Introduction to AI

BY
M.Pravallika
 What is AI?
• AI is a branch of science which deals with
helping machines finding solutions to complex
problems in a more human like fashion.
 AI problems
• Computing Power
• The amount of power these power-hungry
algorithms use is a factor keeping most
developers away. Machine Learning and Deep
Learning are the stepping stones of this
Artificial Intelligence, and they demand an
ever-increasing number of cores and GPUs to
work efficiently.
• Algorithmic Bias
• In terms of AI and machine learning models,
algorithms are defined as a set of instructions and
rules designed to perform a particular task or
solve a particular issue. These so-called
algorithms serve as the key part of building AI
models. They are trained on massive datasets and
optimized so they can learn from patterns and
trends within the data to empower the decision-
making process.
• Data Quality & Availability for AI Model Training

• As mentioned above, AI and machine learning algorithms

thrive(grow) on data. Hence, data access and quality are
prerequisites for creating a functional AI model. The lack or
absence of standardized data may turn out to be a road-
blocker.
• The higher the volume of quality data developers can use
to train and fine-tune a model, the better results it can
yield in return. The training data must be of high quality,
relevant, and free from bias.
• Data Security & Privacy
• Since AI heavily relies on data for its
predictions and decisions, it is imperative to
protect the data from theft or manipulation,
especially in the current AI industry. If the AI
model is hacked,There is loss of sensitive
information.
• Lack of AI Talent
• Since AI is a technology that is here to stay,
you should begin developing your AI
methods/strategies by investing in the people
and technical stacks needed for building AI
solutions. Nowadays, many organizations are
struggling with the shortage of skilled
engineers with this technical expertise.
• High Development Costs

• Obviously, developing and implementing AI solutions

can be expensive. This is more a fact than a hurdle
when you wish for the power of artificial
intelligence. The expenses of AI development vary
widely on many other factors than merely the
resources you use. They range from the project
complexity, the type of AI being developed, and
ongoing maintenance to the scale of implementation.
• Unrealistic expectations
• With the current advancement in AI
capabilities, the sky is the limit. But hold on.
Artificial intelligence is indeed a powerful
foundation for innovations
• Ethics in AI
• Ethics in AI is one of the most critical issues
that needs to be addressed. Ethics in AI
involves discussions about various issues,
including privacy violations, perpetuation of
bias, and social impact. The process of
developing and deploying an AI raises
questions about the ethical implications of its
decisions and actions.
 Foundations of AI
• Philosophy
• While exploiting the power of the computer systems, the
curiosity of human, lead him to wonder, “Can a machine think
and behave like humans do?”
• Thus, the development of AI started with the intention of
creating similar intelligence in machines that we find and
regard high in humans.
 Cond..

• Mathematics
• Core mathematical concepts from algebra, calculus, and
probability lie at the heart of modern AI innovation. As such,
engaging in the development of these technologies requires
that students start with strong mathematical foundations.
• Economics
• With AI-powered tools, businesses and governments can
make more informed decisions based on data-driven insights.
This can lead to better resource allocation, improved risk
management and optimized strategies, contributing to
economic growth and competitiveness.
• Neuroscience
• The human brain is an incredibly complex organ, generating
an abundance of data through various imaging techniques like
fMRI (functional magnetic resonance imaging) and EEG
(electroencephalogram). AI algorithms can swiftly process
these data sets, identifying subtle patterns that might elude
(avoid )human analysis.
• Psychology
• Psychology is the foundation of artificial intelligence
because it provides a set of principles that allow computers to
learn and reason. In other words, AI relies on psychology to
understand how humans think and act.
• Linguistics
• AI, particularly in machine translation, breaks language
barriers, enabling real-time multilingual communication and
expanding markets faster and more cost-effectively.
History of AI
 STRONG AI and weak AI
• Strong AI:
• AI says that a machine is capable of doing the
work excatly like an intelligent human being or
equal to human being.
• Weak AI:AI is defined that a computer is
simple machine can slove problems and
support the users.
 Agents and Environments

• An AI systenm consists of an Agent and

environment
• Agent:
• An agent can be anything that preceives(takes
input) from environment through
sensors(camers,micro phones,etc.)and acts on
that environment through effectors.
• A human agent has sensory organs such as
eyes, ears, nose, tongue and skin parallel to
the sensors, and other organs such as hands,
legs, mouth, for effectors.
• A robotic agent replaces cameras and infrared
range finders for the sensors, and various
motors and actuators for effectors.
• A software agent has encoded bit strings as its
programs and actions.
• Environments
• An environment is everything in the world
which surrounds the agent, but it is not a part
of an agent itself.
• that environment through effectors.
• Agent Terminology:-
• Performance Measure of Agent − It is the criteria, which
determines how successful an agent is.
• Behavior of Agent − It is the action that agent performs
after any given sequence of percepts.
• Percept − It is agent’s perceptual inputs at a given instance.
• Percept Sequence − It is the history of all that an agent has
perceived till date.
• Agent Function − It is a map from the precept sequence to
an action.
 What is Ideal Rational Agent?

• An ideal rational agent is the one, which is capable of doing expected

actions to maximize its performance measure, on the basis of −
• Its percept sequence
• Its built-in knowledge base
• Rationality of an agent depends on the following −
• The performance measures, which determine the degree of success.
• Agent’s Percept Sequence till now.
• The agent’s prior knowledge about the environment.
• The actions that the agent can carry out.
• A rational agent always performs right action, where the right action
means the action that causes the agent to be most successful in the
given percept sequence.