Organizing Data

in a Table
 A table is used when you want to present
a data in a systematic and organized
manner so that reading and interpretation
will be simpler and easier. When a table is
used, you must remember the following:
 The title of the table.
 Indicate the date of the survey.
 Arrange the data systematically in
columns. The columns must be
properly labeled.
 The study of statistics
begins with the collection of
data or measurements. Data
collected should be
organized systematically for
easier and faster
interpretation.
Example:
Mahusay National High School
Enrolment, SY 2005-2006
Year Level Male Female
First 216 267
Second 197 216
Third 187 227
Fourth 176 215
Total 776 925
 Frequency Distribution
It is an arrangement of the data that
shows the frequency of occurrence of
different values of the variables.

A frequency table is constructed by

listing the measurements from highest to
lowest, then making tally marks to record
how often each number occurs. After
tallying, count the marks and record them
in the proper column.
 Example : The scores of 45 students on a
20-point Science quiz are as follows:

17 20 15 18 19 16 11 10 15 16
12 12 13 14 11 10 14 13 12 11
13 15 14 10 15 16 17 17 18 20
20 18 19 19 18 17 16 15 12 12
13 14 15 19 20
Score Tallies Frequency
20  //// 4
19  //// 4
18  //// 4
17  //// 4
16  //// 4
15  //// / 6
14  //// 4
13  //// 4
12  //// 5
11  /// 3
10  /// 3
Total   45
 Frequency Distribution
Tables

If the number of measures in

consideration is rather big, the
presentation of data is further
simplified by grouping the
measures into class intervals
called a frequency distribution.
Frequency Distribution
It is a distribution of the total
number of measures or frequencies
over arbitrarily defined categories
or classes. The number of
measures falling under a class is
called class frequency.
Example 1. The frequency distribution below
shows the scores obtained by
300 students in an English test
of 50 items.
Score Number of Students
45-49 15
40-44 32
35-39 42
30-34 108
25-29 67
20-24 21
15-19 10
10-14 5
Total 300
 Class Interval (CI)
A grouping or category
defined by a lower limit
and an upper limit.
Class Intervals
In the example above, the
symbol 45-49 and the other
symbols which follow up to 10-
14 are called class intervals.
 Lower Limit
and Upper Limit
 The end numbers are called
class limits. For instance in the
class interval 45-49, 45 is
called the lower limit while 49
is called the upper limit.
 Class Boundaries (CB)
- The true limit which is situated
between the upper limit of one
interval and the lower limit of the
next interval.
- are used to separate the classes so
that there are no gaps in the
frequency distribution.
 Class Boundaries
 Each class interval has also a lower
boundary and a higher boundary. For
the class interval 45-49, the lower
boundary is 44.5 while the higher
boundary is 49.5. Hence, for the class
interval 45-49, 44.5 – 49.5 are called
the class boundaries.
 Class Size
 The size of the class interval,
also called class size is the
difference between the upper
boundary and the lower
boundary. Hence, the class
size in the given example is 5
 Class Mark ( x)
The class mark is the middle value or
midpoint of a class interval. It is obtained
by getting the average of the lower class
limit and the upper class limit.
Class Mark (x) = lower limit + upper limit
2
For instance, the midpoint of the class
interval 45-49 is or 47.
 Class Frequency - It
refers to the number of
observations belong to a
class interval, or the
number of items within a
category.
Two ways of Frequency Distribution
Ungrouped Frequency Distribution Grouped Frequency Distribution

 Classifies a given data  Having an interval or

set (usually n ≤ ratio-level data, and
30)under specific beyond a sample size
category or class. of 30.
 Frequencies of each  Frequencies of each
data is treated as data point are clustered
individual data points in a specific class
or as discrete data. interval.
Ungrouped Frequency Distribution Sample

Age of 15 students in a math class:

12, 11, 13, 12, 11, 12, 14, 12, 12, 11,
13, 11, 14, 15, 12, 13, 12.
Descending Order Ascending Order
Age Tally Frequency Age Tally Frequency
15 11
14 12
13 13
12 14
11 15
Total : Total :
Grouped Frequency Distribution Sample

Statistics Test Scores of 50 students

Construct a frequency distribution.

 STEPS IN CONSTRUCTING
FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION
STEP 1: Determine the
range.
Range = highest score- lowest score
= 90 - 51
R = 39
STEP 2 : Determine the desired
number of classes. The ideal
number is somewhere between 5
and 15.
=>n
Where k = unknown number;
n= total number of
correspondent.
Desired class
interval >n
>n >50 2> 50
>n > 50 4> 50
C.I. = 8 >n > 50 8 > 50
>n > 50 1> 50
>n > 50 32> 50
>n > 50 6> 50
>n > 50 128> 50
STEP 3. Determine the approximate
size or class width of class interval.
i = range / no. of classes
Class size = range/no. of classes
= 39 / 8
= 4.875
class size or ( i )= 5
STEP 4. Construct a frequency table by:
a.) making class intervals starting with the
lowest value in the lower limit of the first class
interval
b.) then add the computed class size to obtain
the lower limit of the next class interval.
c.)enter the upper class limit by subtracting one
from the lower limit of the next class interval.
d.) Continue adding the class size of the obtained
upper to get the upper limit of the next class
interval.
 No. of Classes = 8 Class size(i) = 5
Class Interval Frequency Class Mark
86-90
81-85
76-80
71-75
66-70
61-65
56-60
51-55
STEP 5. Write the obtained frequency
from each class interval by counting the
tallied form.
Class Interval Frequency Class Mark
86-90 8
81-85 5
76-80 7
71-75 9
66-70 10
61-65 4
56-60 3
51-55 4
N = 50
STEP 6. Determine the class mark of each class
interval
x = (lower limit + upper limit)/2
Class Interval Frequency Class Mark
86-90 8 88
81-85 5 83
76-80 7 78
71-75 9 73
66-70 10 68
61-65 4 63
56-60 3 58
51-55 4 53
N = 50
STEP 7. Determine the class boundaries or class
limits by subtracting 0.5 from every lower limit and
adding 0.5 from every upper limit.
Class Frequency Class Class Boundaries
Interval Mark True lower limit True upper limit

86-90 8 88 85.5 90.5

81-85 5 83 80.5 85.5
76-80 7 78 75.5 80.5
71-75 9 73 70.5 75.5
66-70 10 68 65.5 70.5
61-65 4 63 60.5 65.5
56-60 3 58 55.5 60.5
51-55 4 53 50.5 55.5
N = 50
 Try this out!
Construct the frequency table for each
of the following.

c.) 4, 3, 6, 5, 2, 4, 3,
3, 6, 4, 2, 3, 2, 2, 3, 3,
4, 5, 6, 4, 2, 3, 4.
 Try this out
A sample of fifty shoppers at a newly opened
convenience store has been randomly selected. The
following data show the shoppers’ ages. Determine the
appropriate class interval to use then prepare a
frequency distribution for the data.
12 20 17 19 23 32 15 45 60 65
18 22 27 35 37 57 47 38 40 28
13 10 19 24 29 28 38 47 48 57
27 29 33 34 49 76 55 65 37 39
40 14 17 20 32 33 60 65 62 57
 Try This!
Complete the table.
Class Boundaries
Class Class Limits Class Class
Interval Size Mark

Lower Upper True True upper

Limit Limit lower limit
limit
The following are the weights of randomly
selected 1st year students in kilograms.
Prepare a frequency distribution for this set
of data.
 37 35 40 42 36 57 38 44
60 45 52 64 38 39 40 42
50 56 45 43 38 39 50 41
42 56 57 54 55 60 35 38
40 40 42 53 47 48 39 50
35 37 39 39 50