Chapter 4
MOTIVATION AND EMOTION
James W. Kalat, Introduction to Psychology, 12th Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated,
or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 1
Chapter 4
MOTIVATION and EMOTION
James W. Kalat, Introduction to Psychology, 12th Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated,
or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 2
Objectives
• By the end of the module, students will be able to:
1. Understand the theory of motivation.
2. Learn how to resolve motivational conflicts.
3. Describe ways to enhance work motivation and reduce procrastination.
4. Grasp theories of emotions and their origins.
5. Distinguish between several "basic" emotions.
6. Understand methods for measuring emotions and apply at least one tool to assess your own emotions.
James W. Kalat, Introduction to Psychology, 12th Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated,
or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 3
MOTIVATION DEFINITION
MOTIVATION: The driving process aimed at achieving a value or a result.
• Each behavior has a different motivation, depending on the time, situation, and
individual.
• It drives individuals to seek certain things more than the other or different things
at different times.
James W. Kalat, Introduction to Psychology, 12th Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated,
or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 4
PERSPECTIVES ON MOTIVATION
DRIVE THEORIES HOMEOSTASIS THEORY INCENTIVE THEORIES
• Drive: The challenges • Maintaining balance in • External stimuli attract
that push us to make response to changes us even when we have
an effort to find within a certain range. no biological need for
solutions. them.
• Drive tends to sustain
the body's state. • Motivation generates
responses to appealing
stimuli.
Have you ever felt conflicted between your motivation
and your needs/desires?
James W. Kalat, Introduction to Psychology, 12th Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated,
or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 5
MOTIVATIONAL CONFLICT
Are all needs always in harmony with
each other?
Abraham Maslow's Hierarchy of
Needs
SELF-ACTUALIZATION
• Humans have five basic needs,
arranged in five levels, from the most SELF-ESTEEM
fundamental needs at the bottom to
the highest needs at the top. LOVE AND BELONGING
• The most urgent and basic needs are
SAFETY AND SECURITY
prioritized and satisfied before less
urgent needs.
PHYSIOLOGICAL NEEDS
James W. Kalat, Introduction to Psychology, 12th Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated,
or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 6
MOTIVATIONAL CONFLICT
5. SELF-ACTUALIZATION
4. SELF-ESTEEM
3. LOVE AND BELONGING
2. SAFETY AND SECURITY
1. PHYSIOLOGICAL NEEDS
James W. Kalat, Introduction to Psychology, 12th Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated,
or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 7
SMALL GROUP DISCUSSION
a. Maslow asserts that basic needs must be met before we can move on to
satisfy higher-level needs. Do you agree that we can only focus on achieving
one need at a time? Why or why not?
b. Do you think motivation changes depending on what you are doing? Please
provide an example to illustrate.
c. In your opinion, what causes people to experience motivational conflict or
procrastination in their work?
James W. Kalat, Introduction to Psychology, 12th Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated,
or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 8
PROCRASTINATION - DESIRE AND OVERCOMING
MOTIVATIONAL CONFLICT
Procrastination: Not wanting to do something until the "water reaches the feet"
or never doing it at all.
Reasons:
- The goals for the WORK PLAN are unclear or the expectations are too high
compared to one's ability to meet them.
- Comparing oneself to others in an unfair way.
- Unable or unwilling to see one's progress at different points in time.
James W. Kalat, Introduction to Psychology, 12th Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated,
or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 9
PROCRASTINATION - DESIRE AND OVERCOMING
MOTIVATIONAL CONFLICT
Self-Control of Desires: Refusing immediate pleasures in order to gain
greater rewards later.
People gradually improve their ability to resist temptation and control desires
as they mature.
Many overestimate their ability to resist temptation, but success is rare…
avoid tempting situations altogether…
James W. Kalat, Introduction to Psychology, 12th Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated,
or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 10
THE ROLE OF GOALS AND DEADLINES
Goals are one of the most effective ways to create motivation.
Effective Goals:
- Specific
- Challenging and Realistic
Other important factors:
- Serious commitment
- Receiving Feedback on Progress
- Fair Rewards
Realistic Goals
- Time
- Manageable
- Resources
James W. Kalat, Introduction to Psychology, 12th Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated,
or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 11
PERSONAL REFLECTION
a. List the tasks you need to complete this week and the tasks you have avoided
in the past week but still need to do.
b. Create an action plan that will help you gain the motivation needed to
complete everything on your list, especially the tasks you’ve been avoiding
and the pleasures you need to postpone.
James W. Kalat, Introduction to Psychology, 12th Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated,
or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 12
PERSONAL REFLECTION
Task List Avoided work but Pleasure Resources:
must do needs Deadlines self/support
restraint
1. Review for English test
2. Presentation preparation
3. Part-time job
4. Friends’ birthday
5. Coffee on weekends
6.
James W. Kalat, Introduction to Psychology, 12th Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated,
or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 13
EMOTION
James W. Kalat, Introduction to Psychology, 12th Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated,
or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 14
THE NATURE OF EMOTIONS
James W. Kalat, Introduction to Psychology, 12th Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated,
or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 15
DEFINITION
Emotion: "A complex reaction pattern involving experiential,
behavioral, and physiological elements.“ Emotions are how
individuals respond to situations or events that hold personal
significance. (APA)
James W. Kalat, Introduction to Psychology, 12th Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated,
or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 16
"BASIC" EMOTIONS
Psychology: We Have a Few
"Basic" Emotions
• Happiness
• Sadness
• Disgust
• Fear
• Anger
James W. Kalat, Introduction to Psychology, 12th Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated,
or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 17
THE ORIGINS OF EMOTIONS
1. JAMES-LANGE’S THEORY OF EMOTION
2. SCHACHTER-SINGER’S THEORY OF EMOTION
James W. Kalat, Introduction to Psychology, 12th Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated,
or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 18
JAMES-LANGE’S THEORY OF EMOTION
• Perspective:
- Emotions occur as a result of physiological reactions to events.
- When a person receives a stimulus from the environment, it triggers a
physiological response.
Stimulus → Physiological Response → Emotion
Example,
Stimulus: You are walking in the forest and see a tiger.
Physical Reaction: You start trembling, and your heart beats faster.
Emotional Response: Fear.
James W. Kalat, Introduction to Psychology, 12th Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated,
or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 19
SCHACHTER-SINGER’S THEORY OF EMOTION
Perspective: Emotions arise from the subjective
interpretation of physiological changes that
occur in the body in response to a stimulus.
Situation → Physiological Arousal →
Cognitive Interpretation → Emotion
Intensity of Emotion: The quantitative aspect
of emotions.
Type of Emotion: The qualitative aspect, such
as sadness, happiness, disgust, surprise,
anger, and fear.
James W. Kalat, Introduction to Psychology, 12th Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated,
or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 20
SCHACHTER-SINGER’S THEORY OF EMOTION
Situation: A person is walking and encounters a
snake.
Arousal: The sympathetic nervous system
triggers a physiological response.
Cognitive Interpretation: The person interprets
the situation as "fear" based on their
knowledge or experience (e.g.,
recognizing it as a venomous snake or
having a fear of reptiles).
Emotion: This interpretation leads to the
emotion of fear.
James W. Kalat, Introduction to Psychology, 12th Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated,
or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 21
SMALL GROUP DISCUSSION
Form small groups of three or four people and discuss the following topics:
a) Which emotion theory do you think is more accurate, James-Lange’s or
Schachter-Singer’s? Why?
b) Do you think one of these theories helps you manage your emotions better
than the other? Which one? Why?
c) In your opinion, can emotions be measured?
James W. Kalat, Introduction to Psychology, 12th Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated,
or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 22
MEASURING EMOTIONS
Tests Behavior Observation Neural Measurement
• Psychological Test Inferring Emotions • Autonomic Nervous
Based on Behavior System
• Scale
• Sympathetic Nervous
• Interview System
• Parasympathetic
Practice measuring Nervous System
emotion
James W. Kalat, Introduction to Psychology, 12th Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated,
or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 23
Practice measuring emotion
James W. Kalat, Introduction to Psychology, 12th Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated,
or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 24
