CHAPTER 6:
EXPONENTIAL AND
LOGARITHMIC
FUNCTIONS
LESSON 1: EXPONENTIAL
FUNCTION
An exponential function is recognized easily as a
function with constant base and variable exponent.
Notice that the base of an exponential function must be
a positive real number not equal to one.
LESSON 1: EXPONENTIAL
FUNCTION
If b>0 and b not equal to 1 and x is any real number, an
exponential function is written as
or
LESSON 1: EXPONENTIAL
FUNCTION
For example:
y
We will just evaluate the exponential expression and
with rational expression, for example, .
LESSON 1: EXPONENTIAL
FUNCTION
However, we can also evaluate an exponential
expression with an irrational exponent such as We will
just get the value of pi .
LESSON 1: EXPONENTIAL
FUNCTION
Example:
Graphs of Exponential Function
Graphs-Determine domain, range, function, 1-1, x
intercepts, y intercepts, asymptotes
f ( x) 2 x
Graphs of Exponential Function
The function defined by
all example of exponential functions.
Example:
Graph the functions f and g.
a.f(x) = b. g(x)= (
Graphs of Exponential Function
The table shows several functions values for both
positive and negative values of x.
Graphs of Exponential Function
Graphs of Exponential Function
The properties mentioned above indicate that the graph of an
exponential function is an increasing function. If the base is
greater than 1. Furthermore, the base affects its “steepness”.
Consider the graphs of f(x) = , h(x)= , and k(x) = . For every
positive 1 unit change in x, f(x) = increases by 2 times, h(x)=
increased by 3 times, and k(x) = increases by 5 times.
Graphs of Exponential Function
The graph of an exponential function is a decreasing function if the base is
between 0 and 1. Consider the graphs of g(x) = , m(x) = and n(x) = .
Graphs of Exponential Function
The Applications of
Exponential functions
Exponential growth and decay can be found in a variety og=f real world- phenomena:
For example.
Population growth can often be modeled by an exponential function.
The growth of an investment under compound interest increases exponentially.
The mass of a radioactive substance decreases exponentially with time.
The temperature of a cup of coffee decreases exponentially as it approaches room
temperature.
The Applications of
Exponential functions
A substance that undergoes radioactive decay is said to be radioactive.
The half-life of a radioactive substance is the amount of time it takes
for one- half of the original amount of the substance to change into
something else. That is, after each half life the amount of the original
substance decreases by one half.
The Applications of
Exponential functions
Example. In a sample originally having 1g of radium 226, the amount of
radium 226 present after t years is given by A(t) = where A is the amount
of radium in grams and t is the time in years.
[Link] much radium 226 will be present after 1620 years?
[Link] much radium 226 will be present after 3240 years?
The Applications of
Exponential functions
Solution.
A(t) = = = 0.5 after 1620 years (1 half life) 0.5 remains.
A(t) = = =0. 25 after 3240 years (2 half lives) the amount of the
original substance remains 0.25.
Applying the Exponential growth
Function
Exponential functions are often used to model population growth.
Suppose the initial value of a population at some time t = 0 is . If the
rate of increase of a population is r, then after 1,2 and 3 years, the new
population can be found as follows.
After 1 year (Total Population) = (initial Population) +
(increase in population)
=+
= (1 + r) Factor out
Applying the Exponential growth
Function
Example:
The population of the Bahamas in 2000 was estimated at 300,000 with an annual
rate of increase of 2 %.
Find the mathematical model that relates the population of the Bahamas as a
function of the number of years after 2000.
The initial population = 300,000 and the rate of increase is r= 2%.
P(t) = (1 + r)t
= 300,000 (1 + 0.02)t
= 300, 000(1.o2)t here t=0 corresponds to the year 2000.
Applying the Exponential growth
Function
Example:
The population of the Bahamas in 2000 was estimated at 300,000 with an annual
rate of increase of 2 %.
Find the mathematical model that relates the population of the Bahamas as a
function of the number of years after 2000.
The initial population = 300,000 and the rate of increase is r= 2%.
P(t) = (1 + r)t
= 300,000 (1 + 0.02)t
= 300, 000(1.o2)t here t=0 corresponds to the year 2000.
Lesson 2. Logarithmic
Function
If x and b are positive real numbers that b 1, then y = is
called the logarithmic function with base b and y = is
equivalent to by =x. In the expression y = , y is called the
logarithm, b is called the base, and x is called the
argument.
Lesson 2. Logarithmic
Function
The expression y = is equivalent to by =x and indicates that the logarithm y is
the exponent to which b must be raised to obtain x. the expression y = is
called the logarithmic form of the equation, and the expression by =x is called
the exponential form of the equation.
(x) = bx
y= bx
x= by
y=
Lesson 2. Logarithmic
Function
Converting from Logarithmic Form to Exponential
Form
a. = 23 =8
b. = 102 = 100
c. = 10-3 = 0.001
Properties of Logarithms
If M, N and b (b1) are positive real numbers and r is any
real number, then
=logb M + logb N
=logb M - logb N
r
= r logbN
Product Property of Logarithms
Quotient Property for Logarithms
Power Property of Logarithms
Properties of Logarithms
Properties of Logarithms
Example:
1. log2 xy = log2 x + log2 y
3.Log3 (3)(9)= log3 3 + log3 9
= log3 27 = 3
Graphs of Logarithmic Functions
In graphing the logarithmic function. First recall that f(x) =
is the inverse of g(x) = bx . Therefore the graph of y= f(x)
is symmetric to the graph of y= g(x) about the line y =x.
Graphs of Logarithmic Functions
We see that the range of y= bx is the set of positive real
numbers. As expected, the domain of its inverse, the
logarithmic function y = is also the set of positive real
numbers. Therefore, the domain of the logarithmic function
y =is the set of positive real numbers.
Graphs of Logarithmic Functions
Graph the functions and compare the graphs to examine the
effect of the base on the shape of the graph.
a. y= log2 x b. y=log x
Graphs of Logarithmic Functions
Graphs of Logarithmic Functions
Graphs of Logarithmic Functions
Both graphs exhibit the same general behavior, and the steepness
of the curve is affected by the base. The function y = log x
requires a 10-fold increase in x to increase the y- value by 1 unit.
The function y = log 2 x requires a 2- fold increase in x to increase
the y- value by 1 unit. In addition, the following characteristics are
true for both graphs.
Graphs of Logarithmic Functions
The domain is the set of positive real numbers.
The range is the set of all real numbers.
The x- intercept of the graph is 1.
The y-axis is an asymptote of the graph.
The function is one to one.
Graphs of Logarithmic Functions
Graphs of Logarithmic Functions
Lesson 3: The Irrational Number e
The exponential functions base 10 is particularly easy to work with
because integral powers of 10 represent different place positions in the
base 10 numbering system. The value of the expression for increasingly
large values of x approaches a constant.
Lesson 3: The Irrational Number e
Lesson 3: The Irrational Number e
Because other base of the function is greater than 1 (e
2.718281828), the graph is an increasing exponential
function.
Lesson 4: The Natural Logarithmic
Function
The Natural logarithmic function
The common logarithmic function = log x has a
base of 10. Another important logarithmic function
is called the natural logarithmic function. The
natural logarithmic function has a base of and is
written as y = In x. That is, y= In x= loge x.
Lesson 4: The Natural Logarithmic
Function
The properties of logarithms are also true for natural
logarithms.
Lesson 4: The Natural Logarithmic
Function
Simplifying Expressions with Natural
logarithms.
[Link] b. In 1
In = 1 In 1 = 0
Lesson 4: The Natural Logarithmic
Function
Solving Logarithmic Equations
Equations containing one or more logarithms are called logarithmic
equations. For example, In(2x+5) = 1 and log4 = 1 – log 4(x-3) are
logarithmic equations. To solve a basic logarithmic equations such as
In(2x+5) =1, write the expression in exponential form:
In(2x+5) = 1
1
= 2x+5
e -5 = 2x
= x or x - 1.14
Lesson 4: The Natural Logarithmic
Function
To solve equations containing more than one logarithm of first
degree, use the following guidelines.
Lesson 4: The Natural Logarithmic
Function
Solve the equation. log4 = 1 – log 4(x-3)
log4 x + log4 (x-3) = 1 Isolate the logarithms on one side of the
equation
log4 (x2 – 3x) = 1 write as a single logarithm
x2-3x =41 write the equation in exponential form
x2-3x -4 = 0 the resulting equation is quadratic
(x-4)(x+1) =0 Factor
x=4 or x = -1 Apply the zero product rule.
Lesson 4: The Natural Logarithmic
Function
Solving Exponential Equation
An equation with one ore more exponential
expressions is called an exponential equation. the
following is often useful in solving exponential
equations
Lesson 4: The Natural Logarithmic
Function
Lesson 4: The Natural Logarithmic
Function
The equivalence of exponential expressions indicates that if two exponential
expressions of the same base are equal, their exponents must be equal.
For example,solve the equations 42x-9 = 64
42x-9 = 43 write both sides with a common base
2x-9 = 3 if bx = by, then x=y
2x= 12 solve for x.
x=6
Thank you!
Members:
Cornito, Christel Joy N.
Rebayno, Precy Ann R.
Yaranon, Ma. Paz Nicole D.
Caranagan, Irlin B.
Ablay, Cherry Lyn
Bugarso, Cherry Ann
Sevilla, Jasmin
