MICROPROCESSOR
Central processing unit(CPU)
Function of CPU
Calculation
Program instruction process
CPU works lowest level language and highest level
language.
Construction of CPU
Million of the transistors contain in a chip
Today million of the million transistors in a chip
Level1,2,3,4 Cache
HOW CPU WORK
INSTRUCTION SET
CISC (INTEL,AMD,CYRIS)
RISC(APPLE-MAC)
Instruction set
CISC RISC
Primary goal is to complete a Primary goal is to speedup
task in as few lines of assembly individual instruction
as possible
Emphasis on hardware Emphasis on software
Includes multi-clock Single-clock,
complex instructions reduced instruction only
Memory-to-memory: Register to register:
"LOAD" and "STORE" "LOAD" and "STORE"
incorporated in instructions are independent instructions
Large code sizes
Small code sizes
Low cycles per second
High cycles per second
Equal length instructions which
Variable length Instructions make pipelining possible
Latest CPU
Core i7 Core i9
Type Of CPU
9th Generation Intel® Core™ Desktop
Processor - Features at a Glance
System crystal
Memory controller chip(MCC)
Address bus
Refresh and wait state
The Levels of Cache: L1, L2, and L3
Level 4 cache
SSE
SSE is a newer SIMD extension to the Intel Pentium III and AMD AthlonXP
microprocessors. Unlike MMX and 3DNow! extensions, which occupy the same
register space as the normal FPU registers, SSE adds a separate register space to
the microprocessor. Because of this, SSE can only be used on operating systems
that support it. Fortunately, most recent operating systems have support built in.
MMX
Pipeline
32bit(x86)/64bit processor
Register
Cache memory
Cache means special storage area to decrease wait state.
When CPU want facts , it looks first cache, RAM, Hard disk.
It is a small amount of SRAM that is much faster than the rest of
RAM.
The size of cache in a CPU can support , is a measure of its
performance.
L1 cache(internal cache)-16KB,32KB,128 KB
L2 cache(external cache)-128KB,256KB,512KB ,1,2,3,4,6 MB
L3cache(external cache)-
cache
Clock speed
It is generated clock cycle from clock generator
Measured in MHz or GHz
The clock speed is the speed at which the CPU is
operating internally.
The clock speed is the fastest speed at which a CPU can
operate, determined by the CPU manufacturer.
Under clocking
Running a CPU slower than its clock speed .
If you under clock, CPU performance not taking the
advantage .
Over clocking
Running a CPU faster than its clock speed.
If you over clock, CPU won’t work.
System clock speed
CPU Clock speed =System Clock Speed × Multiplier
2.4GHz =100MHz × 24
FSB(front side bus)
• It is measured the the bus speed between CPU and
RAM.
(66/100/133/400/533/800/1066/1200/1333MHz)
BSB(back side bus)
It is measure the bus speed between L2 cache and
CPU.
CPU Manufacturer
Popular Intel and AMD processors
Duo core and core 2 duo????
DDR3 Core i5
1.Symptom
2.Error show
3.Troubleshoot
Symptoms
1.cpu over heat
2.cpu pin
3.cpu fan
4.cpu heat sink
5.ESD
6.Enviroment
Error show
Restart
Shut down
CPU fire
Troubleshoot
Replacement
•Thank for all
