Data Visualization and Heat Map
What is a Heat Map?
• The easiest way to understand a heat map is to think of a
table or spreadsheet which contains colors instead of
numbers.
• The default color gradient sets the lowest value in the heat
map to dark blue, the highest value to a bright red, and
mid-range values to light gray, with a corresponding
transition (or gradient) between these extremes.
• Heat maps are well-suited for visualizing large amounts of
multi-dimensional data and can be used to identify clusters
of rows with similar values, as these are displayed as areas
of similar color.
Example:
The example below illustrates how the values in the table are
displayed as color gradients in the heat map cells.
Data in short/wide format:
Like in other visualizations, highlighting and marking in the heat map are
applied to one or more rows in the underlying data table. In the example
below, the data is in short/wide format, and each row in the data table
corresponds to a row in the heat map.
Data in short/wide format:
• The Y-axis in this heat map is set up with the column
Test, while the X-axis is set to (None).
• For the individual cell values in the heat map, the
columns Time 1, Time 2, and Time 3 are selected. Cell
value columns are always aggregated unless the Y-axis
is set to (Row Number).
• This is because the data table may contain many rows
with the same name, and the values in these rows must
then be aggregated to one single value to be displayed
in the heat map.
• Average is the default aggregation. With data in
short/wide format, this is a common way to set up a
heat map.
Data in tall/skinny format:
If the data is in tall/skinny format instead, each data table row will correspond
to a single cell in the heat map, as seen in the example below.
Data in tall/skinny format:
• As in the previous example, the column Test is selected
on the Y-axis. But in this case, the column Time is
selected on the X-axis, and the cell values are set to the
single column Result.
• The content of the data is the same as in the example
with data in short/wide format, but the format of the
data makes it necessary to set up the heat map in a
different way.
Dendrograms
It is often useful to combine heat maps with hierarchical clustering, which is
a way of arranging items in a hierarchy based on the distance or similarity
between them. The result of a clustering calculation is presented either as
the distance or the similarity between the clustered items depending on the
selected distance measure.
Dendrograms
• As a result of the clustering calculation, the rows in the
heat map have been reordered to correspond to the
cluster calculation.
• Test A and Test E are placed in the same cluster. Test F
and Test B are placed together in another cluster, and
this cluster forms another cluster together with Test C.
• Test D is not included in any of those clusters. This
indicates that Test A and Test E are closer to each other
than what they are to Test F, Test B, Test C, or Test D. It
also indicates that Test D is the one that is the most
distant to any of the other rows.
