Chapter 6 : Handling
Other People’s
Writing
Reporters
Celis, Micaela
Cisneros, Kimberly
Cruz, Niña Krishna B.
Magno, Rona Mae
Manzanilla, Ronald
Rosete, Nicole
Turcido, Justine
How Do I Avoid Plagiarism? Quotation. Taking from another source the exact
Cite the ideas, analyses, and conclusions of words of the author and using them in your own
others in your papers. Simply rephrasing the written work. These words need to begin and
conclusions of others does not make them conclude with a quotation mark.
your own—you still need to cite them. You Paraphrase. Taking short passages from a source,
don’t include a citation only if the ideas and restating the content of the passage,
conclusions are your own. reconstructing the passage phrase by phrase, and
rephrasing the author’s words in your own.
When to use Citations Paraphrased material is not enclosed in quotation
• What the author says. marks.
• Your interpretation of what the author says. Summary. Taking lengthy passages from a source,
• New ideas and points that you have developed. reformulating or outlining them in your own
words, and using them in your own written work.
How to Use Quotations and Paraphrasing Summarized material is not enclosed in quotation
marks.
• To provide support.
• To use vivid language.
• To represent the source fairly.
• To enrich an argument.
2
HOW TO USE QUOTATIONS AND Paraphrasing
PARAPHRASING Paraphrasing is best used to borrow an author’s
• Use an ellipsis (...) only when it is not obvious that specific ideas without a direct quotation. Perhaps
paraphrasing is best defined by what it is not.
you are quoting only a portion of the whole.
• Within quotations, use square brackets [ ] to add Changing or omitting a few words of another
author’s statements in order to avoid a direct quote
your own clarification, comment, or correction. For
example, the material enclosed in square brackets is not paraphrasing; it is, to be blunt, a form of
plagiarism. Readers are led to believe that it
in the following sentence was added to clarify the
quotation: “He [Hamlet] changes significantly after presents your understanding of another author’s
seeing Fortinbras and his army.” words, when in fact it uses most of that author’s
• Use [sic], which is Latin for “in this manner,” to actual words. Paraphrasing requires that you
indicate that a mistake or problem of some sort is in express ideas in your own terms.
the original material you are quoting and is not a
mistake you introduced in your transcription.
• Place commas and periods inside the closing
quotation marks, but all other punctuation marks—
such as semicolons, colons, exclamation points and
question marks—go outside the closing quotation
marks except when they are part of the quoted
material. 3
Footnotes & Endnotes Cited References (References List)
Endnotes are used to explain or amplify text, cite A bibliography includes all the works you read or
materials of limited availability, or append scanned during the writing process. List references
information presented in a table or figure. Number in alphabetical order by authors’ last names.
endnotes and list them at the end of your paper. References without an author name appear at the
Increasingly people use endnotes rather than beginning of the list. For two or more references by
footnotes and use either one sparingly as they tend to the same author, list them in order of the year of
disrupt the flow of the text. Use footnotes and publication. Use six hyphens and a period (——.) in
endnotes only when necessary. Footnotes appear at place of the name when the authorship is the same
the bottom of the page in which they originate. as in the preceding citation. To list two or more
works by the same author from the same year,
distinguish them by adding letters (a, b, c, etc.) to
the year and list in alphabetical order by the title.
