Tracing the

history of
globalization
and pointing out
the shifts within
the process
Learning
Objective
• To examine the shifts in trade, labour, technology,
and economy over time.

• To understand the concept of globalisation and its

historical development from ancient to modern times.

• To identify the major phases of globalisation and the

factors influencing each phase.
 Learning
Students will be
Outcome
Students will Students will
able to trace the develop the recognise key
timeline of ability to shifts in
globalisation — critically analyse globalisation and
from the Silk the role of explain how
Route to the globalisation in globalisation has
modern digital shaping the evolved in nature,
age. modern world. pace, and impact.
 Economic Globalization - Trade,
business, global markets

Globalizat Cultural Globalization - Spread of

ion
languages, media, food, fashion
The growing connection and
interdependence between
Technological Globalization -
countries through trade,
Worldwide access to tech, internet
technology, culture, and the
movement of people and ideas.
Political Globalization - Global
cooperation between governments
 Pre
mordern
Globalizat
• Silk Road Trade :- The Silk Road linked Asia, the Middle East, and Europe, enabling
trade in silk, spices, and precious goods. It also facilitated the exchange of
inventions, ideas, and culture, laying the foundation for early global cooperation.

• Spread of Religions :- Islam, Christianity, and Buddhism spread through trade

and conquest, shaping laws, education, and cultures. Religion became a key force in
connecting regions globally.

• Maritime Trade :- Indian Ocean and Mediterranean routes allowed sea-based

trade of goods like gold, spices, and textiles. These routes promoted economic
growth and cultural exchange.

• Empires and Conquests :- Empires like the Mongol and Roman connected
diverse peoples, protected trade routes, and encouraged cultural exchange—
fostering early globalization.

• Columbian Exchange :- Starting in 1492, crops, animals, and diseases moved

between Europe and the Americas, transforming diets, economies, and populations
—marking a global turning point.
 Colonial
Globalisat
ion
• Expansion of European Powers: European countries like Britain and France,
colonised large parts of Asia, Africa, and the Americas. These colonies were used to
extract raw materials and establish markets for European goods.

• Forced Integration of Colonies into World Economy: Colonies were not

allowed to develop independent industries.
Example; India became a supplier of raw cotton and a consumer of British
manufactured goods.

• Indentured Labour System: Millions of poor workers from colonies were sent to
work on plantations in Caribbean islands, Fiji, and Mauritius, creating a global labour
force under harsh and exploitative conditions.

• Development of Infrastructure for Colonial Profit: Railways, roads, and ports

were built to transport goods quickly to ports for export.

• Loss of Local Industries and Self-Sufficiency: Traditional industries in colonies

(like Indian textiles) declined due to cheap imports from Europe. This led to
unemployment and economic dependence on the colonial powers.
Interwar
Period
• Global Economic Slowdown (Great Depression) :- The Great Depression
(1929–1939) caused a massive collapse in global trade, investment, and production.
It marked a turning point where global economic integration sharply reversed.

• Rise of Protectionism :- Countries like the U.S. and Britain imposed high tariffs
(e.g., Smoot-Hawley Tariff), leading to trade wars. This reduced international trade
and weakened global economic links.

• Breakdown of International Financial Systems :- The global gold standard

collapsed, and many nations restricted currency exchange and capital flows,
limiting the spread of global finance.

• Shift Toward Economic Nationalism and Autarky:- Nations prioritized self-

sufficiency over international cooperation. Fascist regimes in Germany and Italy
promoted closed economies, stepping away from global trade.

• Colonial Exploitation Intensified :- European powers used their colonies as

resource bases and guaranteed markets, deepening colonial trade patterns rather
than promoting open globalization.
Post War
Period
• Economic Reconstruction :- Many countries, especially in Europe and Asia,
focused on rebuilding their economies and infrastructure. Western Europe
recovered rapidly with help from the Marshall Plan.

• Cold War Begins :- The world split into two opposing blocs: one led by the USA
(capitalist/democratic), the other by the USSR (communist). This led to political
tensions, arms races, and proxy wars.

• Decolonization :- Many Asian and African nations gained independence from

European colonial powers. Large colonial empires broke down as new nations
emerged.

• Formation of the United Nations (1945) :- The UN was formed to promote

peace, security, and international cooperation, aiming to prevent another world war.

• Social and Technological Changes :- Major progress in science and technology

(like atomic power and space exploration). Social movements for civil rights, gender
equality, and better living conditions also gained momentum globally.
 Modern
Globalisat
ion
• Shift from Local to Global Markets :- In the past, people mostly bought and sold
goods within their own countries. Now, due to globalization, companies produce,
market, and sell their products and services across the world, creating a truly global
economy.

• Rise of Global Communication :-With the rise of the internet, social media, video
calls, and messaging apps, people can now communicate and share ideas instantly
across countries and continents, making the world more connected than ever
before.

• Work Without Borders :- Many jobs today are done virtually. A person in India
can work for a company in the U.S. or Europe without leaving home, thanks to
remote work, freelancing, and outsourcing, which have redefined how companies
hire and operate.

• Fast Travel and Global Tourism :- Air travel has become faster, cheaper, and
more accessible. People can now easily travel abroad for education, work, or
vacations, making tourism and international mobility a big part of modern life.
 Our
Team
Pre modern globalization - Aaradhya Bhati
Colonial globalization - Adhya
Interwar period - Aarohi
Post war period - Aaradhya Khandelwal
Modern globalization - Aditi
PPT - Aarohi
Leader - Adhya
Thank
You!