GENDER

STUDIES
  Introduction:
 Judict spector : gender studies: new
directions in feministic criticism
 Self image is partially determined by by the
fact that we are male and female
Focus of gender studies:
What is gender Men and women differences
studies? How the world is gendered
Women class positions, caste position
Catherine orr: rethinking women and gender
studies
 Deals with:
 Women, feminism, politics, gender, history of
women suffrage
Gender studies  First women studies course;
US historian Marry Ritter Beard- 1934
constructed 54 pages syllabus for the course title
on “changing political economy as it effects
women”
 2nd wave feminism: political activism
First course late 1960
1980 first masters degree offered at the uni of kant
1970- san diago uni program formally approved

Development 1970- post modern approach taken: race, class,

ethnicity, religion, maintain power structure
Emergence of men studies
Books:
 Women studies the basics: Bonnie G. smith
(discuss about emerging fields)
 Handbook of studies on men and masculinities-
michal kimmel (development of men studies)
 1960- women studies started in USA
1970- less then 20 women studies in USA
First women study course approved at San Dieago
state universty
1998 – 9 phd program were there in USA and Canada
Today – taught in more then 700 universities and
colleges including pakistan
1977- national women studies association developed
CONT… in america

(overview) 1979- is women studies an academic discipline (title

of first conference)
Fastest growing subject in Canada
1970- gender studies started in shikago university
As a sub branch of sociology- started a new
department
  Timeline (share)
 Feminist thought: Rosemarie Tong
 Theories of women studies- Renate D.Klein
 The state of discipline of women studies in
pakistan - Rubina Saigol
 The future of gender- Jude brown
 Gender in the 21st century- Barbara Evelyn
CONT…
Define and discuss the
desciplin of gender
studies and also
differenciate between
women studies and
gender studies? 2017
what are the fundamental
difference between gender
studies and women studies?
Substanciate your argument
with example? Highlight the
current status of women
studies in Pakistan? 2018
  Introduction

 Rubina saigol – the state of discipline of women studies in Pakistan

 The ministry of wonmen development

 National action plan

 Women studies centers

 Women study dept in AOU

Gender studies in
 Women research and resource center FJWU- Rawalpindi

 Institutte of women development studies – Sindh uni n

Pakistan 


Women study center- quie e azam uni-nislambad

PU

 Govt Fatima jinah collge

 Peshwar uni

 Research publication

 Prfessional assocuiations + funding

Conclusion:

 Nazia Hussain- rethinking new womenhood

 Write a note on the
status of women studies
in Pakistan and give
your views on the
autonomy integration
debate in women
studies?
How do you differenciate the
discipline of gender studies
from women studies ?
Historically trace the need for
the eastbablishment of gender
studies as a distinct discipline
and its scope and significance
with special refrence to
Pakistan ? 2019
  Florence howe – all women studies courses
are by verty natue interdisciplinary
Gender studies  GS encompases interdisciplinary fields
multidisciplinary  GS is multi contextual
in nature  Career diversity
HOW MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Psychology
 Economics and gender
WID, WAD,GAD
 Sociology and Gender
 Gender and phycology
Economics
Gender Sociology
 Relation with Philosophy
studies
 Gender and politics

Biology
GENDER STUDIES: MULTIDISCIPLINARY IN
NATURE

 Inter disciplinary: all parties

combined and proposed one
solution
 Multi disciplinary: different
things work in parallel
  Jean Fox o barr: interdisciplinary-cannot be
merged into other fields

 Women studies had two stretegies, with integration

being the ultimate one- Howe

 Integrated: add it to the other sciences

AUTONOMY VS  Autonomous: create a separate program

INTEGRATION  Pro autonomous view: added to other, it will suppress

 Concept of Ghettos
Cannibalism: eat up mechanism
 Write a
comprehensive
note on autonomy
vs integration
debate? 2017
Write a comprehensive
essay on sex vs gender
debate in feminist
philosophy and social
sciences, reflecting
nature vs nurture
argument? 2018
 Discuss in detail the
autonomy and integration
debate in gender studies has
an important contribution to
the development of the field
of knowledge- 2021
WHAT IS GENDER ?
Sex Vs Gender
 Difference between
Terms to ponder:
Gender binary- mas, fem
1950- sex and gender-debate
US- Supreme court justice
Sex and Gender Antonin scalia in 1994
Gender, a new connotation
Language is gendered
Chairmen, Nurse etc
NATURE VS NURTURE
 Language is
genderd what
does this implies?
Explain with
examples
Gender has multiple
meanings how do
you deconstruct the
word gender ? 2020
 Social Elaine Storkey: created or constructed?: the
great gender debate
construction of
Gender
  Gender identity
Child; biologically male-toys
Sexual + gender identity- male
 Trans gender:
Process- trans from male to female or
from female to male
Scandavian countries- gender identity
as a basic identity
 Gender stereotype: how
particular gender has to perform
CONCEPTS Gender roles: earning + cooking
  Judith butler; gender trouble and undoing
gender: being female is not natural and that
it appears natural only through repeated
performances of gender
 Judith lober: society and culture creates
gender role
Introduction  Judith lobbers article: is sex socially
social determined too?

construction of  Secondary sex chracteristices /phycological

features associated with the male and female
gender are effected by the social practices …..
Standford.org
 What is a Social Construct?
 Creation of a society
Relies heavily on shared meanings and understandings
Meaning repeatedly reinforced by society so that
they appear to be natural and not created (e.g
through socialisation).
 Meaning dependent on socio-historical location i.e
time and place.
The Institutionalising of Gender as Natural (Judith Butler, 1990)

 Social articulations (i.e language )of gender (e.g bodily

movements, talk, dress and public sexual orientation).

Through the repeated perfomance of these social

articulations, gender appears to be an identity that exists prior
to the articulations.

The importance of gender as a necessity for the understanding

of the function of sex.
 Socialisation to Gender
Primary socialisation in the home : basic
socialisation to gender as a system based on
difference

Secondary socialisation in institutions and agents

such as school, church, peer groups, nations etc.
from childhood through to adolescence learning :
more specific socialisation to difference focusing on
roles
Since gender relations are a social construct, they can
be changed.

It is, therefore, within our means and our responsibility

as agents of development, policy makers and state
planners, to support the transformation of communities
towards more democratic and equitable societies.
Concepts
 Given by : Alice Eagly (1987)
Gender role theory emphasizes environmental
conditions and the influence of socialization, or
the process of transferring norms, values, beliefs,
and behaviors to group members, in learning how
to behave as a male or female.

Theories of gender
construction • John money: all those things a person says or
does to disclouse himself or herself as having the
status of boy or men girl or a women
Gender Role theory . respectively.
• Gilbert Herdt: gender roles arose from
crosspondent interference, meanings that general
labour division was extended to gender roles
• Andrew Cherlin: a social order based on the
domination of women by men especially in
agricultural socities
  Division of labour
 Gender- like other institution contribute to the stability of
society
 Nuclear family model of parson- 1940-1950
Functionalist two models of gender roles within the nuclear family.

APPROACH;  Total role segregation; men and women would be trained and

educated in gender-specific institutions, 
TALCOTT  Total integration of roles. men and women would be
PARSONS VIEW educated in the same institutions and study the same content
in classes
 Functionalist view point: stable social relationship while few
argue gender roles are patriarchal

 Low Masculine
High Masculine
(Feminine)
social norms ego oriented relationship oriented
money and things are quality of life and people
important are important
live in order to work work in order to live
economic growth high environment protection
politics and economics 
priority high priority
conflict solved through conflict solved through
force negotiation
religion most important in life less important in life
Feminine and masculine both men and women as
only men can be priests
cultures ;Geert Hofstede’s view priests
(1980’S) work larger gender wage gap smaller gender wage gap
fewer women in more women in
management management
dutch– culture- broad preference for fewer
patterners of thinking feeling preference for higher pay
working hours
and acting family and school traditional family structure flexible family structure
girls cry, boys don’t; boys both boys and girls cry;
fight, girls don’t neither fight
failing is a disaster failing a minor accident
Butler’s Gender
Performativity (1990)

gender trouble:
feminism and
subversion of identity
  Theory by Zimmerman (1987)
 Gender is understood as created and
maintained while actor assume and play out

Doing Gender
roles in society
 Roles and tasks in the society tends to be
gendered.
(caring for children, cooking in kitchen, work on
presentation for boss)
Fulfillment of expectations and skills for
gendered tasks is “actually doing gender”
Interactionist perspective: roles are situated
identities- student, develop as situation demands
while gender is master identity
  Organized cluster of information

What is schema  A mental blue print of information

 A cognitive frame work which help
us to organize and interpret
information
 They focus on things which help us
to confirm our pre exiting ideas or
beliefs and often contribute to
stereotype.(a widely held but fixed )
Social schesma
  Are building blocks of knowledge we have about each gender

Gender schema
 Can be made up of stretotype we have about men and women
 ( behavior clothes role)

theory  Gender schema theory was formally introduced by Sandra Bem in

1981 
 explain how individuals become gendered in society, and how
sex-linked characteristics are maintained and transmitted to other
members of a culture.

as are based on children's interactions and observations of others,

their environment, and the culture. These gender schemas are used to
organize and direct the child's behavior based on his or her society's
gender norms and expectations related to the child's gender.
Ingroup and  Ingroup schemas

outgroup Schemas  Group we identify with – if you are a girl you identify
with girl
 Outgroup
 Groups we donot identify with – if you are girl you
donot identify with boys
 Once a child identified with group this leads them to
positively evaluate their own group.
 This lead them to like their own group and void
behavior of outgroup
Erikson's theory
(1950) childhood
and society
Eriksons theory
Queer theory Queer
/kwir/
adjective
1.strange; odd (Wikipedia definition)
2.homosexual (Wikipedia definition)
noun
3.a homosexual man (Wikipedia definition)
4.an umbrella term sometimes used by LGBTQA people to refer to
the entire LGBT community. (Definition from international+LGBT
at the University of Michigan)
L- lesbian
G- gay
B- bisexual
T- transgender
Q- queer/ question
A- asexual
 ● 1980s and 1990s- Queer theory began
to emerge in reaction to feminist
Associated years beliefs of the 1970s.
o each sex comes with its own essential
characteristics
● 1991- The term “Queer Nation”
appeared on the cover of Outlook.
● 1991- Judith Butler published her book,
Gender Trouble.
○ Argues that “biological” sexes are are as socially
constructed as gender
Associated authors Ami Polonsky
- Writes LGBTQA friendly novels.
Michael Foucault
- Books explaining sexualities, and their history.
James Dawson
- An openly gay author, writes advice books
(about being gay.)
Michael Warner
- Viewpoints on gay rights
Queer Theory
  Sexual orientation: How a person characterizes their sexuality.
"There are three distinct components of sexual orientation," said Ryan
Watson,

Concepts
 . "It’s comprised of identity (I’m gay), behavior (I have sex with the
same gender) and attraction (I'm sexually attracted to the same
gender), and all three might not line up for all people." (Don't say
"sexual preference," which implies it's a choice and easily changed.)
 Gay: A sexual orientation that describes a person who is
emotionally or sexually attracted to people of their own eg; commonly
used to describe men.
 Lesbian: A woman who is emotionally or sexually attracted to other
women.
 Bisexual: A person who is emotionally or sexually attracted to more
than one gender.
 Pansexual: A person who can be attracted to all different kinds of
people, regardless of their gender identity.
 Asexual: .lack of sexual attraction to others  
 Aromantic: A person who experiences little or no romantic attraction
to others. 
  
 Gender identity and expression

 Gender identity: How you feel and express your gender,

which does not need to align with the sex you were assigned
at birth. 
 Gender role: The social behaviors that culture assigns to each

Gender identity sex. Examples: Girls play with dolls, boys play with
trucks; women are nurturing, men are stoic. 

and expressions  Gender expression: How we express our gender identity. It

can refer to our hair, the clothes we wear, the way we speak.
 Pronouns: A word used instead of a noun often to refer to a
person without using their name. Pronouns can signal a
person's gender. Some of the most commonly used pronouns
are she/her, he/him and they/them.
 Neopronouns: Words created to be used as pronouns but
which are gender neutral. 
You can read a list of neopronouns here.
 Transgender: A person whose gender identity differs from the sex they
were assigned at birth.
 Gender dysphoria: The psychological distress that occurs when a
person's gender identity differs from the sex they were assigned at
birth. 
 Cisgender: A person whose gender identity aligns with the sex they
were assigned at birth. 
 Binary: The concept of dividing sex or gender into two clear
categories. Sex is male or female, gender is masculine or feminine.
 Nonbinary: Someone who doesn't identify exclusively as female or
male.
 Two-spirit: Someone who is a Native member of the LGBTQ
community. 
 Genderqueer: People who reject static, conventional categories of
gender and embrace fluid ideas of gender (and often sexual orientation).
They are people whose gender identity can be both male and female,
neither male nor female, or a combination of male and female.
 Agender: Someone who doesn't identify as any particular gender.
 Gender-expansive: An umbrella term used to refer to people who don't
identify with traditional gender roles.
 Gender fluid: Not identifying with a single, fixed
gender. A person whose gender identity may change.
 Gender non-conforming: People who don't
conform to traditional expectations of their gender.
 Trans: The overarching umbrella term for various
kinds of gender identifies in the trans community.
• Inherent thoughts
• Optics
• Harmon therapy
• Sex reassignment surgery
 ● http://changingminds.org/explanations/
identity/queer_theory.htm
Sources ● http://science.jrank.org/pages/10938/Queer-
Theory-Origins-Queer-Theory.html
● http://www.theory.org.uk/ctr-que1.htm
● https://faculty.washington.edu/mlg/
courses/definitions/queer.htm
● https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/
resource/722/12/
● http://internationalspectrum.umich.edu/
life/definitions
 Masculinity and feminity are the
deeply engraved realities since
the distant past in human history
discuss various theoratical dates
on the construction of masculinity
and feminity to make it explicit
that the formation of bith is either
natural or social reality support
your argument with real life
examples .2021
 What are the
theories of social
construction of
gender?2016