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PRESENTATION
EEE305

NAME : NISHAT TASNIM SEEN

ID: 2018-2-80-029
Skin Effect
 Skin effect explains energy of the EM wave stays on the skin (surface) of conductive materials.
 The distribution of current in a conductor is almost uniform when the system is DC.
 But in the case of Ac system the current flows in a conductor is not uniform.
 No current or a small amount of current flows through the core and concentrating the entire
amount on the surface region .
 Thus resulting in an increase in the effective resistance of the conductor

This phenomena is called skin effect .

 Cause of skin effect
 An alternating current flowing through a conductor induces a magnetic field H around the
conductor .
 If the current increase as in this figure ,the resulting increase in H induces circulating eddy
currents I
 Which partially cancel the current flow in the center and reinforce it near the skin .
Over 98% of current will flow within a layer 4 times the skin depth from the surface
Factor effecting skin effect
Frequency
 The skin effect increases with increase in the frequency .The conductors nearby to
the core offers more reactive impedance to flow of current and thus the resistance of
the conductor increase with an increase in the frequency .
The shape of conductor
 The skin effect depends on the surface area of conductor .The skin effect in the solid
conductor is more than the stranded conductor .
Diameter of the conductor
 The skin effect increases with increase in the diameter of the conductor.
Permeability of the material
 The materials which have higher permeability tends to have more skin effect .
 Formula
   Ac current density J in a conductor decreases exponentially from its value
The
at the surface according to the depth d from the surface , as follows
J=

 Where is called the skin depth . The skin depth is thus defined as the depth
below the surface of the conductor at which the current density has fallen to 1/e
(about 0.37) of js . In normal cases it is well approximated as
δ=
Material Effect on Skin depth
 In a good conductor ,skin depth varies as the inverse square root of the
conductivity .
 The overall resistance of the better conductor remains lower even with the reduce
skin depth .
 Skin depth also varies as the inverse square root of the permeability of the
conductor . In the case of iron ,its conductivity is about 1/7 that of cooper .
 In case of ferromagnetic its permeability is about 10,000 times greater . This
reduces the skin depth for iron to about 1/38 that of copper ,about 220
micrometres to 60 Hz.
 The skin effect also reduces the effective thickness of laminations in power
transformers ,increasing their losses.
 Application and History
 The effect was first described in a paper by Horace Lamb in 1883 for the case of spherical
conductors and was generalised to conductors . Over 98% of the current will flow within a layer
4times the skin depth from the surface .

 The skin effect has practical consequence in the analysis and design of radio frequency ,microwave
circuits , transmission line (or waveguides) ,antennas ,induction heater and petroleum reservoir .

Later we discuss in details

Skin effect in Electromagnetic wave

 In EM theory concept of skin depth is induced which is a measure of

how much a EM wave can penetrate the medium , from it arises the
concept of skin effect Which is for EM wave .
 The current in the wire is actually related to electromagnetic waves
around the wire .
 The current and voltages are inextricably linked to the fields ,and in
the case of analysing skin depth it’s easier to understand if we analyse
the fields instead of the currents and voltage .
 Mathematical model of skin effect in
cylindrical conductor
  
Conductive coating with thickness Δ is sputtered on a conductive cylindrical
element with inside/outside diameter d1/d2 .
 High frequency ac current flows through a cylindrical element in the z axis .
 As Δ<<d2,the problem of skin effect can be solved for a one dimensional case .
Rectangle conductor with height π and width b
=0 [d<d1]
Area of conductor ,which has coordinates (0 ≤x ≤a) ; (a ≤ x ≤b)
 For these areas one dimensional skin equation is valid ,
= =
where,
a = ; skin constant .
δ = ; skin depth .
Skin effect impact on current density
distribution in OPGW cables
 Those diagrams shows that due to the skin effect , the current density
is unevenly distributed over the entire conductor cross section .
 The greatest current density is detected in the outer part(1 st layer ) of
the conductive part of the OPGW conductor ; it ranges from 98.1 to
98.4 A/mm^2.
 The next is the second part within the limits from 97.9 to
98.1Amm^2 .
 The coolest section is the inner steel part within the limits from 0.1 to
73.2 A/mm^2
 Skin Effect at Radio Frequencies
 We know ,the skin depth decreases with higher frequency . The
electric current flows only on the surface material at RF
frequencies (>10MH).
 The skin depth of copper at the WIFI or Bluetooth frequency
(2.4GHz=2.4*10^9) is about 1micron .
 To illustrate skin depth in a simple figure ,is a copper conductor
with an electric current flowing through it . On the left ,we have
the current distribution for low frequency
 On the right we have the current distribution for RF frequency
Skin Effect at Oil Platform
 An important example of dealing with old problems by modern
methods is provided by the prevention of crack growth in
offshore oil drilling platforms .
 A technique for measuring the creak depth is based on the skin
effect , the phenomenon in which a high frequency alternating
current is confined to the surface of a conductor .
 This makes it possible to measure the surface area of a small
region with a simple meter , since an increase in crack depth
means an increase in current path and this in turn causes an
increase in voltage drop .
Skin Effect at Conductor

 It can be seen that skin effect will induce the magnetic field inside the wire . This will have a minor effect on the
self inductance of the wire itself .
 In this context inductance refers to a bare conductor .When only a single wire is involved ,then in addition to the
external inductance magnetic fields outside the wire as seen in the White region .
 There is also a much smaller component of internal inductance in figure B.
 That small component of the inductance is reduced when the current is concentrated toward the skin of the
conductor
 When the skin depth is not much larger than the wires radius ,as will become the case at higher frequencies.
 Skin Effect on Plasma Uniformity

 When radio frequency (RF) bias power was applied to an inductively coupled plasma (ICP),the plasma density
near the radial edge largely increased.
 The plasma uniformity significantly enhance in the high density plasma regime .
 This change can be understood by considering the enhanced electric field in the radial edge.

Skin effect can be a major factor of plasma uniformity in a high density plasma.
 Skin Effect on induction heating
 Induction heated products do not rely on convection or radiation for
the delivery of heat to the product surface . Instead ,heat is generated
on the surface of the product by the flow of current .
 The electrical reference depth depends greatly on the frequency of the
alternating current .
 Higher frequency current will result in a shallower electrical reference
depth and a lower frequency current will result in a deeper electrical
reference depth .
 This mechanic is fundamental to achieving specific heating profiles in
case hardening ,as shown beside.

Because of the skin effect induction heating can be localized at the

surface and the heated area controlled by a suitable choice of the inductor
coil .
Advantage and disadvantage of skin
effect .
Advantage Disadvantage
 Skin effect is an important factor for the  Due to skin effect , the effective area of
design of transmission line . the conductor through which current
passes is decreases.
 In heating system skin effect have great
advantage for little maintenance ,long  As a result ,the overall resistance of the
runs ,Electrical safety etc. conductor is slightly increased and it will
raise the cost of a conductor .
 Due to skin effect sliver plating is often
used to reduce material cost and for same
reason hollow tubular conductors are
used in outdoor television antennas.
Overcome Skin Effect

 Using good conductor

 Decreasing frequency
 By using bundle of conductor
 By using Litz wire .
THANK YOU SIR