Welhead

Flowline
Manifold and satellite
CPF
GTP
PIPING and pigging
VALVE
AP
Producer well operation

• Reservoirs
• An oil or gas reservoir is a porous rock formation

• The oil, gas, and water trapped in these reservoirs have been compressed and
heated over millions of years

• In the reservoir, the fluids may separate out

according to their different densities, with the gas
rising above the oil and the water settling below the oil.

 
Producer well operation
• Reservoirs
• Gas Drive Reservoirs
There are two types of gas drive
reservoirs:
• Dissolved gas drive: the reservoir gas is held in solution
in oil.  Gas that is held in solution is compressed into
a liquid state.
• Gas-cap drive: production occurs from separated gas above the oil.
Reservoir pressure gradually falls as production continues.
• Water Drive Reservoirs
• They occur when water (under the oil) pressure is great enough to cause flow
  • The water lies beneath the oil because it has a greater density
• The pressure of the water forces the oil up the reservoir and through the
well-bore 
Production Well

• It mainly serves to bring back the effluent (mixture of hydrocarbons and

water) from the reservoir to the surface installations where it will later
be treated to answer to commercial specifications.

• The reservoir pressure as well as its temperature will determine the type
of well (activated or not) and its dimensioning.

• A well bore will make an opening in the reservoir towards the surface of
the earth. In many cases, the fluids will flow to the surface when the
reservoir is opened.

• A flowing well is a well where the fluids rise solely through the pressure
already existing in the reservoir.
Injector wells

Actually, during the extraction of hydrocarbons, the reservoir will deplete

(decrease in pressure); another effluent (water, gas) must then be re-
injected in order to preserve the reservoir pressure (Pres) or to, at least,
slow down its decrease, so that a maximum of hydrocarbons may be
recovered. To do this injector wells will be used.

There are two common types of injection: gas and water.

• It is possible to re-use gas derived from the separation.

• Gas injection is carried out in the upper sections of the reservoir.
• Water injection is carried out in the lower sections of the reservoir.
 What does a well consist of?

A well consists of two elementary subsets which are:

• The BOTTOM HOLE equipment (casings,completion)

• The SURFACE equipment (wellhead, christmas tree)
 Wellhead and Christmas tree
A Christmas tree consists of, at least, the following units:
• Lower Master Valve
• Upper Master Valve
• SWAB valve
• Wing Valve
• Choke
Swab Valve
This valve is situated on top of the Christmas tree and allows vertical
access to the inside of the well. This valve is normally closed.

Wing Valve
There can be one or two Wing Valves. The Wing Valve is used to start
or stop the effluent flow from the well to production. It may be
manually operated or equipped with control gear. This gear operates
in the same way as that on the SSV
Valves https://
www.youtube.com/watch?v=RdXeKwHlhqc&list=PLgSGqmAybhwco-ZamJDHFB3JZu
VA-ZiX6&index=4

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BKuUVDkhFnc
Dehydration: GTP
• Treat to obtain hydrocarbons which meet the specifications.
• Prevent hydrate formation. Hydrate formation: Crystal structures
with a set geometry that require the presence of water and
components present in hydrocarbons, for their formation.
Hydrates are a major problem in the production and transport of
natural gas because it leads to blocking of the pipes and
equipment, production shutdown and risks of overpressure in
the installations.
How do they form?
• Presence of liquid water. Example: liquid water released by the
gas during a change in the pressure or temperature conditions
• Presence of light hydrocarbons. Only the first four hydrocarbons
(methane, ethane, propane, butane) are likely to form hydrates
in presence of liquid water (risk of hydrates in the presence of
CO2 or d’H2S)
• Favourable conditions: temperature and pressure. Hydrate
formation conditions: pressure must be sufficiently high and its
temperature sufficiently low.
Dehydration by glycol absorption

• The glycol absorbs water

• The gas circulates from
bottom to top
• The regenerated glycol is injected at the top
of the absorber

Dehydration by adsorption

Molecular sieves: These consist of zeolite crystals

Sweetening

• Definitions:

• Raw gas: natural gas with H2S and CO2

• Desulphurised gas: Natural gas from which the H2S and CO2 have been removed
• Acid (or sour) gas: Any gas which form an acid when mixed with water
• Deacidification (or gas sweetening): Process whereby the acid gas is removed from
the raw gas
• Amine: General name given to chemicals used to absorb acid gas in raw gas.
• Absorption: Taking a fluid from another fluid e.g. H2S and CO2 absorbed in the
amine solution
• Regeneration: Restoring the fluid absorbed in chemical absorption
• Amine concentration: Quantity of amine contained in the water / amine solution
(mixture)
Sweetening by Amine deacidification

Use of an amine solution to sweeten the raw gas

• At a low temperature and a high pressure, the amine reacts with the H2S and the CO2
and easily absorbs these gases (absorption).

• At a high temperature and a low pressure, the H2S and the CO2 can easily be separated
from the amine (regeneration).
 Valves

Isolating valves Regulating valves Check valves

This is used to control the flow. Usually for It is used for regulating A non-return valve allows a medium
maintenance or safety purposes. pressure and flow rate. to flow in only one direction.
It is installed within a property is required to
be in an accessible location.
 Isolating valves
Name Symbol Picture Specification

Gate valves are characterized by

a “gate” that closes in a plane
Gate valve perpendicular to the flow of fluid.
In addition to on/off service, gate The closing mechanism is
valves can be used for regulating a disk that rotates
Butterfly
flow. valve
Ball valves are designed with a
ball inside the valve. A ball valve
is a form of quarter-turn valve
Ball valve
which uses a hollow, perforated
Pinch valve is a full bore type of
and pivoting ball (called a
control valve which uses a
“floating ball”) to control flow
through it. pinching effect to obstruct fluid
Pinch valve flow.
Plug valves are valves with
cylindrical or conically tapered
"plugs" which can be rotated
inside the valve body.
Plug valve
A piston valve is a device used to
control the motion of a fluid
along a tube or pipe by means of
Piston the linear motion of a piston
valve
The diaphragm is connected to a within a chamber or cylinder.
compressor by a stud molded
into the diaphragm. To start or
Diaphragm increase flow the compressor is
valve
moved up by the valve stem. To
stop or slow flow, the compressor
is lowered and the diaphragm is
pressed against the bottom of the
valve.
 Regulating valves

Name Symbol Picture Specification

A globe valve may have ports that

run straight across, or may be
pointed at an angle. This type of
angled supply valve is commonly
Globe valve
used for corrosive or thick,
viscous fluids that tend to solidify.
it can be used for throttling
purpose.
A needle valve has a relatively
small orifice with a long, tapered
seat, and a needle-shaped
Needle plunger on the end of a screw,
valve
which exactly fits the seat.
 Check valves
Name Symbol Picture Specification
A swing check valve is
mounted with a disc that
swings on a hinge or
Swing check shaft. The disc swings
valve off the seat to allow forward
flow and when the flow is
stopped, the disc swings
back onto the seat to block
reverse flow.

These valves function in the

same way as swing check
valves, but they have a spring
to stay closed when there is
Spring check no flow in the correct direction.
valve That means that as
soon as fluid stops flowing
through, the valve claps shut.
 The piping

The piping or pipe is the network unit which permits transport of a fluid from one
equipment to another.

The various transported fluids can be incompressible (liquid), compressible (gas), under
high pressure or mixed (liquid/gas …)

How are they transported:

• Difference in pressure between an upstream and a downstream equipment
• Pumps for the liquids
• Compressor for the gasses
• By gravity flow
Difference between piping and pipelines
Pipelines
 Series of straight pipe welded
together for a long distance
 Underground, above ground
 Design in accordance with ASME B31.4,
ASME B31.8
Piping
 Complex network of pipe & fittings within
the defined boundaries of the plant
 Mostly above ground
 ASME B31.3 , ASME B31.1
Pipe Nominal size and Schedule
 Nominal Pipe Size (NPS) : Pipe sizes (NPS) 1⁄8” through 12” have an outside
diameter greater than its nominal pipe size, whereas pipe sizes 14” and above
have an outside diameter equal to its nominal pipe size.

 Schedule Number
Pipe Schedule is the term used to describe the thickness of a pipe.
Identification

The class is identified by a code, composed of: 1 letter and 3 numbers

Example : B 511
• B: class = 150
• 51: liquid or hardly corrosive gas hydrocarbons
• 1: corrosion thickness = 1.5 mm

A B C D E F G 0 1 2 3
125 150 300 600 900 1500 2500 0 mm 1.5 mm 3 mm 6 mm

The classes Corrosion thicknesses

Pipe Joining methods

 Methods of joining pipe

There are several methods of joining pipes and fittings. The most common methods
used are:
Pipe fittings
Pipe Elbow

90 Degree Elbow Pipe Long Radius Elbow

45 Degree Elbow Pipe

.

Short Radius Elbow

Reducing Elbow
Pipe Tee
Pipe tee is used for distributing or collecting the fluid from the run pipe.

Straight Tee
The diameter of the branch Wye/ Lateral Tee
is same as the diameter of Wye tee allows one pipe to
the Run (Header) Pipe. be joined to another at a
45° angle.

Reducing Tee
In reducing tee, diameter Cross
of the branch size is Cross is also known as four-
smaller than the diameter way pipe fitting. A cross has
of the Run (Header) Pipe one inlet and three outlets
(or vice versa).
Pipe Reducers
A pipe reducer changes the size of the pipe. There are two types of reducer used in piping Concentric &
Eccentric.

Concentric Eccentric
Reducer Reducer
Fittings Ends

Socket Weld Elbow Socket Weld Cross

Threaded Pipe
Fittings
Flanges

There are variety of flanges available to suit the requirements. Flanged can be
classified in several alternate ways as follows:

• Based on Pressure Temperature Ratings

• Based on Types of Connection
• Based on Flange facing Types
• Based on Material Types
Service Rating
 Flanges are sized according to pressure ratings established by the American Society of
Mechanical Engineers (ASME).
 Higher the rating, heavier the flange and can withstand higher pressure and temperature..
Corresponding characteristics
Flange Facing Types

Flat Face (FF) Raised Face (RF) Ring Joint Type Face (RTJ)
Types of Connection
Weld Neck Flanges
Known for its strength and
resistance to dishing, the weld
neck flange is manufactured
with a long tapered
hub.
Slip-On Flanges
Slip-On flange has a hole
with matching outside
diameter of pipe from which
pipe can pass, and they are
suitable for low pressure and
temperature application
Lap Joint Flanges
Lap flange is having two
components, a stub end,
and a loose backing flange.
Stub end is butt welded to
the pipe,
Threaded Flanges
is similar to the slip-on
flange, but the bore is
threaded.
Socket Weld Flanges
Socket-Weld Flanges has a
female socket in which pipe
is fitted.
Blind Flanges
These types of flanges are
used with another type of
flange to isolate the piping
system or to terminate the
piping as an end
Tenders
Tender 54/19
Title: EPC 5 for Hook-up of BRS-24 and BRS-25 Project
Client : Groupement BIR SEBA GBRS SONATRACH/PVEP/PTTEP
Scope of work: Scope for the Hook-Up of BRS-24 and BRS-25 Project includes engineering,
procurement, construction,
pre-commissioning, commissioning and start-up of the following facilities:
 Flowlines, power cables and fibre optic cables from BRS-24 and BRS-25 to GS-1 and GS-2,
respectively.
 Wellsites BRS-24 and BRS-25 facilities (see note below).
 Tie-in at Gathering Station GS-1 (BRS-24) and GS-2 (BRS-25).
 Roads infield connection between new Wellsites to existing main roads.
Note: The site preparation for the new well sites which includes site preparation for
main platform of well site, site preparation for relief sump pit area, and the interconnecting road
between them shall be done by other and not included in EPC5 scope.
Prepared Documentation: Technical Offer
Material Take Off MTO
DSH of chemical injection package
Tender 96/19

Project Name: REGGANE NORD DEVELOPMENT PROJECT SURFACE FACILITIES, ALGERIA.

Client : Groupement Reggane (GRN), association of SONATRACH

Scope of work: Requires the supply of chemical injection packages for new wells and manifolds
2020/2023 for Reggane Nord Development Project.

Prepared Documentation: MTO Material Take Off

DSH of chemical injection package
DCR Document Control Register