Week

INTRODUCTION
TO STATISTICS

Community and Public Heath

INTRODUCTION TO STATISTICS
• The students are introduced to
– 1. basic concepts in statistics and
– 2. analysis and presentation of public health
data,
• The session will also provide students with
basic tools needed to manage, analyze
and interpret information and
statistics.
STATISTICS
• As a METHOD it refers to orderly processes
of data collection, organization,
presentation and interpretation (tabulation
of data, computation of rates and frequency
distribution, graphic presentation)
• As a DATA it refers to quantitative data affected
to a marked extent by a multiplicity of causes.
 BRANCHES OF STATISTICS
DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS INFERENTIAL
STATISTICS
• Statistical techniques for • Concerned in making
summarizing and estimates, predictions,
presenting data in a generalizations, and
form that will make conclusions about a
them easier to analyze target population based
and interpret on information from a
sample.
Classification of Statistical Data

Demographic
Ex. Population size, age, sex,
geographic distribution, mortality,
morbidity, growth rate

Health Status
Ex. Causes and distribution of mortality
and morbidity as to residence, place of
occurrence, age, sex
Classification of Statistical Data
Health Resources
Ex.Number and distribution of
health facilities, health
manpower, health expenditures.

Health-related Socio-economic Environmental

Factors
Ex.Water supply, excreta disposal, school
enrollment, food establishment, transports,
food intake/habits
STATISTICS
• The term statistics
refers to both the

and the
science that helps to
interpret those
numbers.
Uses of Statistics
• Problems of Estimates
• Problems of Comparison
• Health need Identification
• Analysis of Problem and Trends
• Epidemiologic Evaluation
• Program Planning
• Budget Preparation and Justification
• Administrative Decision Making
• Health Education
Variable - measurement of a characteristic

TYPES OF VARIABLE

Qualitative Quantitative
• numerical representation • values indicate a
of the categories are quantity or amount
for labeling/coding and can be
and NOT for expressed
comparison numerically
• values can be arranged
according to
magnitude
 BIOSTATISTICS

LEVELS OF MEASUREMENTS EXAMPLES

Nominal a classificatory scale where the sex, race, blood

categories are used as labels group, patient ID
only
Ordinal used for categories which can likert scale,
be ordered or ranked psycho
social scale
Interval same characteristics as ordinal; temperature, IQ
zero point is arbitrary and does
not mean absence of the
characteristic
Ratio same characteristics as ordinal; weight, BP,
a meaningful zero point exist height,
doctor visits
ORGANIZATION OF DATA

TABULATION
• It refers to the arrangement of any data
in an orderly sequence, so that they
can be presented concisely and
compactly and so that they can be
understood easily.
Types of data for Tabulation

• 1 Frequency Distribution
– Data are grouped according to some
scale of classification, where the sum of
the entries is equal to the total.
• 2. Correlation Data- used to
compare two or more frequencies
• 3. Time Series Data- some variable
changes over a period of time is the
one being presented
 Parts of a Table

• Title- it should state the objective of the table.

• Stubs- indicate the basis of classification of the rows or
horizontal series of figures.
• Column Headings-indicate the basis of classification of the
columns or vertical series of figures.
• Body of the Table- this is made up of the figures filling
the cells or compartments brought about by the
coordinates of rows and columns.
• Marginal Totals- refer to the column totals and row totals.
• Foot Note-indicate the source of information.
Worldwide Incidence of Malaria 2000-2009
ORGANIZATION OF DATA

GRAPHING
• The purpose is to convey a simpler idea of
what the statistical table contains .
• Statistical graph:
– a series of lines joined together, bars or
enclosed areas, drawn to represent certain
statistical information under consideration.
 Parts of a Graph

Title- indicate clearly and briefly what the

figures in the body of the graph stand for,
how the data were classified, and where and
when obtained.
Labels: This is placed at the
bottom of the graph, preceded by
number for easy reference.

Axis- a graph has 2 axes, the vertical and

the horizontal:
• Each represents separate scales of
classification corresponding to the row
and column headings of the table being
graphically presented.
• One of the axes is always quantitative
scale while the other is either qualitative
or quantitative scales.
Parts of a Graph
• Legend- this is needed when one is
drawing more than one graph in a
graphing space.
– This clarifies to what particular
item each of the graph refers.
– It is placed either at the bottom of
the graph or as close as
possible to the figures being
identified.

• Body of the graph- these are the

lines, bars or figures drawn
within the graphing space.
Different Types of Graphs
• Line graphs
– Used to graph time series data depict trends
or changes with time with respect to some
other variables
• Histogram- used to graph continuous variables. A
graphical representation, similar to a bar chart in
structure, that organizes a group of data points into user-
specified ranges.
• Polygon- Used to graph continuous
variables.
• Bar or stick graph- used to graph
qualitative variables and discontinuous
variables of the quantitative variety.
• Pictorial Diagram- usually in the form of
rectangles, square or circles (pies), used to
depict the distribution of a whole with different
segments representing different frequencies.
• Scatter Point Diagram- used to show
relationship of simultaneous
measurement.
a visualization of the relationship between two
variables measured on the same set of individuals.
END OF PRESENTATION