OGUN STATE POLYTECHNIC OF HEALTH AND ALLIED SCIENCES,

ILESE-IJEBU
A SEMINAR PRESENTATION
ON
DIAGNOSTICS AND TREATMENT OF LUNG TUMOR

DEPARTMENT OF MEDICAL IMAGING PROCESSING TECHNICIAN

PRESENTED BY ADEDEJI SULIAT AYOOLA

300L
MATRIC NO. 20220302244
TABLE OF CONTENT

• Definition

• Types

• Causes

• Symptoms

• Adverse effects

• Treatment

• Conclusion

• Reference
DEFINITION
MEANING OF LUNG TUMOR: Lung tumors are abnormal growths of cells in or
around the lungs. They can be either benign (non-cancerous) or malignant
(cancerous). Lung tumors can interfere with normal lung function and may
spread to other parts of the body if they are cancerous.
Lung Tumors Diagnosis often starts with an imaging test to look at the lungs. If
you have symptoms that worry you, a healthcare professional might start with
an X-ray. If you smoke or used to smoke, you might have an imaging test to look
for signs of lung cancer before you develop symptoms.
Lung Cancer Diagnosis involves a combination of imaging, biopsies, and other
tests to identify tumors and determine their stage. Treatment options vary
depending on the type and stage of cancer, and may include surgery, radiation
therapy, chemotherapy, targeted therapy, immunotherapy, and palliative care.
TYPES OF LUNG TUMORS:
•Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC): This is the most common type, accounting for 80-85% of lung cancers. The main subtypes are adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma,
and large cell carcinoma.
•Small Cell Lung Cancer (SCLC): This type is less common but tends to grow and spread more quickly than NSCLC.

• DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURES:

Imaging:
•CT scan: Provides more detailed cross-sectional images of the chest to detect tumors and assess their size and extent.
•Chest X-ray: A basic imaging test to visualize the lungs and identify any potential abnormalities.
•PET/CT scan: Used to evaluate suspicious findings on CT scans and to determine if cancer has spread to other parts of the body.
•MRI: Uses radio waves and magnets to create detailed images of soft tissues, helpful for assessing tumor extent and involvement of surrounding structures.

Biopsy:
• Tissue samples are taken to confirm the presence of cancer cells and determine the specific type.

• Bronchoscopy: A thin, lighted tube with a camera is passed through the nose or mouth into the lungs to visualize and sample suspicious areas.

• Mediastinoscopy: A surgical procedure to examine lymph nodes in the chest and obtain biopsies.

• Transthoracic needle aspiration: A needle is guided by imaging to collect tissue samples from tumors located in the lung.

Other tests:
• Sputum cytology: Examining coughed-up mucus for cancer cells.
• Pleural fluid analysis: Analyzing fluid around the lungs (if present) for cancer cells.
• Blood tests: Can help assess overall health and organ function, but generally cannot diagnose cancer on their own.
CAUSES OF LUNG TUMORS:

Lung tumors, both cancerous and benign, can arise from various causes, and their diagnosis and treatment depend on factors
like the tumor type, stage, and patient's overall health. Smoking is the leading cause of lung cancer, but other risk factors
include exposure to radon, asbestos, and air pollution. Early detection through screening and diagnostic tests like CT scans,
biopsies, and bronchoscopies are crucial for effective treatment. Treatment options include surgery, radiation therapy,
chemotherapy, and targeted therapies, sometimes used in combination.

CAUSES OF LUNG TUMORS:

• Smoking: The most significant risk factor for lung cancer, with 80% of lung cancer deaths attributed to smoking.
• Exposure to Carcinogens:
• Radon: A radioactive gas that can seep into buildings.
• Asbestos: A mineral fiber used in construction that can cause lung cancer.
• Air pollution: Environmental pollutants can increase the risk of lung cancer.
• Other chemicals: Occupational exposure to substances like arsenic, cadmium, nickel, and diesel fumes.
• HIV infection: Individuals with HIV may have a higher risk of lung cancer.
• Lung Diseases: Pre-existing conditions like lung fibrosis or emphysema can increase susceptibility.
SYMPTOMS OF LUNG TUMOR:
Common symptoms of lung disease include shortness of breath, a persistent cough (sometimes with mucus), wheezing,
chest tightness, and fatigue. Coughing up blood, unexplained weight loss, and frequent respiratory infections can also be
signs of lung problems.
Here's a more detailed look at the symptoms:
• Shortness of Breath: This can manifest as difficulty breathing in, difficulty breathing out, or both. It may be more
noticeable during physical activity but can also occur at rest.
• Cough: A persistent cough, especially one that produces mucus (phlegm), can indicate lung issues. The mucus may be
clear, white, yellow, or green.
• Wheezing: This whistling sound during breathing is caused by narrowed airways and can be associated with conditions
like asthma or COPD.
• Chest Pain or Tightness: Lung problems can cause pain or discomfort in the chest, particularly when breathing deeply
or coughing.
• Fatigue: Feeling tired or lacking energy, even after adequate rest, can be a sign of lung disease.
• Coughing up Blood: Hemoptysis (coughing up blood) is a serious symptom that should be evaluated by a doctor.
• Unexplained Weight Loss: Significant weight loss without trying can be a symptom of lung disease, especially in severe
cases.
• Frequent Respiratory Infections: Repeated bouts of bronchitis, pneumonia, or other lung infections can point to an
underlying lung condition.
• Other Symptoms: Some lung diseases may cause additional symptoms like swollen fingertips (clubbing), fever, and
neurological changes (if the disease spreads to the brain).
If you experience any of these symptoms, it's important to consult with a healthcare professional for proper diagnosis and
treatment.
EFFECTIVES
Lung cancer can have significant effects on a person's physical health, impacting their respiratory system, overall energy levels,
and potentially spreading to other parts of the body. Common physical effects include persistent cough, shortness of breath,
chest pain, and coughing up blood. In advanced stages, lung cancer can cause fatigue, weight loss, and even spread to bones,
causing pain or to the brain, leading to neurological issues.
RESPIRATORY EFFECTS:
•Cough: A persistent cough, sometimes producing mucus or blood, is a common symptom.
•Shortness of breath: Tumors can block airways or cause fluid buildup around the lungs, making breathing difficult.
•Chest pain: Pain in the chest or shoulder, especially when breathing or coughing, can occur.
OTHER PHYSICAL EFFECTS:
•Fatigue: General tiredness and lack of energy are common, especially as the cancer progresses.
•Weight loss: Unintentional weight loss can be a sign of advanced lung cancer.
•Pain: If cancer spreads to bones, it can cause pain in those areas.
COMPLICATIONS:
•Pleural effusion: Fluid buildup around the lungs can further impede breathing.
•Superior vena cava syndrome: Blockage of a major vein in the chest can cause swelling in the face, neck, and arms.
•Horner's syndrome: Nerve damage can lead to drooping eyelid, small pupil, and reduced sweating on one side of the face.
EMOTIONAL AND SOCIAL EFFECTS:
•Anxiety and depression: Receiving a lung cancer diagnosis and dealing with its effects can be emotionally challenging.
•Social isolation: Fatigue, physical limitations, and emotional distress can lead to social withdrawal.
•Body image concerns: Visible symptoms or side effects from treatment can affect self-esteem.
TREATMENT

•Surgery: Surgical removal of the tumor is a common option for early-stage non-small cell lung cancer. Types of surgery include lobectomy
(removal of a lung lobe), pneumonectomy (removal of an entire lung), and wedge resection or segmentectomy (removal of a portion of the
lung).
•Chemotherapy: Chemotherapy uses drugs to kill or shrink cancer cells and is often used for both non-small cell and small cell lung cancer. It
may be used before or after surgery, or as a palliative treatment.
•Radiation Therapy: Radiation therapy uses high-energy rays to kill cancer cells and can be used to shrink tumors, treat areas where cancer
has spread, or as a palliative treatment. It can be delivered externally or internally via implants.
•Targeted Therapy: Targeted therapies are designed to target specific changes in cancer cells that help them grow and spread. These
therapies are often used for advanced lung cancers and may be used alone or in combination with chemotherapy.
•Immunotherapy: Immunotherapy helps the body's own immune system fight cancer cells. It can be used as a first-line treatment, before or
after surgery, or in combination with other treatments.
•Palliative Care: Palliative care focuses on relieving symptoms and improving quality of life for those with advanced lung cancer.

SPECIFIC CONSIDERATIONS:
•Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC): Surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy may be used, often in
combination.
•Small cell lung cancer (SCLC): Chemotherapy and radiation are the primary treatments, and surgery may be used for tissue sampling.
•Early-stage NSCLC: Surgery is often the first choice, and may be followed by chemotherapy or radiation therapy.
•Advanced NSCLC: Immunotherapy and targeted therapy may be used, often in combination with chemotherapy and/or radiation.

Important Note: Treatment decisions are made in consultation with a healthcare team, considering the individual's specific situation.
CONCLUSION
Lung cancer is the leading cause of death over the world and the only chance of cure for
patients affected from this kind of cancer is surgical resection.
This is mainly due to the fact that several factors are involved in lung cancer development and
progression and to date the diagnostic methods available for an early and efficient detection
are not sufficient.
Although lung cancer research data have accumulated dramatically during the past several
years, there is no database specifically focusing on lung cancer molecular biology available
yet.
In this short review we have summarized some of the factors contributing to lung cancer, but
it is just an overview of the most important proteins involved in lung cancer disease, which
are often mutated or present an unusual pattern of expression compared to the healthy tissue.
All together these data are important for understanding the nature behind this type of cancer
and also to understand that basic research on proteins, miRNAs and all the other epigenetic
modifications could be used to develop more powerful diagnostic tools, as well as prognostic
or predictive markers or even for the development of new targeting therapies for lung cancer.
REFERENCES
• Jemal A, Siegel R, Ward E, Murray T, Xu J, Thun MJ. Cancer statistics, 2007. CA Cancer J. Clin. 2007;57(1):43–
66. doi: 10.3322/canjclin.57.1.43. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
• Schreiber G, McCrory DC. Performance characteristics of different modalities for diagnosis of suspected lung
cancer: summary of published evidence. Chest. 2003;123(1 Suppl):115S–128S. doi:
10.1378/chest.123.1_suppl.115s. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
• Henschke C I, Yankelevitz D F. CT screening for lung cancer: update 2007. Oncologist. 2008;13(1):65–78. doi:
10.1634/theoncologist.2007-0153. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
• Spira A, Beane J, Shah V, Liu G, Schembri F, Yang X, Palma J, Brody JS. Effects of cigarette smoke on the
human airway epithelial cell transcriptome. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 2004;101(27):10143–10148. doi:
10.1073/pnas.0401422101. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
• Sandler A, Gray R, Perry MC, Brahmer J, Schiller JH, Dowlati A, Lilenbaum R, Johnson DH. Paclitaxel-
carboplatin alone or with bevacizumab for non-small-cell lung cancer. N. Engl. J. Med. 2006;355(24):2542–
2550. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa061884. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
• Sone S, Li F, Yang ZG, Honda T, Maruyama Y, Takashima S, Hasegawa M, Kawakami S, Kubo K, Haniuda M,
Yamanda T. Results of three-year mass screening programme for lung cancer using mobile low-dose spiral
computed tomography scanner. Br. J. Cancer. 2001;84(1):25–32. doi: 10.1054/bjoc.2000.1531. [DOI] [
PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
THANK YOU FOR
LISTENING