Natural and Man-

Made Control
Systems
This presentation will explore the similarities and differences
between natural and man-made control systems, examining their
characteristics, applications, and challenges.

JB
by Jun Baculio
What are natural control
systems?
1 Dynamic Processes 2 Feedback
Mechanisms
Natural control systems
are intricate networks of These systems rely on
interacting components feedback loops, where
that work together to outputs are monitored
maintain stability and and used to adjust inputs,
regulate processes. ensuring a desired
outcome is maintained.

3 Self-Regulation
They possess the ability to adapt and self-regulate in
response to changes in their environment.
Examples of natural control systems
Human Body Ecosystems Climate

The human body is a remarkable Ecosystems, like forests and The Earth's climate system
example of a natural control oceans, demonstrate complex operates through intricate
system, maintaining a stable control systems that regulate feedback loops, involving
internal environment despite populations, resource availability, atmospheric circulation, ocean
external fluctuations. and energy flow. currents, and solar radiation.
Characteristics of natural
control systems
1 Adaptability
Natural control systems can adapt and evolve over time to
respond to changing conditions.

2 Resilience
They often possess a high degree of resilience, able to
withstand disturbances and recover from disruptions.

3 Interdependence
Components within natural control systems are
interconnected and rely on each other for proper
functioning.
What are man-made
control systems?
Designed Systems Technological
Components
Man-made control systems
are engineered systems These systems utilize
designed to regulate and sensors, actuators, and
control specific processes or controllers to monitor and
machines. manipulate physical
processes.

Human Intervention
They often involve human intervention for programming,
monitoring, and maintenance.
Examples of man-made
control systems
Thermostats Traffic Lights Robotics

Aircraft Autopilots Industrial Medical Devices

Automation
Characteristics of man-
made control systems
Precision
Man-made systems are often designed for high precision
and accuracy in controlling processes.

Predictability
Their behavior can be predicted and controlled with a
high degree of certainty.

Flexibility
They can be readily modified and adapted to changing
requirements.
Comparison of natural and man-made control
systems

Natural Systems Man-Made Systems

Strong adaptability, resilience, and self-regulation; often High precision, predictability, and flexibility; often require
complex and difficult to understand fully. human intervention and maintenance.
Challenges in designing
effective man-made control
systems
Complexity
Designing systems that effectively handle complex interactions and
unpredictable environments can be challenging.

Feedback Delays
Time lags in feedback loops can lead to instability and inefficient control.

Error Handling
Robust error handling mechanisms are crucial to ensure reliable system performance.
Potential applications of
natural control system
principles
1 Sustainable Design 2 Artificial Intelligence
Designing resilient and Developing AI systems
self-regulating systems that learn and adapt
for energy production, based on feedback,
waste management, and mimicking the
resource utilization. adaptability of natural
systems.

3 Biomimicry
Drawing inspiration from natural systems to create
innovative solutions in various fields, such as robotics and
materials science.
Manual and
Automatic Control
Systems
Control systems are essential in a wide range of industries, from
manufacturing to transportation. This presentation will explore the
key differences between manual and automatic control systems,
their advantages, and real-world applications.

JB
by Jun Baculio
Introduction to Control
Systems
1 Sensing
The system monitors the process variable, such as
temperature, pressure, or speed, using sensors.

2 Processing
The controller analyzes the sensor data and determines
the appropriate control action.

3 Actuation
The actuator implements the control action to adjust
the process variable and maintain the desired setpoint.
Definitions and Principles
Open-Loop Closed-Loop
The output is determined The output is measured and
solely by the input, without compared to the desired
any feedback from the setpoint, with the error used
process. to adjust the input.

Setpoint Feedback
The desired value or target The process of measuring
for the process variable, the output and using it to
such as a specific adjust the input to maintain
temperature or speed. the setpoint.
Components of Control Systems
Sensors Controllers Actuators

Measure the process variable and Process the sensor data, compare Implement the control action, such
convert it into a signal the it to the setpoint, and determine as adjusting a valve, motor, or
controller can understand. the necessary control action. heater, to influence the process
variable.
Manual Control Systems
1 Human-in-the-Loop 2 Skill-Dependent 3 Limited Responsiveness
The operator monitors the The effectiveness of manual Manual control systems may
process and manually adjusts control systems relies on the struggle to respond quickly to
the controls to maintain the operator's training and rapidly changing process
desired setpoint. experience. conditions.
Advantages and Disadvantages of Manual Contro
Advantages Disadvantages

• Flexible and adaptable to changing conditions • Prone to human error and fatigue
• Intuitive and easy to understand for operators • Limited responsiveness to rapid changes
• Suitable for complex, non-linear processes • Difficulty maintaining consistent performance
Automatic Control Systems
1 Sensor Input
Automatic systems continuously monitor process
variables using a variety of sensors.

2 Closed-Loop Control
The controller analyzes the sensor data and adjusts
the actuators to maintain the desired setpoint.

3 Rapid Response
Automatic systems can quickly and accurately
respond to changes in the process, without human
intervention.
Feedback and
Feedforward Control
Feedback Control Feedforward Control
The controller adjusts the The controller anticipates
process based on the changes in the process and
measured output, correcting adjusts the inputs to
for disturbances and prevent deviations from the
ensuring the desired setpoint, without waiting for
setpoint is maintained. feedback.
Applications of Automatic
Control

Temperature Control Flow Control

Maintaining precise temperatures Regulating the flow of liquids,
in industries like food processing, gases, and other materials in
chemical manufacturing, and pipelines, tanks, and processing
power generation. equipment.

Motion Control Pressure Control

Precisely controlling the speed, Maintaining desired pressures in
position, and acceleration of various industrial processes and
motors and other mechanical systems.
systems.
Comparison and Conclusion
Manual Control
Flexible, adaptable, but limited responsiveness and prone to
human error.

Automatic Control
Rapid, consistent, and reliable, but may lack the flexibility of
manual systems.

Hybrid Approach
Many modern control systems combine manual and automatic
elements for optimal performance.

In conclusion, both manual and automatic control systems play important

roles in modern industry, with a growing trend towards hybrid approaches
that leverage the strengths of each.
Open Loop vs.
Closed Loop
Control Systems
Control systems are essential for managing and automating
processes in various fields. This presentation delves into two
fundamental types of control systems: open loop and closed
loop. We'll explore their characteristics, advantages,
disadvantages, and real-world applications.

JB
by Jun Baculio
Introduction to Control Systems
1 Core Function 2 Diverse Applications 3 Feedback Mechanism
Control systems maintain Found in various fields, The key difference between
desired outputs by including industrial open loop and closed loop
adjusting inputs based on automation, robotics, systems lies in the
predefined rules. aerospace, and consumer presence or absence of
electronics. feedback.
Open Loop Control Systems
1 Control Signal
Based solely on pre-programmed instructions or fixed
settings.

2 No Feedback
System doesn't monitor output to adjust control
signals.

3 Output Determined
By pre-determined control input and system
characteristics.
Characteristics of Open Loop Systems
Simplicity Lower Cost Predictability
Often less complex to design Typically require fewer Output is predictable given
and implement. sensors and feedback known inputs and system
mechanisms. conditions.
Advantages and Disadvantages of Open
Loop Systems
Advantages Disadvantages

• Simplicity and Cost-effectiveness • Susceptibility to Errors

• Predictable Output • Limited Accuracy and Adaptability
• Unresponsive to Changes
Closed Loop Control
Systems
Feedback Mechanism
Monitors output and compares it to the desired setpoint.

Error Signal
Difference between actual and desired output is used to
adjust control signals.

Output Regulated
System continuously adjusts to maintain desired output
levels.
Characteristics of Closed
Loop Systems

Feedback Sensors
Enables continuous monitoring Measure output and provide
and adjustment. feedback to the system.

Actuators Controller
Modify control signals based Processes feedback and
on feedback. calculates necessary
adjustments.
Advantages and
Disadvantages of
Closed Loop Systems
Advantages Disadvantages

High Accuracy and Increased Complexity

Precision

Adaptability to Changes Potential for Instability

Robustness to Higher Cost

Disturbances
Comparison of Open Loop and Closed Loop
Systems

Open Loop Closed Loop

Pre-programmed, no feedback. Continuous feedback and adjustments.
Applications of Open
Loop and Closed Loop
Systems
1 Open Loop 2 Closed Loop
Simple tasks like Complex systems like
washing machines, automated vehicles,
timers, and traffic industrial robots, and
lights. temperature control
systems.