Mathematical Modeling

Mathematical Modeling (Mechanical System)

How we can derived a mathematical model from a conceptual model in the form of com-
ponent diagram.
 Mathematical Modeling (Mechanical System)

Fs(t) force exerted by the spring on the mass, For small deviation the force and extension x(t)
are proportional

Ff(f) be the force caused my friction of mass on the surface this force is proportional to the
velocity
Mathematical Modeling (Mechanical System)
Mathematical Modeling (Electrical System)

Electrical system components

Voltage source, capacitor , Inductor,

Resistor

The relations ships between the various

charges voltages and currents can be
described by Equations.

Vc(t) voltage across the capacitor

q(t) change on Capacitor.

The voltage and charge are propor-

tional to each other
 Mathematical Modeling (Electrical System)

Using conversion of charge we find that the current i(t) is equal to the charge on ca-
pacitor.
 Mathematical Modeling (Electrical System)
Let the voltage across the resistor V=IR

The relationship between voltage across VL(t) and current through an inductor
IL(t)

Consider the Kirchhoff's voltage law some of all the directed voltage in a
closed circuit is zero.
Mathematical Modeling (Electrical System)
 State Space Modeling

Laplace Transform

Ordinary Differential
Transfer Function
Equation

Inverse Laplace Transform

State Space Equations

 State Space Representation

State Equation

Output Equation

A = system matix
B = Input matrix
C = Output Matrix
D= Scalar called direct transmission matrix
X = state of the system
State Space Equation From ODEs
State Space Equation From ODEs
State Space Equation From ODEs
 State Space Equation Representations

Where f(.) and g(.) are the algebraic function of the State variable x(t), Input Variable
u(t) and time. y(t) is the output variable.

x(to)

u(t) Model y(t)

State Space Equation Representations
Table and Units Used in Biomedical Modeling
Table and Units Used in Biomedical Modeling
Units Used in Biomedical Modeling Example
 Units Used in Biomedical Modeling Example

Neurons of the Hippocampus

 Direct Representation of Fluid Circuit
 The pervious components diagrams of the mechanical and electrical system can also
be called as direct representation of the respective system.

 The direct representation of fluid circuit elements that are frequently used in modeling
of system involving volume type quantities such as circulation and lungs mechanics.

Fluid
 Direct Representation of Fluid Circuit
Resistance
 The basic passive fluid circuit elements include a resistance, Compliance, Inductor
and valve.

Resistance through the Pipe

 Direct Representation of Fluid Circuit
Compliance

Symbol

 Definition : Change in volume for the Applied dynamic

pressure.

The compliance contains non linearity which reflect that

below an unstressed volume the vessels or airways are in
collapsed state.

 Only positive pressure and volume are taken into con-

sideration for this element.

 The change of volume is equal to the inflow rate minus

outflow rate.

 It can be connected to a single possible or bidirectional

flow rate.
 Direct Representation of Fluid Circuit
Inductor and valves
 Definition : Inductor model is the inertia effect encountered in accelerating a fluid in
pipe or passage.

It takes a pressure difference and certain amount of time to change flow rate.

 A valve act like a switch. An open Valve has an internal resistance R. The value close
then pressure across the valve is negative and there no reverse flow.

 Some times the inverse of compliance (elastance) is used for the mathematical de-
scriptions.

 The Two other components are

1) An Idea compressor maintains a specified pressure difference regardless of the

flow rate through it .

2) Time varying compliances it is same as the passive compliance with exception of a

time varying c(t).
Direct Representation of Fluid Circuit
Variable and Parameters used in Fluid Circuit
Electrical Analogs Circuits
Variable and Parameters used in Fluid Circuit
Series and Parallel Circuits
 Elementary Vascular Model and Its Electrical
Analog
Resistance

Compliance

Compressor
 Elementary Vascular Model and Its Electrical
Analog
Resistance

Compliance

Compressor
 Elementary Vascular Model and Its Electrical
Analog
The Voltage across the capacitor can be expressed as a function of their charge

The current through the resistor R1 and R2 depend on the voltage according to the ohms
law
 Elementary Vascular Model and Its Electrical
Analog

We find that an expression for the current i3(t) = i0(t) through the resistors R3 and R0
via the KVL for the closed circuit C3, R3 source R0,C1 and back to ground
Elementary Vascular Model and Its Electrical
Analog
Elementary Vascular Model and Its Electrical
Analog