Module 2

Overview of
International/National
Civil Aviation Security

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Module Structure (1/2)

• Part 1: Terminologies related to Civil Aviation

• Part 2:Nature of the Threat

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Module Structure (2/2)

• Part 3: Various procedures and countermeasures are required

to protect Civil Aviation

• Legislative
• Technical
• Physical

• Part 4: Roles and Responsibilities of National Entities,

Appropriate Authority, Aviation Security Group,
Bomb Detection and Disposal Squad, Airports, Airlines &
Scope of career in the field of aviation
security AVSEC BASIC COURSE
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Module Objective (1/2)

• Terminologies related to Civil Aviation Security

• Describe Threats To Civil Aviation

• List types of people who present a threat to Civil Aviation

• Vulnerability Of Civil Aviation Operations.

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Module Objective (2/2)

• Understand the Concepts of Industry Countermeasures

• Aviation Security Conventions & National Legislations.

• Understand Key Responsibilities of a States Appropriate

Authority and all entities

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 PART-1

Civil Aviation Terminologies

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Civil Aviation Terminologies (1/2)
Acts of unlawful interference.
These are acts or attempted acts such as to jeopardize the
safety of civil aviation, including but not limited to :
• unlawful seizure of aircraft
• destruction of an aircraft in service,
• hostage-taking on board aircraft or on aerodromes,
• forcible intrusion on board an aircraft, at an airport or
on the premises of an aeronautical facility,

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Civil Aviation Terminologies (2/2)
• introduction on board an aircraft or at an airport of a
weapon or hazardous device or material intended for
criminal purposes,
• use of an aircraft in service for the purpose of causing
death, serious bodily injury, or serious damage to
property or the environment,
• communication of false information such as to
jeopardize the safety of an aircraft in flight or on the
ground, of passengers, crew, ground personnel or the
general public, at an airport or on the premises of a
civil aviation facility.
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Terminologies related to Airport

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Terminologies related to Airport (1/8)
• Aerodrome: Any definite or limited ground or water area
intended to used, either wholly or in part, for the landing or
departure of aircraft, and includes all buildings, sheds, vessels,
piers and other structures thereon appertaining thereto.

• Aerodrome Operator: A person, organization or enterprise

responsible for operation and management of an aerodrome

• Airport: Any area in a Member State which is open for

commercial aircraft operations

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 Terminologies related to Airport (2/8)

• Aircraft maintenance area. All the ground space and facilities

provided for aircraft maintenance. This includes aprons,
hangars, buildings and workshops, vehicle parks and roads
associated therewith. Such an area is normally designated as a
security restricted area.

• Aircraft stand. A designated area on an apron intended to be

used for parking an aircraft.

• Airside: The movement area of an airport, adjacent terrain and

buildings or portions thereof, access to which is controlled.
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 Terminologies related to Airport (3/8)

• Apron: A defined area, on a land aerodrome, intended to

accommodate aircraft for purposes of loading or unloading
passengers, mail or cargo, fueling, parking or maintenance.

• Apron passenger vehicle. Any vehicle used to convey

passengers between aircraft and passenger buildings

• Check-in: The process of reporting to an aircraft operator for

acceptance on a particular flight.
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 Terminologies related to Airport (4/8)

• Direct transit area: A special area established in an international

airport, approved by the public authorities concerned and
under their direct supervision or control, where passengers can
stay during transit or transfer without applying for entry to the
State.

• Departure Concourse: The space between the check-in position

and the airside waiting area

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Terminologies related to Airport (5/8)

• Isolation Bay: A designated parking bay at the airport far away from the
main passenger terminal, exclusively designed for the purpose of parking
the affected aircraft in order to handle contingencies and other threat
situations. Also known as Isolated Aircraft Parking Position (IAPP)

• Landside: Those parts of an airport, adjacent terrain and buildings or

portions thereof that are not airside, as identified by States and relevant
entities in their security programme.

• Movement area: That part of an aerodrome to be used for the take-off, landing
and taxiing of aircraft, consisting of the maneuvering area and the apron(s).

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 Terminologies related to Airport (6/8)

• Non-restricted area: Areas of an airport to which the public have access or

to which access is otherwise unrestricted.

• Off-airport processing facilities. A passenger or cargo transport link terminal

at an urban population centre at which processing facilities are provided.

• Passenger area. All the ground space and facilities provided for passenger
processing, including aprons, passenger buildings, vehicle parks and roads

• Pier: A corridor at, above or below ground level to connect aircraft stands to
a passenger building

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Terminologies related to Airport (7/8)
• Sterile area. The area between any passenger inspection or screening
checkpoint and aircraft, into which access is strictly controlled (see also
security restricted area.)

• Security restricted area: Those areas of the airside of an airport which

are identified as priority risk areas where in addition to access control,
other security controls are applied. Such areas will normally include,
inter alia, all commercial aviation passenger departure areas between
the screening checkpoint and the aircraft, the ramp, baggage make-up
areas, including those where aircraft are being brought into service and
screened baggage and cargo are present, cargo sheds, mail centers,
airside catering and aircraft cleaning premises.

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Terminologies related to Airport (8/8)

• Terminal: The main building or group of buildings where the processing

of commercial passengers and freight and the boarding of aircraft occurs.

• Vital installation: Any facility on or connected with an aerodrome,

which, if damaged or destroyed, would seriously impair the functioning
of the aerodrome.

• Vulnerable point: Any facility on or connected with an airport, which, if

damaged or destroyed, would seriously impair the functioning of the
airport. Example ATC, Fuel storage area etc.

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Terminologies related to Airlines

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Terminologies related to Airlines (1/3)
• Aircraft in flight: An aircraft from the moment when all
its external doors are closed following embarkation until
the moment when such doors are opened for
disembarkation.

• Aircraft in service: A parked aircraft which is under

surveillance sufficient to detect unauthorized access.

• Aircraft not in service: An aircraft that either is parked

for a period of more than 12 hours or is not under
surveillance sufficient to detect unauthorized access.
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Terminologies related to Airlines (2/3)
• Aircraft operators’ documents. Air waybills and consignment notes,
passenger tickets and boarding passes, bank and agent settlement plan
documents, excess baggage tickets, miscellaneous charges orders,
damage and irregularity reports, baggage and cargo labels, timetables,
and weight and balance documents, for use by aircraft operators.
• Aircraft security check: An inspection of the interior of an aircraft to
which passengers may have had access and an inspection of the hold for
the purposes of discovering suspicious objects, weapons, explosives or
other dangerous devices, articles and substances.
• Aircraft security search: A thorough inspection of the interior and
exterior of the aircraft for the purpose of discovering suspicious objects,
weapons, explosives or other dangerous devices, articles or substances.
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Terminologies related to Airlines (3/3)
• Service panel: Aircraft external access point used for
providing aircraft services including water, lavatories and
ground electrical outlets, and other service compartments
that have external clip-down panels.

• State of Registry: The State on whose register the aircraft is

entered. (See also the definition in Annex 6.)

• State of the Operator: The State in which the operator’s

principal place of business is located or, if there is no such
place of business, the operator’s permanent residence.
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Terminologies related to ANNEX

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Terminologies related to ANNEX (1/2)

• Convention: The convention relating to International Civil Aviation

signed at Chicago on the 7th day of December 1944

• Annexure 17 (to the Chicago Convention): Annex 17 to the

Convention with the title “Standards and Recommended Practices
— Security — Safeguarding International Civil Aviation against Acts
of Unlawful Interference”.

• Appropriate Authority for Aviation Security: The authority

designated by a State within its administration to be responsible for
the development, implementation and maintenance of the national
civil aviation security programme.
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 Terminologies (2/2)

• Aviation Security Group. A unit of specialized Government

agency authorized by the Director General to safeguard civil
aviation against acts of unlawful interference and for the
protection of property at the aerodrome handling civil
aviation.(Also see Rule 06 of Aircraft (Security) Rules, 2023)

• Security Programme. Written measures adopted to

safeguard international civil aviation against acts of unlawful
interference.

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Terminologies related to AEP/Permits

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Terminologies related to AEP/Permits (1/2)

• Aerodrome Entry Permit (AEP): The photo identity card, smart

card or temporary permit issued by the Director General, BCAS,
Ministry of Civil Aviation or any person authorized by the
Central Government for entry into the aerodrome or part of an
aerodrome. (Ref. rule 24 of The Aircraft (Security) Rules, 2023).

• Background check: A check of a person’s identity and previous

experience, including criminal history and any other security
related information relevant for assessing the person’s
suitability, in accordance with national legislation.

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Terminologies related to AEP/Permits (2/2)
• Permits: A permit system consists of cards or other
documentation issued to individual persons employed on
airports or who otherwise have need for authorized access
to the airport, airside or security restricted area. Its purpose
is to identify the individual and facilitate access. Vehicle
permits are issued and used for similar purposes to allow
vehicular access. Permits are sometimes referred to as
airport identity cards or passes.

• Vehicle Entry Permit: Vehicle permits issued and used to

allow vehicular access to restricted areas of the airports.
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Terminologies related to Aircraft operations

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Terminologies related to Aircraft operations (1/2)
• General Aviation Operation:
• An aircraft operation other than a commercial air
transport operation or an aerial work operation.

• Aerial work:
• An aircraft operation in which an aircraft is used for
specialized services such as agriculture, construction,
photography, surveying, observation and patrol, search
and rescue, and aerial advertisement.

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Terminologies related to Aircraft operations (2/2)

• Commercial air transport operation

• An aircraft operation involving the transport of
passengers, cargo or mail for remuneration or hire.

• Corporate aviation
• The non-commercial operation or use of aircraft by a
company for the carriage of passengers or goods as an aid
to the conduct of company business, flown by a
professional pilot employed to fly the aircraft. (Note that
corporate aviation is a subset of general aviation.)

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Terminologies related to Baggage

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Terminologies related to Baggage (1/4)

• Accompanied hold baggage: Baggage which is accepted for

carriage in the hold of an aircraft and which is checked in by
the passenger who is on board.

• Baggage: Personal property of passengers or crew carried on

an aircraft by agreement with the operator.

• Baggage Breakup Area: The area where all the arrival

passenger’s bags are delivered to them.

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Terminologies related to Baggage (2/4)
• Baggage Storage Area: Space in which checked/hold
baggage is stored pending transport to aircraft and space in
which mishandled baggage may be held until forwarded,
claimed or otherwise disposed of.

• Cabin baggage: Baggage intended for carriage in the cabin

of an aircraft operator.

• Mishandled baggage: Baggage involuntarily, or

inadvertently, separated from passengers or crew.
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Terminologies related to Baggage (3/4)

• Interline Baggage: The baggage of passengers subjected

to transfer from the aircraft of one operator to the
aircraft of another operator in the course of their journey.

• Transfer baggage: Baggage making direct connections

between two different flights.

• Transit baggage: Baggage departing from an airport on

the same flight as that on which they arrived.
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Terminologies related to Baggage (4/4)
• Unaccompanied baggage: Baggage that is transported as
cargo and may or may not be carried on the same aircraft
with the person to whom it belongs.

• Unclaimed baggage: Baggage that arrives at an airport and

is not picked up or claimed by a passenger.

• Unidentified/Unattended baggage: Baggage at an airport,

with or without a baggage tag, which is not picked up by or
identified with a passenger.
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Terminologies related to Cargo

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Terminologies related to Cargo (1/5)

• Cargo: Any property carried on an aircraft other than mail,

stores and accompanied or mishandled baggage.

• Cargo area: All the ground space and facilities provided for
cargo handlings. It includes aprons, cargo buildings and
warehouses, vehicle parks and roads associated therewith.

• Mail: Dispatches of correspondence and other items

tendered by and intended for delivery to postal services in
accordance with the rules of the Universal Postal Union
(UPU) 37
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Terminologies related to Cargo (2/5)
• Co-mail: Abbreviation of aircraft operator company mail,
shipped within the company’s network of stations.

• Co-mat: Abbreviation of aircraft operator company

materials, shipped within the company’s network of stations.

• Cargo building: A building through which cargo passes

between air and ground transport and in which processing
facilities are located, or in which cargo is stored pending
transfer to air or ground transport
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Terminologies related to Cargo (3/5)
• Diplomatic pouch (bag): A shipping container having diplomatic
immunity from search or seizure when accompanied by the required
official documentation.

• Express cargo. Goods other than mail and accompanied or baggage

involuntarily or inadvertently separated from passengers or crew which
is required to be carried on priority basis by an aircraft operator.

• High-risk cargo or mail: Cargo or mail which is deemed to pose a threat

to civil aviation as a result of specific intelligence; or shows anomalies or
signs of tampering which give rise to suspicion.

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Terminologies related to Cargo (4/5)
• Integrated/consolidated cargo. A consignment of multiple
packages which has been originated by more than one
person, each of whom has made an agreement for carriage
by air with another person other than a scheduled aircraft
operator.

• Transfer cargo and mail. Cargo and mail departing on an

aircraft other than that on which it arrived of the same
operator.

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Terminologies related to Cargo (5/5)
• Transit cargo and mail. Cargo and mail departing on the
same aircraft as that on which it arrived.

• Regulated agent: An agent, freight forwarder or any other

entity who conducts business with an operator and provides
security controls that are accepted or required by the
appropriate authority in respect of cargo, courier and
express parcels or mail.

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Terminologies related to Catering

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 Terminologies related to Catering
• Catering stores: All items, other than catering supplies, associated
with passenger in-flight services, for example newspapers,
magazines, headphones, audio and video tapes, pillows and
blankets, and amenity kits.

• Catering supplies: Food, beverages, other dry stores and

associated equipment used on board an aircraft.

• In-flight supplies. All items intended to be taken on board an

aircraft for use, consumption or purchase by passengers or crew
during the flight, which typically include catering and cleaning
stores and supplies. 43
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Terminologies related to
Contingency/Emergency

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Terminologies related to Contingency/
Emergency (1/3)
• Bomb alert: A status of alert put in place by competent authorities to
activate an intervention plan intended to counter the possible
consequences arising from a communicated threat, anonymous or
otherwise, or arising from the discovery of a suspect device or other
suspect item on an aircraft, at an airport or in any civil aviation
facilities

• Bomb threat: A communicated threat, anonymous or otherwise,

which suggests, or infers, whether true or false that the safety of an
aircraft in flight or on the ground, or any airport or civil aviation
facility or any person may be in danger from an explosive or other
item or device. AVSEC BASIC COURSE
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Terminologies related to Contingency/
Emergency (2/3)
• Contingency plan: A “proactive” plan to include measures and
procedures addressing various threat levels, risk assessments and
the associated security measures to be implemented, designed in
order to anticipate as well as prepare all concerned parties having
roles and responsibilities in the event of an actual act of unlawful
interference

• Crisis management: Contingency measures implemented in

response to increased threat levels as well as implementation of
measures and procedures in response to the emergencies to
include acts of unlawful interference.

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Terminologies related to Contingency/
Emergency (3/3)
• Emergency plan. A plan setting forth the procedures for
coordinating the response of different aerodrome agencies or
services and of those agencies in the surrounding community that
could be of assistance in responding to an emergency

• Hijacking (Unlawful seizure of Aircraft): Any person who on board

an aircraft in flight: (i) Unlawfully, by force or threat thereof, or by
any other form of intimidation, seizes, or exercises control of that
aircraft, or attempts to perform any such act, or (ii) is an
accomplice of a person who performs or attempts to perform any
such act, commits the offence of hijacking that aircraft.
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Terminologies related to Restricted
Articles

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Terminologies related to Restricted Articles (1/3)
• Dangerous goods: Articles or substances which are capable of
posing a hazard to health, safety, property or the environment
and which are shown in the list of dangerous goods in the
Technical Instructions, or which are classified according to
those Instructions.

• Restricted articles: Articles which are, in the specific context

of aviation security, defined as those articles, devices or
substances which may be used to commit an act of unlawful
interference against civil aviation, or which may endanger the
safety of the aircraft and its occupants, or installations and the
public. AVSEC BASIC COURSE
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Terminologies related to Restricted Articles (2/3)
• LAGs: Liquids, aerosols and gels, in any volume, for sale at airport outlets
(excluding food and beverages for consumption in the airport premises and
not intended for carriage into the aircraft passenger cabin) or onboard
aircraft during the day(s) of the journey, either in the airside area or in a
security-restricted area.

• Security checks for LAGs and STEBs. Visual checks or security controls,
performed by security staff, for signs of interference, in particular tampering
with seals, theft and the introduction of potentially dangerous devices,
articles or substances. The checks should be made at the first point of entry
on the airside and should be made on all supplies of LAGs and STEBs to
establish that they have been protected, that there is no evidence or
suspicion of tampering, and that the necessary documentation is in order.

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Terminologies related to Restricted Articles (3/3)

• Security tamper-evident bags (STEBs)-Specially designed

bags that should only be used for the sale of LAGs by airport
outlets or on board an aircraft.

• Small arms. A general description applied to all hand-held

firearms.

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Terminologies related to travelling and non-
travelling people

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 Terminologies related to travelling and non-
travelling people (1/7)

• Crew member: A person assigned by an operator to duty on

an aircraft during a flight duty period.

• Deportee: A person who had legally been admitted to a

State by its authorities or who had entered a State illegally,
and who at some later time is formally ordered by the
competent authorities to leave that State. Note. — The
competent authorities may provide an escort for such
persons.
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Terminologies related to travelling and non-
travelling people (2/7)
• Disruptive passenger: A passenger who fails to respect the
rules of conduct at an airport or on board an aircraft or to
follow the instructions of the airport staff or crew members
and thereby disturbs the good order and discipline at an
airport or on board the aircraft.

• Human Factors principles: Principles which apply to design,

certification, training, operations and maintenance and
which seek safe interface between the human and other
system components by proper consideration to human
performance.
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 Terminologies related to travelling and non-
travelling people (3/7)
• Human performance. Human capabilities and limitations
which have an impact on the safety, security and efficiency of
aeronautical operations.

• Inadmissible person: A person who is or will be refused

admission to a State by its authorities. Such persons normally
have to be transported back to their State of departure, or to
any other State where the persons are admissible, by the
aircraft operator on which they arrived.

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Terminologies related to travelling and non-
travelling people (4/7)
• Interline Passenger: Passenger who is transferred between
aircraft of different air carriers during the course of his journey.

• In-flight security officer: A person who is authorized by the

government of the State of the Operator and the government of
the State of registration to be deployed on an aircraft with the
purpose of protecting that aircraft and its occupants against acts
of unlawful interference. This excludes persons employed to
provide exclusive personal protection for one or more specific
people travelling on the aircraft, such as personal bodyguards.

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 Terminologies related to travelling and non-
travelling people (5/7)
• Person with disabilities (with reduced mobility):

Any person whose mobility is reduced due to a physical

incapacity (sensory or locomotor), an intellectual
deficiency, age, illness or any other cause of disability when
using transport and whose situation needs special
attention and the adaptation to the person’s needs of the
services made available to all passengers.

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Terminologies related to travelling and non-
travelling people (6/7)
• Pilot-in-command: The pilot designated by the operator, or
in the case of general aviation, the owner, as being in
command and charged with the safe conduct of a flight.

• Transfer passengers: Passengers making direct connections

between two different flights.

• Transit passengers: Passengers departing from an airport on

the same flight as that on which they arrived.

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 Terminologies related to travelling and non-
travelling people (7/7)
• Unruly passengers: Persons who commit on board a civil aircraft, from the
moment when the aircraft door is closed prior to take-off to the moment when it
is reopened after landing, an act of:
• assault, intimidation, menace or wilful recklessness which endangers good
order or the safety of property or persons;
• assault, intimidation, menace or interference with a crew member in the
performance of duties or which lessens the ability to perform duties;
• willful recklessness or damage to an aircraft, its equipment, or attendant
structures and equipment such as to endanger good order and safety of
the aircraft or its occupants;
• communication of information which is known to be false, thereby
endangering the safety of an aircraft in flight;
• Disobedience of lawful commands or instructions for safe, orderly or
efficient operations.
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Terminologies related to security and
procedures

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Terminologies related to security & procedures
(1/8)
• Aviation Security: Safeguarding civil aviation against acts of
unlawful interference. This objective is achieved by a combination
of measures and human and material resources.

• Security clearance. Compliance with the security controls

specified in the National Civil Aviation Security Programme with
regard to any aircraft, entity, person or object. It is a status
granted to individuals or entities allowing them access to classified
information, access to restricted areas or to conduct business
after completion of a background check.

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Terminologies related to security & procedures
(2/8)
• Behavior Detection: Within an aviation security environment, the
application of techniques involving the recognition of behavioural
characteristics, including but not limited to physiological or gestural
signs indicative of anomalous behaviour, to identify persons who may
pose a threat to civil aviation

• Profiling: is described as a systematic observation to categorize each

passenger by creating a short biographical character sketch to study
certain characteristic personal manner or attitude, in order to decide
whether the passenger is a threat to the airline or not.

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Terminologies related to security & procedures
(3/8)
• Certification: A formal evaluation and confirmation by or on behalf of
the appropriate authority for aviation security that a person
possesses the necessary competencies to perform assigned functions
to an acceptable level as defined by the appropriate authority

• Screening: The application of technical or other means which are

intended to identify and/or detect weapons, explosives or other
dangerous devices, articles or substances which may be used to
commit an act of unlawful interference

• Security audit: An in-depth compliance examination of all aspects of

the implementation of the national civil aviation security programme.
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Terminologies related to security & procedures
(4/8)
• Security accident: An occurrence which results in death or grievous hurt to a person
or major damage to the property.

• Security culture. A set of security-related norms, values, attitudes and

assumptions that are inherent in the daily operation of an organization and are
reflected by the actions and behaviour of all entities and personnel within the
organization.
• Security investigation. An inquiry into any act or attempted act of unlawful
interference against civil aviation and/or any alleged or suspected instance of non-
compliance with a State’s National Civil Aviation Security Programme or other legal
and/or regulatory requirements pertaining to civil aviation security.

• Security test. A covert or overt trial of an aviation security measure which simulates
an attempt to commit an unlawful act.
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Terminologies related to security & procedures
(5/8)
• Security incident. An occurrence in relation to civil aviation security
which takes place either on the ground or in flight, which results in:
• in injury to a person, damage to property, fire and breakage;
• contravention or breach of security laws, regulations, national
civil aviation security programme and orders issued by the
Central Government under the provisions of the Aircraft Act,
1934.
• Security inspection. An examination of the implementation of
relevant National Civil Aviation Security Programme requirements by
an aircraft operator, airport or other entity involved in security.

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Terminologies related to security & procedures
(6/8)
• Security control. A means by which the introduction of weapons,
explosives or other dangerous devices, articles or substances which
may be used to commit an act of unlawful interference can be
prevented.

• Security exercise. A full-scale security exercise is a simulated act of

unlawful interference with the objective of ensuring the adequacy of
a contingency plan to cope with different types of emergencies. A
partial security exercise is a simulated act of unlawful interference
with the objective of ensuring the adequacy of the response to
individual participating agencies and components of the contingency
plan, such as the communications system.
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Terminologies related to security & procedures
(7/8)
• Gate no Show: Passenger who has checked in (may have
registered baggage), but not reported for boarding.

• Gate No-show Drill: Passenger who has checked-in for a

flight but does not report for boarding . In such a case the
registered baggage must be Off-loaded before closing of the
aircraft door.

• Reconciliation: It’s a process of tallying numbers of

registered baggage checked in with the number of registered
baggage lying in the BSA.AVSEC BASIC COURSE
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Terminologies related to security & procedures
(8/8)
• Sensitive Aviation Security Information. Information that, if
accessed by or disclosed to unauthorized persons, could
create or be used to exploit a vulnerability or facilitate an act
of unlawful interference against civil aviation.

• Unpredictability. The implementation of security measures in

order to increase their deterrent effect and their efficiency, by
applying them at irregular frequencies, different locations
and/or with varying means, in accordance with a defined
framework.
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Terminologies related to security
equipment

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 Terminologies related to security equipment
(1/3)
• Explosive Detection System (EDS). A technology system or
combination of different technologies which has the ability to
detect, and so to indicate by means of an alarm, explosive material
contained in baggage or other articles, irrespective of the material
from which the bag is made

• Explosive Device Detection System (EDDS). A technology system or

combination of different technologies which has the ability to
detect, and so to indicate by means of an alarm, an explosive device
by detecting one or more components of such a device contained in
baggage or other articles, irrespective of the material from which
the bag or article is made.
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Terminologies related to security equipment
(2/3)
• Security equipment: Devices of a specialized nature for use,
individually or as part of a system, in the prevention or
detection of acts of unlawful interference with civil aviation
and its facilities.

• Trace detection equipment (TDE). A technology system or

combination of different technologies which has the ability
to detect very small amounts of explosive materials, and so
to indicate, by means of an alarm, any such materials
contained in baggage or other articles subjected for analysis

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Terminologies related to security equipment
(3/3)
• Threat Image Projection (TIP). A software programme
approved by the appropriate authority that can be installed
on certain X-ray equipment, which projects virtual images of
threat articles such as guns, knives, and improvised explosive
devices within the X-ray image of a real bag under
examination or complete virtual images of bags containing
threat articles, and provides immediate feedback to the X-
ray equipment operators of their ability to detect such
images.

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 PART 2
Nature of Threat

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Aviation Security (AvSec)

• Safeguarding civil aviation against acts of unlawful

interference.

• This objective is achieved by a Combination of measures and

human and material resources.

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Primary Objective of Aviation Security

To assure the protection and safety of passengers, crew,

ground personnel, the general public, aircraft and facilities of
an airport serving civil aviation, against acts of unlawful
interference perpetrated on the ground or in flight.

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Aviation Security Principles

• Civil Aviation shall operate from a Safe and Secure

environment;

• Develop and implement Legislation and procedures

necessary to ensure a safe and secure environment;

• Security measures shall be consistent with ICAO Standards.

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Aviation Security Principles

• The main principle that should be followed when ensuring

the security of civil aviation is that the security measures
implemented should be commensurate with the threat.

• Prosecute or extradite persons who carry out acts of

unlawful interference

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What is Threat ?

It is defined as "the probability of an attack being attempted

against a target within a specified time frame”.

It depends on two factors, namely:

• The intention or desire to attack a target
• The capacity of performing such an attack

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What is Vulnerability?

Vulnerability is those characteristics of a target which could

be exploited in an attack.

The features of a target that may be exploited during an

attack, or the ease with which a target may be attacked.

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What is Risk?

Risk is the probability that an attack will be attempted and will

be successful.

• RISK = THREAT x VULNERABILITY

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 Assessment of Threat, Vulnerability and Risk
Threat Assessment?
The estimate of the likelihood of an attack being performed against a
target during a specific period of time.

Vulnerability Assessment?
The analysis of the features of the target to establish the week points
that could be exploited to conduct various attacks.

Risk Assessment?
Calculation of the likelihood of an attack being conducted successfully.

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Nature of the Threat -
Conventional / Traditional Threat to Civil Aviation

• Sabotage of Aircraft

• Sabotage of Airports

• Hijacking of aircraft on the ground or in flight; and

• Armed attacks on / off airport facilities.

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Nature of the Threat –
New and Emerging Threats (1/3)
• Suicide attack on ground facilities

• Misuse of aircraft as a weapon of mass destruction

• Threat from CBRN ( Chemical, Biological, Radiological and

Nuclear)

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Nature of the Threat –
New and Emerging Threats (2/3)
• Air to air attack by aircraft or by missile

• Attack by MANPAD ( Man Portable Air Defense System)

• Ground to air attack by missiles.

• Cyber terrorism

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Nature of the Threat –
New and Emerging Threats (3/3)
• Attack through electronic systems to misguide the air traffic
communications to the aircraft.
• Attack by magnetic systems.
• Insider Threats/Known Insiders.
• Laser Illumination.
• Attack by Drones.

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 Terrorism

Terrorism is an act of placing someone in extreme fear. It is

the unlawful use of violence against the Public to intimidate a
Government.

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Types of Offenders

• Individuals with Psychological Problems

• Individuals seeking revenge
• Terrorists
• Criminals

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Factors contributing to Terrorism

• Religious factors

• Economic conditions of a country

• Natural disasters

• Political factors

• Social recognition

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Support needed by Terrorist Organizations

• Financial support
• Motivated manpower
• Support of Public
• Arms & Ammunition
• Media
• Training

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Offenders and their Motivations

Terrorists
• Individuals or groups

• Motivation: High visibility through the media

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Offenders and their Motivations

Non-terrorists
• Individuals or groups :
Difficult to categorize attacks

• Motivation:
Personal reasons
Monetary gain

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Offenders and their Motivations

TERRORISTS NON-TERRORISTS
Well organized Lack knowledge
Well trained Mental instability
Less resources
Unpredictable

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Techniques used for Hijacking

• Smuggle restricted article(Weapons, Firearms, Explosive,

IEDs etc.) onto the aircraft

• Possible collusion with or bribery of airport or airline staff

• Armed assault.

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 SABOTAGE
The saboteur needs to have access to the aircraft to plant the
device or place the device on the aircraft using passenger
baggage, air cargo, catering or other stores loaded onto the
aircraft prior to flight.
The most common means of infiltrating sabotage devices in
the past have been:
• Infiltration of device into baggage;
• Collusion with airport or airline staff to place device on
aircraft;
• Subterfuge, use of an unsuspecting dupe

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Sabotage of airports (1/2)

Certain critical areas of an airport are vital to the continued

operation of an airport, namely:

• Runway;

• Passenger terminal buildings;

• Navigational aids;

• Electrical power supplies;

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Sabotage of airports (2/2)

• Air Traffic Control communications;

• Aviation fuel storage;

• Rescue and fire-fighting services.

• Any sabotage to the above facilities can seriously impair the

functioning of the airport.

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 Suicide bomber
While most successful saboteurs move away from the event
of the device activation the suicidal saboteur is ready to kill
himself for the cause.

These offenders may endeavor to achieve sabotage by:

• Carrying the device on their person; or
• Providing the means to have a device boarded through
their checked baggage.

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Why is Civil Aviation an attractive target? (1/2)

• Instant publicity
• Aircraft possesses inherent mobility
• Different nationalities involved
• Aircraft can be easily taken in control
• Aircraft itself can be used as a missile
• Small amount of explosive is sufficient to cause huge damage
• Adverse impact on tourism thereby furthering the terrorist
cause
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Why is Civil Aviation an attractive target? (2/2)

• Excellent means of extortion

• Economic damage to the country
• Economic damage to the airline
• Carriers are seen as flag bearers
• Large number of people in a confined area
• Minimum risk of being captured
• Limited risk to perpetrators

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Where can the Threats come from?

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Where can the threats come from? (1/3)

• Terrorist disguised as a passenger

• A terrorist may infiltrate a piece of luggage containing an

explosive device directly onto the conveyor belt

• Using naïve passenger to infiltrate a bomb into their luggage

• Explosive device concealed at the check in area set to

explode during the operations

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Where can the threats come from? (2/3)

• Direct attack

• Explosive device placed at the boarding gate area

• Passenger used after check-in

• Interline passengers and baggage

• Infiltration through Cargo/Courier

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Where can the threats come from? (3/3)

• Infiltration through Catering

• Airport employees

• Terrorist disguised as an airport worker

• Explosive device or weapon left on board to be used on the

second leg of the flight

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Historical Review of Past Incidents

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The 1st Hijack in the world (PO Mail Aircraft)

Date February 21, 1931

Type Hijacking
Site Hijacked in South American, Arequipa - Peru
Aircraft type Ford Tri-Motor mail aircraft
Operator Pan American Airways
Flight origin Lima
Destination Arequipa

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The 1st Hijack in the world
• Commander Byron Rickards

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First Commercial Aircraft Hijack - Miss Macao 1948
Date July 16, 1948
Flight Route Macao – Hong kong
Type Hijacking resulting in crash
Site Jiuzhou Yang (Pearl River Delta)
Passengers 23
Crew 4
Injuries 1
Fatalities 26
Survivors 1
Aircraft type Catalina seaplane
Tail number VR-HDT
Motive Robbery and ransom

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First Commercial Aircraft Hijack - Miss Macao 1948

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1st Hijack in India – (Indian Air Carrier)
Date January 30, 1971
Type Hijacking
Site Hijacked in Indian air space, landed at Lahore Airport in
Pakistan
Aircraft type Fokker F27
Operator Indian Airlines
Flight origin Srinagar
Destination Jammu
Outcome Rule 8 A of Aircraft Rule 1937 was being implemented.
Superseded by Rule 32 of Aircraft(Security) Rules
2023
109
AVSEC BASIC COURSE
2nd Hijack in India – (Indian Air Carrier)
Date September 10, 1976
Type Hijacking
Site Hijacked in Indian air space, landed at Lahore Airport in
Pakistan
Aircraft type Boeing 737
Operator Indian Airlines
Flight origin Delhi
Destination Bombay (via Jaipur)

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Incident Outcome

• 10th September 1976

• Indian Airlines hijack:
Delhi – Lahore
• B D Pandey Committee set up
DCAS formed in 1978 under DGCA

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 Ethiopian Airlines Flight 961
Date 23 November 1996
Type Fuel starvation due to hijacking
Site Kenyan airspace
Passengers 163
Crew 12
Injuries 50
Fatalities 125
Survivors 50
Aircraft type Boeing 767-260ER
Operator Ethiopian Airlines
Flight Route Addis Ababa-Nairobi-Brazzaville-Lagos-Abidjan
Motive Political Asylum
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Ethiopian Airlines Flight 961

Ethiopian Airlines

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Last Hijack of Indian Airliner

Date December 24, 1999

Type Hijacking

Site Hijacked in Nepal air space, landed at Kandahar Airport in

Afghanistan.
Aircraft type Airbus
Operator Indian Airlines
Flight origin Kathmandu, Nepal
Destination Delhi

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Last Hijack of Indian Airliner

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Incident Outcome

• Introduction of CISF.

• Secondary Security Checks Introduced in January 2000.

• Introduction of Sky Marshals-Inflight Security Officers.

• Modernization / up-gradation of Electronic Detection

Devices.

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Aircraft used as a Missile to attack the target
Date 11-Sep-01
Type Hijacking & Sabotage (Suicide attack)
Site 04 Aircrafts Hijacked in US air space.
Aircraft type 03 Boeing 767 & 01 Boeing 757
Operator 02 Aircraft of American Airlines & 02
Aircraft of United Airlines
Flight origin Logan/Dulles (Virginia)/ New York
Destination Los Angeles/ San Francisco

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Snapshot of 9/11

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Incident Outcome

• Strengthening of Cockpit Doors

• Locking of Cockpit Doors

• Implementation of strict Pre-embarkation Security Checks

• Deployment of Sky Marshals

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 Sabotage

An act or omission, intended to cause malicious or wanton

destruction of property, endangering or resulting in unlawful
interference with civil aviation and its facilities.

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United Airlines, 1933
Date 10-Oct-33
Flight Route Newark – Cleveland – Chicago - California

Type Sabotage via probable nitroglycerin bomb

Site Chesterton, Indiana
Crew / Passengers 4-Mar
Injuries / Fatalities 0/7
Survivors 0
Aircraft type Boeing 247
Motive was not identified since no evidence of the
Motive perpetrator
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Air India Flight 182
Date 23 June 1985
Type Bombing
Site Atlantic Ocean South of Ireland
Crew / Passengers 22 / 307
Injuries / Fatalities 0 / 329
Survivors 0
Aircraft type Boeing 747-237B
Aircraft name Emperor Kanishka
Operator Air India
Flight Route Montreal – London – Delhi-Mumbai (India)
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Air India Flight 182

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123
Narita Incident- 23 Jun 1985
A bomb hidden in a suitcase transiting
through New Tokyo International
Airport exploded at 06:19 23 June
1985 in a baggage handling room,
killing two baggage handlers and
injuring another four. The bomb
exploded prematurely while the plane
was still grounded. The attack was by
Sikh terrorist organization,
Babbar Khalsa. The suitcase bomb
had come from Vancouver, Canada
through Canadian Pacific Flight 003
and was transiting through the airport
for Air India Flight 301 to
Bangkok, Thailand.
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124
Incident Outcome
• Identification / Reconciliation of Baggage – Mandatory.
• Reconciliation of Interline Baggage was introduced.
• Re-identification of Registered Baggage on Interline Station
by Passenger.
• Checking of Hand Baggage manually even after X-ray
Screening.
• BCAS formed as an independent organization.
• Inspection of security arrangements of national air-carriers
at foreign stations by BCAS Officers.
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125
TWA Bombing
Date April 2, 1986
Type Bombing
Site Argos, Greece
Passengers 114
Crew 7
Injuries 5
Fatalities 4
Survivors 117
Aircraft type Boeing 727-231
Operator Trans World Airlines
Flight origin Leonardo Da Vinci International Airport, Rome
Destination Ellinikon International Airport, Athens
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126
 TWA Bombing

Outcome of Incident :-
• Aircraft Security Check & Search were strengthened.

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127
Pan Am Flight 103
Date 21 December 1988
Type Terrorist bombing
Site Lockerbie, Dumfries and Galloway, Scotland
Crew / Passengers 16 / 243
Fatalities 270 (259 in aircraft, 11 on ground)
Survivors 0
Aircraft type / Name Boeing 747-121 / Clipper Maid of the Seas
Operator Pan American World Airways
Flight origin London Heathrow International Airport
Destination John F. Kennedy International Airport

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Pan Am Flight 103

Outcome of Incident:-
No Passenger No Baggage” a golden rule was adopted in the aviation industry
Convention on Marking of plastic explosives-1991

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129
 Chennai Airport – Bomb Blast
Date 02 August 1984
Site Arrival Hall
Fatalities 30
Casualties 25

Outcome of Incident:-
• Bomb threat calls to be taken seriously.
• Development of “Bomb Threat Contingency Plan” was done

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130
Colombo Airport Attack

• 24th July 2001

• LTTE carried out a major predawn attack at the Sri Lanka Air
Force Base, adjoining the Bandaranaike International Airport .

• 8 Air Force Planes, 3 Air Lankan Airlines aircraft completely

destroyed & 3 Air Lankan aircraft were damaged
Outcome of Incident:-
• Perimeter Fencing/wall as per ICAO guidelines.

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Snapshot of Colombo Airport Attack

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Glasgow Airport Attack

Date 30 June 2007

Attack type Car Bomb

Deaths 1 (Kafeel Ahmed)

Injured 5

Perpetrator(s) 2, (Bilal Abdullah and Kafeel Ahmed)

Outcome Installation of bollards at Landside

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Glasgow Airport Attack

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134
Shoe Bomber
Location En-route to Miami, Florida, U.S. from Paris, France
Date 22 December 2001
Airline American Airline, B 767
Attack type Shoe Bomb
Pax/Crew 185/12
Perpetrator(s) Richard Reid
Outcome Carriage of Lighters & Matchbox in the aircraft is prohibited.

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Shoe Bomber

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Incident Outcome

• Thorough Physical inspection of passenger and screening of

shoes were introduced.

• Carriage of Lighters & Matchbox in the aircraft is prohibited.

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Use of Surface to Air Missiles / MANPAD’s
Location Mombasa, Kenya

Date 28 November 2002

Arkia Airlines 757-3E7(Israeli

Airline
Charter Plane)

Attack type Missile (02 MANPADS)

271(No Casualty as Missiles

Pax/Crew
missed)

Suspect Al Qaida

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 PART-3
AVIATION SECURITY COUNTER MEASURES

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Aviation Industry Counter measures
Example:
INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS

Legislative NATIONAL LEGISLATIONS

Follow up of Conventions
Acts and Rules
Example:

Technical
ANNEX-17, ICAO SEC MANUAL (Doc 8973).
NCASP, NCASTP, NCASQCP, AIRPORT SECURITY
PROGRAMME, AIRCRAFT OPERATOR SECURITY
PROGRAMME
Example: Aviation Security Measures at Airports
Physical Anti hijacking measures
Anti sabotage measures
Measures against Terrorist Attacks
Security of personnel

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Legislative Counter measures
Chicago Convention 1944

Tokyo Convention 1963

Hague Convention 1970

Montreal Convention 1971

Montreal Protocol for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts 1988

MEX Convention 1991

Beijing Protocol 2010

Montreal Protocol 2014

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141
 Chicago Convention-1944

• Convention on International Civil Aviation.

• Led to the formation of ICAO.
• ICAO formally established on 4th April 1947.
• 19 Annexes to the convention.
• Annex 17 SARPs deals with Aviation Security

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 Tokyo Convention 1963
• Convention on Offences and Certain Other Acts Committed on
Board Aircraft.

• Applies to offences that committed on board an aircraft in flight

that can jeopardise:
• The safety of the aircraft.
• The safety of the persons on board the aircraft.
• The good order on board the aircraft.
• The penal code of the State of registry of the aircraft.

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 Tokyo Convention 1963

• Empowers Pilot-In-Command (PIC):

 Restraining
 Offloading

• Landing State Obligation

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 Hague Convention 1970

• Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Seizure of Aircraft

• Made unlawful seizure of an aircraft (hijacking) an international offence.

• Obligation of States
• Penalties.
• Extradite or prosecute offenders without exception.
• Restore the control of the aircraft to the pilot in charge, not allowing the
aircraft to take off to another destination while the offenders are still in
control of the aircraft.
• Report every occurrence to ICAO.

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145
 Montreal Convention 1971
• Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts against the
Safety of Civil Aviation.
• Primarily focussed on Sabotage of an aircraft
• Established the term aircraft in service

• Obligation of States
• Penalties.
• Extradite or prosecute offenders without exception.
• Measures to Prevent Offences
• Restore the control of the aircraft to the pilot in charge.
• Report every occurrence to ICAO.
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146
 Protocol to the Montreal Convention 1988
• Protocol for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts of Violence at
Airports Serving International Civil Aviation
• Definition of offences was broadened to all unlawful acts
against a person or an airport serving International Civil
Aviation, causing or likely to cause:
• Injury or death at an airport
• The destruction or serious damage to the facilities of the airport
• The destruction or serious damage to an aircraft not in service
located in that airport
• The disruption of the airport's services

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 MEX Convention 1991
• Marking of Plastic Explosives for the Purposes of Detection
Convention
• Focusses on the detection of explosives
• use of existing vapour detection technology to detect plastic
explosives.
• Marking agents should be added to plastic explosives by the
manufacturer.
• Obligation of States
• Prevent the production of unmarked explosives
• Prevent the movement of unmarked explosives through their
territory
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 Beijing Protocol 2010
• The Protocol Supplementary to the Convention for the
Suppression of Unlawful Seizure of Aircraft.

• The Beijing Protocol supplements the Hague Convention,

1970.
 expands the scope of The Hague Convention to cover
different forms of aircraft hijackings
 including through modern technological means.

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 Montreal Protocol 2014
• The Protocol to Amend the Convention on Offences and Certain Other
Acts Committed on Board Aircraft.
• The Montreal Protocol supplements the Tokyo Convention, 1963.
• The Protocol addresses the issue of rising incidents of unruly and
disruptive behaviour on board aircraft by significantly improving the
ability of States to expand jurisdiction over relevant offences and acts
to the State of landing and the State of the operator.
• The Protocol also serves to enhance global aviation security provisions
by expressly extending legal recognition and protections to in-flight
security officers.

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National Regulations

• Incorporate the provisions of International Conventions

within the scope of the criminal law of the State; and

• Establish a comprehensive legal framework in support of its

national civil aviation activities

• Follow up of India

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 International Conventions
S.No. NAME OF THE CONVENTION PLACE YEAR PURPOSE LEGAL BACK UP IN INDIA

CHICAGO

CONVENTION ON SECTION 4 OF AIRCRAFT ACT 1934

INTERNATIONAL CIVIL – GIVES POWER TO CENTRAL
FOUNDATION OF GOVERNMENT
1 AVIATION [CHICAGO 1944 ICAO TO MAKE RULES TO
(USA) IMPLEMENT THE CHICAGO
CONVENTION] CONVENTION.

TOKYO
POWERS GIVEN TO
PILOT IN
CONVENTION ON OFFENCES COMMAND AS
2 AND CERTAIN OTHER ACTS 1963 LAW TOKYO CONVENTION ACT, 1975.
COMMITTED ON BOARD AN (JAPAN) ENFORCEMENT
AIRCRAFT OFFICER TO DEAL
WITH UNRULY
PASSENGERS.

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 International Conventions
S.No. NAME OF THE CONVENTION PLACE YEAR PURPOSE LEGAL BACK UP IN INDIA

1.DEFINED
UNLAWFUL SEIZURE
OF AIRCRAFT.
CONVENTION FOR THE
SUPPRESSION OF UNLAWFUL HAGUE 2. DEFINED AIRCRAFT ANTI – HIJACKING ACT, 1982
3
SEIZURE OF THE AIRCRAFT (NETHERLANDS) 1970 IN FLIGHT. and its amendments.
[HAGUE CONVENTION]
3.DEFINED STRICT
PUNISHMENTMENTS
FOR THE
OFFENDERS.

1.DEFINED SABOTAGE
OF AIRCRAFT
CONVENTION FOR THE 2.DEFINED AIRCRAFT IN
THE SUPPRESSION OF
4
SUPPRESSION OF UNLAWFUL MONTREAL 1971 SERVICE UNLAWFUL ACTS AGAINST
ACTS AGAINST THE SAFETY OF (CANADA) THE SAFETY OF CIVIL
CIVIL AVIATION AVIATION ACT, 1982.
3.DEFINED STRICT
PUNISHMENTMENTS FOR
THE OFFENDERS.
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 International Conventions
S.No. NAME OF THE CONVENTION PLACE YEAR PURPOSE LEGAL BACK UP IN INDIA

CONVENTION FOR THE AMENDMENT IN THE

SUPPRESSION OF UNLAWFUL DEFINITION OF
ACTS AGAINST THE SAFETY OF SABOTAGE THAT
5 CIVIL AVIATION FACILITY AND MONTREAL 1988 WAS DEFINED IN AMENDMENT ACT 1994.
PERSONS RELATED TO CIVIL (CANADA) 1971. TWO MORE
AVIATION. (PROTOCOL TARGETS WERE
SUPPLEMENTARY) ADDED IN THE
DEFINITION.

ADDITION OF
CHEMICAL AGENTS
CONVENTION ON MARKING OF IN THE PLASTIC
6 PLASTIC EXPLOSIVES FOR THE MONTREAL 1991 EXPLOSIVES AT THE EXPLOSIVES ACT, 1884 and
PURPOSE OF DETECTION (MEX (CANADA) TIME OF THE EXPLOSIVES RULES, 2008
CONVENTION). MANUFACTURE AT
ORDINANCE
FACTORIES.

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 International Conventions
S.N
NAME OF THE CONVENTION PLACE YEAR PURPOSE LEGAL BACK UP IN INDIA
o.
THE PROTOCOL EXPANDS THE SCOPE OF
SUPPLEMENTARY TO THE HAGUE CONVENTION TO
CONVENTION ON THE BEIJING COVER DIFFERENT FORMS
7 2010 ANTI HIJACKING ACT 2016
SUPPRESSION OF UNLAWFUL (CHINA) OF HIJACKING INCLUDING
SEIZURE OF AIRCRAFT MODERN TECHNOLOGIES
(BEIJING PROTOCOL 2010) (CBRN)

EXPANDS THE SCOPE OF

TOKYO CONVENTION TO
GIVE LEGAL
PROTOCOL TO AMEND THE RECOGNITION AND
CONVENTION ON OFFENCES PROTECTION TO IFSO
MONTRE
AND CERTAIN OTHER ACTS APART FROM EXPANDING
8 AL 2014 YET TO BE RATIFIED BY INDIA
COMMITTED ON BOARD THE SCOPE OF
(CANADA)
AIRCRAFT JURISDICTION FROM
(MONTREAL PROTOCOL 2014) STATE OF REGISTRY TO
STATE OF LANDING AND
STATE OF OPERATOR
ALSO.

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Aircraft Act 1934 and it’s amendment Act
2020

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156
Reference to Aircraft Act 1934 and it’s amendment Act 2020
Section
The Central Government may constitute a body to be known as the 4A
Directorate General of Civil Aviation

The Central Government may constitute a body to be known as the Bureau 4B

of Civil Aviation Security

The Central Government may constitute a body to be known as the Aircraft 4C

Accidents Investigation Bureau

Powers of the central Government to make rules and amendment added in 5

“The Aircraft (Amendment) Act, 2020

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 Section
Reference to Aircraft Act 1934 and it’s amendment Act 2020

Power to issue directions, further sub section (1A) is added in “The Aircraft
(Amendment) Act, 2020
(1A) The Director General of Bureau of Civil Aviation Security or any 5A
other officer specially empowered in this behalf by the Central
Government may, from time to time, by order, issue directions

Penalty for act in contravention of Rule made under Section 5 of the 10

Aircraft Acts. (2 years imprisonment or fine not exceeding rupees one
crore)

Penalty for failure to comply with direction issued U/S 5A of the Aircraft 11A
Acts. (2 years imprisonment or fine not exceeding rupees one crore)

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Aircraft Rules, 1937 as amended vide Aircraft
(First Amendment) Rules, 2023

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159
Reference to Aircraft Rules 1937 Rule

Carriage of arms, explosives , dangerous goods. 8

Assault and other acts of interference against a crew member 22

Assault and other acts endangering safety or jeopardizing good order 23

and discipline
Prohibition on consumption of intoxicated and psychoactive substances. 24

Carriage of persons suffering from mental disorders or epilepsy in 24A

aircraft.
Carriage of prisoners in an aircraft 24B
Carriage of animals, birds and reptiles in aircraft 24C
Smoking in aircraft 25
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Reference to Aircraft Rules 1937 Rule

Acts likely to imperil safety of aircraft 29

Entry into public Aerodromes

90

Prohibition of slaughtering and flaying of animals, depositing of rubbish

and other polluted or obnoxious matter in the vicinity of aerodrome
91

Inspection:-Any person authorized by the DGCA by general or special

order can enter: Any aircraft for the purpose of compliance with any of 156
the rules
Obstruction of Authorized Person 159
Penalties 162
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AIRCRAFT (SECURITY) RULES -2023

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Aircraft (Security) Rules 2023 (1/3)
Roles and Responsibilities of Director General Rule 03

Aviation Security Group Rule 06

Duties of Chief Aerodrome Security Officer(CASO) Rule 07

Disembarkation of Unruly Passenger Rule 08

Private Security Agency Rule 09

Rule 14
Appointment of Chief Security Officer
Rule 17
Aerodrome Perimeter
Rule 20
Handling of unidentified Baggage or suspicious object
Rule 21
Contingency Plan
Rule 22
Entry into Aerodrome
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Aircraft (Security) Rules 2023 (2/3)
Rule 24
Issue of aerodrome entry permit and vehicle entry permit
Rule 25
Background Check of employees
Rule 30
Prohibition to carry weapons or explosive
Rule 32
Security Checks before embarkation
Prohibition of carriage of certain articles Rule 33

Deployment of security staff by aircraft operator Rule 34

Security check or search of Aircraft Rule 35

Access Control to Aircraft Rule 36

Protection & access control of the cockpit door & flight crew compartment Rule 37

Deployment of IFSO Rule 38

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 Aircraft (Security) Rules 2023 (3/3)
Security control for Hold baggage. Rule 39

Security control for cargo, express cargo and mail by aircraft operator Rule 44

Security control for cargo, express cargo and mail by regulated agent Rule 46

Prohibition on carriage of certain goods (Cargo and Courier) Rule 45

Certification and competency of screener Rule 60

Directions by Director General Rule 62

Penalties Rule 66

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 SECURITY LEVEL CONTRAVENTIONS AND PENALTIES THEREOF

ORGANIZATION ORGANIZATION ORGANIZATION (LARGE)

SL.
SEVERITY LEVEL INDIVIDUAL (SMALL) Upto (MEDIUM) More than 150 More than 300
No.
150 Employees and upto 300 employees employees

1 Level-1 Ten Thousand Fifty Thousand One Lakh Five Lakh

Fifteen
2 Level-2 One Lakh Five Lakh Ten Lakh
Thousand

Twenty-Five
3 Level-3 Ten Lakh Twenty Lakh Thirty Lakh
Thousand

4 Level-4 Fifty Thousand Twenty Lakh Thirty Lakh Fifty Lakh

Seventy-Five
5 Level-5 Thirty Lakh Fifty Lakh Seventy-Five Lakh
Thousand

6 Level-6 One Lakh Fifty Lakh Seventy-Five Lakh One Crore

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Technical Counter measures

• There are total 19 Annexes to the Convention on

International Civil Aviation

Annex 17 (Aviation Security)

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Annex 17 - Security

• Definitions

• Standards and Recommended Practices (SARPs)

• Extracts of other Annexes relating to security are appended

to Annex 17

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Annex 17 - Definitions

• Standards: Necessary or mandatory

Contracting States will conform

• Recommended Practices: Desirable

Contracting States will endeavor to conform

• Contracting State: Signatory to the Chicago Convention

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ICAO Manuals

• Security Manual
(Doc. 8973 - Restricted)
Supports States in the implementation of Annex 17

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 PART 4

Roles and Responsibilities of National Entities,

Appropriate Authority, Aviation Security Group, Bomb
Detection and Disposal Squad, Airports, Airlines &
Scope of career in the field of aviation security

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Organization of Security (1/3)

National
National National
Civil Aviation
Civil Aviation Civil Aviation
Security
Security Security
Programme
Quality Training
(NCASP)
Control Programme
Programme
Regulated Entities
Security Programmes

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Organization of Security (2/3)
International Conventions - ICAO Annex 17
& National Legislation

Security Programmes

Aviation Industry – Airport & Aircraft Operator Security

Programmes

Standard Operating Procedures

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Organization of Security (3/3)
Annex 17

ICAO Security Manual

Doc 8973

NCASP

NCASTP NCASQCP

Airport Aircraft Operator

Security Programme Security Programme

QCP CASTP Aircraft Operator Aircraft Operator

Quality Control Programme CASTP

Airport
Contingency Plan
Emergency Plan

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National Civil Aviation Security Programme

“Measures adopted by a State To safeguard international civil

aviation against Acts of Unlawful Interference.”

• Based on and supported by national legislation

• Contain details of specific security requirements

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Aerodrome Security Programme (ASP)

Primary objective :
• To ensure that aviation security measures and
responsibilities are clearly defined and understood by
those who need to implement them. It should clarify and
detail all measures that are required to be implemented
at the airport to meet the requirements of the National
Civil Aviation Security Programme.

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Standard Operating Procedures(SOP)

A rule or instruction issued by a person in authority to ensure

that a specific security task is performed in accordance with
the prescribed requirements necessary for the achievement
of the task objective.

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Physical Counter measures

• Anti-hijacking measures

• Anti-sabotage measures

• Anti-terrorist measures

• Security of personnel

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Anti-Hijacking Counter Measures

• 100% screening of passengers and their hand baggage.

• Secondary ladder point Check.
• Security of catering
• Locking/Strengthening of cockpit.
• Deployment of IFSO on flights.
• Revised Anti-Hijacking Contingency Plan.
• Conduct periodical mock exercise.
• Introduction of CISF as ASG.
• Access control of Aircraft.
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Anti-Sabotage Counter Measures (1/2)

• Screening of registered baggage.

• Identification/reconciliation of registered baggage.
• Supervision of registered baggage from check-in counter till loading into
the aircraft by airline staff.
• Anti-sabotage check at originating station and guarding of aircraft until
take off.
• Security of catering.

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Anti-Sabotage Counter Measures (2/2)
• Screen/escorting of other items such as cargo, postal mail up to aircraft.
• Guarding of Aircraft
• Access control of Aircraft.
• Perimeter of standard height.
• Access control to Airport
• Anti-sabotage check at originating station and guarding of aircraft until
take off.

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Anti-Terrorist Counter Measures
• Guarding of aircraft and airport facilities.
• Apron/airport access control.
• Deployment of Quick reaction team(QRT).
• Perimeter wall of standard height.
• Perimeter lighting.
• Perimeter road for Patrolling.
• Watch towers/ Patrolling-Foot or mobile.
• Police station in close proximity of airport.
• Efficient communication system.

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Security Of Personnel (1/2)

• Airport Entry Permit (AEP) issued after Background check

Character & Antecedent verification and mandatory AvSec
training.

• Frisking of all AEP holders before entry to airside.

• Display of AEP at airport to detect misuse.

• Security of personal belonging.

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Security Of Personnel (2/2)

• Sharing of Sensitive Aviation Security Information strictly on

need-to-know basis.

• On the job supervision/surveillance

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Roles and responsibilities

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Directorate General of Civil Aviation (DGCA)
• An attached office of the Ministry of Civil Aviation.
 Headquarter in Delhi, India

• Regulatory Body for Safety in Civil Aviation

• Responsible for regulation of air transport services to/ from/

within India and for enforcement of civil air regulations, air
safety and airworthiness standards.

• Coordinates with ICAO regarding Safety regulations

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Bureau of Civil Aviation Security (BCAS)-
(1/4)
• An attached office of the Ministry of Civil Aviation
Headquarters in Delhi, India

• Regulatory Body for Security in Civil Aviation

• It is headed by Director General, Bureau of Civil Aviation

(DG, BCAS). DG, BCAS is the appropriate authority for
implementation of Annexure 17 to Chicago convention of
International civil aviation organization (ICAO).

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Bureau of Civil Aviation Security (BCAS)-
(2/4)
• 10th September 1976
• Indian Airlines Aircraft Hijack
• B D Pandey Committee formed

• 18 January 1978
• Recommended formation of Directorate of Civil Aviation
Security (DCAS).
• Headed by Director Security

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Bureau of Civil Aviation Security (BCAS)-
(3/4)
Laying down AVSEC norms in accordance with ICAO Annex-17
to Chicago convention for Airport Operators, Airline operators
and their security agencies responsible for implementation
AVSEC measures.
• Advisory role the Govt. of India on Security matters.
• Monitoring the implementation of Security rules and
regulations and carrying out survey of security needs.
Ensure that the persons implementing security controls
are appropriately trained and possess all competencies
required to perform their duties.
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Bureau of Civil Aviation Security (BCAS)-
(4/4)
• Planning policy on civil aviation as per ICAO guidelines, to
prepare contingency plan, to prepare NCASP and formulation
of Policies.
• Coordination among different organizations on AVSEC matters.
• Conducting surprise / dummy checks to test professional
efficiency and alertness of security staff. Conducting mock
exercise to efficacy of contingency plan and operational
preparedness of various agencies.
• Technical Evaluation of equipment used in aviation security.

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Appropriate National Authority Responsibilities
(1/2)
Director General, Bureau of Civil Aviation Security (DG, BCAS) is the
Appropriate Authority
• Establish, Develop, implement, maintain and review the
NCASP, NCASTP, NCASQCP in India in accordance with Annexure
17.
• Issue necessary directions on AVSEC
• Respond immediately to meet any increased security threat
• Allocate the responsibilities and ensure coordination amongst
various agencies responsible for implementation of the various
aspects of the NCASP.
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Appropriate National Authority Responsibilities
(2/2)
• Designate an authority at each aerodrome serving Civil
Aviation who shall be responsible for coordinating and
implementation of security controls.
• Establish Aerodrome Security Committee (ASC) at each aerodrome
serving civil aviation for coordinating the implementation of
security controls and procedures as specified in the airport /
aerodrome security programme.
• Arrange for security audit, test, survey and inspection to be
conducted on a regular basis.

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Role of Aviation Security Group (ASG)

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Aviation Security Group (ASG)

• Central Industrial Security Force (CISF) / Airport Security Unit

(APSU) has been entrusted with security of airports in India.
They are termed as ASG.
 CISF was deployed w.e.f. 03rd February 2000 at Jaipur

• ASG is responsible for Anti Hijacking, Anti Sabotage and Anti

Terrorist measures

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Components of ASG

• Anti Hijacking Unit

• Intelligence & Surveillance Unit

• Protection Unit

• Support Unit

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Aviation Security Group (ASG)

• Surveillance and Patrolling of Airport Terminal Areas

• Surveillance of arrival / departing passengers

• Pre-embarkation Security Checks of Passengers

• Access Control

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Aviation Security Group (ASG)

• Security of Sterile Hold Area

Prevent contamination of security cleared passengers

• Training

• Handling of Contingencies

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Bomb Detection & Disposal Squad
(BDDS)

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Bomb Detection & Disposal Squad

• Respond to Bomb Threat Calls

• Respond to unclaimed baggage calls

• Detection of suspected baggage for explosives

• Disposal / demolition of confirmed threat / IED by Render

Safe Procedure (RSP)

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Bomb Detection & Disposal Squad

• Store explosives used in demolition/ disposal of Improvised

Explosive Device (IEDs)

• Carry out anti-sabotage and random checks of aircraft,

airports, terminal building & cargo complexes with special
emphasis on Baggage Sorting Area (BSA)/ Baggage Make-
up Area (BMA)

• Participate in the Bomb Threat Assessment Committee

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Role of Airport Operator

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Responsibilities of Airport Operator (1/4)

• Convene the Aerodrome Committee meetings

• Issuance of vehicle permits & ADP for access of vehicles in

operational areas

• Preparation of various Contingency Plans for the airport

which is required to be approved by Appropriate Authority.

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Responsibilities of Airport Operator (2/4)
Provision & maintenance of:
• Perimeter / fencing.
• Perimeter road.
• Perimeter lighting,
• Apron, gates / entry points,
• Security hold area,
• Frisking points/booth,
• Provision of Security Stamps,
• Hand baggage checking counter,
• Isolated Aircraft Parking Position (IAPP),
• Explosive Disposal Area (EDA).
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Responsibilities of Airport Operator (3/4)

• Provision & maintenance of electronic equipment / devices

like X-ray BIS, DFMD, HHMD for passenger screening

• Sign boards for educating the passengers / airport

employees

• Co-ordination in the event of any contingency at the airport.

• To conduct Airport Security Committee (ASC) meetings.

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Responsibilities of Airport Operator (4/4)

• Inline Screening. (Wherever Applicable)

• Airport Fire Services (AFS)

• Air Traffic Services (ATS)

• Issuance of Temporary airport entry passes

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Role of Airline Operator

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Role of Airline Security (1/2)

• Security of Aircraft
• Screening of Registered Baggage
• Surveillance in departure hall
• Screening and escorting of screened cargo / unaccompanied
baggage
• Security of catering items.
• For security and surveillance in BMA and for accompanying
the screened baggage up to aircraft.

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Role of Airline Security (2/2)
• Security in Baggage break-up area.
• Secondary security checks.
• Security of parked / idle aircraft.
• Security of Control Room (including bag tags, boarding cards,
etc.)
• Aircraft Search (Pre-flight anti sabotage Checks)

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Scope of career in the field of Aviation Security
Career progression is linked with successful completion of the
training programme and depends on the local organizational
structure and its career development programme.
• Screening.
• Cyber Security.
• Profiling.
• Drone security.
• Aviation security training.
• Aviation security audits.
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Foundation for a Person

• Career progression be linked with successful completion of

the training programme.

• Depending on local organizational structure and career

development programme.

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Need for Security Awareness

• Security is everyone’s business

• Protect assets (people and property)

• Staying alert and vigilant to unusual or suspicious activities

• Comply with all security requirements

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Airline Assets

• Customers

• Employees

• Aircraft

• Other property and facilities

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Everyday Question?

“What can be done to ensure that the aircraft, passengers and

crew arrive safely at the final destination?”

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Everyday Answer!
• Be alert
• Be vigilant
• Comply with security procedures
• Do not be afraid to challenge and positively identify any
person (whether in uniform or not) who is:
• Within a restricted area
• On board an aircraft
• Near an aircraft

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Things to safeguard at all times

• Items of uniform

• ID cards/permits

• Accountable documents
Tickets / boarding cards

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List of documentations to be safeguarded

• Security manuals / directives,

• Briefing information sheets,
• Operational checklists and
• Crew Manifests
• Crew Baggage Labels
These items have been used to gain unlawful access and to provide
information which has resulted in cases of unlawful interference
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Security Responsibilities (1/3)

• Police and security staff

• Baggage handlers

• Inspection agencies staff

• Aircraft maintenance staff

• Tenants and concessionaries

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Security Responsibilities (2/3)

• Aircraft equipment maintenance staff

• Cargo handlers

• Ramp services

• Fueling services

• Passenger agents
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Security Responsibilities (3/3)

• Emergency services

• Passengers

• Other airport staff

• Airport visitors

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“Security Is Everybody’s
Business”

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 Module Summary (1/2)
• Terminologies related to Civil Aviation

• Describe Threats To Civil Aviation

• List types of people who present a threat to Civil Aviation

• Vulnerability Of Civil Aviation Operations.

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 Module Summary (2/2)

• Understand the Concepts of Industry Countermeasures

• Aviation Security Conventions & National Legislations.

• Understand Key Responsibilities of a States Appropriate

Authority.

• Regional Civil Aviation Conference.

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 End of
Module 2

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