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Lesson 5.2 Congestion Control

Chapter 5.2 discusses congestion control and quality of service (QoS) in data traffic management, focusing on techniques to prevent network congestion and maintain service quality. It outlines the mechanisms of congestion control, including TCP algorithms like slow start and congestion avoidance, as well as QoS improvement methods such as scheduling and traffic shaping. Additionally, it introduces two QoS models for the Internet: Integrated Services and Differentiated Services.

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58 views28 pages

Lesson 5.2 Congestion Control

Chapter 5.2 discusses congestion control and quality of service (QoS) in data traffic management, focusing on techniques to prevent network congestion and maintain service quality. It outlines the mechanisms of congestion control, including TCP algorithms like slow start and congestion avoidance, as well as QoS improvement methods such as scheduling and traffic shaping. Additionally, it introduces two QoS models for the Internet: Integrated Services and Differentiated Services.

Uploaded by

Nguyễn Công Huy
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Chapter 5

5.2 Congestion Control and


Quality of Service

5.2.1
5.2-1 DATA TRAFFIC

The main focus of congestion control and quality of


service is data traffic.
In congestion control we try to avoid traffic
congestion. In quality of service, we try to create an
appropriate environment for the traffic.

Traffic Descriptor
Traffic Profiles

5.2.2
Figure 5.2.1 Traffic descriptors

5.2.3
Figure 5.2.2 Three traffic profiles

5.2.4
5.2-2 CONGESTION

•Congestion in a network may occur if the load on the


network—the number of packets sent to the network—
is greater than the capacity of the network—the
number of packets a network can handle.
•Congestion control refers to the mechanisms and
techniques to control the congestion and keep the load
below the capacity.

5.2.5
Figure 5.2.3 Queues in a router

5.2.6
Figure Packet delay and throughput as functions of load

5.2.7
5.2-4 Congestion Control in TCP
Figure 5.2.8 Slow start, exponential increase

5.2.8
Note

In the slow-start algorithm, the size of


the congestion window increases
exponentially until it reaches a
threshold.

5.2.9
Figure 5.2.9 Congestion avoidance, additive increase

5.2.10
Note

In the congestion avoidance algorithm,


the size of the congestion window
increases additively until
congestion is detected.

5.2.11
Note

An implementation reacts to congestion


detection in one of the following ways:
❏ If detection is by time-out, a new slow
start phase starts.
❏ If detection is by three ACKs, a new
congestion avoidance phase starts.

5.2.12
Figure 5.2.11 Congestion example

5.2.13
5.2-4 QUALITY OF SERVICE

Quality of service (QoS) is an internetworking issue


that has been discussed more than defined.
We can informally define quality of service as
something a flow seeks to attain.
Figure 5.2.15 Flow characteristics

5.2.14
5.2-5 TECHNIQUES TO IMPROVE QoS

Four common methods: scheduling, traffic shaping,


admission control, and resource reservation.

Figure 5.2.16 FIFO queue

5.2.15
Figure 5.2.17 Priority queuing

5.2.16
Figure 5.2.18 Weighted fair queuing

5.2.17
Figure 5.2.19 Leaky bucket

5.2.18
Figure 5.2.20 Leaky bucket implementation

5.2.19
Figure 5.2.21 Token bucket

5.2.20
Note

A leaky bucket algorithm shapes bursty


traffic into fixed-rate traffic by averaging
the data rate. It may drop the packets if
the bucket is full.

The token bucket allows bursty traffic at


a regulated maximum rate.

5.2.21
5.2-7 INTEGRATED SERVICES

Two models have been designed to provide quality of


service in the Internet: Integrated Services and
Differentiated Services.

Integrated Services is a flow-based QoS


model designed for IP.

5.2.22
Figure 5.2.22 Path messages

5.2.23
Figure 5.2.23 Resv messages

5.2.24
Figure 5.2.5.2 Reservation merging

5.2.25
Figure 5.2.25 Reservation styles

5.2.26
5.2-8 DIFFERENTIATED SERVICES

Differentiated Services (DS or Diffserv) was


introduced by the IETF (Internet Engineering Task
Force) to handle the shortcomings of Integrated
Services.

Differentiated Services is a class-based


QoS model designed for IP.

5.2.27
Figure 5.2.27 Traffic conditioner

5.2.28

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