ARTIFICIAL
INTELLIGENCE
AND
MACHINE LEARNING
Presented by:
ABON, MARK DAVE U.
ABULENCIA, ARVEMAR B.
AGUSTIN, JON JEFFREY G.
ANGELES, SHAIRA MAE A.
Introduction to Artificial Intelligence
CREATORS OF AI
Alan Turing
- Father of Modern Computer Science
• Inventor of Turing machine in late
1940’s to decode the encrypted
messages of Enigma.
John McCarthy
- Father of Artificial Intelligence
• One of the founders of the discipline of artificial
intelligence. He co-authored the document that
coined the termed "artificial intelligence" (AI)
WHAT IS A.I.?
• Artificial intelligence (AI) is concerned with building
smart machines capable of performing tasks that
typically require human intelligence.
• The study of computer systems that attempt to
model and apply the intelligence of the human mind.
• A branch of computer science dealing with the
simulation of intelligent behaviour in computers
• The capability of a machine to imitate intelligent
human behaviour.
FIRST AI MACHINE
• The first working AI programs were written in 1951 to run
on the Ferranti Mark 1 machine of the University of
Manchester: a checkers-playing program written by
Christopher Strachey and a chess-playing program written
by Dietrich Prinz.
• “Alpha Zero” is a computer program developed by
Place Your Picture Here artificial intelligence research company “Deep Mind” to
master of the games of chess, shogi and go.
Shogi Chess Go
Go Chess
Chess
• Deep Blue was a chess-
playing computer developed
by IBM. It was the first
computer to win both chess
game and a chess match
against a reigning world
champion under time
controls.
• To win against Kasparov in
1997, Deep Blue used its
sheer computing power to
Garry Kasparov overwhelm him: 100 million
World Chess Champion (1985–2000) to 200 million chess moves
per second. DEEP BLUE
TYPES OF AI
Artificial Narrow Intelligence Artificial General Intelligence Artificial Super Intelligence
(ANI) (AGI) (ASI)
Stage-1 Stage-2 Stage-3
Machine Learn- Machine Intelli- Machine Con-
ing gence sciousness
An intellect that is
Specialities in one Refers to a
much smarter than
area and solves one computer that is as
the best human
problem smart as a human
brains in practically
aross the board
every field
$1,200
WHY AI?
Artificial Intelligence enhances the speed,
precision and effectives of human efforts.
Artificial Intelligence makes it possible for
machines to learn from experience, adjust
to new inputs and perform human-like
tasks.
POPULAR LANGUAGES USED IN AI
AI
PYTHON LISP R Prolog
INTERDEPENDENCY
Artificial Intelligence
A program that can sense, reason,
act, and adapt
Machine Learning
Algorithms whose performance
improve as they are exposed to
more data over time
Deep Learning
Subset of machine learning in
which multilayered neural networks
learn from vast amounts of data
Application of AI
• E-Commerce(Personalized Shopping, Fraud
prevention)
• Education(Creating Smart Content, Voice Assistants)
• Lifestyle(Facial Reconition, Smart Filters)
• Healthcare(Discovery of new drugs)
• Automobiles(vehicle’s camera, radar, cloud services,
GPS, navigation, - Tesla self driving)
• Social Media(Instagram, Facebook, Twitter)
• Robotics(Defense, Industry)
Advantage Disadvantage
Precision and Accuracy High cost incurred in the
maintenance and repair
Unbiased Decisions No ethics
Can do laborious tasks Increase in unemployment
Lacking the emotional side Lack a creative mind and
common sense
Can do repetitive and time Abilities of humans may
consuming tasks diminish, Make human lazy
Function without stopping , 24/7 Robots superseding humans
Availability
Risk Reducing Humans may become
dependent on machines
MACHINE
LEARNING
MACHINE LEARNING
Machine Learning
- Is said as a subset of artificial intelligence that is mainly concerned with the development of algorithms
that allow a computer to learn from the data and past experiences on their own.
Arthur Samuel
- He introduced the term “Machine Learning” in 1959.
Features of Machine Learning:
• Machine learning uses data to detect various patterns in a given dataset.
• It can learn from past data and improve automatically.
• It is a data-driven technology.
• Machine learning is much similar to data mining as it also deals with the
huge amount of the data.
CLASSIFICATION OF MACHINE LEARNING:
1. SUPERVISED LEARNING
- is a type of machine learning method in which we provide sample
labeled data to the machine learning system in order to train it, and on
that basis, it predicts the output.
2. UNSUPERVISED LEARNING
- is a learning method in which a machine learns without any supervision.
3. REINFORCEMENT LEARNING
- is a feedback-based learning method, in which a learning agent gets a
reward for each right action and gets a penalty for each wrong action.
Common Machine Learning Algorithms
1. Neural Network
- simulate the way the human brain works, with a huge number of linked processing nodes.
2. Linear regression
- This algorithm is used to predict numerical values, based on a linear relationship between different
values.
3. Logistic regression
- This supervised learning algorithm makes predictions for categorical response variables, such
as“yes/no” answers to questions.
4. Clustering
- Using unsupervised learning, clustering algorithms can identify patterns in data so that it can
be grouped.
5. Decision trees
- Decision trees can be used for both predicting numerical values (regression) and classifying
data into categories
6. Random forests
- the machine learning algorithm predicts a value or category by combining the results from a
number of decision trees.
The early history of Machine Learning (Pre-1940):
1834: In 1834, Charles Babbage, the father of the computer, conceived a device that could be programmed with
punch cards. However, the machine was never built, but all modern computers rely on its logical structure.
1936: In 1936, Alan Turing gave a theory that how a machine can determine and execute a set of instructions.
The era of stored program computers:
1940: In 1940, the first manually operated computer, "ENIAC" was invented, which was the first electronic
general-purpose computer. After that stored program computer such as EDSAC in 1949 and EDVAC in 1951
were invented.
1943: In 1943, a human neural network was modeled with an electrical circuit. In 1950, the scientists started
applying their idea to work and analyzed how human neurons might work.
Computer machinery and intelligence:
1950: In 1950, Alan Turing published a seminal paper, "Computer Machinery and Intelligence," on the topic of
artificial intelligence. In his paper, he asked, "Can machines think?"
Machine intelligence in Games:
1952: Arthur Samuel, who was the pioneer of machine learning, created a program that helped an IBM
computer to play a checkers game. It performed better more it played.
1959: In 1959, the term "Machine Learning" was first coined by Arthur Samuel.
The first "AI" winter:
The duration of 1974 to 1980 was the tough time for AI and ML researchers, and this duration was called as AI
winter.
In this duration, failure of machine translation occurred, and people had reduced their interest from AI, which led
to reduced funding by the government to the researches.
Machine Learning from theory to reality
1959: In 1959, the first neural network was applied to a real-world problem to remove echoes over phone lines
using an adaptive filter.
1985: In 1985, Terry Sejnowski and Charles Rosenberg invented a neural network NETtalk, which was able to
teach itself how to correctly pronounce 20,000 words in one week.
1997: The IBM's Deep blue intelligent computer won the chess game against the chess expert Garry Kasparov,
and it became the first computer which had beaten a human chess expert.
Machine Learning at 21st century
2006: In the year 2006, computer scientist Geoffrey Hinton has given a new name to neural net research as "deep
learning," and nowadays, it has become one of the most trending technologies.
2012: In 2012, Google created a deep neural network which learned to recognize the image of humans and cats
in YouTube videos.
2014: In 2014, the Chabot "Eugen Goostman" cleared the Turing Test. It was the first Chabot who
convinced the 33% of human judges that it was not a machine.
2014: DeepFace was a deep neural network created by Facebook, and they claimed that it could recognize
a person with the same precision as a human can do.
2016: AlphaGo beat the world's number second player Lee sedol at Go game. In 2017 it beat the number
one player of this game Ke Jie.
2017: In 2017, the Alphabet's Jigsaw team built an intelligent system that was able to learn the online
trolling. It used to read millions of comments of different websites to learn to stop online trolling.
TYPES OF MACHINE LEARNING
MACHINE LEARNING
Supervised Unsupervised
Reinforcement
Semi-Supervised
a machine learning a machine learning
algorithm that learns there are no training
algorithm that learns combination of data sets. The
from labeled data, from unlabeled data, labeled and unlabeled
where the input data machine has a
where the input data data. The data has special software. It
is accompanied by is not accompanied fewer shares of works as an agent
the correct output. by any target labeled data and more with the
variable. shares of unlabeled environment to get
data. feedback.
TYPES OF SUPERVISED
CLASSIFICATION REGRESSION
Used to solve regression
Used to solve the classsification
problems in which there is a
problems in which the output
linear relationship between input
variable is categorical, such as
and output variables. Predicts
“Yes” or “No”, “Male” or
continuous output variables,
“Female”, ect. Predicts a
such as market trends, weather
categpries present in the dataset.
prediction, etc.
TYPES OF UNSUPERVISED
CLUSTERING ASSOCIATION
Used when we want to find the
inherent groups from the data. It is
To find dependency of one data
a way to group the objects into a
item on another data item and
cluster such that the objects with
map those variables accordingly
the most similarities remain in one
so that it can generate maximum
group and have fewer or no
profit. It applied in Market Basket
similarities with the object of other
analysis, Web usage mining,
groups. For example, grouping the
Continuous production, etc
customers by their purchasing
behaviour.
TYPES OF REINFORCEMENT
POSITIVE REINFORCEMENT NEGATIVE REINFORCEMENT
LEARNING LEARNING
specifies increasing the tendency
Works exactly opposite to the
that the required behaviour would
positive RL. It increases the
occur again by adding something.
tendency that the specific
It enhances the strength of the
behaviour would occur again by
behaviour of the agent and
avoiding the negative condition.
positively impacts it.
THANK YOU
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