Mind map : learning made Chapter -

The composition of functions simple

1

}
f : A  B A relation R : A  A is empty
and g : B  C is denoted by gof, and is
if a R b  a, b A. R =   A
defined as gof : A  C given by gof(x) =
A. Trivial
g(f(x)) xA. e.g. let A = N and f, g :
For eg :AR relation
= {(a,b)R: a: A= b2},A Ais =universal Relations
N  N such that f(x) = x2 and g(x) = x3 {1,5,10} if a R b , a,b  A ,R = A × A.
 xN. Then gof(2) = g(f(2)) = g(22)
if R = , then R is universal.
= 43 = 64.
A relation R : A  A is
A functi on f : x  y is invertible, if  a functi on reflexive if aRa  aA
g : y  x such that gof = I x and fog = I y . Then,
+
g is the inverse of f. If f is invertible, then it is both
one-one and onto and vice-versa. For eg. If f(x) = A relation R : A  A is symmetric
x a n d f : N  N , then f is inverti ble. if aRb  bRa  a, bA
Theorem 1 : If f : x  y, g : y  z and h : z  +
s a re f u n c ti o n s , t h e n ho ( got ) = ( hog ) A relation R : A × A is transitive
o f . Theorem 2 : Let f : x  y and g : y  z if aRb, bRc  aRc  a,b,c A.
be two invertible functi ons, then gof is Relations
invertible and (gof)–1 = f–1 o g–1. and Functions
Equivalence relation
(reflexive, symmetric, transitive e.g.,
Let T = the set of all triangles in a
plane and R : T  T defined by
R = {(T 1 , T 2 )} : T 1 is congruent to T 2 }.
A binary operation '*' on a set A is a function
Then, R is equivalence.
* : A × A  A denoted by a * b i.e. 
a,b, A, a * b  A. Commutati ve if a * b = b f : x  y is one-one if f : x  y is onto it for energy f : x  y is both one-one
* a  a,b  A. Associative if (a * b) * c = a f(x1) = f(x2)  x1 = x2 y  Y,  x  X S.t. f(x) = y, f2 is onto. and onto, then f is bijective.
* (b * c) a,b,A. eA is identity if a * e = a  x1, x2  x. Other wise, f3 is bijective.
= e * a aA. and b  A is the inverse f is many- one, f1 is one-one.
of a  A, if. a * b = e = b * a. Additi on is a f1 f2 f3
binary operation on the set of integers. 1 a 1 a
b 1 a
2 2 2
3 3 b
3 c b
c
d
 Mind map : learning made Chapter -
2
simple (I) sin : R  [–1,1]
  
(i) y = sin–1x. Domain = [–1,1], Range =   , 
2 2 (ii) cos : R  [–1,1]
(ii) y = cos–1x. Domain = [–1,1] Range = [0, ]
      
(iii) tan : R  x : x  (2n  1) 2in  Z 
(iii) y = cosec–1x. D o m a i n = R–(–1,1), R a n g e =
, 2  2{0}

  R
(iv) y = sec x. Domain = R–(–1,1), Range = [0,   (iv) cot : R – { x : x = h, n  Z} R
  2
–1

]  
  
(v) y = tan x. D o m a i n = R , R a n ge =   ,
–1
 (v) sec : R – x : x  (2n  1) , n  Z   R2 –(–1,1)
 2 2 

(vi) y = cot x. Domain = R, Range = (0, ).
–1

(vi) cosec : R – { x : x = h, n  Z} R –(–1,1)

imp or tan t re la ti o ns tri go no

m etric f un ctio ns
S o me of a nd in
a p hs tr ig on o
metric fu nct io
ns
vers
e
Gr
Y

(i) y = sin x  x = siny

–1
(ii) x = siny  y = sin x –1

5π/2
(iii) sin(sin x) = x
–1
(iv) sin–1 (sinx) = x Inverse Y 3π/2

(v) sin–1
1 –1
=cosec x (vi) cos–1 (–x) =  – cos–1x Trigonometric π/2
π

x
1
Functions X' o
π/2
X
–1
(vii) cos =sec x
–1
(viii) cot–1(–x) =  – cot–1x 5π/2 π/2 3π/2 π
x X1 π
-3π/2
π o π/2 π
2π 5π/2
X
-3π/2
1 -1 2π
(ix) tan–1 =cot – 1 x (x) sec (–x) =  – sec x
–1 –1
–1 –1
sin x  (sinx) .(sinx)
–1
y = S i nx
-5π/2
x
1 y = sin-1x
(xi) sin–1(–x) = –sin–1x (xii) tan–1(–x) = – tan–1x Y'

 = sin x and same for other Y'


(xiii) tan–1x + cot–1x = (xiv) cosec–1x + sec–1x = trigonometric functions. Y
2 2
–1 –1
xy –1 –1
2x
(xvi) 2 tan x = tan
–1

(xv) tan x + tan y = tan

1  xy 1  x2 T he range of an inverse Y
3π/2
xy 2x 2
π
(xvii) tan–1x – tan–1y = tan
–1
1x trigonometric f u n c ti o n
(xviii) 2 tan – 1 x=sin – 1 =cos – 1 π/2
1  xy 1  x2 -1 1
 1   1  1  x2 is t h e p r i n c i p a l v a l u e X' o X
–1 –1 π -π/2
π 5π/2
For eg : to fi nd the principal value of sin  ,let sin   = y, branch and those values X1
2 π
3π 2π
X -π
-π/2 o
 2  2 which lies in the principal
-3π/2 2

1 -3π/2
The range or the principal value branch of sin is  , 
–1
  -1
 sin y = y=Cosx
2  2 2 value branch is called the
–1 1  
and sin  principal value of that inverse Y'
Y'
y = cos-1x

4 So, the principal value of sin   is 4

  2 trigonometric functions.
1
2
 Mind map : learning made Chapter -
3
simple A matrix of order mn is an ordered rectangular array of numbers
If A=[a ij] mn , then its transpose A' (A T )=[a ji] nmi.e. if or functions having 'm' rows and 'n' columns. The matrix
A
then A A=[a ij ] mn is given by
Also, (A')' = A , (kA)' =kA', (A+B)' =A' +B' , (AB)' =B'A' .  Column matrix : It is of the form aij m×1 m× n
A is symmetric matrix if A = A ' i.e. A'=–A.  Row matrix : It is of the form
aij 1×n
A is skew – symmetric if A = –A' i.e. A'=–A.
 Square matrix : Here, m = n (no. of rows = no. of columns)
A is any matrix, then–
sum of a  Diagonal matrix : All non-diagonal entries are zero i.e
A
a skew-symmetric matrix. p es
A A' A A' symmetric ty  Scalar matrix :
and s and aij  k (Scalar),i 
S.M Skew,  Identity matrix :

it
nd
For eg if S.M. ,then  Zero matrix : All entries are jzero.
and aij = 1 , i  j

na
–1

tio
E qu al ity o f t wo m atrix

i ni
D ef
 aij  bij  B if, A and B are

or Matrices of same order and aij  bij ∀ i and j.

k or If A, B are two matrices of same order, then
k AB[aij  bij ]The addition of A and B follows:
kk or    
AB  B A, A  B  C  A  B  C ,–A  –1  
A, kA  B  k A  k B , k is scalar and
In v er s e i on
of a di t k  I  A  k A  I A , k and I are constants.
ma
tri Ad
x
– –
If A, B are square matrices such that then B=A–1i.e., A is the If

n
then

o
– –

ati
inverse of B and vice-versa.

pl i c
Inverse of a square matrix, if it exists, is unique  If,then

For eg: If then after R1 becomes Mul ti

n
If A= [a i j ] m × n and B= [b j k ] n × p ,then AB  C [Cik]m×p , [Cjk] = aij bjk . Also,
j1
If A and B are invertible matrices of the same order, then (AB) – 1 =    ABC, AB  C  A B  A C
A BC  
and A  B C  A C  B C , but
B–1A–1. By elementary transformations, we can convert A = I A to I
(always).
A–1 A. This is one process of finding the inverse of a given square
matrix A.
 Mind map : learning made Chapter -
4
Minor of an element aij simple
in a determinant of matrix
(i) if A = [a11]1×1, then | A | = a11
A is the determinant obtained by deleting ith row
and jth column and is denoted by M . If M is the minor (ii) if A = then A a a –a
of aij and cofactor of a is A ij given
ij
by A = (–1)
ij
i+j
M. a
ij
(iii)if A = , then|A| a11 (a22. a33 – a23. a32 )
 If A 3 × 3 is a matrix, then |A|=a 1 1 . A11 +a12. A12 +a13. A13.
12  – 23 a31a
aa21.aa33 – aa
 If elements of one row (or column) are multiplied –aa
 .
with cofactors of elements of any other row (or column), 13 21 32 22 31

then their sum is zero. For e.g., a11 A21 +a 1 2 A 2 2 +a 1 3 A 3 3 =0. For eg. if A ,then | A | = 2 × 4 – 3 × 2 = 2

1+1
e.g., if A , then M 1 1 =4 and A 1 1 =(–1)
– 4=4. (i) |A| remains unchanged, if the rows and columns of

f |A| A are interchanged ie., |A| = |A'|

a a a A A A r ti es o (ii)if any two rows (or columns) of A are interchanged,
a a a o pe
if A a a a ,then adj. A A A A Pr then the sign of |A| changes.
atri x
,where A i j is the cofactor of aij. A A A am (iii)if any two rows (or columns) of A are
 A(adj.A)=(adj.A).A=|A|=I, A – square matrix
of Determinants identical, then |A|=0
of order 'n' (iv) if each element of a row (or a column) of A is
 if |A|=0, then A is singular. Otherwise, A is
multiplied by B (const.), then |A|gets multiplied by B.
non-singular.
 if AB = BA = I , where B is a square matrix, (v) if A aij then k A k A
then B is called the inverse of A, A =B or B =A , –1 –1
(vi) if elements of a row or a column in a determinant
(A – 1 ) – 1 =A. |A| can be expressed as sum of two or more elements,
Inverse of a square matrix exists if
then |A| can be expressed as |B|+|C|.
A is non-singular i.e.|A| , and is given by
(vii)if k or k in |A|, then
(adj.A)
A–1 A the value of |A| remains same

 if a 1 x+b 1 y+c 1 z=d 1 , a 2 x+b 2 y+c 2 z=d 2 ,a 3 x  b3 y  c3 z  d3 then we can write A X = B ,

d x y
a b c x if (x1, y1), (x2, y2 ) and (x3, y3)
where A a b c X y B
x y
a b c z
 U n iq u e solution of
A X = B is X AB d
For eg: if (1, 2) , (3, 4) and (–2, 5)xare the
y vertices, then area of the triangle is
A X = B is consistent or inconsistent according as the solution exists or not.
 AFor a square matrix A in A X = B , if d
– –
(i) A then there exists unique solution. –
(ii) A = and (adj. A) B ,then no solution. we take positive value of the determinant.

(iii)if A = a n d ( a d j . A ) . B = 0 then system m a y or m a y not be consistent.

 Mind map : learning made Chapter -
5
simple
Let x  f  t , y  g t be two functions of parameter 't'.
Suppose f is a real function on a subset of the real numbers and let 'c' be a point in the domain of f.

dy T h e n f is continuous at c if limx ®f c x f c 

A real function f is said to be continuous if it is continuous
dy dy dx dy
dt  dx  0  at every
Then, dt  dx . dt or dx  dx  dt  point in the domain of f. For eg: T h e function f x 1 , x x1 0
dt
is continuous 1 x®
x® c x c c
Jhus, dy  g 'tprovided f 't 0  and hence f is continuous at every point in xthe ® c
domain
1 of f.
c

dx f 't
 L e t 'C' be a ny non-zero real number, then lim f (x) lim  . For c = 0, f c   So lim f x f c 

y dx Suppose f and g are two real functions continuous at a

For eg : if x a then d  – a sin  an d
a
 
dy dy dy / d a cos real number c, then, f+g, f–g, f.g and gf are continuous at
d  a cos ,and so dx  dx / d  a sin –
x c g c
cot
 . s
ti on
Let y f x then
dy
 f 'x,if f’ x is nc
dx fu i abi l
it y Suppose f is a real function and c is a
er ent point in its domain. The derivative of
differentiable, then d dy   d f 'x i.e., ff
dx  dx  dx Di f c  h– f c 
d2 y f at c is f 'c   lim
2  f "x Continuity and
is the second order derivative of y w.r.t.x. h 0h
dx Every differentiable function is continuous,
For eg : if y = 3x 2 +2, then y ' = 6x and y " = 6. Differentiability but the converse is not true.

 
if f : a, b ® R is continuous on [a, b] and
dt dv df dv dt
differentiable on (a, b). Such that f(a)=f(b), if f=vou, t = u ( x ) a n d if both , exists, then  . .
then  some c in (a, b) s.t. f '(c)=0. dx dt
dx
 
if f : a, b ® R continuous on [a, b] and
   dt dx
v x 

differentiable on (a, b). Let y  f x  u x  

f b– f a 
log y  v xlog ux
Then  some c in (a, b) such that f 'c
b–a
 1 1
 v x  u' x  v ' x log ux
[2,
e.g.4].
LetSince f(x)=x
f(x)=x 2
2
is continuous
defined in [2, 4]
inthe interval d
y ux
x  d
and differentiable in (2, 4) as f '(x)=2x 1 x 1
–  v x 
defined in (2, 4). So, (i) sin 
–1
1– x
2
(ii) cos 
–1

1– x 2
dy
 u' x  v ' x log u x 
dx dx dx y  ux      
f b – f a  16 – 4 1 1
f 'c    6, c  2,  dx 1 x2 d
dx For e.g. : Let y ax Then log y = x log a
 cot x   – x 1  2
b–a 4–2 4 . d (iv) –1

d 
 (iii) tan–1 x  
1 d 1 1 dy
(v) (vi) .  log a
dx sec–1 x   x 1– x 2 dx cos e c–1 x   x 1– x 2
y dx
d x d–
(vii)
dx
e  x (viii)
dx
log x   1 dy
 y log a  ax log
e x a. dx
 Mind map : learning made Chapter -
6
simple If a quantity if ‘y’ varies with another quantity x so that y = f(x), then
Let y = f (x) x be a small increment in 'x' and y be the small dy
dy f’(xo )
increment in y corresponding to the increment in 'x', i.e. dx f’(x) represents the rate of change of y w.r.t x a n d
dy dx
x represents the rate of change of y w.r.t. x at x = xo x=x o
y f x x x Then,  y is given by dy=f'(x)dx or dx
is dy
a good approximation of y when d x=x is relatively small and
denote by dy y For eg: Let us approximate To do this, we If 'x' and 'y' varies with another variable 't' i.e., if x = f (t)
take x dy dx , dx
y x,x x then y x dx – and y = g (t), then by chain rule dy
dx dt dt if dt
0
–
–
– dy
– For eg: if the radius of a circle, r = 5 cm, then the rate
Now, dy is approximately y and is given by dy
of change of the area of a circle per second w.r.t 'r' is –
x . So, da d rr=5
x x r r
dr r dr
A point C in the domain of 'f ' at which
an d
A function f is said to be (i) increasing on (a,b) if x1 < x 2 in
g
either f’(c)=0 or is not differentiable is s in a,b x1 x2
called a critical point of f. r ea
nc a,b a n d (ii)

I
decreasing on (a, b) if x1 < x 2 i n a,b x1
If x x
a,b x2
then f is increasing in (a,b)
tes

Application and if f' (x) x x xa,b then f is decreasing

a,b x –i n (a,b) For
t

t
tes

x3 – 3xeg:
2
+4x,xR, then 1 2 x – x x
Let f (x)=
of Derivatives So, the function f is strictly increasing on R.

Let f be continuous at a critical

Let f be a function defined
point C in open I. Then (i) if f ' The equation of the tangent at (x0,y0), to the curve y = f (x) is given by
on I and CC–I, f is twice
( x ) > 0 at every point left of C 0
dy
differentiable at C. Then (y–y ) dy

(i) x = C is a point of local max.

and f' (x) < 0 at every point right ] x ,y (x – x ) if dx does not exists at (x ,y ), then the tangent at

dx 0
0
0 0 0

of C, then 'C' is a point of local (x ,y ) is parallel

0 0 to the y–axis and its equation is x = x . If tangent to 0

If f' ( C ) = 0 and f" (C) < 0 , f(C) is dy

maxima. (ii) If f' (x) < 0 at every a curve y = f (x) at x = x 0 is parallel to x–axis, then dx |x  x0 
local max. of f.
point left of C and f' (x) > 0 at 0.
(ii) x = C is a point of local min y  f (x) at (x ,y ) is y – y  1 dy
every point right of C, then 'C' is x – x  if= at x 0 ,y 0
if f' ( C ) = 0 and f" (C) >0. f (C) is
a point of local minima.
–
0 0
dy
dx | ( x0 ,y0)
0
dx   is zero,then equation
local min of f. (iii) The test fails 0
dy
(iii) If f' (x) does not change of the normal is x = x . 0If x ,y  does not exist, then the normal is parallel
if f' ( C ) = 0 and f" ( C ) =0 dx at 0 0
sign
as 'x' increases through C, then 'C' to x-axis and its equati on is y = y For eg: Let y=x 3 –x be a curve,then the slope of
0

|
dy
is called the point of inflection. the tangent to y = x 3 – x at x = 2 is dx x=2  3x 2 –1 =3.2 2 –1=11
 Mind map : learning made Chapter -
7
simple
The method in which we change the variable to some
other variable is called the method of substitution It is the inverse of differentiation. Let, ddx F x f (x).Then, f xdx  F x c,'c ':
constant of integral. These integrals are called indefinite or general integrals.
tan xdx log sec x  c cot xdx lo g sin x 
Properties of indefinite integrals are
c

 f x g x dx
  f xdx  g xdx (ii) kf xdx  k f xdx,
,
(i)
sec xdx dx
log sec x  tan x  c cos e c xdx  log cos e
1 a
 log x – a dx  log c  3x
For eg : 2
 2xdx  x3  x 2  c where k is real.
c x –cot
x x– a c.
2 2  c (ii) a – x 2
x a 2

2adx 1 2a dx
(iii) –1 x log x – x x 2 – a2  c x n 1
x 12 a atan x ac (iv)  x 2 – a2   x dx n  1  c, n  –1 like,  d x  x 
n
 d ar d
ta n
 2 a dx x dx (ii) cos xdx sin x  c
 sin–1  c  log x x 2  a2  c. s
me ral s
c
(v)  a2 – x 2 a
(vi) 
x2   S o t eg (iii)  sin x d x  cos x  c
a2 in (iv)  sec 2 xdx tan x 

  1d  c (v)
 f x f xdx  f x f xdx – dx x2 f (vi)sec x tan xdx  sec x  c (vii)cos
coseecx
c2 cot
xdxx d cotcos
x ecx
 c
1 2 1 2
 f  dx
x 
dx
xdx dx Integrals (viii)
–1
1– x2 sin x  c
c
(ix)   – cos–1 x 
x 2
x – a – a log x  x – a 
2 2 2 2  1– x2 c
 x – a dx 2
2 2

c. dx
 dx  – cot–1 x  c
x 22 1  x2  tan
(x) –1
x (xi) 1  x 2 x
a
(ii) x 2  a2 2 x a 
2 2
log x  x  a  2 2
c  exdx  ex 
(xii) (xiii)  axdx 
c.2 a log a
dx  x a – x  a2 sin–1 x 
2 2  /4 c sec–1 x  c
sin2 xdx (xiv) dx
2 c.  x x2 –1
dx (xv)  x x 2 –1  – cos ec–1x 
2 –  /4/4
(iii) a2 – x 2 c c
2  sin2 (xvi) 1x dx  log x 
a
dx 
xdx c
Let the area function be defined by  /4 P x P x
0 1 – cos2x 
x 2   dx
x Q x 0   T x Q x, P x
1
2 A rational function of the form Q
1
 /40
A x  
a f xdxx 
has degree less than that of Q(x). We can integrate P x by expressing
 
where f is continuous on a, b
1
  1– cos2xdx/4 Q x
a,
then A'x f xx a, b. 
0
sin2x 
it in the following forms – px  q A B
  x – 2   x – b , a 
0 x – ax – b x –a
 1
4 2 px  q A B b. px2  qx  r A B C
x – a  (iii)  x – b x – c
(ii)
x  a 2 x – a2 x – ax – bx – c  x –a
Let f be a continuous function of x defined on a, b   and let F be another function such that px2  qx  r  A  B  C px2  qx  r A Bx  C
d b b (iv) (v)  
F x f x x domain of f1 then x dx   F  x   c a F b – F  . This is called the x – a x–b  x – ax2  bx  c x – a x2  bx  c
dx a f x – a  x – b 
2
x – a  2

a 
 integral
definite  of f over the range a, b,  limits of integration,
where a and b are called the
a being the lower limit and b be the upper limit.
 Mind map : learning made Chapter -
8
simple The area of the region bounded by the
curve y = f (x), x- axis a n d the lines
x = a a n d x  b b  a is given by
b b

A   y dx or  f xdx.
a a
For eg : the area bounded by
2
y = x , x- axis in I quadrant and
the lines x = 2 and x = 3 is3 -
The area of the region enclosed between 3 3
 x3  1 19
two curves y f x , y  g x  A 2
y dx 2
x 2
dx    3 27 – 83 [Link].
3
 2
and the lines x=a, x= b is given by
b

A   f x– g x dx, where f x g x in a,b

a
For eg: To fi nd the area of the region bounded by
2
the two parabolas y = x and y = x
2
Application
of the
(0,0) and (1,1) are points of intersection of y  x2 and
y2  x and,y2  x  y  x  f x  , a n d y  x 2  g  x 
Integrals
, where f x g x in 0, 1.
1
Area, A    f x– g x dx if f x g x in a, c  a n d f x g x
0
1 i n c, b, a  c  b, then the area is
 x – x 2  dx c b

0
A    f x– g x dx    g x– f
1 The area of the region bounded by the curve
2 x3  x dx
  x3/ 2 – 
x  f y , y – axis a n d the lines y = c a n d y  d d  c
a c
3 3 0
d d
2 1 1
 3 – 3 3 Sq. units. is given by A   xdy or  y dy.
f
c c

For eg : the area bounded by x  y3 , y – axis i n the I

quadrant and the lines y = 1 and y = 2 is
2
2 2
 1 y4  – 15
A  1 xdy   Sq. units
1 
y 3
dy 

 4 1
4

 Mind map : learning made Chapter -
9
It is used to solve such an equation insimple
which variables can be A n equation involving derivatives of the dependent variable with respect to
independent variable (variables) is called a differential equation. If there is
separated completely. For egy: dx  xdy can be solved as
dx dy Integrating both sides log x  log y  log c  x  c  x  cy only one independent variation, then we call it as an ordinary differential

3
x y y equation. For eg: 2 d 2y   dy   0.
2

dx  dx
,is the solution. 

The order of a Differential Equations representing a It is the order of the highest order derivative occurring
family of curves is same as the number of arbitrary
constants present in the equation corresponding to the in the Differential Equati on For eg: the order of dy
dx  ex
d 2y
family of curves. For eg: Let the family of curves be is one and order of
y = mx, m = constant, then, y '  m dx2  x  0 is two.

dy dy
y  y ' x  y dx x  xdx – y  0.
a Di f fer ential Eq uat io n
ree of
D eg
It is defined if the Differential Equations is a
A Differential Equati on which can be expressed
polynomial equation in its derivatives, and is
i n the f o r m
dy
 f x, y  or
dx
 g x, y , Differential defined as the highest power (positive integer
dx dy
where, f (x, y) and g (x , y) are homogeneous
Equations only) of the highest order derivative.
functions of degree zero is called a homogenous 3
 d 2y  dy
For eg: the degree of  2 
  0 is three
Differential2 Equation
 dx  dx

For eg : x  xy dy  x  y 
2 2
 Order and degree (if defined) of a D.E. are always
dx y

To solve this, we substitute  v  y  vx.
x
positive integers.

A functi on which satisfies the given

To form a Differential Equati on from a given function, Differential Equati on is called its solution.
dy
A Diff erenti al Eq u ati o n of the fo r m  Py  Q, we differentiate the function successively as many
dx The solution which contains as many
where P 1 Q are times as the no. of arbitrary constants in the given arbitrary constants as the order of the D.E.
constants or functions or 'x' only is function, and then eliminate the arbitrary constants. is called a general solution and the solution
called a first
For eg: Let the function be y  ax  b, then we have to free from arbitrary constants is called
order linear Differential Equations its
differentiate it two times, since there are 2 arbitrary particular solution.
ye solution is : dy  3 y  2 x
 Q.e  dx  c . For eg dx
[Link] [Link]

constants a and b.  y ' a  y "  0. J h u s y"  0 is the

For eg: y  e x  1 is a solution of y” –y' = 0 .
ye  2x.e 
[Link] [Link]
solution
has  dx  c  ye3 x  2 xe3 x  required Differential Equation.
c. Since y ' ex and y "  ex  y"– y ' ex – ex 

0.
 Mind map : learning made Chapter -
10
simple
If  Multiplied to vector AB, then the magnitude is multiplied
A quantity that has both magnitude and direction is called a vector.
by  and direction remain same (or opp.) according as The distance between the initial and terminal points of a vector is
–→
 is t h e + ve or ‚ –ve. called its magnitude. Magnitude of vector AB
is |AB|.

a Position vector of a point P (x, y, z) is xi‸  yj‸  zk‸ and its magnitude is
For a given vector a, the vector a  a gives the unit vector in the
OP r x2  y2  z2 .For eg: Position vector of P (2,3,5) is 2i‸  3‸j  5kˆ
5i
direction of a. for eg ‚ if a = 5i, then a  5 i ,which is a unit vector.
and its magnitude is 2 2 + 3 2 + 5 2 = 38.
The scalar components of a vector are its direction
T h e Positi on vector of a p o i n t R d i v i d i n g a line segment
j o in i n g P,Q whose positi on vectors are a, b resp., in the ratios, and represent its projections along the
es respective axes.
rati o m : n na  mb  na
, (ii) c o si n
(i) internally is n
mb m externall v ec ti o The magnitude (,r) direction ratios (a,b,c) and direction
y is t or r ec
n m–n s di cosines (l,m,n) of vector a‸i  b ‸j  ck‸ are related as:
If a, b are the vectors and '', angle between
S ca lar p ro d u ct of Vector r c
l  r , m –r––, n 
them, then their scalar product a.b  a b cos. a b
a.b t w o vect or s ‸ ‸ ‸
 cos.  Algebra →
a b AB are
i (1,2,3)
2 j  3k 1 r 2 1 
3 4  9  14
For eg : If ratios
Direction  , then
 , ,
and direction cosines are  14 14 14 

(i) Zero vector (initial and terminal points coincide)

a  b  a b sin  n‸ , n‸ is a unit (ii) Unit vector (magnitude is unity)
(iii) Coinitial vectors (same initial points)
vector perpendicular to line joining
(iv) Collinear vectors (parellel to the same line)
a,b.
If we have two vectors (v) Equal vectors (same magnitude and direction)
The
The Vector sum of
vector sum of two
twocoinitial
coinitials
a  a1 ‸i 2a ‸j 3 a k‸ , b1  b2 ‸i  b3 ‸j  b vectors is given by the diagonal (vi) Negative of a vector (same magnitude,
 is any scalar, then-
k‸ and of the parallelogram whose opp. direction)
a  b  a1  b1 ‸i a2  b2 ‸j a3  b3
adjacent sides are given vectors.
ak‸  a ‸i  a ‸j a k‸
1 2 3
A B
T h e vector sum of the three A
a.b  a1 b1  a2 b2  a3 b3 and
sides of a triangle taken in
‸i ‸j k‸ order
C
– → ––
D if A B Cisis0 given
.i.e triangle, then
–→ –––→ –––→
a  b  a1 a2 a3 if →AB ,–AC are the
→ –––→ –→given vectors, AB  BC  CA B C
then AB  AC  AD 0.
b1 b2 b3
 Mind map : learning made Chapter -
11
(i) t wo skew lines i→s th→e line→
→ →
lines
→ simple
segm en t per pen dicular to both the
→ → → →
D. C s of a line are the cosines of the angles made by the line with the

b b .a  positive direction of the co-ordinate axes. If l, m, n are the D. C s of a line,

(ii)r  a 1  b1 a n d r  a2 b2 is 1 2 2 – a1
2 2 2
→ → then l + m + n = 1. D. C s of a line joining P (x ,1 y 1, z 1) and Q (x ,2 y 2, z 2)
b1 b2
are x 2 – x 1 y 2 – y 1 z2 –  x2 – x 1    2y – 1y  2 z
2 2 2

z 1PQ , PQ , PQ ,where PQ  1
(iii) x – x 1

y – y1

z – z1
and
x – x2

y – y2

z – z2
is 
[Link] of a line
– z are the no.s which are proportional to the [Link] of the
a1 b1 c1 a2 b2 c2
x2 – x1 y2 – y1 z2 – z1 line if l, m, n are the [Link] and a, b, c are [Link] of a line, then
a b c
a1 b1 c1 l ,m ,n
a2 b2 c2  a 2
 b 2
 c 2
a 2
 b 2
 c 2
a 2
 b2  c2
b c –b c   c a
2
–c a  a b
2
–a b  2

These are the lines in space which are neither parallel nor intersecting.
→ –→ → → →
–– → They lie in different planes. Angle between skew lines is the angle
(i)(iv)
which is at b  a1 
ofa2the
Parallel linedistance
r  a b'd' from
a n d origin
r  a and
 b D.C.s
is → between two intersecting lines drawn from any point (origin) parallel
normal to the plane1 as l,m,n is l x + my + n z = d .
b to each of the skew lines.
( ii ) r to a given line2 with [Link]. A,B,C and passing E qu ati o n of
through (x1 ,y 1 ,z1 ) is A (x–x 1 ) + B (y–y1 ) + C (z–z1 ) = 0 A n gl ebet w ee n th
a pl a n e e if l1, m1, n1 , l2, m2, n2 are the [Link] and a1, b1, c1, a2, b2, c2
(iii) Passing through three non-collinear points t wo l i n es
Three are the [Link] of the two lines and '' is the acute angle
(x1,y1,z1) (x2,y2,z2), (x3,y3,z3) is x – x1 y – y1 z–
z1  0.
Dimensional between them, then
a1 a2  b1 b2  c1 2
x2 – x1 y2 – y1 z2 – Geometry cos  l1 l2  m1 m2  1n 2n

c a 2  b2  2 a 2  b2 
1 1 1 2 2
2
2

z1 x3 – x1 y3 – y1 c c

z –z Vector equation of a line

(i) which c on tains→ th→ree n→3 on→1-coll→ine→ar points having
→→ → r – a .  b – a  c – a 
  passing through the given point whose p
→ →
vectors a, b, c is 0.    
position → – →
vector is a a n d parallel to a g i ve n vector b is r  a  b
(ii) →Th–a–→t passes →thr→ough––→the intersection of→planes r . osi→tion→
n1  r . dn12& d2 is r n1   n2  d1   d 2 ,  – non-zero constant.
→ –→ –→ → ––→ –→ Vector equation of a line
If '' is the→ ac––u→ te a– –
Two lines r  a1  b1, r  a2  b2 are coplanar if between r  a 1  b , r 2 a →2 which passes through two points whose position
→

––→ –→ –→ –
 
a→2 – a1 . b1  b2  0. Equation
bng
→ → →
e
l ––
then, cos
– → ––
b1 .b1 2
→
 → –
→
vectors are a a n d b →
is r
→ a→  →
b–  
x y of a zplane that cuts co-ordinate b1 . b2 a
axes at (a,0,0), (0,b,0), (0,0,c) is    1. 
a b c x–x y–y z–z
if 1
 1
 1
and Equation of a line
l1 m1 n1
x – x2 y – y2 z – z2 through point (x1 , y1 , z1 ) and having [Link] l, m, n is
  x – x1 y – y1 z – z1
The distance of a point with→ postion   Also, equation of a line that
→ l2 m2 n2
→ l m n
vector a from the plane r .n ^ d is d – a . n‸ . T h e distance from a are the equations of two lines, passes through two points.
Ax1  By1  Cz1  D
point  x 1, y 1, z 1 to the plane Ax  By  Cz  D  0 is then acute angle between
A  B C
2 2 2

them is cos  l1 .l2  m1 .m2  n1 .n2

 Mind map : learning made Chapter -
12
Theorem I : Let R be the simple
feasible region (convex polygon) for A. L.P.P is one that is concerned with fi nding the optimal value
a
(max. or min.) of a linear functi on of several variables
L.P. and let Z = a x + b y be the objective function. When Z has an
(called objective function) subject to the conditions that the
optimal value (max. or min.), where the variables x,y are subject
variables are non-negative and satisty a set of linear inequalities
to the constraints described by linear inequalities, this optimal
(called linear constraints). Variables are sometimes called decision
value must occur at a corner point (vertex) of the feasible region,
variables and are non-negative.
Theorem 2: Let R be the feasible region for a L.P.P, and let
Z=a x+by be the objective function. If R is bounded then the (i) Diet problems
O.F Z has both a max. and a min. value on R and each of these (ii) Manufacturing Problem
occurs at a corner point (vertex) of R. If the feasible region is (iii) Transportation Problems
unbounded, then a max. or a min. may not exist. If it exists, it
must occur at a corner point of R. The common region determined by all the
constraints including the non-negative constraint
x  0, y  0 of a L.P.P is called the feasible region
(or solution region) for the problem. Points within
Linear
and on the boundary of the feasible region
Programming
represent feasible solutions of the constraints. Any
point outside the feasible region is an infeasible
solution. Any point in the feasible region that gives
the optimal value (max. or min.) of the objective
(i)Find the feasible region of the L.P.P and determine its corner function is called an optimal solution.
points (vertices). (ii) Evaluate the O.F. Z = ax+by at each corner For eg : Max Z = 250x + 75y , subject to the
point. Let M and m be the largest and smallest values respectively
at these points. If the feasible region is unbounded, M and m are Constraints: 5x  y  100
the maximum and minimum values of the O.F. If the feasible region is x  y  60
x  0, y  0 is an L.P.P.
unbounded , then (i) 'M' is the max. value of the O.F., if the open
half plane determined by ax+by>M has no point in common with
the feasible region. Otherwise, the O.F. has no maximum value.
(ii)'m' is the minimum value of the O.F., if the open half
plane determined by ax+by < m has no point in common with the
feasible region. Otherwise, the O.F. has no minimum value.
 Mind map : learning made Chapter -
13
simple The probability of the event E is called the conditional probability of

The probability distribution of a random variable x is E given that F has already occurred, and is denoted by P(E/F). Also,
x1 Real valued function P E  F 
the system of numbers x: P E / F  , P F  
whose domain is the P F
P n(x): p1 p2 . . . . pn x2 . . . .,xn 0.
sample space of a 
 pi 1, i 1.2,...., n.
where , pi>0,
random experiment.
(i) 0  P E / F   1, P E '/ F 1– P E / F 
i 1 (ii)P E  F / G  P E / G  P F / G  – P E  F / G
Let x be a R.V. whose possible values
x1, x2, . . . ., x n occur with probabilities

p1, p2, .n . . ., pn resp. Then, mean of (iii)P E  F  P E P F / E , P E   0
7 9 4
x,    x i pi It is also called the
(iv)
For egP :ifE 
PFA P F, PPBE
/ F ,aPn 
dF 
PA0 B , then
13 4 13 13
expectation
p A  B 13 4
i 1
of x, denoted by E(x) P A / B P B  9  9 .
Let x be a R.V. whose possible values x1 x2, . . . ., x n 1
occurs with probabilities p(x1 ), p(x2 ), . . . . , p(xn) 3
respectively. Let,  = E ( x ) be the mean of x. The Vari a nc e a n d If E a n d F are independent, then PE  F= PEP F , P  E | F= PE,P F  0
n

variance of x, var (x) or 

2


x –   p x
2

orE x –   st an d ar d d evi ati o

2
Probability and P  F | E  = P F, PE  0.
x i1 i i
n
The non-negative number
n
6x  var x  x –   p x
2
i is called the
 'X'. Also,
i
standard deviation of the R.V. 1

  2
var x  E x2 – iE x For eg: E (x) = 3 and
Let, {E 1 , E 2 … . E n } be a partition
E(x ) = 10, then var x = 109 = 1 and S D = 1 =1.
2
of a sample space 'S' and suppose
that each of E1, E2, ….En
Trials of a random experiment are called Bernoulli trials, If E1, E2, . . . ., E n are events which constitute a has non-zero probability. Let 'A'
if they satisfy the following conditions : partition of sample space S, i.e., E1 , E2 , . . . E n are be any event associated with S,
(i) There should be a finite no. of trials. then P ( A ) = P ( E 1 )P(A|E1 ) +
pair wise dis joint a n d E1  E2 .... En  S
(ii) The trials should be independent. P(E2 )
and A be any event with non-zero probability,
(iii) Each trial has exactly two outcomes: success or failure. P(A|E 2 ) + … . + P(E n ) P(A|E n ).
n P Ei P A | Ei 
then P E i | A
(iv) The probability of success remains the same in each  P Ej P A | Ej
trial.
For Binomial distributi on, B n, p , P
 X x 

n
C xq
x
n–x
p , x  0.,1,....,  j1
nq 1  p
