Chapter-5

44
CELL
SHAPE
SIZE
 Kinds of cell
• PROKARYOTIC
• EUKARYOTIC
• Simple cell organization.
• High degree of organization.
 Prokaryotic cells
• Chemically complex protective envelop.
• Doesn’t have well-defined nucleus and other
organelles.
• Cell envelope-glycocalyx, cell wall, plasma
membrane.
• Glycocalyx- slime layer or capsule.
DANISH – HANS CHRISTIAN GRAM. PEPTIDOGLYCAN MUREIN
 BACTERIA
• Cilia and flagella- basal body
• Filament and hook.
• Tubular pili-intercellular communication.
• Mesosome- cell wall formation, DNA replication.
• Chromatophores-longer extensions (chlorophyll)-
• Ribosome-protein
• Sedimentation rate- Svedberg units
• 70s (50S + 30S).
•
PROKARYOTIC CELL
 Cell wall
• Plant cell , fungi and protist.
• Algae –cellulose, galactans, mannans, calcium
carbonate.
• Plants- hemicellulose , pectin, lipid, protein.
• Microfibrils- cellulose.
• Grass-silica
• Cutin, suberin, wax, lignin.
 Calcium, magnisium

Ripe fruit softening

Cytokinensis- cell plate

Meristamatic celll of young plant., mesophyll, pith.

 plasmodesmata
• Cytoplasmic bridges.
• Pores-cell wall and middle lamella.
quasifluid
 Plasma membrane
• Extracullular, intracellular.
• Cytosol.
• 75 A
• Trilaminar- phospholipid, protein ,
carbohydrate.
• Amphipathic- 1polar head, 2 non polar tail.
• Snadwitched tail
• RBC- 52% p, 40% l, 18% c
SINGER AND NICHOLSON- 1972
 Fluid mosaic model
• Protein - ice bergs in the sea of lipid.
• Intrinsic- different depth of bilayer.
• Transmembrane protein- span entire
thickness-passage of water.
• Extrensic or peripheral protein.
• Quasifluid- movement of protein- fluidity.
 Function
• Transport and protection.
• Passive and active transport.
• Diffusion along concentration gradient.
• Water- osmosis.
• Active transport-Na+/k+pump.
• Polar molecules cannot pass through non-
polar lipid bilayer- carrier protein
 CYTOPLASM
• GROUND SUBSTANCE/CYTOPLASMIC
MATRIX/CYTOSOL.
• CYCLOSIS.
• WATER, ORGANIC AND INORGANIC
COMPOUND.
• CELL ORGANELLES
• SOURCE OF ROW MATERIALS –METABOLIC
ACTIVITY.
• EXCHANGE OF MATEIAL.
 CELL ORGANELLS
• Compartment- carry specific function.
• Specific task- endomembrane system.
• Distinct task- chloroplast, mitochondria.
ENDLOPLASMIC RETICULUM
 ER
• Little network in cytoplasm.
• Eukaryotic cell - ova, mature red blood
corpuscle.
• Cisternae- forms more than 50% total
membrane.
• Laminal cytoplasm and non laminal cytoplasm.
• Nuclear envelop-cell membrane.
• Framework.
Pancreatic cell.
Secretory protein.

Steroid-corticl region of adrenal

gland,
Testes and ovary
Detoxification of poison, storage of
calcium.
 Secretory protein
• Ribosome
• Wrapped in membrane- bud of from transitional
region.
• Transport vesicle.
• RER- formation of membrane for the cell.
• Grows in place by addition of membrane protein
and phospholipids to its own membrane.
• Portion of expanded membrane are transferred
to other components of endomembrane system
 GOLGI COMPLEX
• FUNCION- assembly, manufacturing cum
packaging and transport unit of cell.
• STRUCTURE- stacks of membranous sacs.
• diameter 0.5-1micro meter.
• cis face and trans face
• Transport vesicle from ER
• Merge with cis face
• Add its content in lumen.
• Modified and condensed secretion
• Leave trans face as membrane bound vesicle.
 FUNCTION OF GOLGI COMPLEX
+
1, Modification of secretion of ER.
2, Production of own secretions
CISTERNAE- specific enzyme.
1,REFINING- glycoprotein, glycolipids
loose certain sugar regain other
variety of products
2,Own products- plant cell-non-cellulose
polysaccharides-pectin.
Cis trans
FUNCTION OF GOLGI COMPLEX
• Vesicle
Impregnated on
membrane
Identifie specific target cell or cell
organelles.
LYSOSOME
 LYSOSOMES
• Dismantling and restructuring unit.
• Membrane bound vesicles.
• Digest macromolecules- optimal activity in acidic
condition.
• Form- Golgi associated ER.
• Lysosomal enzymes- hydrolases ,amylases ,proteases
and lipases.( inactive form)
• activated + particular organelle- hybrid structure.
• Lysosome – reformed and reused.
 Polymorphic in nature.
• [Link] lysosome.
• [Link] lysosome/ hybrid lysosome- primary
lysosome + endocytic vesicle- heterophagic
vesicle.(larger in size)
• [Link] body – vesicle – undigested remain
left over in the heterophagicvesicle.
A . Autophagic vesicle-(suicidal bag)- fused with
old cell organelle or organic molecule.
Every week humen liver- half of its macromolecules
 INTRACELLULAR AND EXTRACELLULAR DIGESTION

• Autophagic vesicle or secondary lysosome.

• Phagocytosis – food vacuole in amoeba-
macrophages inhumen- engulf and destroy
harmful microbes.
VACUOLES
 vacuoles
• Membrane bound sac, prominent –plant(2,3)
• Central vacuole-90%
• Tonoplast.
• Cell sap-cytosol.
• Composition of cell sap is different
• Central-store house ions.-hyprtonic.
• Small-seed
• Excretory,unpalatable.
• Pigment.
• Contractile vacuoles
• turgidity
paramoecium
 Mitochondria
• Aerobic respiration.
• Prokaryotic cell and RBC
• Oval and spiral strip like.
• Double membrane.
• Outer membrane- porin or parsons particles-
metabolites
• Inner membrane-Selectively permeable.
• Space-outer chamber
• cristea.-oxysomes and cytochromes
• Inner chamber-cavity –contain a fluid-marix
• Matrix-DNA,RNA 70S., lipids and various enzymes.
 oxysomes
• Oxysomes- F1-F0
• Fernandez – Moran/Elementary
particles/mitochondrialparticles
• Head-ATP synthesis.
• Foot- proton channel
• Proton pumping & ATP sythesis.
PALLADE-1953
CILIA