Chapter 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

A. Research Design
B. Sampling Procedure and Design
C. Data Gathering Procedure
D. Data Analysis/Statistical Treatment
 EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH

Chapter 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1 Research Method

3.2 Materials
3.3 Equipment/Apparatus and
Utensils
3.4 Data Gathering Procedure
3.5 Ethical Standard
3.6 Statistical Treatment
Data collection in
research
 THOUGHTS TO PONDER
• As taught in the previous lesson, a researcher begins by
identifying the research problem. Once the data gathering
procedure has been implemented and data has been
gathered, the next thing to do is to analyze and interpret
them. Data is obtained with the aid of data collection
instruments which will be the focus in this lesson
• Collecting data is the first step you need to perform before you
proceed in writing your data analysis and interpretation.
 What is data ?
• Fact & statistic collected together for
reference or analysis
• research data is defined as recorder
factual material commonly retained by
and accepted in the scientific community
as necessary to validate research
findings.
 Data
• Any information that has been collected,
observed, generated or created to research
finding.
Types of research Data -

1. Quantative data – based on

number.
2. Qualititative data- based on
categories
 Data collection
• Data collection is a systematic process
of collecting information about objects of
study (people, objects, phenomena for
instance) in order to test the hypothesis
or answer the research questions of the
study.
 DATA COLLECTION
• is a systematic process of gathering relevant
information, observations, or
measurements. Whether you are performing
research for academic purposes,
government or business, data collection
allows you to gain first-hand knowledge and
original insights into your research problem.
 Before you begin collecting data, you need to
consider:
• (1) the aim of the research;
• (2) the type of data that you will
collect; and
• (3) the methods and procedures you
will use to collect, store, and process
the data.
 Types of data collection
• A common classification is based upon who
collected the data.
• Primary data: the primary data are those which
are collected afresh and for the first time.
• Secondary data: on the other hand, are those
which have already been collected by someone
else and which have already been passed
through the statistical process.
Primary Data v/s Secondary Data
• Quantitative information
Numerical or quantitative information is obtained
from research methods such as surveys of populations
or from repeated experimental procedures.
• Qualitative information
Qualitative (non-numerical) information may be
recorded during interviews with human participants,
often on video or audiotape, possibly with supporting
notes, and may be transcribed into written form later.
 There are many methods of
collecting primary data. The
main methods include:
• questionnaires
• interviews
• focus group interviews
• observation
• case-studies
 Questionnaires

• Questionnaire is a set of questions has

been prepared to ask a number of

questions and collect answers from

respondents relating to the research topic.

• A number of questions usually in printed

or electronic form are to be answered by

the individuals. The forms often have blank

spaces in which the answers can be

written.
 Interview
• In this method the interviewer personally meets the
informants and asks necessary questions to them
regarding the subject of enquiry.
• Usually a set of questions or a questionnaire is carried
by him and questions are also asked according to that.
• The interviewer efficiently collects the data from the
informants by cross examining them.
• Two types of interview are their:

Personal interview.

Telephone interview.
 Personal and telephone
•
interview
Personal interview method requires adperson
know as the interviewer asking question generally
in a face to face contact to the other persons. This
sort of interview may be in the form if direct
personal investigation or it may be indirect oral
investigation.
• Telephone interview method is collecting
information consists in contacting respondents on
telephone itself
 Focus group
• A focus group is a moderator keeps a small
and homogeneous group, usually less than
15 people, focused on the discussion of a
research topic or issue.
• Focus group sessions may be recorded
using audio and/or videotapes.
• The method is useful for exploring ideas
and obtaining in-depth information about
how people think about an issue.
 Observation
• Observation, particularly participant observation,
has been used in a variety of disciplines as a tool
for collecting data about people, processes, and
cultures in qualitative research.
• Observations enable the researcher to describe
existing situations using the five senses, providing
a "written photograph" of the situation under
study
 Observation Method
• Observation method is a method under which
data collected with the help of observation by
the observer.
Types of Observation Methods-
• Structured
• Unstructured
• Participant
• Non-Participant
 [Link]
Observation-
• Systemic observation.
• For structured observation the researcher
specifies in details what is observed and how
the measurement are to be recorded.
2. Unstructured
Observation-
• Observe and record behavior in a holistic way
without the use of pre determined guide.
3- Participant Observation
•When the observer is member of the group which he
is observing then it is Participant Observation.

4- Non-Participant Observation
• When the observer is not a member of the group.
• observer is observing people without giving any
information to them then it is Non-Participant
Observation.
 Case study
• The case study method is a technique by which

individual factor whether it be an institution or just

an episode in the life of an individual or group is

analysed in its relationship to any other in the group.

• It is a very important form of qualitative analysis and

involves a carful and complete observation of a social

unit a person, a family, an institution, a cultural group

or even the entire community.

• Survey is used to collect quantitative
information about items in a population.
• Surveys are used in different areas for
collecting the data even in public and
private sectors.
• A survey may be conducted in the field
by the researcher.
Data Gathering
Procedures

(Chapter 2)
 What is Data
Gathering Procedure?
Tells of the instrument used, how it was made
and validated, and the different activities done
to gather data.

There are different data gathering

procedures that you can use for a term
paper. It will depend on your convenience and
the ease in gathering the required details that
you can use for the research results.
 Data Gathering Procedure
• This is the “how-to” section of the
study and will introduce the design of
the research and how the data will be
collected based on the questions of
interest. It is the technique used to
obtain the information used in
research study to substantiate the
claims made by a writer.
• This part must discusses the following processes:
• First Paragraph discusses the preliminary procedures done by
the researchers before gathering the data. This indicates the
preparation and distribution of intent letters to the different
concerned authorities.
• Second Paragraph discusses the extracting of data using the
instruments, researcher-made and/or the adopted to the target
respondents. Enumeration of procedures from setting the
respondents, distribution of materials, and up to the retrieval
of instrument should be stated.
• Last Paragraph indicates the proper handling of data gathered
from the respondents by keeping the data anonymous and/or
confidential
 Data Gathering
Procedure
Sources of its Content
- Topic
- Statement of the Problem
- Paradigm
Statistical
Treatment
 What is Statistical
Treatment?
• Tells how the data were treated to be able to
answer the statement of the problem.

• It can be applied to qualitative research,

such as research investigating the effects of
a social policy, and quantitative research,
such as chemical experiments.
 What is Statistical
Treatment?
• This section determines the correct
statistical tools to be used in the
study, thus the research should
ensure the fitness of the measuring
instrument or statistical tool
appropriate in diagnosing specific
problems identified in the study.
 What is Statistical
Treatment?
• This section starts with an
introductory that discusses the tool
used to analyze the data gathered
through the research instrument, then
followed by the discussion of the
following statistical tools and data
analysis techniques that will be used
to answer the research problems of
you study
 What is Statistical
Treatment?
• Statistical treatment in qualitative research
involves analyzing how the data is
represented statistically.

• For example, mathematical equations can

be applied to data to spot similarities,
differences and trends.
 What is Statistical
Treatment?
• For quantitative research, similar equations
can be applied to predict probable outcomes
of an experiment and to check the accuracy
of an outcome.
 Statistical Treatment
• Frequency and Percentage Distribution
• Mean
• T-test
• Analysis of Variance
• Pearson Product
• Multiple Correlation
• Multiple Regression
Statistical Treatment
Frequency and Percentage Distribution
- Used to determine the percentage usually for
data on profile(e.g. level, age, gender, etc.)

Formula: Where:
% = Percent
% f = Frequency
N = Number of
cases
Statistical Treatment
Mean
- Used to get average or central value (e.g.
level, extent, status, etc.)

Formula: Where:

∑𝒙 = Sum of all scores

x = Mean
x
N = Number of cases
Statistical Treatment
T-test
- Used to determine two (2) variable means which
differ significantly or to test the significant
difference between 2 variable means.

Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)

- Used to find out if the frequency of two or more
variables in the study differ sign
Statistical Treatment
Pearson Product - Moment Correlation
Coefficient
- Used to find the degree of the association of two
sets of variables, X and Y or to test the significant
relationship between the two variables

Multiple Correlation
- Used to test if the independent variables have
influence on the dependent variables
Statistical Treatment
Multiple Regression
- Used to predict, singly or in combination, from
among the independent variables the dependent
variables
 Statistical
Treatment
Sources of its Content
- Statistic used on the data generated by each
problem stated.