FINAL

PHYSIC 2
 MAIN CONTENTS

04 05 06

The Kinetic Entropy and the Review

Theory of Gases Second Law of
Thermodynamics
CHAPTER 4:
The Kinetic
Theory of Gases
 1. Ideal gas

 : pressure, volume, temperature of the gas, respectively.

 : number of moles of the gas.
 : number of molecules of the gas
 : Universal gas constant .
 : Boltzmann constant.
 : Avogadro constant.
An ideal monatomic gas undergoes an isochoric process, at a constant volume of 5.0 L, from
a pressure of 0.50 atm to a final pressure of 0.75 atm. Calculate the change in internal
energy of the gas. (1 atm = 1.01 x 105 Pa)

According to the equation of state:

p1V1 = nRT1 = 0,5 x (1,01 x 105) x (5 x 10-3) = 252,5 (J)
p2V2 = nRT2 = 0,75 x (1,01 x 105) x (5 x 10-3) = 378,75 (J)

The change in internal energy of the gas:

∆Eint = nR∆T = nRT2 – nRT1 = (378,75 – 252,5) = 189,375 (J)
 2. Kinetic Theory of Gases

The mean free path for a gas

molecule
(m)

Root-mean-square speed (m/s)

Average speed (m/s)

The mean free time (average

time between collisions)
(s)
vrms1 =  400 =
vrms2 =  500 =

 =

 ()2 =  = (1) ; T2 = T1 + 100 (2)

From (1) and (2):  T1 = 177,78 K ; T2 = 277,78 K

 vrms1 =

 400 =  M = 0,028 (kg/mol)

Therefore, the molar mass of the gas is 0,028 kg/mol
3 special cases:
Isothermal: constant temperature (T)
pV = const

Isochoric: constant volume (V)

= const

Isobaric: constant pressure (p)

= const

Adiabatic: Q = 0  pV
𝑝1(𝑉1)𝛾 = 𝑝2(𝑉2 )𝛾
Translational Kinetic Total Translational
Energy per Molecule Kinetic Energy (n moles)

Ktotal
average, per molecule, atom: K = kT
per mole: K = RT
n moles: K = nRT
 3. Molar specific heats of an ideal gas

Isochoric
(V=const)

Isobaric
(p=const)

Adiabatic
(Q=0) pV TV
For an adiabatic expansion of an ideal gas: TiViγ - 1 = TfVfγ - 1
Since Tf = Ti

 = () γ - 1

 = () γ - 1

3 = () 1,4 - 1

3 = () 0,4

 = 15,6  Vf = 15,6 Vi

Therefore, the factor does the volume change:

∆V = Vf – Vi = 15,6 Vi – Vi = 14,6 Vi
 3. Molar specific heats of an ideal gas

Classifying the ideal gases into three types:

𝑓
𝐶𝑣 = 𝑅
2
 Monatomic: f=3. 𝑓 +2
 Diatomic: f=5. 𝐶 𝑝 =𝐶 𝑣 + 𝑅= 𝑅
2
 Polyatomic: f=6.
𝐶𝑝 𝑓 +2
𝛾= =
𝐶𝑣 𝑓
 4. Sate Conversing of an Ideal Gas

Common

Isochoric
(V=const)

Isobaric
(p=const)

Isothermal
(T=const)

Adiabatic
(Q=0)
A 0.9 mol sample of an ideal gas undergoes an isothermal process. The initial volume is 0.20
m3 and the final volume is 0.40 m3 . If the heat added to the gas is 2000 J, find the
temperature of the gas.

This sample undergoes an isothermal process, ∆Eint = 0  Q = W

Q = nRTln
2000 = 0,9 x 8,31 x T x ln
T = 385,8 (K)

Therefore, the temperature of the gas is 385,8 K

 Chapter 5:
Entropy and the
Second Law of
Thermodynamics
1. Change In Entropy
= (J/K)
2. Second Law of Thermodynamics

∆ 𝑆 >0

Physical meaning:
: irreversible
: reversible
 3. Entropy in Ideal gas
Unit: J/K
Common

Isochoric
(V=const)

Isobaric
(p=const)

Isothermal
(T=const)

Adiabatic
(Q=0)
 4. Entropy in Liquid and Solid
Unit: J/K

Common

Isochoric
(V=const)

Isobaric
(p=const)
 𝑇𝑓 𝐿𝑚 𝑄
∆ 𝑆=𝑚𝑐 ln ∆ 𝑆= ∆ 𝑆=
𝑇𝑖 𝑇 𝑇

Cooling or
Phase change T=const
heating
The temperature of 1.0 mole of a diatomic ideal gas is raised reversibly from 200 K to 300 K at constant volume . Find
the entropy change of the gas.
The constant volume or the isochoric process.
Because this is a diatomic gas, so f = 5  Cv= x R = x 8,31 = 20,775 (J.mol−1.K−1)
The entropy change of the gas: = 1 x 20,775 x ln = 8,42 (J/K)
Therefore, the entropy change of the gas is 8,42 J/K

Three moles of an ideal gas undergo a free expansion from an initial volume of 6 L to 10 L. Find the change in entropy
of the gas.
For free expansion, it can be considered as an isothermal process: ∆S = = 3 x 8,31 x ln = 12,734 (J/K)
Therefore the change in entropy of the gas is 12,734 (J/K)

Calculate the change in entropy when 7g of water at 20 ℃ is raised to 100 ℃ and then converted to steam at that
temperature (𝐿𝑉 = 2256kJ/kg, 𝑐𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 =4190 J/kg.K)
The entropy that water changes from 20 ℃ → 100 ℃:
∆S1= mwater x cwater x ln () = 0,007 x 4190 x ln () = 7,08 (J/K)
The entropy when water is vaporized: = 42,3378 (J/K)
The total change in entropy is: ∆𝑆 = ∆𝑆1 + ∆𝑆2 = 7,08 + 42,3378 = 49,4178 (J/K)
So, the total change in entropy is 49,4178 J/K
The entropy that ice changes from −5 ℃ → 0 ℃: ∆S 1 = mice x cice x ln

 ∆S1 = 0,1 x 2220 x ln  ∆S1 = 4,103 (J/K)

The entropy that ice is melted: ∆S 2 = = = 122 (J/K)

The entropy that ice changes from 0 ℃ → 20 ℃: ∆S 3 = mice x cwater x ln = 0,1 x 4190 x ln = 30 (J/K)

The total change in entropy: ∆S = ∆S1 + ∆S2 + ∆S3 = 4,103 + 122 + 30 = 156,103 (J/K)

Therefore, the total change in entropy is 156,103 J/K

REVIEW
 NOTES
1/ Translational kinetic energy is ONLY FOR monatomic: K = Etrans = nRT (J)
2/ Eint can apply for any process

3/ DON’T HAVE ΔEint = nCpΔT

4/ If T is constant (T = constant) → ΔS =
5/ For monatomic gas: 3 degree of freedom (3 translation): ∆E int = nR∆T
6/ For diatomic gas: 5 degree of freedom (3 translation + 2 rotation): ∆E int = nR∆T
7/ For polyatomic gas: 6 degree of freedom (3 translation + 3 rotation): ∆E int = nR∆T
n = 2 ; T = 27 + 273 = 300 K ; V2 = 2V1
p constant ; Vf = 2Vi ; W = ?
The work done by the gas is:
W = nRTln() = 2 x 8,31 x 300 x ln() = 3456,0318 (J)
So, the work done by the gas is 3456,0318 J

Q1 A 2.0 mol sample of an ideal monatomic gas undergoes a reversible process at constant volume,
increasing its temperature from 400 K to 600 K. What is the entropy change of the gas?
V = const => Ideal monatomic gas => C v = R
So we calculate S = nCv ln = 2 x (x 8,31) x ln = 10.1082 (J/K)

Q1 The temperature of 2.00 mol of an ideal monatomic gas is raised 15.0 K at constant volume. Find :
(a) the work done by the gas W = 0 (constant volume)
(b) the energy transferred as heat Q = nCvΔT = 373.95 (J)
(c) the change in the internal energy of the gas ΔEint = Q – W = 373.95 (J)
(d) the change in the average kinetic energy per atom? ΔK = kΔT = 3.105 x 10-22(J)
According to the equation of state:
p1V1 = nRT1 = 2 x 8,31 x (50+273) = 5368,26
p1V2 = nRT2 = 2 x 8,31 x (150+273) = 7030,26
The work done by the gas:
W = p∆V = p1 (V2 – V1) = p1V2 – p1V1 = 7030,26 – 5368,26 = 1662 (J)
Therefore, the work done by the gas is 1662 J

a/ 1994,4 J
b/∆Eint = nR∆T = 2991,6 J

The relationship between pressure, volume and rms speed: p = = = 100000 (Pa)
So, the pressure of the gas is 100000 Pa
An ideal gas (𝛾 = 1.3) is initially at 𝑇1 = 300𝐾 and 𝑝1 = 1.0 𝑎𝑡𝑚. The gas is cooled at constant
volume to 𝑇2 = 273𝐾. It then expands adiabatically to twice its original volume. What is its final
pressure?
For a constant volume process (isochoric process): = => p 2 = T2 = 273 x = 0,91 (atm)
For an adiabatic expansion of an ideal gas:
p2(𝑉2)𝛾 = p3(𝑉3) 𝛾 (we have V3 = 2V0 , V2 = V0)
 p2 = p3 x 2 𝛾
 p3 =
 p3 = 0,36957 (atm)
So, the final pressure is 0,36957 atm

One mole of a monatomic ideal gas initially at 300 K expands adiabatically to double the initial volume. Find
the final temperature of the gas.
We have: CV = R = x 8,31 = 12,465 ; CP = CV + R = 20,775  =
For an adiabatic expansion of an ideal gas: and V f = 2Vi
 Ti = Tf x  Tf = = 188,988 (K)
So, the final temperature of the gas is 188,988 K
One mole of an ideal monatomic gas is initially at a temperature of 300 K, and has a volume of 1.0 L. It is
compressed adiabatically to a volume of 0.0667 L. Calculate the magnitude of the work done during the
process
This is an adiabatic process (Q = 0)
Cv= x R = x 8,31 = 12,465 (J.mol−1.K−1) (f = 3: monatomic gas)
=
Because it is compressed adiabatically:
 = () = 91,15705306
Equation of state:
= nR
 T2 = = 1824,05 (K)

∆Eint = nCv∆T = 1 x 12,465 x (1824,05 – 300) = 19 (kJ)

In an adiabatic process (Q = 0)
∆Eint = – W  W = – 19 (kJ)
 The magnitude of the work done during the process is 19 kJ
The root mean square speed of nitrogen molecules in the room is:
= = 514,233 (m/s)
The root mean square speed of oxygen molecules in the room is:
= = 481,0213 (m/s)

The root mean square speed of the oxygen molecules:

The root mean square speed of the hydrogen molecules:
The ratio of the rms speed of the oxygen molecules to that of the hydrogen molecules:
= = = 0,144

Therefore, the ratio of the rms speed of the oxygen molecules to that of the hydrogen molecules is 0,144
For an isobaric process: p1 = p2 = 3 atm
  T2 = 2T1 = 2 X 300 = 600 (K)

For an isothermal process: T2 = T3 = 600 K

𝑝2𝑉2 = 𝑝3𝑉3
 p1 x 2V1 = p3 x 3V1
 3 x 2 = p3 x 3  p3 = 2 (atm)
So, the final pressure p3 is 2 atm and the final temperature T3 is 600 K

We have: CV = R = X 8,31 = 20,775 ; CP = CV + R = 20,775 + 8,31 = 29,085

The change in internal energy: ∆Eint = nR∆T  x 8,31 x n∆T = - 500  n∆T = −24,067
𝑄 = 𝑛𝐶𝑝∆𝑇 = 29,085 x (-24,067) = - 700 (J)
The work done by the gas: ∆Eint = Q – W  – 700 – W = – 500  W = – 200 (J)
Therefore, the work done by the gas is – 200 J
You mix two sample of water. Sample A is 200 g at 20 ℃. Sample B is 100 g at 95 ℃. Calculate the total
change in entropy of the process, which is the sum of the change in entropy of both samples (the specific heat
of water c = 4190 J/kg.K)
We have: QA = - QB
And QA = cwatermA(T – 20) ; QB = cwatermB(T – 95)  200(T – 20) = – [100 x (T – 95)]  T = 45oC
For sample A, the change in entropy is : ∆S A= mA x cwater x ln () = 0,2 x 4190 x ln () = 68,6144 (J/K)
For sample B, the change in entropy is: ∆S B= mB x cwater x ln () = 0,1 x 4190 x ln () = −61,1872 (J/K)
The change in entropy of the system: ∆S = ∆S A + ∆SB = 68,6144 + (-61,1872) = 7,4272 (J/K)
So, the the total change in entropy of the process is 7,4272 J/K
We have: QFe = − QAl
And QAl = mAl x cAl x ∆T = 0,1 x 0,91 x 1000 x (200 – 600) = – 36400 (J)  QFe = 36400 (J)
a/ The change in entropy of the iron block: ∆SFe = = = 182 (J/K)
b/ The change in entropy of the block of aluminum: ∆S Al = mAl x cAl x ln = 0,1 x 0,91 x 1000 x
ln = – 99,97 (J/K)
The change in entropy of the system: ∆Ssystem = ∆SFe + ∆SAl = 182 + (–99,97) = 82,03 (J/K)
• The physical meaning of the result:
Because ∆Ssystem ≥ 0  The process is irreversible
a) We have: Qice = − Qwater
𝑄𝑖𝑐𝑒 = 𝑐𝑖𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑐𝑒(0 − −5) + 𝐿𝑓𝑚𝑖𝑐𝑒 + 𝑐𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑐𝑒 (𝑇 − 0) ; Qwater = cwatermwater(T – 100)
 𝑐𝑖𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑐𝑒(0 − −5) + 𝐿𝑓𝑚𝑖𝑐𝑒 + 𝑐𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑐𝑒 (𝑇 − 0) = - [cwatermwater(T – 100)]
 2220 x 0,1 x 5 + 333000 x 0,1 + 4190 x 0,1 x T = - [4190 x 0,3 x (T – 100)]  T = 54,4689oC
For 100-g block of ice, we have:
The entropy that ice changes from −5 ℃ → 0 ℃: ∆S 1,ice = mice x cice x ln = 4,1036 (J/K)
The entropy that ice is melted: = = 121,978 (J/K)
The entropy that ice changes from 0 ℃ → 54.4689 ℃: ∆S 3,ice = mice x cwater x ln = 76,225 (J/K)
The total change in entropy of ice: ∆S ice = ∆S1,ice + ∆S2,ice + ∆S3,ice = 4,1036 + 121,978 + 76,225 = 202,3066 (J/K)
For 300-g of liquid water, we have: ∆Swater = mwater x cwater x ln = -163,6429 (J/K)
The total change in entropy of the system: ∆S system = ∆Sice + ∆Swater = 202,3066 + (-163,6429) = 38,6637 (J/K)
So,……
b) Since ∆𝑆𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚 ≥ 0 → The process is irreversible.
So,….
Good luck!