Basic Computer Organization

Presented By:
Dr. Poonam Panwar
Associate Professor
Faculty of Agriculture
MM(DU), Mullana, Ambala, Haryana
Contents

 Basic operations performed by all types of computer systems

 Basic organization of a computer system

 Input unit and its functions

 Output unit and its functions

 Storage unit and its functions

 Types of storage used in a computer system

(Continued on next slide)

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By: Dr. Poonam Panwar
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 Learning Objectives
(Continued from previous slide..)

 Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)

 Control Unit (CU)

 Central Processing Unit (CPU)

 Computer as a system

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The Five Basic Operations of a Computer
System

 Inputting. The process of entering data and instructions into the

computer system
 Storing. Saving data and instructions to make them readily
available for initial or additional processing whenever required
 Processing. Performing arithmetic operations (add, subtract,
multiply, divide, etc.) or logical operations (comparisons like equal
to, less than, greater than, etc.) on data to convert them into
useful information

(Continued on next slide)

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 The Five Basic Operations of a Computer
System

 Outputting. The process of producing useful information or

results for the user such as a printed report or visual display
 Controlling. Directing the manner and sequence in which all of
the above operations are performed

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Basic Organization of a Computer System

Storage Unit

Secondary
Storage

Program Information
Input Output
and Unit Unit (Results)
Data Primary

Storage

Control
Unit
Indicates flow of
instructions and data
Arithmetic Indicates the control
Logic exercised by the
Unit control unit
Central Processing Unit (CPU)

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Input Unit

An input unit of a computer system performs the

following functions:

1. It accepts (or reads) instructions and data from outside world

2. It converts these instructions and data in computer
acceptable form
3. It supplies the converted instructions and data to the computer
system for further processing

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 Output Unit

An output unit of a computer system performs the

following functions:

1. It accepts the results produced by the computer, which are in

coded form and hence, cannot be easily understood by us

2. It converts these coded results to human acceptable

(readable) form

3. It supplies the converted results to outside world

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Storage Unit

The storage unit of a computer system holds (or stores)

the following :
1. Data and instructions required for processing (received
from input devices)

2. Intermediate results of processing

3. Final results of processing, before they are released to an

output device

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Two Types of Storage

 Primary storage

 Used to hold running program instructions

 Used to hold data, intermediate results, and results of

ongoing processing of job(s)
 Fast in operation

 Small Capacity

 Expensive

 Volatile (looses data on power dissipation)

(Continued on next slide)

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Two Types of Storage
(Continued from previous slide..)

 Secondary storage

 Used to hold stored program instructions

 Used to hold data and information of stored jobs

 Slower than primary storage

 Large Capacity

 Lot cheaper that primary storage

 Retains data even without power

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Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)

Arithmetic Logic Unit of a computer system is the place where the

actual executions of instructions takes place during processing
operation

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Control Unit (CU)

Control Unit of a computer system manages and coordinates the

operations of all other components of the computer system

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Central Processing Unit (CPU)

Arithmeti Central
c Logic + Control Unit = Processin
Unit (CU) g Unit
(ALU) (CPU)

 It is the brain of a computer system

 It is responsible for controlling the operations of all

other units of a computer system

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The System Concept

• A system has following three characteristics:

1. A system has more than one element

2. All elements of a system are logically related

3. All elements of a system are controlled in a manner to achieve the

system goal
• A computer is a system as it comprises of integrated components (input
unit, output unit, storage unit, and CPU) that work together to perform
the steps called for in the executing program

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Key Words/Phrases

 Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)  Output interface

 Auxiliary storage  Output unit
 Central Processing Unit (CPU)  Outputting
 Computer system  Primate storage
 Control Unit (CU)  Processing
 Controlling  Secondary storage
 Input interface  Storage unit
 Input unit  Storing
 Inputting  System
 Main memory

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 Thank You
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