其他电器技术

单位：潍柴职业大学
讲师：任丰琳
时间： 2024/8/28
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目录

1 高压共轨系统工作原理

2 共轨系统油路结构组成

3 电控单元与传感器

4 SCR 后处理系统工作原理

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一、 高压共轨系统工作原理

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一、高压共轨系统工作原理

1. 喷油时刻
（ 1 ）同步信号正确
（ 2 ）轨压（≥ 200bar ）
2. 喷油量
（ 1 ）加电时间 4ms
（ 2 ）轨压值 - 燃油计量单元
（ 3 ）实际轨压跟随设定轨压

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一、高压共轨系统工作原理

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一、高压共轨系统工作原理
轨压基本 MAP 图

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 一、高压共轨系统工作原理

轨压正偏差超上限门槛
值≥ 200bar

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一、高压共轨系统工作原理

共轨喷射系统的技术优势

柴油机共轨式电控燃油喷射技术是一种全新的技术，因为它集成了计算机控制技术、现
代传感检测技术以及先进的喷油结构于一身。它不仅能达到较高的喷射压力、实现喷射压力
和喷油量的精确控制，而且能实现预喷射和后喷，从而优化喷油特性形状，降低柴油机噪声
和大大减少废气的排放量。

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二、 共轨系统结构组成
Common Rail
System Structure
Components
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二、高压共轨系统结构组成 Common Rail System Structure Components

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二、高压共轨系统结构组成 Common Rail System Structure Components

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1 、燃油水寒宝 Fuel water cooling unit
2

1 4

序号 No. 名称 component

电动式输油泵总成
1
Motorized oil transfer pump assembly
控制器部件
2
Controller components
除水放心滤滤芯
3 Water Removal and Reassurance Filter
Cartridge
带加热器水杯部件
4
Components for cups with heaters

开启工作温度 ON Temperature:7℃±3℃
断开温度 OFF Temperature:24 ℃ ±3℃
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 1 2 3

序号 名称 数量
电动式输油泵总成
1 1
Motorized oil transfer pump assembly
二代燃油水寒宝 除水放心滤滤芯
Fuel 2 Water Removal and Reassurance Filter 1
water Cartridge
cooling
unit
Gen. 2
水杯部件
3 1 13
Water Cup Components
随着产品的不断改进，目前燃油水寒宝可分为一代燃油水寒宝与二代燃油水寒宝，具体零件号如下表所示
With the continuous improvement of the product, the current fuel
water chilling treasure can be divided into a generation of Fuel
water cooling unit and the second generation of Fuel water cooling
unit, the specific part number is shown in the following table

电动泵顶盖打印件号 设定工作时长
零件名称 总成零件号
Electric pump top cover Setting the
Components assembly part number
printout working hours
612600082055 612600082035 10min
612600082127 612600082125 10min
一代燃油水寒宝 612600082775 612600082611 5min
Gen. 1 612600082776 612600082612 5min
612600083455 612600083456 3min
612600083451 612600083452 3min
612600090798 612600090797 5min
二代燃油水寒宝 612600090800 612600090799 5min
Gen. 2 612600083190 612600083189 3min
612600083193 612600083192 3min

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 故障描述：不泵油
Fault description: does not pump oil

解决办法 Solution
1 、如能听到电动泵运转的声音，则按如下操作
a 、依次拧紧放水阀、拧紧滤清器、拧紧进油口螺纹；如果都确认拧紧后出油口还是没油，则说明滤清器流阻过大，需更换滤清器；
2 、如不能听到电动泵运转的声音，则按如下操作
Aluminum seat end
1. If you can hear the sound of electric pump operation, then operate
as follows 铝座端
a. Tighten the drain valve, tighten the filter and tighten the threads
of the oil inlet; if there is no oil in the oil outlet after tightening, it
means that the flow resistance of the filter is too large, and the filter
needs to be replaced. b. If you can not hear the sound of the electric
pump running, then do as follows
2. If you can not hear the sound of electric pump operation, then
operate as follows.
电源输入端
Power Input

电源输入线束
Power Input Harness
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解决办法 Solution
一代燃油水寒宝 Gen. 1
a 、用万用表确认电源输入为 24V ；
b 、将万用表打到“通路”档，表针分别搭在控制器的“电源输入”端和铝座上（右图示），如听到“ di” 的通路声则表明控制器损坏，需
更换控制器；
c 、如果控制器没损坏，电源输入也为 24V ，但通电后还是不能听到电动泵运转的声音，则表明电动泵损坏，需更换电动泵。
a. Use the multimeter to confirm that the power input is 24V;
b. The multimeter will be played to the "access" file, the needle were hit
on the controller's "power input" end and the aluminum base (right 铝座端
illustration), such as hearing the "di" access sound indicates that the
controller is damaged, need to replace the controller. damage, need to
replace the controller;
c. If the controller is not damaged, the power input is also 24V, but after
power on or can not hear the sound of the electric pump running, it
indicates that the electric pump is damaged, the need to replace the
electric pump.
电源输入端
二代燃油水寒宝 Gen. 2
a 、用万用表确认电源输入为 24V ；
b 、对水寒宝通入 24V 电压，如水寒宝工作则正常，如水寒宝不工作，则电动泵异常，需更换电动泵。
a. Use the multimeter to confirm the power input is 24V;
b. Pass 24V voltage to the water chilling treasure, if the water chilling 电源输入线束
treasure works, it is normal, if the water chilling treasure does not work,
the electric pump is abnormal, need to replace the electric pump.
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2 、高压油泵 High pressure oil pumps

High Pressure Outlet

Diesel fuel inlet (self-filter) Diesel fuel outlet (to tank)

M-PROP Fuel metering valve Relief valve

Camshafts

Diesel fuel outlet (to filter) Initial oil filler cap

Phase sensor: DG6

Gear pumps
Diesel fuel import (from
tank)
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 HP Outlet
Zero supply throttle

2 Size l/0 Valve

M-PROP Fuel
metering valve
Surface Carburizing Plunger
Internal gear
Plunger Elastomer
Pinion
Lube oil inlet

Carburized Roller Pins

Concave cam
Gear pumps
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2 、高压油泵 High pressure oil pumps
CPN2.2 的技术参数 Technical Parameters

 集成了齿轮泵 Integrated gear pump

 集成了常开式的燃油计量阀，电阻为 2.6-3.2Ω （ 20℃ ）

Integrated normally open fuel metering valve with 2.6-3.2Ω

resistance (20°C)

 采用机油润滑 Oil lubrication

 工作最大压力为 1600bar

Maximum working pressure 1600 bar

 泵额定转速为每分钟 1400 转 Pump rated at 1400 rpm

在油路系统中，每段管路的管径要求是非常严格的，一旦管径选择不正确，将对系统的燃油压力产生不利影响。

In the fuel line system, the pipe diameter requirement for each

section of the line is very strict, once the pipe diameter is not

selected correctly, it will adversely affect the fuel pressure of the

system. 19
齿轮泵 Gear pumps
功用 functions
齿轮泵的任务是为高压油泵提供充足的燃油，当齿轮泵出口压力小于 1bar 时旁通阀打开，此时燃
油不经过齿轮泵直接到达齿轮泵出口；当齿轮泵出口压力大于 12 ～ 13bar 时过压保护阀打
开，燃油从齿轮泵出口端直接回到齿轮泵进油端。
The task of the gear pump is to provide
sufficient fuel for the high-pressure oil pump,
when the gear pump outlet pressure is less
than 1bar when the bypass valve opens, at this
time the fuel does not go through the gear
pump directly to the gear pump outlet; when
the gear pump outlet pressure is greater than
12 ~ 13bar when the overpressure protection
valve opens, the fuel from the outlet end of the
gear pump directly back to the inlet end of the
gear pump. 20
3 、油量计量阀 Oil metering valve
高 压 油 泵

细 滤 器
共 轨 管
轨 压 传 感 器
限 压 阀
溢 流 阀
+
B A
进 油 泵
喷 油 器
ECU

燃 油 粗 滤 器

燃 油 箱

• 油量计量阀是一个常开阀
• 计量阀通电时，电磁力使铁芯（阀芯）左移，弹簧被压缩、阀门关闭，高压油泵进油通道被关闭
The oil metering valve is a normally open valve
When the metering valve is energized, the electromagnetic force
causes the iron core (spool) to move to the left, the spring is
compressed, the valve is closed, and the high-pressure oil pump oil
inlet channel is closed.
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3 、油量计量阀 Oil metering valve

高 压 油 泵

细 滤 器
共 轨 管
轨 压 传 感 器
限 压 阀
溢 流 阀
+
B A
进 油 泵
喷 油 器
ECU

燃 油 粗 滤 器

燃 油 箱

• 油量计量阀断电时，电磁力消失，阀芯在弹簧的作用下右移，高压油泵的进油通道被打开
When the oil metering valve is de-energized, the electromagnetic force
disappears, the valve spool moves to the right under the action of the
spring, and the oil inlet channel of the high-pressure oil pump is opened.

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 油量计量阀控制原理 Oil metering valve control principle
 油量计量阀断电时，电磁力消失，阀芯在弹簧的作用下右移，高压油泵的进油通道被打开
 正常工作条件下，油量计量阀的供油量受占空比信号控制
 占空比较高时，断电时间比率较大，供油时间长、轨压也就较高
 占空比较低时，断电时间比率较小，供油时间短、轨压也就较低
 发动机工况一定的情况下，每一个占空比控制信号对应一个轨压

When the oil metering valve is de-energized, the electromagnetic force disappears, the valve
spool moves to the right under the action of the spring, and the oil inlet channel of the high-
pressure oil pump is opened.
 Under normal operating conditions, the oil supply volume of the oil metering valve is
controlled by the duty cycle signal.
 When the duty cycle is higher, the ratio of the power-off time is larger, the oil supply time is
longer, and the rail pressure is higher.
 When the duty cycle is lower, the ratio of power-off time is smaller, the oil supply time is
shorter and the rail pressure is lower.
 Under certain engine conditions, each duty cycle control signal corresponds to one rail
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pressure.
Low pressure oil line check
低压油路检查1
低压油路检查2

High-pressure oil pump oil supply capacity check

高压油泵供油能力检查1 目测法 visual method

高压油泵供油能力检查2 接喷油器 Connect the injector.

高压油泵供油能力检查3 诊断仪 diagnostic apparatus

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4 、共轨限压阀 Common Rail Pressure Limiting Valve
Pressure Limiting Valves and Flow Restrictors

Communal tube
Oil supply from high pressure pump
Conduit Pressure Sensors
Pressure limiting valve
oil return
flow restrictor
High pressure hose to injector

Valve body
Spring seat
Spring
Secondary piston
Primary piston

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 限压阀具有与溢流阀一样的功能。若压力过大，限压阀将打开泄油通道来控制共轨压力。限压阀允许瞬时最大共轨压力为系统额定压力
+50bar 。
流量限制器的任务是阻止在某个喷油器关闭不严时的不期望情况下的连续喷射。为了完成这个工作，只要流出共轨的燃油量超过一定量，流
量限制器立即关闭通往有问题的喷油器的油路。
The pressure limiting valve has the same function as the relief
valve. If the pressure is too high, the pressure limiting valve will
open the relief channel to control the common rail pressure. The
maximum instantaneous common rail pressure allowed by the
pressure limiting valve is the rated system pressure + 50 bar.
The task of the flow restrictor is to stop continuous injection in
undesired situations when one of the injectors is not closed tightly.
To accomplish this, the flow restrictor immediately closes the fuel
line to the faulty injector whenever the amount of fuel flowing out
of the common rail exceeds a certain amount.

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4 、共轨限压阀 Common Rail Pressure Limiting Valve
限压阀 Pressure Limiting Valve

正常情况下限压阀关 轨压失控、达到 开启后保持轨在

闭 1600bar 以上打开 800bar 以下
Pressure limiting Runaway rail Pressure limiting
valve closed under pressure, reaches valve closed under
normal conditions 1600 bar or more normal conditions
open

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4 、共轨限压阀 Common Rail Pressure Limiting Valve

Maximum Working Rail

Rail Pressure Sensors Pressure - Pressure Limiting 限压阀坏了吗？
High pressure fuel rail Valve Opening Pressure Is the pressure
limiting valve broken?

Electronic
control unit

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4 、共轨限压阀 Common Rail Pressure Limiting Valve
限压阀回油检查 Pressure limiting valve oil return check

共轨限压阀打开故障总结：
1. 检查其他电器电路：共轨限压阀、轨压传感器及相关供电模块故障
2. 检查油路：计量单元卡滞、回油路是否畅通

Common rail pressure limiting valve open fault summary:

1. Check other electrical circuits: common rail pressure limiting
valve, rail pressure sensor and related power supply module failure
2. Check the oil circuit: metering unit stalled, the return oil circuit
is smooth
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5 、喷油器 injector

Construction

control cavity

control valve

oil return solenoids

Injection valve
lubrication

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5 、喷油器 injector

Fuel Injector Working Principle

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 5 、喷油器 injector
stationary phase Nozzle on Nozzle closed

Coil
Armature
Ball valves

Release control hole

Oil filling control hole

Needle valve stem

Nozzle Needle
Valve Pressure Ring
Nozzle

High pressure Low pressure

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5 、喷油器

喷油器线圈电阻 :230mΩ

最大加电时间 :4 毫秒

最大工作轨压 :1600Bar

Injector coil resistance:230mΩ

Maximum charging time:4ms

Maximum working rail pressure:1600Bar

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5 、喷油器
Injector oil return check
喷油器回油检查1 目测法 visual method

喷油器回油检查2 3ml/min

喷油器回油检查3

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 燃油系统故障 Fuel system malfunction
故障现象轨压无法建立 Failure phenomenon rail pressure can not be established
1 、检查油箱油位是否过低 ; 5 、用故障诊断仪检查轨压传感器初始电压值是否 500mV 左右，设定
2 、检查手压泵是否工作正常 ; 轨压是否为 300-500bar ；
3 、检查低压油路是否有气，并排空气； 6 、检查流量计量单元是否完好。
4 、溢流阀、限压阀卡滞、喷油器内漏 5. Use a troubleshooter to check whether
1. Check whether the oil level of the fuel tank is the initial voltage value of the rail
too low;. pressure sensor is about 500mV and
2. check if the hand pump is working properly;. whether the set rail pressure is 300-
3. Check whether there is air in the low-pressure 500bar;
oil circuit and exhaust the air.
6. check whether the flow metering unit
4. Relief valve, pressure limiting valve
is intact.
stagnation, injector leakage

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6 、 CP2.2 燃油系统与 CB18 燃油系统区别
Difference between CP2.2 fuel system and CB18 fuel
system

CP2.2 燃油系统 CB18 燃油系统

fuel system fuel system

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6 、 CP2.2 燃油系统与 CB18 燃油系统区别
Difference between CP2.2 fuel system and CB18 fuel
system

CP2.2 燃油泵 CB18 燃油泵

fuel pump fuel pump

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车辆报故障码 1011 （轨压正偏差超过上限值）不应排查（ ）
C
Vehicles reporting fault code 1011 (positive rail
pressure deviation exceeding upper limit value)
should not be troubleshooting
A 柴油精滤是否堵塞 B 喷油器回有量是否过大
C 油泵回油管是否堵塞 D 油泵进油管是否漏气
A whether the diesel fine filter is clogged
B whether the injector return volume is too large
C whether the oil pump return pipe is clogged
D oil pump inlet pipe leakage

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 A
下列哪种情况肯定无法启动发动机（ ）
Which of the following will definitely not start the
engine
A 启动中轨压最高到 100bar B 启动中系统无凸轮轴信号
C 系统报供电电压 3 错误（ P0699 ） D 系统报增压压力传感器错误
A Rail pressure up to 100 bar in startup
B System no camshaft signal in startup
C System reports supply voltage 3 error (P0699)
D System reports boost pressure sensor error

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以下哪种故障不会导致泄压阀打开（ ） C
Which of the following malfunctions would not
cause the pressure relief valve to open?
A 油量计量单元卡滞 B 、 T15 虚接
C 、柴油滤芯堵塞 D 、回油管堵塞
A Stuck oil metering unit
B False connection of T15
C Clogged Diesel Filter
D Clogged oil return pipe

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重型发动机和锐动力发动机的流量计量单元，线路开路的时候，分别处于（
）状态 C
What is the state of the flow metering unit of
the heavy-duty engine and the sharp-powered
engine, respectively, when the line is open
A 、常开、常开 B 、常闭、常闭
C 、常开、常闭 D 、常闭、常开
A Normally open, normally open
B Normally closed, normally closed
C Normally open, normally closed
D Normally closed, normally open
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设定轨压与实际轨压偏差超过（ ），导致偏差错误报出。 A
Deviation of the set rail pressure from the
actual rail pressure by more than ( ) will
cause a deviation error to be reported.
A 、 200bar B 、 300bar C 、 150bar D 、
250bar
A 200bar B 300bar C 150bar D 250bar

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三、 电控单元与传感器
Electronic control
units and sensors

43
三、电控单元与传感器 Electronic control units and sensors
1 、电控单元及线束 Electronic control units and wiring harnesses

WISE10A WISE13A

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 1 、电控单元及线束 Electronic control units and wiring harnesses
曲 轴 转 速 传 感 器

凸 轮 轴 位 置 传 感 器

油 门 踏 板 位 置 传 感 器 喷 油 器

共 轨 压 力 传 感 器

水 温 传 感 器
起 动 继 电 器
进 气 压 力 温 度 传 感 器

机 油 压 力 温 度 传 感 器

• ECU 的基本功能 Basic Functions 燃 油 含 水 传 感 器

ECU 排 气 制 动 阀
1 、喷油量和喷油正时控制 Injection volume and timing
control 点 火 开 关
2 、怠速控制 Idle speed control 空 挡 开 关 油 量 计 量 阀
3 、排放控制 Emission control
离 合 器 开 关
4 、后处理系统控制 Aftertreatment system control
5 、发动机工作自诊断 Self-diagnostics for engine 刹 车 开 关
operation 巡 航 开 关 各 警 示 灯
• ECU 依据传感器和各功能开关信号对发动机进行控制 排 气 制 动 开 关
The ECU controls the engine on the basis of sensors
诊 断 请 求 开 关
and signals from the various function switches.
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1 、电控单元及线束

WISE10A 共 336 个针脚 :

插（连接）接插件的顺序：
先 4→3→2→1 ，后 8→7→6→5 ；
拔（断开）接插件的顺序：
先 5→6→7→8 ，后 1→2→3→4
The WISE10A has a total of 336 pins.
The order of inserting (connecting) the
connector:
First 4→3→2→1, then 8→7→6→5;
The order of unplugging (disconnecting)
the connector:
5→6→7→8, then 1→2→3→4.

电路图
wiring diagram

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2 、曲轴转速位置传感器 Crankshaft speed position sensor
原理：电磁感应
功能： 1 、曲轴（发动机）转速
2 、曲轴上止点位置
Principle: electromagnetic induction
Function: 1, crankshaft (engine)
speed
2 、 Crankshaft upper stop
曲轴转速传感器 position
Crankshaft Speed Sensor
1. 永磁铁 2. 传感器壳体 3. 发动机外盖
4. 软铁芯 5. 线圈 6. 传感齿轮
1.Permanent magnet 2.Sensor case
3.Engine cover 4.Soft iron core
5.Coil 6.Sensing gears

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2 、曲轴转速位置传感器 Crankshaft speed position sensor
工作原理 Working Principle

曲轴转速传感器 曲轴转速传感器能够确定各缸活塞位置，但不能够确定气门状态信号丢失时，启动困
Crankshaft Speed Sensor 难，严重时，发动机无法启动
1. 永磁铁 2. 传感器壳体 3. 发动机外盖
4. 软铁芯 5. 线圈 6. 传感齿轮 The crankshaft speed sensor is able to
1.Permanent magnet 2.Sensor determine the position of the pistons in
case
3.Engine cover 4.Soft iron core each cylinder, but not the valve status
5.Coil 6.Sensing gears When the signal is lost, it is difficult to
start, and in severe cases, the engine

1、 6缸 1、 6缸 will not start

2、 5缸 3、 4缸 2、 5缸
上止点 上止点 上止点 上止点 上止点
19齿 /120 20齿 /120 19齿 /120 19齿 /120

备注：大齿缺信号距 1 、 6 缸上止点 216 度 crs

Remarks: large teeth missing signal 216 degrees crs from the upper stop of 1 and 6 cylinders 48
2 、曲轴转速位置传感器 Crankshaft speed position sensor
万用表测电阻：断开所有线束连接，测传感器两针脚间电阻，线圈电阻在 20℃ 时为 860±86Ω.
Multimeter resistance: Disconnect all wiring harness connections, measure the resistance
between the two pins of the sensor, coil resistance at 20 ℃ for 860 ± 86Ω.
传感器信号波形 : 让发动机运行，转速须 >=50rpm ，用示波器测量两针脚输出波形。无论传感器是否连接线束，测量波形都应如下图：
Sensor Signal Waveform: Run the engine at >=50rpm and measure the output waveform
on both pins with an oscilloscope. Whether the sensor is connected to the harness or not,
the measured waveform should be as shown below:

49
2 、曲轴转速位置传感器 Crankshaft speed position sensor

曲轴转速传感器电路
Crankshaft Speed Sensor
Circuit

50
2 、曲轴转速位置传感器 Crankshaft speed position sensor

检测要求 : Requirements ：
1 、信号线能检测到信号波形 1. Signal line can detect the signal
2 、传感器电阻 770~950Ω waveform
3 、导线两端电阻 <2Ω 2. Sensor resistance 770~950Ω
4 、导线对地电阻 >10MΩ 3. Resistance at both ends of the wire <2Ω
5 、空气间隙： 0.5-1.5mm 4. Resistance of conductor to ground>10MΩ
6 、输出电压≥ 1650mv （ 416rpm ） 5. air gap: 0.5-1.5mm
7 、信号线开路电压 231 ～ 260mvTesting 6. Output voltage ≥1650mv (416rpm)
7. signal line open circuit voltage 231-
260mv

51
3 、凸轮轴转速传感器 Camshaft Speed Sensor

Engine Camshaft Speed Sensor

Function:
1.Measurement of 1 cylinder upper stop
position
2.Backup function

52
3 、凸轮轴转速传感器 Camshaft Speed Sensor

原理：电磁感应
功能：
 气缸判别
 作为曲轴转速的替代信号，曲轴信号丢失时，单独维持
发动机运转

53
3 、凸轮轴转速传感器 Camshaft Speed Sensor

检测要求 :
 1 、信号线能检测到信号波形
 2 、传感器电阻 770~950Ω
 3 、导线两端电阻 <2Ω
 4 、导线对地电阻 >10MΩ
 5 、空气间隙： 0.5-1.5mm
 6 、输出电压≥ 1650mv （ 416rpm ）
 7 、信号线开路电压 231 ～ 260mv

54
3 、凸轮轴转速传感器 Camshaft Speed Sensor

同步信号分析 Synchronous Signal Analysis

1、 6缸 2、 5缸 3、 4缸 1、 6缸 2、 5缸 3、 4缸 1、 6缸 2、 5缸
上止点 上止点 上止点 上止点 上止点 上止点 上止点 上止点
19齿 /120 20齿 /120 19齿 /120 19齿 /120 20齿 /120 19齿 /120 19齿 /120

1 缸压缩上止点 6 缸压缩上止点 1 缸压缩上止点

1-cylinder 6-cylinder 1-cylinder
compression top compression top compression top stop
stop stop
信号丢失时，启动困难；当同步信号出错时，发动机将会出现跛行回家模式（ 1500r/min) ，当同步信号同时丢失时，发动机无法工作。
When the signal is lost, it is difficult to start; when the synchronization signal is
wrong, the engine will limp home mode (1500r/min), and when the
synchronization signal is lost at the same time, the engine will not work.
55
3 、凸轮轴转速传感器 Camshaft Speed Sensor

同步信号丢失 Loss of synchronization signal

后备模式 1 （仅有凸轮轴传感器）
在起动过程中，仅有凸轮轴信号时， ECU 通过检测判缸齿（第一缸前的多余齿）确定当
前柴油机的正确相位，从而按照正确的喷油时序喷射。
Backup mode 1 (camshaft sensor only)
During starting, when only the camshaft signal
is available, the ECU determines the current
correct phase of the diesel engine by detecting
the judging cylinder teeth (the extra teeth
before the first cylinder), so that it injects
according to the correct injection timing.

56
3 、凸轮轴转速传感器 Camshaft Speed Sensor

同步信号丢失 Loss of synchronization signal

后备模式 2 （仅有曲轴传感器）
在起动过程中，仅有曲轴信号时， ECU 检测到一个缺齿时，猜测柴油机此时处于第一缸上止点前，按照此假定的角度位，以 1-5-3-6-2-4 的喷油时序持续一定次数的喷射，当
发动机转速超过一定阈时，可以判断此相位正确，从而判缸成功；若没有转速升高的着火迹象，则重新假定一相位喷油以判缸。
Backup mode 2 (crankshaft sensor only)
During the starting process, when only the crankshaft signal is available, the ECU detects a missing
tooth and guesses that the diesel engine is at this time in front of the upper stop of the first
cylinder, and in accordance with this assumed angular position, it will continue to inject a certain
number of times with the injection timing of 1-5-3-6-2-4, and when the engine speed exceeds a
certain threshold, it can be judged that this phase is correct, and thus judging the cylinder is
successful; if there is no sign of ignition of the speed increase, then it will re-assume a If there is no
sign of fire with increased speed, a new phase of injection is assumed to judge the cylinder.

57
4 、发动机进气压力温度传感器 Engine Intake Pressure Temperature Sensor

发动机增压进气温度传感器
Engine Boost Intake Temperature Sensor

58
 4 、发动机进气压力温度传感器 Engine Intake Pressure Temperature Sensor

当有微小压力作用于硅膜膜片上时它们的电阻值发生变化，测量元件的四周被一盖子环绕，测量元件与盖子一起将参考真空封闭。微机械压力传感器也可以与温度传感器制成一体，独立的
测量温度和压力。根据压力测量的范围，传感器的膜片可以制成 10~1000um 厚度。压力传感器以惠斯登电桥 (Wheatstone Bridge) 原理工作 , 当膜片在气压作用下发生
变形时，四个测量电阻的其中的两个电阻值升高而其他两个电阻值降低，这将导致电桥的输出端产生电压，我们以该电压值代表压力。信号处理电子电路被集成在传感器内部，该电路用于
对电桥电压进行放大，同时补偿温度的影响，产生线性的压力特性曲线。其输出电压在 0...5V 范围，通过端子与发动机的 ECU 连接，发动机 ECU 以此输出电压计算压力。
功能 :1. 限制烟度 2. 保护增压器
When a small pressure is applied to the silicon membrane diaphragms their resistance changes and the measuring
element is surrounded by a cap which, together with the cap, seals the reference vacuum. Micromechanical pressure
sensors can also be integrated with temperature sensors to measure temperature and pressure independently. Depending
on the pressure measurement range, the diaphragm of the sensor can be made from 10 to 1000 um thick. The pressure
sensor works on the Wheatstone Bridge principle. When the diaphragm deforms under air pressure, two of the four
measuring resistors increase in resistance while the other two decrease, which causes a voltage to be generated at the
output of the bridge, which we use to represent the pressure. A signal processing electronic circuit is integrated into the
sensor, which amplifies the bridge voltage and compensates for the effects of temperature to produce a linear pressure
characteristic curve. Its output voltage is in the 0.... .5V range, is connected to the engine's ECU via terminals, and the
engine ECU calculates the pressure from this output voltage.
Function:1.Limit smoke level 2.Protect supercharger

59
4 、发动机进气压力温度传感器 Engine Intake Pressure Temperature Sensor

进气压力温度传感器把进气压力传感器和进气温度传感器集成为一体温度传感器作用：
1 、测量进气温度，修正喷油量和喷油正时
2 、过热保护压力传感器作用：监测进气压力，调节喷油控制
Intake pressure temperature sensor to the intake pressure sensor and intake
temperature sensor into one temperature sensor role:
1. Measure the intake air temperature, correct the injection volume and
injection timing
2. overheating protection pressure sensor function:
Monitor the intake air pressure, adjust the injection control

60
4 、发动机进气压力温度传感器 Engine Intake Pressure Temperature Sensor

故障 malfunctions
当进气压力、进气温度信号均为 5V 且保持不变时，重点检查回路线接地情况
When the intake pressure and intake temperature
signals are 5V and remain unchanged, focus on
checking the grounding of the return line.

61
4 、发动机进气压力温度传感器
潍柴进气温度传感器电阻（ Ω ） 30℃ 1715.4 1644.7 1786.2
Weichai intake air temperature sensor 35℃ 1431.8 1374.2 1489.5
t(℃) resistance 40℃ 1199.6 1152.4 1246.7
标准值 最小值 最大值 45℃ 1008.6 969.9 1047.4
standard minimum maximun 50℃ 851.1 819.1 883
—40℃ 48153 45301 51006 55℃ 720.7 694.2 747.1
—35℃ 35763 33703 37823 60℃ 612.3 590.3 634.2
—30℃ 26854 25350 28359 65℃ 521.9 503.6 540.2
—25℃ 20376 19265 21487 70℃ 446.3 431 461.6
—20℃ 15614 14785 16443 75℃ 382.89 370.1 395.7
—15℃ 12078 11453 12702 80℃ 329.48 318.68 340.27
—10℃ 9426 8951 9901 85℃ 284.37 275.25 293.48
—5℃ 7419 7055 7783 90℃ 246.15 238.43 253.86
0℃ 5887 5605 6168 95℃ 213.67 207.12 220.23
5℃ 4707 4487 4926 100℃ 186 180.42 191.58
10℃ 3791.1 3618.7 3963.5 105℃ 162.35 157.37 167.32
15℃ 3074.9 2938.5 3211.3 110℃ 142.08 137.63 146.52
20℃ 2510.6 2401.9 2619.3
25℃ 2062.9 1975.8 2150.1

62
5 、油门踏板传感器 Gas pedal sensor

63
 5 、油门踏板传感器 Gas pedal sensor
检测 sensing
• 1 号传感器信号电压： 视频
怠速 :0.57v-0.95v( 均值 0.75 ） video
踩到底： 3.84V
• 2 号传感器信号电压：
怠速 :0.16v-0.6v ( 均值 0.38 ）
踩到底： 1.92V
• 2 号传感器信号电压为 1 号传感器信号电压的 1/2
• 油门踏板出故障时，发动机将会在 1000r/min （只要坏 1 个传感器就会加不上
速）
• No. 1 sensor signal voltage:
Idle:0.57v-0.95v(average value 0.75)
pedal to the bottom:3.84V
• No.2 sensor signal voltage:
Idle:0.16v-0.6v (average value 0.38)
Step on the bottom:1.92V
• No.2 sensor signal voltage is 1/2 of No.1 sensor
signal voltage
• The engine will be at 1000r/min when the gas
pedal is faulty (it only takes 1 bad sensor to not
get up to speed)
64
6 、机油压力温度传感器 Oil Pressure Temperature Sensor

测量机油压力和温度，用于喷油的修正和发动机的保护机油压力信号范围 0.2~4.8V
Measurement of oil pressure and temperature for injection
correction and engine protection Oil pressure signal range
0.2~4.8V

65
7 、轨压传感器 Rail Pressure Sensors

作用：测量共轨管中的燃油压力，保证油压控制稳定

发动机正常工作时轨压是变化的，如果轨压过低，发动机将无法起动

Function: Measure the fuel pressure in the

common rail pipe to ensure stable fuel
pressure control.

The rail pressure varies during normal engine

operation, if the rail pressure is too low, the
engine will not be able to start.

66
7 、轨压传感器 Rail Pressure Sensors

轨压传感器特性曲线，见右图。
当轨压为 0 时，传感器输出电压为 0.5V, 当达到最大轨压时，
传感器输出 4.5V 。
The rail pressure sensor characteristic
curve, see the right figure.
When the rail pressure is 0, the sensor
output voltage is 0.5V, when the
maximum rail pressure is reached, the
sensor output is 4.5V.

67
7 、轨压传感器 Rail Pressure Sensors

轨压传感器是个有源传感器，共有 3 个端子，轨压信号范围
0.5~4.5v 一旦损坏，必须起用应急备份功能，按设定值替代发动机将会出现跛行回家
接通点火开关 0.5V 模式，转速在 1500r/min
怠速 1.2~1.5v （ 340~450bar ） In case of damage, the emergency
The rail pressure sensor is an backup function must be activated, and
active sensor with 3 terminals, and the engine will be replaced by the set
value in limp-home mode with a speed
the rail pressure signal range is
of 1500r/min.
0.5~4.5v.
Turn on the ignition switch 0.5v
Idle 1.2~1.5v (340~450bar)
68
7 、轨压传感器 Rail Pressure Sensors

轨压传感器信号电压恒为 0V 的原因： 轨压传感器信号电压恒为 5V 的原因：

The reason why the signal The reason why the signal
voltage of the rail pressure voltage of the rail pressure
sensor is constant 0V sensor is constant 5V
1 、信号线对地短路 1 、回路线断路 circuit breaker
Signal line shorted to ground 2 、信号线对 5V 电源线短路
Signal line shorted to 5V power line

69
8 、水温传感器 Water Temperature Sensor

作用：测量冷却水温度，用于冷起动、目标怠速计算等，同时还用于修正喷油提前角、最
大功率保护等
Function: Measurement of cooling water
temperature for cold start, target idle
calculation, etc., and also for correction of
injection advance angle, maximum power
protection, etc.
目标怠速：水温 40℃ 以上时，怠速 600rpm ；水温 0℃ 以上时，怠速 770rpm ；开空调时上升 100rpm ；
有车速时上升 100rpm
Target idle speed: 600rpm when the water temperature is above 40℃;
770rpm when the water temperature is above 0℃; up 100rpm when the
air conditioner is on; up 100rpm when there is a car speed
70
 工作原理
Working Principle
8 、水温传感器 Water Temperature Sensor
阻 值
水温传感器电阻 (KΩ)
t(℃) Water Temperature Sensor Resistance
标准值 standard 最小值 minimum 最大值 maximum
—40℃ 45.313 40.49 50.136
—30℃ 26.114 23.58 28.647
—20℃ 15.462 14.096 16.827
温 度
—10℃ 9.397 8.642 10.152
0℃ 5.896 5.466 6.326
10℃ 3.792 3.542 4.043
20℃ 2.5 2.351 2.649
水温传感器是一个负温度系数的热敏电阻，温度升高阻值下降，
25℃ 2.057 1.941 2.173
温度降低阻值增加。电阻值为 2.5kΩ --300Ω （温度
30℃ 1.707 1.615 1.798
20~80℃ ）
40℃ 1.175 1.118 1.231
The water temperature sensor is
50℃ 0.834 0.798 0.87 a negative temperature
60℃ 0.596 0.573 0.618 coefficient thermistor, the
70℃ 0.435 0.421 0.451 resistance value decreases when
80℃ 0.323 0.313 0.332 the temperature rises, and
90℃ 0.243 0.237 0.25 increases when the temperature
decreases. Resistance value is
100℃ 0.186 0.182 0.191
2.5kΩ -- 300Ω (temperature 20 ~
110℃ 0.144 0.14 0.148
80 ℃) 71
 水温传感器故障 Faulty water temperature sensor
 信号丢失时 , 发动机水温默认 -40℃
 水温高会限制扭矩，转速不会影响；传感器信号出现故障会跛行回家
 水温信号失准，会导致冷启动困难、排放不良、动力下降等相关故障
 水温信号若恒为 0V ，主要原因有：
 Engine water temperature defaults to -40°C when signal is lost
 High water temperature will limit torque, speed will not be affected; sensor signal failure will limp
home
 The water temperature signal is out of calibration, which will lead to cold start difficulties, poor
emissions, power loss and other related failures
 Water temperature signal if constant 0V, the main reasons are:

1 、信号线对地短路 Signal line shorted to ground

2 、信号线对回路线短路 Signal line shorted to return line
3 、 ECU 故障 ECU malfunction

72
 水温传感器故障 Faulty water temperature sensor

 水温信号若恒为 5V ，主要原因有
If the water temperature signal is constant at 5V, the main reasons are

1 、信号线断路 Signal wire disconnection

2 、回路线断路、未完成接地 Circuit breaker, incomplete grounding

3 、传感器坏、插接器坏 Bad sensor, bad connector

73
9 、油量计量单元 Oil metering unit

▲ 油量计量阀的电阻值为 2.6~3.15Ω
▲ X2-05 端子正常波形为矩形方波 ( 占空比信号）
▲ 打开点火开关，断开插接器，检测 X2-05 电压为
2.91~3.91V ，检测 X2-04 电压为 24V
▲ Resistance value of oil metering valve
is 2.6~3.15Ω.
▲ Normal waveform of X2-05 terminal is
rectangular square wave (duty cycle
signal)
▲ Turn on the ignition switch, disconnect
the plug, test X2-05 voltage is
2.91~3.91V, test X2-04 voltage is 24V

74
10 、喷油器电路 Injector Circuit

线圈阻值： 230mΩ(20℃ 时误差 ±5%)

提升电压： 48v
工作电压： 24V
提升电流： 24-26A
保持电流： 11-13A
Coil resistance value: 230mΩ (error ±5% at
20℃)
Lifting voltage: 48v
Working voltage: 24V
Lifting current: 24-26A
Holding current: 11-13A

75
11 、 OBD 诊断接口 OBD diagnostic interface

1 、 9 号针脚 - 刷写 CAN 线；
3 、 11 号针脚 - 车身总线（ I-CAN ）
6 、 14 号针脚 - 动力总线（ P-CAN ）
4 、 5 号针脚 - 接地线
1 6 1 5 1 4 1 3 1 2 11 1 0 9 7 号针脚 -K 线
16 号针脚 -24V 电源
Pin 1, 9-Flush CAN line;
8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Pin 3, 11-body bus (I-CAN)
Pin 6, 14-power bus (P-CAN)
Pin 4, 5-Ground wire
Pin 7-K wire
Pin 16-24V power supply

76
12 、起动电路 Starter circuit
点 火
熄 火 起 动 30 开 关
开 关 开 关

+B
电 源
总 开 关 30 15 50

K 01 K 03 K 05 K 31 - K 87 K 67 K 88 K 35
M

87a 87 86 85
ECU
起 动 机 K 71 K 29 + K 19 + K 68 K 02 K 04 K 06

空 挡
开 关
（空挡闭合）

发动机起动受控于 ECU 。 ECU 接收各开关的位置信号，当起动条件满足时， ECU 会为起动继电器线圈通电、使起动机运转。与起动控制相关的开关有点

火开关、空挡开关、车下起动开关和熄火开关等。
Engine starting is controlled by the ECU, which receives position signals from the switches, and
when the starting conditions are met, the ECU energizes the starter relay coil to run the starter. The
switches associated with starting control are the ignition switch, neutral switch, undercarriage starter
switch, and stall switch.

77
12 、起动电路 Starter circuit
1 、点火开关 15 电源 Ignition Switch 15 Power Supply
当点火开关处于 ON 或 ST 档时有电，此电源信号进入 ECU 是 ECU 进入工作状态的前提条件
点火开关 ignition switch When the ignition switch is in the ON or ST gear with power, this
power signal into the ECU is a prerequisite for the ECU to enter the
operating state
2 、点火开关 50 电源 Ignition Switch 50 Power Supply
当点火开关处于 ST 档时，此电源信号进入 ECU 为起动请求信号。正常情况下 ECU 是否接通起动控制回路，
要看空挡信号是否送入 ECU
When the ignition switch is in ST, this power signal enters the ECU as
a start request signal. Whether the ECU turns on the starter control
circuit under normal conditions depends on whether the neutral signal
is sent to the ECU or not.

78
 12 、起动电路 Starter circuit
空挡开关 neutral 潍柴发动机起动电路构成
switch Weichai engine starting circuit composition

1 、空档开关在变速器处于空档时闭合
2 、 ECU 通过对 X1-19 针脚电位检测来判定档位。空档时 X1-19 为高电位，有档时
X1-19 为低电位
3 、空挡开关损坏后，保持点火开关处于 ST 位置超过 5S,ECU 将强行起动发动机 1. The
neutral switch is closed when the transmission is in neutral.
2 、 The ECU determines the gear position by detecting the
potential of pin X1-19. X1-19 is high potential in neutral and
low potential in gear.
3 、 After the neutral switch is damaged, keep the ignition
switch in ST position for more than 5S, ECU will force the
engine to start.

79
 12 、起动电路 Starter circuit
车下起动开关和熄火开关
Undercarriage starter switch
and kill switch
1 、在点火开关打开的条件下，车下起动开关可以完成发动机的车下起动
2 、按下车下起动开关按钮时触点闭合，通过 K67 端子将起动信号送给 ECU
1 、 With the ignition switch on, the under-vehicle starter
switch can complete the under-vehicle start of the
engine.
2. When the under-vehicle starter switch button is
pressed, the contact closes and the starting signal is
sent to the ECU through the K67 terminal.

1 、熄火开关用于车下熄火
2 、按下车下熄火开关按钮时触点闭合，通过 K31 端子将熄火信号送给 ECU
1 、 The ignition off switch is used to turn off the engine
under the car.
2 、 Contacts close when pressing the button of the under-
vehicle ignition-off switch, and the ignition-off signal is
sent to the ECU through terminal K31.
80
 起动电路接通的条件
Conditions for starting circuit on

1 、点火开关是否打开？
Is the ignition switch on? OFF
ON
X1-88 得电则通过
ST
X1-88 is energized by
electromagnetic switch
2 、是否有起动请求？ 50 电 磁 开 关 30
20

Is there a start request? 10

T

K 29 30 主 触 点 保持线圈
X1-35 得电则通过（ X1-71 接地与之等效） 50
飞
X1-35 energized then passes (X1- 86 87 C 30
轮
71 grounded equivalent) 吸拉线圈

3 、是否处于空挡？ ECU
85
K 71
30

Is it in neutral?
X1-19 高电位则通过
M
X1-19 high potentials are then passed
4 、 ECU 电源供给和接地是否正常？
Is the ECU power supply and ground normal?

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 发动机无法起动故障 Engine won't start

运转正常 function properly

喷油器无驱动电压： ▲ 曲轴位置传感器和凸轮
起动机运转，同步信号产生后， ECU 才会发出喷油指 轴位置传感器及回路故障 ;
令 ▲ 同步信号不同步；
No drive voltage to the injectors: ▲ 轨压低于下限值
The starter is running and the ▲ Crankshaft position sensor and camshaft
position sensor and circuit failure.
synchronization signal is generated
▲Synchronization signal is not synchronized;
before the ECU issues an injection ▲The rail pressure is lower than the lower limit
command

频 率 ： 2 m s /格
峰 值 ： 2 3 .4 V
频 率 ： 占 空 比 :
脉 宽 ：

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 发动机无法起动故障 Engine won't start
轨压无法建立：
运转正常 function properly 要进行常规油路检查
Rail pressure cannot be built up:
▲ 检查油箱油位是否过低 ; To perform a routine oil line check
▲ 燃油标号过低，低温失去流动性；
▲ 检查低压油路是否有空气，是否有堵、漏情况
▲ 检查喷油器是否“内漏”，溢流阀和限压阀有无卡滞、泄漏情况
▲ 检查轨压传感器初始电压值是否在 500mV 左右，或设定轨压是否为 300-500bar （用诊断工具），若不正常首先检查接插件是否牢靠。若无检查设备，可以
拔掉轨压传感器尝试再起动
▲ 检查油量计量阀是否完好，拔掉接插件尝试再起动
▲Check if the fuel level of the tank is too low; and
▲The fuel grade is too low and loses fluidity at low temperature;
▲Check whether there is air in the low-pressure oil circuit, and whether there is blockage or
leakage.
▲Check whether the injector has "internal leakage", and whether the relief valve and
pressure limiting valve have stagnation or leakage.
▲Check whether the initial voltage value of rail pressure sensor is around 500mV, or whether
the set rail pressure is 300-500bar (with diagnostic tool), if it is not normal, first of all,
check whether the connector is secure. If there is no checking equipment, you can unplug
the rail pressure sensor and try to start again.
▲Check whether the oil metering valve is intact, unplug the connector and try to start again.

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 发动机无法起动故障 Engine won't start

运转无力 run helplessly 转速过低：

1 、同步信号不能有效产生
1 、蓄电池电量检查
2 、缸内燃烧条件不具备
Battery charge check The rotation speed is too low:
2 、电源线、蓄电 1 、 Synchronization signal can not be effectively
Power cord, power storage generated
池接地线连接情况 2 、 Cylinder combustion conditions are not available
Pool ground wire connection
3 、起动机检查
Starter motor inspection
◆ 继电器 relay
◆ 电刷 brush
◆ 导线连接 wire connection 检 查 电 瓶 极 柱 有 无 松 动 和 腐 蚀
检 查 电 源 线 和 搭 铁 线 连 接 是 否 松 动

◆ 转子、定子检查
Rotor and stator inspection
4 、发动机机械故障
Mechanical engine failure
5 、环境温度过低
起 动 条 件 下 测 量 蓄 电 池 电 压 和 起 动 机
Low ambient temperature
松 动 和 腐 蚀 要 处 理
电 源 接 柱 电 压 是 否 明 显 低 于 24V ?

84
 发动机无法起动故障 Engine won't start

发动机不运转 The engine won't run.

1 、检查继电器触点是否烧蚀
继电器吸合、电磁开关不吸合： 2 、检查继电器 30 端子供电情况
3 、检查继电器与起动机控制端子间连接
听不到电磁开关吸合声
4 、拆检起动机
Relay engages, solenoid switch 1 、 Check whether the relay contacts are corroded
does not engage: 2 、 Check the power supply of relay terminal 30
Electromagnetic switch does not 3 、 Check the connection between relay and starter
close. motor control terminal
4 、 Disassemble and inspect the starter motor
OFF
ON 1. Are all starting conditions satisfied?
ST
▼If X1-88 is energized, it passes.
50 电 磁 开 关 30
20
10
▼X1-35 passes if power is supplied.
▼X1-19 high potential
T

K 29 30 主 触 点 保持线圈
50

86 87 C 30
飞
轮 ▼ECU power supply and grounding conditions
吸拉线圈
2. Is the starter relay coil circuit normal?
85 30
ECU K 71

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 发动机无法起动故障 Engine won't start

发动机不运转 The engine won't run.

1 、起动条件是否均满足？
继电器不吸合： ▼X1-88 得电则通过
起动机附近听不到任何声音 ▼X1-35 得电则通过
Relay does not engage: ▼X1-19 高电位
Can't hear anything near the ▼ECU 电源供给和接地情况
starter motor 2 、起动继电器线圈回路是否正常？
1. Are all starting conditions satisfied?
▼If X1-88 is energized, it passes.
▼X1-35 passes if power is supplied.
▼X1-19 high potential
▼ECU power supply and grounding
conditions
2. Is the starter relay coil circuit normal?

86
1. 轨压传感器的供电电压是多少（ ） A
What is the supply voltage of the rail pressure
sensor
A 5V B 33V C 24V D 12V

2. 水温、进气温度、机油温度过高会导致熄火。
High water, intake, and oil temperatures can cause
stalling.
（B） A 正确 B 错误

87
3. 发动机报出轨压传感器电压相关错误的当前故障会导致（
C
）
A current malfunction in which the engine reports
an error related to the rail pressure sensor voltage
will cause the
A 怠速回家 B 、限制扭矩 70%
C 、限制 1500 转 D 、无法启动
A Idle home
B. Limit torque 70%
C. Limit 1500 rpm
D. Can't start

88
4.ECU 的电源线正、负线路都是各几根线（ ） A
How many wires are in each of the ECU's
power cables, positive and negative?
A. 3, 3 B. 4, 4 C. 2, 2 D. 1, 1

89
5.ECU
A 的公共输出高端针脚没有电压输出，则错误的是（ ）
There is no voltage output on the common output high end
pin of the ECU, then the error is
A 、 ECU 肯定已经烧毁损坏
B 、 ECU 没有被激活或者主供电有问题。
C 、此公共输出高端针脚对应的线路，有对地短路的情况，导致 ECU 自我保护防止烧毁。
A. The ECU must have burned out and damaged
B. B. The ECU has not been activated or there is a
problem with the main power supply.
C. The line corresponding to the high end pin of this
public output has a short circuit to ground, causing the
ECU to self-protect against burnout.

90
6. 自主 ECU 报错， 1 、 2 、 3 、缸喷油器对地短路，则需要排查（
） B
Autonomous ECU reports an error, 1, 2, 3, cylinder
injectors shorted to ground, then you need to
troubleshoot the
A 、 4 、 5 、 6 缸喷油器 B 、 1 、 2 、 3 缸喷油器
C 、 1 、 5 、 3 、 6 、 2 、 4 、中的 1 、 5 、 3 缸喷油器
A 4, 5, 6 Cylinder Injectors
B 1, 2, 3 cylinder injectors
C 1, 5, 3, 6, 2, 4, of 1, 5, 3 cylinder injectors

91
7. 报错油门踏板 1 电压低于下限故障，需要排查（ ） A
Fault report gas pedal 1 voltage below lower limit fault,
need to be troubleshooting
A 、油门踏板 1 电源、信号线开路或者对地短路。
B 、油门踏板 1 电源、信号线对电源短路。
C 、油门踏板 2 电源、信号线开路或者对地短路。
D 、油门踏板 2 电源、信号线对电源短路。
A. Throttle pedal 1 power supply, signal wire open or
shorted to ground.
B. Throttle pedal 1 power supply, signal wire shorted to
power.
C. Throttle pedal 2 power supply, signal line open
circuit or short circuit to ground.
D. Throttle pedal 2 power supply, signal wire shorted to
power supply.
92
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