Lesson 6:
GRAPHICS
AND
MULTIMEDIA
6.1 Digital Image and Graphics
•Digital Image: A digital image is made up of tiny picture
elements called pixels, and the clarity of an image is
measured by its resolution (the number of pixels in a given
area). There are two main types:
• Raster images: Composed of a grid of pixels, where
each pixel contains color information. Common formats
include JPEG, PNG, BMP, and GIF. These images are
resolution-dependent, meaning they lose quality when
scaled up.
• Vector images: Created using mathematical equations
to define shapes, lines, and curves. They are resolution-
independent and can be scaled infinitely without losing
•Digital graphics encompass
both images and illustrations
created using specialized tools,
such as:
•Bitmap Editors (for raster
images) like Adobe Photoshop
and GIMP.
•Vector Graphics Editors like
Adobe Illustrator and Inkscape.
•Digital graphics encompass
both images and illustrations
created using specialized tools,
such as:
•Bitmap Editors (for raster
images) like Adobe Photoshop
and GIMP.
•Vector Graphics Editors like
Adobe Illustrator and Inkscape.
•Digital graphics encompass
both images and illustrations
created using specialized tools,
such as:
•Bitmap Editors (for raster
images) like Adobe Photoshop
and GIMP.
•Vector Graphics Editors like
Adobe Illustrator and Inkscape.
•Digital graphics encompass
both images and illustrations
created using specialized tools,
such as:
•Bitmap Editors (for raster
images) like Adobe Photoshop
and GIMP.
•Vector Graphics Editors like
Adobe Illustrator and Inkscape.
•Digital graphics encompass
both images and illustrations
created using specialized tools,
such as:
•Bitmap Editors (for raster
images) like Adobe Photoshop
and GIMP.
•Vector Graphics Editors like
Adobe Illustrator and Inkscape.
•Digital graphics encompass
both images and illustrations
created using specialized tools,
such as:
•Bitmap Editors (for raster
images) like Adobe Photoshop
and GIMP.
•Vector Graphics Editors like
Adobe Illustrator and
Inkscape.
•Digital graphics encompass
both images and illustrations
created using specialized tools,
such as:
•Bitmap Editors (for raster
images) like Adobe Photoshop
and GIMP.
•Vector Graphics Editors like
Adobe Illustrator and Inkscape.
•Digital graphics encompass
both images and illustrations
created using specialized tools,
such as:
•Bitmap Editors (for raster
images) like Adobe Photoshop
and GIMP.
•Vector Graphics Editors like
Adobe Illustrator and
Inkscape.
•Digital graphics encompass
both images and illustrations
created using specialized tools,
such as:
•Bitmap Editors (for raster
images) like Adobe Photoshop
and GIMP.
•Vector Graphics Editors like
Adobe Illustrator and Inkscape.
Applications such
as these (and many
more), include web
design, branding
(logos), print design,
and 3D modeling.
•Lossless formats: Like WAV and F
quality of the audio at the cost of larg
6.2 Digital
•Digital Audio refers to sound that has been recorded, stored,
or manipulated using digital technology. It involves the process
of converting sound waves into digital signals through
sampling and quantization. Key concepts include:
Audio •Sampling rate: The number of samples taken per second,
measured in Hertz (Hz). A common rate for CD-quality audio is
44.1 kHz.
•Bit depth: Refers to the amount of information captured in
each sample. Higher bit depth results in better audio quality.
Digital audio formats vary depending on quality and
compression:
•Lossy formats: Like MP3 and AAC, use compression
algorithms to reduce file size at the expense of some
quality.
•Lossless formats: Like WAV and FLAC, retain the original
quality of the audio at the cost of larger file sizes.
Software used in digital audio production includes DAWs (Digital
Audio Workstations) such as:
•Audacity: Free and open-source, great for basic editing.
•FL Studio, Pro Tools, Logic Pro: For more professional, advanced
audio editing, mixing, and production.
Software used in digital audio production includes DAWs (Digital
Audio Workstations) such as:
•Audacity: Free and open-source, great for basic editing.
•FL Studio, Pro Tools, Logic Pro: For more professional, advanced
audio editing, mixing, and production.
Software used in digital audio production includes DAWs (Digital
Audio Workstations) such as:
•Audacity: Free and open-source, great for basic editing.
•FL Studio, Pro Tools, Logic Pro: For more professional, advanced
audio editing, mixing, and production.
Software used in digital audio production includes DAWs (Digital
Audio Workstations) such as:
•Audacity: Free and open-source, great for basic editing.
•FL Studio, Pro Tools, Logic Pro: For more professional, advanced
audio editing, mixing, and production.
Software used in digital audio production includes DAWs (Digital
Audio Workstations) such as:
•Audacity: Free and open-source, great for basic editing.
•FL Studio, Pro Tools, Logic Pro: For more professional, advanced
audio editing, mixing, and production.
Software used in digital audio production includes DAWs (Digital
Audio Workstations) such as:
•Audacity: Free and open-source, great for basic editing.
•FL Studio, Pro Tools, Logic Pro: For more professional, advanced
audio editing, mixing, and production.
Applications include music production,
podcasts, sound design for video games, and
film.
6.3 Digital Video
•Digital Video refers to the process of capturing, editing, and
•6.3 Digital Video
•Digital Video refers to the process of
capturing, editing, and producing moving
visual images in a digital format. This
involves key steps such as:
• Video Capture: Recording video
content through digital cameras,
webcams, or mobile devices.
• Editing: Using video editing software
to cut, splice, and arrange video
clips. You can also add effects,
transitions, and synchronize audio.
• Rendering: The process of encoding
and exporting the final video.
•Digital video quality is measured by:
•Resolution: Common standards include 720p, 1080p (Full HD), 4K,
and 8K.
•Frame rate: Measured in frames per second (fps), common frame
rates are 24 fps (used in film) and 30 fps or 60 fps (used in TV and
video games).
•Popular video formats include:
•MP4 (MPEG-4): A widely used,
compressed format suitable for
streaming and sharing.
•AVI, MOV: Older formats still
used for high-quality or
uncompressed video.
•Software:
•Adobe Premiere Pro, Final
Cut Pro, DaVinci Resolve:
Used for video editing, color
grading, and compositing.
•Applications include
filmmaking, video production for
online platforms (YouTube,
TikTok), television, and digital
advertising.
•Popular video formats include:
•MP4 (MPEG-4): A widely used,
compressed format suitable for
streaming and sharing.
•AVI, MOV: Older formats still
used for high-quality or
uncompressed video.
•Software:
•Adobe Premiere Pro, Final
Cut Pro, DaVinci Resolve:
Used for video editing, color
grading, and compositing.
•Applications include
filmmaking, video production for
online platforms (YouTube,
CGI) TikTok), television, and digital
advertising.
Computer-Generated Imagery (CGI)
•CGI
. involves the creation of visual content entirely or partially using computer
software. This technique can generate anything from 2D/3D characters to
photorealistic scenes and complex special effects. CGI is integral to many fields:
Processes in CGI:
•Modeling:
Creating 3D models
of objects,
characters, or
environments. This
involves shaping
polygons or using
sculpting tools.
•Texturing:
•2D CGI: Used for animation in cartoons and video games.
Applying materials,
colors, and textures
to models to give
them realistic
appearances.
•Rigging and
Animation:
Rigging involves
adding bones and
controls to 3D
models for
animation.
Animators then use
these rigs to make
the models move.
•3D CGI: Used for creating realistic characters, environments, and special
•Rendering: The
process of
generating the final
image from the 3D
models. Rendering
engines simulate
effects in movies, commercials, and video games.
lighting, shadows,
and reflections to
achieve realism.
Processes in CGI:
•Modeling: Creating 3D models of objects, characters, or environments. This involves
shaping polygons or using sculpting tools.
•Texturing: Applying materials, colors, and textures to models to give them realistic
appearances.
•Rigging and Animation: Rigging involves adding bones and controls to 3D models for
animation. Animators then use these rigs to make the models move.
•Rendering: The process of generating the final image from the 3D models. Rendering
engines simulate lighting, shadows, and reflections to achieve realism.
•.
•CGI involves the creation of visual content entirely
or partially using computer software. This technique
can generate anything from 2D/3D characters to
photorealistic scenes and complex special effects.
CGI is integral to many fields:
•2D CGI: Used for animation in cartoons and video
games.
•3D CGI: Used for creating realistic characters,
environments, and special effects in movies,
commercials, and video games.
•Software:
•Blender, Autodesk Maya, Cinema
4D, 3ds Max: Popular tools for
creating 3D models, animations,
and visual effects.
•Unreal Engine, Unity: Used in
video games, real-time CGI, and
virtual environments.
Each of these multimedia
components—images, audio, video, and CGI
—plays a crucial role in modern digital
communication and entertainment. Their
integration can be seen in a variety of
digital platforms like video games, movies,
social media, and marketing campaigns.
Applications:
•Movies: CGI is used for visual effects (VFX) in blockbuster
films to create fantastical or realistic scenes (e.g., the
dinosaurs in Jurassic Park or space battles in Star Wars).
•Video Games: Entire virtual worlds and characters are often
CGI-based, with games like Fortnite or The Witcher heavily
relying on this technology.
•Architecture and Design: Architects use CGI to create
realistic 3D models of buildings and interiors before
construction.
Applications:
•Movies: CGI is used for visual effects
Each of these multimedia
(VFX) in blockbuster films to create components—images, audio,
fantastical or realistic scenes (e.g., video, and CGI—plays a crucial
the dinosaurs in Jurassic Park or role in modern digital
space battles in Star Wars).
communication and
•Video Games: Entire virtual worlds entertainment. Their integration
and characters are often CGI-based, can be seen in a variety of
with games like Fortnite or The digital platforms like video
Witcher heavily relying on this
technology.
games, movies, social media,
and marketing campaigns.
•Architecture and Design: Architects
use CGI to create realistic 3D models
of buildings and interiors before
construction.
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GROUP LESSON 6
