
its project management systems
can also influence the project.
Projectized Structure
2.4 Organizational Influences on Project Management
2.4 Organizational Influences on Project Management
Functional Organization: Key Points
Each employee has one clear superior [Unity of Command]
Advantages Disadvantages
Highly visible project objectives Extra administration is required
Improved project manager control More than one boss for project teams
over resources
More support from functional areas More complex to monitor and control
Maximum utilization of scarce Tougher problems with resource
resources allocation
Better coordination Need extensive policies and procedures
Better horizontal and vertical Functional manager may have different
dissemination of information priorities than project managers
Team members maintain a “home” Higher potential for conflict
2.4 Organizational Influences on Project Management
2.4 Organizational Influences on Project Management
Weak Matrix Organization: Key Points
Maintain many of the characteristics of a functional organization
Key Points:
Updating and adding to the organizational process assets is
necessary throughout the project
Generally, is the responsibility of the project team members.
2.4 Organizational Influences on Project Management
Categorization:
Organizational process assets may be grouped into two categories: