Εικοσιδωδεκάεδρον (τεύχος 9)

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To {Eikosidwdekedron} parousizei jmata pou qoun suzhthje ston isttopo

H epilog kai h frontda tou perieqomnou gnetai ap tou
Metatrop se
dopohsh:
Mpore
Epimelht tou
LATEX: Fwtein Kald, Anastsh Kotrnh , Leutrh Prwtopap , Aqilla Sunefakpouo
Anastsh Kotrnh , Nko Mauroginnh ,
Grhgrh Kwstko .
Exfullo:
Stoiqeiojetetai
Eikosidwekedro filoteqnhmno ap
ton
kurt
kai
do
poledro
quasiregular
oktedro).
twn
pentgwna
pou
do
poledra
To
(0, 0, ),
Phg:
to
, Sqmata:
Miqlh Nnno , Qrsto Tsifkh
Seli-
LATEX.
Leonardo da Vinci
To eikosidwdekedro enai na poledro (32-edro) me ekosi trigwnik dre kai ddeka pentagwnik .
trgwna
me
na anaparaqje kai na dianemhje elejera.
pou
kai
exnta
akm
perissteroi tpoi
uprqoun,
eikosidwdekedro
se
1
,
, 1+
2
2
2
pou
kje
polugnwn
dhlad
stere
pou
, pou
o qrus lgo
tou
sunantntai
mpore
qei eikosiedrik summetra
ma
kai
1+ 5
2
na
oi
qwrzei
me
qei
ton
do
na
dio
trgwno
trpo
tpou
suntetagmne
sti
edrn
twn
ap
na
'Eqei 30 panomoitupe koruf st opoe
pentgwno.
koruf
oi
korufn
opoe
en
en to duadik tou poledro enai to
tou
kai
Enai
arqimdeio
eidiktera enai
enallssontai
eikosadrou
me
sthn
to
koin
monadiae
stere
na
sunantntai do
dhlad
ap
koruf
akm
ta
(To
enai
oi
na
hmikanonik
do
oiwne
llo
enai
kanonik
to
kubo
kuklik metajsei
rombik triakontedro.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icosidodecahedron
Apdosh:
Pno Giannpoulo
O diktuak tpo
mathematica.gr
ankei kai dieujnetai smfwna me ton kanonism tou pou uprqei sthn arqik
tou selda (http://www.mathematica.gr ) ap omda Dieujunntwn Meln.
Dieujnonta Mlh tou mathematica.gr

Suntoniste
7. Girgo Mpalglou (gbaloglou)
Airet Mlh
8. Rodlfo Mprh (R
1. Fwtein Kald (Fwtein) Genik Suntonstria

2. Miqlh Lmprou (Mihalis
Lambrou) Genik Sun-
tonist
9. Miqlh Nnno (Miqlh Nnno )

10. Leutrh Prwtotopap (Prwtopap Leutrh )
11. Dhmtrh Skoutrh (dement)
3. Nko Mauroginnh (nsmavrogiannis) Genik Suntonist

4. Spro Kardamtsh (Kardamtsh Spro )
12. Mpmph Stergou (Mpmph Stergou)

13. Swtrh Stgia (swsto)
14. Aqilla Sunefakpoulo (achilleas)
Upejuno Enhmrwsh
5. Qrsto Kuriaz (chris
BORIS)
gatos)
Upejuno Programmatismo
6. Mlto Papagrhgorkh (m.papagrigorakis)
Upejuno Oikonomikn
7. Girgo Rzo (Girgo Rzo )
Upejuno Ekdsewn
Mnima Mlh
1. Grhgrh Kwstko (grigkost) Diaqeirist
2. Alxandro Sugkelkh (cretanman) Diaqeirist
Epimelhte
1. Strth Antwna (stranton)
15. Kwnstantno Thlgrafo (Thlgrafo Ksta )

16. Serafem Tsiplh (Serafem)
17. Qrsto Tsifkh (xr.tsif )
18. Dhmtrh Qristofdh (Demetres)
Melh
1. Spro Basilpoulo (spyros)
2. Ksta Zugorh (kostas.zig)
3. Girgh Kalajkh (exdx)
4. Qrsto Kardsh (QRHSTOS KARDASHS)
5. Jansh Mpelhginnh (mathfinder)
2. Andra Barberkh (ANDREAS BARBERAKHS)
6. Jwm Rakftsalh (Jwm Rakftsalh )
3. Kwnstantno Btta (vittasko)
7. Kwnstantno Rekomh (rek2)
4. Nko Katsph (nkatsipis)
8. Girgo Rodpoulo (hsiodos)
5. Anastsio Kotrnh (Kotrnh Anastsio )
9. Staro Staurpoulo (Staro Staurpoulo )
6. Jno Mgko (matha)
10. Baslh Stefandh (bilstef )

1 ( ) 100
, 99% .

98% .
2 ( )
() ( )
,
...
6210001000.
.
()
.
() .
6 ( KARKAR) A , B ,
,
.
A :
! B :
! . :
!
( ) B
3 ( )
B,
B, A.

;

7 ( )
:
P(x) = x15 2012 x14 + 2012 x13 ... 2012 x2 + 2012 x.

P(2011).
4 ( )

8 ( )
ABC
A = 900

A = 62006 + 32003 + 182001 + 92005
ab, bc, (a + c)(a c)
30.

,

5 ( ) .
AB 6m
4m.
9m .
9 ( )
m (m 1)x4 5 x2 + 3m 2 = 0
.
( )
10 ( ) :
x = |{z}
111...1 y = |{z}
111...1
2
+1
z = 666
6,
| {z...}
N
.
: x + y + z + 8
.

( ).
- ( ).
14 ( KARKAR) : 2 x = 3a = 6b ,
: x =
11 ( )
AB O .
b
A O E, Z EO
24, Z.
ab
.
ab
,
15 ( )
(O, R) , (K, r) E .
AB, , OK
AB .

.
16 ( )
ABCD AC, BD
CAB, BCA,CDB, BDA 70, 30, (50 a), a ,
, . BD
CBA a.
12 ( KARKAR) S
CD ABCD. BS AD
T . AM, T M, CN, S N
b =
. M DN
b = .
A
17 ( KARKAR)
,
A(1, 3) B(4, 2),
.
18 ( ) n,
n 2, :
1
1
1
1 + + + + > n.
n
2
3
,
13 ( )
( ) 1 = 4
+1 =
,
19
( )
f (x) =
x x + 1 x 0
= {1, 2, . . . , n}, P(k) = 125 f (k)
k .
8 9
+ 2
N .
(6) k, m (2) (5) ,

|z u|.
() f .
() n.
()
x = n. 16%
33, .
, , ,
20 ( Parmenides51)
lit
< , R. 1, 6 lit
20%
1, 4 lit 90%
.
[, ] :
23 ( )
f (x) = ex ln x + 2
1 1,
2 1
ex
ln(x2 + 1) = e1 ,
e x + 2 ln x > ex .
() , .
() .
24 ( ) f

()
,

1000 2 lit.
h(x) = e f (x) f 3 (x) + 2 .

f (x) :
f (x2 x)
1
2
, ,
21 ( )
f : R R z z , 1/2
f 2 (x) + sin2 (x) = 2 x f (x)

x R
m =
f (4x)
1
2
>0
, ,
25 ( )
f [a, b], (a, b)
f (a) , f (b). 1 , 2 (a, b) 1 , 2
f (x)
lim
= m,
x0 x
|z2|
.
|2z1|
: f (1 ) f (2 ) =
() |z 2| = |2z 1|.
() z
!2
f (b) f (a)
.
ba
26 ( )
f : [1, e] R f (1) = 0, f (e) = 1
1
f (x) + e f (x) = x + , x [1, e] . :
f (sin x)
() lim 2
.
x0 x x
x
f (x) = ln x x [1, e] .
() g(x) = f (x) x
(, 0) (0, +).
() f .
() (|z + 3 4i| + 5)x = x3 + 10
[1, 2].
, ,
22
t R k > 1.
27 ( ) :
z = (k t) + (k t)i
Z2
x10 + 210
181
dx <
.
x15 + 215
2816
(1) z.
(2) w
y = x (k 1) , k |z w|min = 5 2 2 1.
28 ( )
f : R R :
(3) k (2)
z |z z|.
( f (x))2 + ( f (x))2 x2 + 1,
x R.
(4) k (2)
|w 3 + 4i|.
1. ( f (1))2 ( f (0))2
(5) u
2. | f (1)|
u = (1 + mt) + (1 + mt)i,
4
,
3
3. |F (1) F (0)|
m
u .
4
,
3
10
, F f .
9
34 ( )
! f : (0, +) R
, ,
f (x) x f (y)
x
=

y
y
y2
1, f (1) = 1

29 ( )
f (x), g(x) : [a, b] R
g (x) > 0, x [a, b].
1)
35 ( )
n,
sin2n x + cos2n x + n sin2 x cos2 x = 1,
x R.
g (x) > 0 f (x) < 0, x (a, b)

Rb
a
f (x)dx =
Rb
a
x, y (0, +)
Juniors,
- -
(x a) f (x) = (x b)g (x), x [a, b]
2)
g(x)dx
36 ( ) a, b, c
a + b + c = 3,
a2
b2
c2
3
+
+
.
(b + c)3 (c + a)3 (a + b)3
8

) f (b) = g(a)
) (a, b) : f () = g()
30 ( parmenides51)
Juniors,
z1 = a + ea i, z2 = b + bi, z3 = c + i ln c a, b R, c > 0.
37 ( )
ABC BC, I .
BI AC D E,
D CI . EI AB
Z. DZ CI.
1.
z1 , z2 , z3 ,
2. |z1 z2 | z1 , z2 ,
3. |z1 z3 | z1 , z3 .
38 ( )
ABC E M, .
, ,
31 ( )
f : [0, +) R
f (x) + x f (x) =
1
f
2
x
x [0, +) .
32 ( )

f (x) =
ln(x2 )
,
x2+1
N ,
M, ABC
,
E1 , E2 , E3 .
1
1
1
18
+
+
.
N ,
E1
f (0) = 0
ef
(x)
E3
Seniors,
- -
33 ( )
f : [0, 1] R
E2
39 ( )
f :
f (x) dx = f (1).
(x y) f (x + y) (x + y) f (x y) = 4 xy(x2 y2 )
f (x) = 0, x [0, 1]
40 ( )

f : {1, 2, . . . , 10} {1, 2, . . . , 100}
45 ( IMC 1996) n
.
x + y|x f (x) + y f (y), x, y {1, 2, . . . , 10}.
sin nx
dx.
(1 + 2 x ) sin x
Seniors,
46 ( ) (an )nN
an > n1
41 ( )
ABCD (O)
n.
P AC BD.
+
X
an .
n=1

47 ( ) M = R \ {3}
x y = 3(xy 3 x 3y) + m, m R.
m (M, ) .
48 (vzf) m n n
.

, n , .

49 ( )
ABCD Q,
QAB + QCB = QBC + QDC = 90o .
ln(1 aix)
dx ,
x2 + m
a > 0, m > 0
50 ( ) an = 1 +
lim( n)
P, Q, O , O
(O).
42 ( )
P ABCD,
AB, BC, CD, DA,
.
ABCD .
an
Pn
j=2 ln j

51 ( ) An = {n, 2n, 3n, ...} n N
J N ,
Ai
iJ
52 ( )
A, B
AB = (A \ B) (B \ A), .
A1 A2 ...An
Ai

43 ( - 1
1995) 6-
5. ,
6
44 ( )
ABC AB AC
D E , DE
53 ( ) p P
p > 5 (p 1)! + 1 p
( pk k N ).
AD AE
. :
+
=1
DB EC
54 ( dimtsig)
.

55 ( ) S
,
s1 , s2 , ..., sn s1 +s2 +...+sn <
1. S ;
56 ( )
(entire) f, g
PQ S ,
S T . AT
M BC .
f (z)2 + g(z)2 = 1 z C.
60 ( [
] ) ABC A
, BAC
BC .
ABC
.
()
57 ( )
BE B

3
BO
= . O
OE
2
.
58 ( )

sin arctan
+ arctan
1
1
1
+ arctan
+ arctan
3
5
7
1
1
111
+ arctan
+ arctan
11
13
121
,

61 ( ) C
:

z + 1 = z2 + 1 = 2

2
!!
.
62 ( ) P(x)
, n
x1 , x2 , ..., xn .
,
59 ( KARKAR)
A ABC BC .
(O) A
AB, AC P, Q .
n
X
P (xi )
=0
P (xi )
i=1
1 ( )
100 ,

99% .

98% .
()
(
)
,
...
6210001000.
http://www.mathematica.gr/forum/viewtopic.php?f=44&t=18473
1 ( ) x .
0, 98 x 0, 02 x .
()
, 0, 02 x = 1, x = 50 .
( ) 1210
.
2
.
4-
1210.
4 ,
. 1
0
1.
1 2 ,
2 .

1 2

1 .
2
. 0
1 .
2 (Parmenides51)
. !
100 ,
99 .
x . 100 x
, 99 x
.
99 x
= 0, 98 99 x = 98 0, 98 x
100 x
x 0, 98 x = 99 98 0, 02 x = 1 x = 50 .
100 50 = 50 .
2 ( )
3 ( )
B, B,
A.

;
A = 62006 + 32003 + 182001 + 92005

30.
http://www.mathematica.gr/forum/viewtopic.php?f=33&p=110973
(Gauss 1988) 62006

6
6.
32003 7
(34 )500 33 34
1 33 7.
182001 8
(184 )500 18 184
6 18 8.
92005 9
(92 )1002 9 92
1.
,
( ) K ,
KA + KB + K.
, K B,
KB + K B.
, AK .
A B
.
62006 + 32003 + 182001 + 92005

0, 6 + 7 + 8 + 9 = 30 .
10, 3
3,
62006 3, 62006 = 3 32005 22006 .
3 10,
30, gcd(3, 10) = 1
4 ( )

5 ( )
. AB
6m 4m.
9m
.
6 ( KARKAR) A , B
, ,
.
A :
! B :
! .
:
!
( ) B
() .
() .
( ) A, B,
x .

A + x = 2 (B + )
B + x = 3 (A + )
+ x = 5 (A + B)
:
7A + 6B + 4
A + B + + 3 x = 8A + 7B + 5 x =
3
2A + 5
3B + 7A + 6B + 4 = 9A + 9 B =
9
:
4A +
B A = 3A + 2B B =
3
4A +
2A + 5
=
5A =
3
9
7A + 18A + 20A
B = 3A x =
= 15A
3
B
3
1

=
= = 12, 5%
A + B + + x 1 + 3 + 5 + 15 8
( ).

E 9m ,
6m A B
2m .
E=
92
2
+2
62
4
+2
22
4
121
..
2
:
2011 20112 + 2011) + (201114 + 2011 201113 ...
7 ( )
:
15
14
13
20112 + 2011 2011) = 2011 + 0 = 2011
P(x) = x 2012 x + 2012 x ... 2012 x + 2012 x.
8 ( )

ABC A = 900

P(2011).
ab, bc, (a + c)(a c)
( ) :
P(x) = x15 2012 x14 + 2012 x13 ...
2012 x2 + 2012 x =
(kanenas) ABC a2 = b2 + c2
x15 (2011 + 1)x14 + (2011 + 1)x13 ...
ab, bc, a2 c2 = (b2 + c2 ) c2 = b2
(2011 + 1)x + (2011 + 1)x =

15
14
13
a > b ab > b2 , a > c ab > bc,

ab.
= (x 2011 x + x ... 2011 x + x)+

(x14 + 2011 x13 ... x2 + 2011 x) (1)

a2 b2 , b2 c2 , b4
P(2011) :
15
14
a2 b2 = (b2 + c2 )b2 = b4 + c2 b2 ,
,
.
13
(1) 2011 2011 2011 + 2011 ...
10
9 ( ) m
(m 1)x4 5 x2 + 3m 2 = 0 .
z1 z2 =
3m 2
=
0
a
m1
3m 2 0
3m 2
2
m
3
( ) m = 1
1
: 5 x2 + 1 = 0 x = .
5

.
m , 1 x2 = z

m > 1
5 + 19
.
1 < m
6
10 ( ) :
x = |{z}
111...1
(m 1)z 5z + 3m 2 = 0
y = |{z}
111...1
+1
z = 666
6,
| {z...}

: x + y + z + 8
.
(z) = (5)2 4(m 1)(3m 2)

= 25 4(3m2 5m + 2)
= 25 12m + 20m 8
= 12m2 + 20m + 17 0
12m2 20m 17 0
( ) :
(1)
x = 111
}1
| {z
2
= 1 100 + 1 101 + 1 102 + + 1 1021
(m) = (20)2 4(17)12 = 400 + 816 = 1216
2
a1 = 1 = 10.
:
20 + 1216
5 + 2 19
m1 =
=
,
24
6
20 1216
5 2 19
m2 =
=
.
24
6
102 1
9
y = 111
}1
| {z
+1
5 2 19
5 + 2 19
(1)
m
.
6
6
, ,
.
Vieta :
= 1 100 + 1 101 + 1 102 + + 1 10
10+1 1
9
10 10 1
=
9
b
5
z1 + z2 = =
>0m>1
a m1
11
z = 666
}
6
| {z
102 1 10 10 1 6 10 6
+
+
+8
9
9
9
102 + 16 10 + 64
x+y+z+8=
9
!
2
10 + 8
.
x+y+z+8=
3
x+y+z+8=
= 6 100 + 6 101 + 6 102 + + 6 101

10 1
=6
9
6 10 6
.
=
9
12
11 ( )
AB O . b
A O
E, Z EO 24,
Z.
2 ( )
.
x
A
2
A
=
= 2, x =
a.
ax
A
1+ 2
,

1
2
AO OE =
a, x = 2OE = 48.
2 1+ 2
( ) ON//Z.
AZ b
A = 45 ,
12 ( KARKAR) S
CD
ABCD. BS AD T .
AM, T M, CN, S N
b
.
M DN
=
b = .
A
Zb
A = = 22, 5 .
Ab
EO = 67, 5 (1) ,

AOE.
Eb
NO = Eb
AB = 22, 5 + 45 = 67, 5 (2) ,
- . (1) , (2)
ONE (OE = ON = 24). O
A ZA
Z .
Z = x = 2ON = 48.
13
DCN = MAD = x + y.
MABE , ABM =
AE M = y.
(Antonis-Z) BM I
BM, DC . BN
AD E . N, M ,
BN
BEA = EBC = x
. IBCN
, CBN = CIN = x,
DIN = NED
DIEN .
DIB = ABI = y,
DIB = DE M , MIDE
.
DIEN, MIDE MDNE ,
S BC = S BN + NBC = 2 x
BM ABS = ABM +
MBT = 2y.
MDN = = 180 x y = 180
14
b
B
2
= 90 + .
2
13 ( )
( ) 1 = 4
+1
av 3 =
N .
( )
v =
8 9
=
+ 2
av 3
v+4
v+4
av = 3 +
av 3
av =
v+4
3v + 17
, v N .
v+4
14 ( KARKAR) : 2x =
3a = 6b , : x =
N
.
ab
.
ab

( ).
1 ( f reyia)
x ln 2 = a ln 3 = b ln 6 = b ln(2.3) = b ln 2 + b ln 3
- ( ).
x ln 2 = a ln 3
(a b) ln 3 = b ln 2 ln 2 =
( )
v+1 =
av+1 3
x ln 2 = a ln 3 x
8av 9
av +2
8av 93(av +2)

av +2
av + 2
=
5(av 3)
3
av + 2
=
5av 15
2x = 3a = 6b = m
x=
av + 2
1
av + 2 5
5(av 3) av 3
5(av 3)
av 3
1
v+1 v =
= :
5(av 3)
5
v+1 v =
S v = (1 + v ) =
2
1+
v+4
5
vv+9
2
v2 + 9v
10
m
m
m
, a=
, b=
,a , b
ln 2
ln 3
ln 6
ab =
. ,
1
1
v+4
1 =
= 1 v = 1 + (v 1) =
, v N .
a1 3
5
5
ab
ab
ln 3 = a ln 3 x =
b
ab
2 ( )
, v N , :
ab
ln 3.
b
m2
ln 2
, ab=m
ln 3 ln 6
ln 3 ln 6
ab
m
=
= x.
a b ln 2
3 ( )
2x = 3a = 6b x ln 2 = a ln 3 = b ln 6
ab
=
ab
15
x ln 2 x ln 2
ln 3 ln 6
x ln 2
x ln 2
ln 3 ln 6
x2 ln2 2
=
x ln 2 ln 6 x ln 2 ln 3
ln2 2
ln2 2
= x
=x
ln 2 (ln 6 ln 2)
ln 2 ln 2
5 ( ) x = a = b = 0 .
a, b, x , 0 a , b,
(
4 ( )
x
a
3=2 ,
x
b
6=2 3=2
xb
b
a=b
3a = 6a .
3a = 6b
x xb
ab
=
x=
.
a
b
ab
16
15 ( )
(O, R) , (K, r)
E . AB,
, OK AB .

.
1 ( ) :
M AC BD,
= A BD
= x,
C BD
= 70 + x
C MB
http://www.mathematica.gr/forum/viewtopic.php?f=22&p=127551#p127551
x = 40o
1 (KARKAR)
R2 + r2 AL = CL .
1
1
E = E E E E E
2
2
1
= (R2 + r2 ) E E .
2
E !
ABC, BCD, CDA, DAB

sin 70 sin(50 a) sin(70 a)

=
sin 30
sin a sin(60 + a)
sin 70 cos 20 cos(120 2a)
=
sin 30
cos 60 cos(60 + 2a)
cos 20 + cos(60 + 2a)
2 cos 20 =
1
cos(60 + 2a)
2
cos(60 + 2a) = 0
a = 15o
2 ( ) ABC (70 , 80 , 30 ).
2 ( ) LA = LC =
, (1) ,

L LA = LB.
, (1)
(
R2 + (LO)2 = (LA)2 = (LC)2 = r2 + (LK)2
R + r = OK = LO + LK ).
R2 + r 2
16 ( )
ABCD
AC, BD CAB, BCA, CDB, BDA
70, 30, (50 a), a , , .
BD
CBA a.
17
C BD,
BA E . BCE (80 , 50 , 50 )
( - ),
BCDE AEDC
b = C DA
b = 50 ).
(C EA
b = ACE
b = 20 , DCE (70 , 55 , 55 )
ADE
BCD : a = 15 .
3 ( ) A
BD CB
E ADCE
( 50 ),
DEB, DAB a = 15
.
18
a ()
r > 0 .
(AC) : y 3 = a(x 1) ax y a + 3 = 0
(BD) : y 2 = a(x 4) ax y 4a + 2 = 0.
17 ( KARKAR)
,

A(1, 3) B(4, 2), .
, :
d(O, AC) = r
|3 a|

=r
a2 + 1
|3 a| = r a2 + 1
d(O, BD) = r
|2 4a|
=r
a2 + 1
|2 4a| = r a2 + 1.
|3 a| = |2 4a|,
1
a = 1 a = .
3
a = 1 r = 2,
1
C : x2 + y2 = 2 ( ) a =
3
r = 10 C : x2 + y2 = 10 ( ).

,
.
3 ( ) y = x + , , R
1 A
x x. 3 = 1 + = 3 .
y y K (0, 3 ).
1 ( ) > 0
C(, ), D(, ).
AC, BD :
x + y = 2 x y = 2 , .
A B :
+ 3 = 2 4 2 = 2 .
=
,
2
2
:
2 + 2 = 2 . . . 2 = 2, c
x2 + y2 = 2.
y = x + , , R 2
B 1 .
2 = 4 + = 2 4.
y y L (0, 2 4).

O R C, D , KON, LOD ,
[ = DOL
[ ( ),
CO = DO = R, CON
OK = OL |3 | = |2 ! 4|
1
... = 1 = .
3
2 ( )
R = d (O, 1 ) = ... 2 R =
4 ( parmenides51)
10.

AC, BD .
19
AB.
1+4 3+2
5 5
M
,
= , .
2
2
2 2
OM AC, BD
, AC, BD,
AC k BD.
5
x M = , 0 = xO
2
5
0
yM yO
=1,
OM =
= 52
xM xO
0
2
OM y 0 = 1(x 0) y = x.
AC, OM,
1 (
k + k 1 > k k > 1 k = 1
.
>
k
k1
>
k,
k 1.
,
1
1
1
1 + + + + >
n
2 3
1 + 2 1 + 3 2 + +
n 1 n 2 + n n 1 = n.
2 ( )
= d(AC, OM) = d(A, OM) = |yA x2A | 2 = |31| =

2
(1) +1
2
=
2.

2
2
x2 + y2 = 2 = 2 = 2.

AC, BD
, AB ( C D).
xA = 1 , 4 = xB
yB yA
23
1
AB =
=
= ,
xB xA 4 1
3
AB
1
y 3 = (x 1) 3y 9 = x + 1 x + 3y = 10.
3

AB,
|0 + 0 10|
10
= d(O, AB) =
= = 10.
10
12 + 32

x2 + y2 = 2 = 10.
n
X
1
>n
k
k=1
v
t n
Y 1
n
n
= 2n .
k
n!
k=1
n
> n,
n!
n
n > n!.
2n
-
n(n + 1)
n2 >
= 1 + 2 + 3 + + n >
2
n
n
n 1 2 3 n = n n!,
.
3 ( )
1
1
1
1
1
1 + + + + +
> n+
,
n
3
2
n+1
n+1
> n + 1.
(
)
1
1
.
n+1 n=
<
n+1+ n
n+1
18 ( )
n, n 2, :
1
1
1
1 + + + + > n.
n
3
2
20
() 16% 33
x s = 33 s = 2.

19 (
)
f (x) =
x x + 1 x 0
=
{1, 2, . . . , n}, P(k) = 12
f (k) k .
5
s
100% = 5, 71%
x
CV < 10% CV =
() f
.
() n.
20 (
Parmenides51)

lit < , R.
1, 6 lit
20%
1, 4 lit
90% .

[, ]
:
()
x = n. 16%
33,
.
( )
() , .
()
f (x) =
() .
1
()

,
1000
2 lit.
>0

2 x 2 x+1
.
()

P(1) + P(2) + + P(n) = 1
1 ( )
f (1) + f (2) + + f (n) =
() X .
A = {X 1, 6} B =
{X 1, 4}.
X , [, ]. :
1, 6 a
P(A) =
= 0, 2
5
12
f (x) x = 1, . . . , x =
n
5
1
1
1
1
= + +
12
2 2 2
2 2 2 3
!
1
1
2 n
1
2 n+1
1
=
2 2 n+1
1, 4
= 0, 9 .
a

= 1, 2 = 3, 2
P(B) =
n = 35.
21
()

a+
2
, [1.6, ]
80% . [1.4, ]
90%
[1.4, 1.6] 10% .
1, 6 1, 4 = 0, 2
10% .
= 2, 2.
()
= {X 2}
2 0, 2 = 0, 4
2 10% = 20%
1, 6 20%

N()
2 1, 2
= P() =
= 0, 4
N()
3, 2 1, 2
N() = 1000 N() = 2500.
1, 6 = 0, 4 = 1, 6 0, 4 = 1, 2.
2 (parmenides51)
[, ],
,

.
10 0, 2 = 2
10 10 = 100%
[, ] 100%
= 2 = + 2 = 1, 2 + 2 = 3, 2.
() :
100%
.
1, 6
20% .
100
=
.
1, 6
20
()

,
(1)
x =
100%
.
1, 4
90% .
100
=
.
1, 4
90
+
2
1, 2 + 3, 2
4, 4
=
= 2, 2.
2
2
() 3, 2 1, 2 = 2
( ).
2 1, 2 = 0, 8 1000 .
=
0, 8
1000
(2)
(1),(2)
= 1, 2 = 2, 2.
:
[, ] 100%
[, 1.6] 20%
22
2000
= 2500
0, 8
()
21 ( )
f : R R z z , 1/2

2
|2z 1| = |z 2|
|2z 1|2 = |z 2|2
f (x) + sin (x) = 2 x f (x)
(2z 1)(2z 1) = (z 2)(z 2)
4zz 2z 2z + 1 = zz 2z 2z + 4
x R
3zz = 3
f (x)
lim
= m,
x0 x
m =
|z| = 1.
()
|z2|
|2z1| .
lim
() |z 2| = |2z 1|.
x0
() z
() lim
x0
f (sin x)
.
x2 x
f (sin x)
f (sin x) sin x 1
= lim
2
x
0
sin x
x x1
x x
= 1 1 (1) = 1.
f (sin x)
lim
x0 sin x
() g(x) = f (x)x

(, 0) (0, +).
sin x=u
x0
u0
lim
u0
f (u)
= 1.
u
()
f 2 (x) + sin2 x = 2 x f (x)
() f .
f 2 (x) 2 x f (x) + x2 = x2 sin2 x
() (|z + 3 4i| + 5)x = x3 + 10

[1, 2].
( f (x) x)2 = x2 sin2 x

g2 (x) = x2 sin2 x.
| sin x| 6 |x|, x R
x = 0 x , 0
x2 sin2 x , 0, g2 (x) , 0.
g (, 0) (0, +),

.
http://www.mathematica.gr/forum/viewtopic.php?p=111574#p111574
( )
() x , 0
() 4 f .
f 2 (x) sin2 (x) 2 f (x)

+
=
,
x
x2
x2
(1) f (x) = x +
(2) f (x) = x
p
p
x +
(3) f (x) =
x +
(4) f (x) =
!
!2
f (x) 2
sin
x
= lim 2 f (x) ,
lim
+
x0
x0
x
x
x
m2 + 12 = 2m m = 1.
2|
= 1 |2z 1| = |z 2|.
m = 1 ||z
2z1|
23
x2 sin2 x.
x2 sin2 x.
p
x2 sin2 x
p
x2 sin2 x
p
x2 sin2 x
p
x2 sin2 x
x > 0,
x < 0.
x 6 0,
x > 0.
()
(6) k, m (2) (5) ,

|z u|.
h(x) = (|z + 3 4i| + 5)x x3 10

x [1, 2]. h
.
http://www.mathematica.gr/forum/viewtopic.php?p=110457#p110457
h(1) = |z + 3 4i| + 5 11
( )
= |z + 3 4i| 6 6 0
(1) z = x + yi, x, y R
|z + 3 4i| 6 |z| + |3 4i| = 6.
x = k t, y = k t.
h(2) = 2 |z + 3 4i| + 10 8 10
= 2(|z + 3 4i| 4) > 0
|z + 3 4i| > ||z| |3 4i|| = 4.

h(1)h(2) 6 0.
2 (t) + 2 (t) = 1 (x k)2 + (y k)2 = 1.
z
A(k, k) 1 = 1 k > 1.
h(1)h(2) < 0 Bolzano

x0 (1, 2)
h(x0 ) = 0.
(|z + 3 4i| + 5)x = x3 + 10

(1, 2). h(1)h(2) =
0, x = 1 x = 2 .

(|z + 3 4i| + 5)x = x3 + 10

[1, 2].
22
z = (k t) + (k t)i
k1|
(2) d(A, ) = |3
> 1 k > 1,
2
.
t R k > 1.
(1) z.
|z w|min = d(A, ) 1 =
(2) w
y = x
(k 1) , k
|z w|min =
5 2
2
|3k 1|
1
1.
|z w|min
(3) k (2)
z
|z z|.
5 2
|3k 1|
5 2
=
1
1=
1
2
2
2
|3k 1| = 5
k = 2,
k > 1.
(4) k (2)
|w 3 + 4i|.
(3) k = 2
(5) u
z = (2 t) + (t 2)i.
u = (1 + mt) + (1 + mt)i,
z = + i, , R = 2 (t)
= (t) 2
m
u
.
2 (t) + 2 (t) = 1 ( 2)2 + ( + 2)2 = 1.

24
z
B(2, 2) 2 = 1 = 1.
2 t + 2 t = 1
2
m2
: (1) k = 2

= 1 m = 2 m = 2.
2
1
2
1
=1
(6)
|z (2 + 2i)| = 1 |z (2 2i)| = 1
c =z u
z
B(2, 2) 2 = 1 = 1.
=(k t) + (k t)i
(1 + mt) (1 + mt)i
=(k t) + (k t)i + (1 mt) + (1 mt)i
|z z| =
=(k t + 1 mt) + (k t + 1 mt)i

= k + 1 (1 + m)t + [(k + 1 (1 + m)t)] i
= |(2 t) + (2 + t)i (2 t) + (2 t)i|

= |2(2 t)i|
|z z|min = |2 1| = 2 |z z|max = |2 3| =
6.
c = x + yi, x, y R
x = k + 1 (1 + m)t x (k + 1) = (1 + m)t,
y = k + 1 (1 + m)t y (k + 1) = (1 + m)t.
(x (k + 1))2 + (y (k + 1))2
=(1 + m)2 2 t + (1 + m)2 2 t
(4) |w 3 + 4i| = |w (3 4i)|

w K(3, 4).
|w 3 + 4i|min = d(K, ) = |34+1| = 0 (
2
K ).
(x (k + 1))2 + (y (k + 1))2 = (1 + m)2

2
k=2
(x 3)2 + (y 3)2 = (1 2)
m= 2
(5) u = + i, , R.
(t) =
1+
, (t) =
1+
M(x, y)

2
(x 3)2 + (y 3)2 = 1 + 2 .
( m , 0 m = 0, u
(1, 1)).
( + 1)2 ( + 1)2
+
= 1 ( + 1)2 + ( + 1)2 = m2
m2
m2
u
(1, 1) 3 = |m|.
O(0, 0) (0 + 1)2 + (0 + 1)2 =
m2 m2 = 2 m = 2.
:
w
m R
1 + mt = 0
t = m
u = 0 + 0i
t = 1
1 + mt = 0
(
25
OK ,

2
2
A, B. (OK) = d(K, O) = 3 + 3 =
3 2. OB
(OM) (OA).
OK ,

2
2
A, B. (OK) = d(K, O) = 3 + 3 =
3 2. OB
(OM) (OA).
|C|max = (OA) = (OK) + = =
=3 2+1+ 2 =4 2+1
|C|max = (OA) = (OK) + = =
=3 2+ 21=4 21
|C|min = (OB) = (OK) + = =
= 3 2 1 2 = 2 2 1.
|C|min = (OB) = (OK) + = =
= 3 2 2 + 1 = 2 2 + 1.
M(x, y)
(x 3)2 + (y 3)2 =
2
21 .
26
23 (

) e x + 2 ln x > ex
e x + ln x + 2 > ex ln x + 2
f (x) = ex ln x + 2
1 1,
2
ex
ln(x2 + 1) = e1 ,

1
x>0
> f (x) x1 < x x2 > 1 x > 1
24 ( )
f
e x + 2 ln x > ex .
h(x) = e f (x) f 3 (x) + 2 .

f (x)
:
f (x2 x)
( ).
1
2
) x > 0.
f (4x)
1
2
>0
0 < x1 < x2 x1 > x2
ex1
>
ex2 (1)
( ) h
R, x1 , x2 R x1 > x2
(y = e x . )
0 < x1 < x2
h(x1 ) > h(x2 )

e f (x1 ) f 3 (x1 ) + 2 > e f (x2 ) f 3 (x2 ) + 2
ln x1 < ln x2 ln x1 + 2 > ln x2 + 2(2)

(y = ln x . )
( f (x1 ) f (x2 ))( f 2 (x1 ) + f (x1 ) f (x2 ) + f 2 (x2 ))
(1) , (2) f (x1 ) > f (x2 ) f

1 1
2
) ex
e(x

ln x2 + 1 =
+1)

ln x2 + 1 + 2 =

<
e f (x2 ) e f (x1 )
(I)
e f (x1 ) e f (x2 )
* f (x1 ) = f (x2 ) () 0 < 0,

.
1
+2
* f (x1 ) > f (x2 ) ()

()
, .
f :11
f x2 + 1 = f (1)
x2 + 1 = 1 x = 0 x > 0,
: f (x1 ) < f (x2 ), f

R.
27
g(x) = x , 0 < < 1

R,
:
f (x2 x)
1
2
>
f (4x)
1
2
- x > y h ,
h(x) < h(y), .
f (x2 x) < f (4 x)
x < y.
x2 x > 4 x x2 > 4 x < 2 x > 2.
2 ( ) ( )
f

. .
f .
. x1 , x2 R
x1 < x2 f (x1 ) 6 f (x2 ).
h R
: x < y h(x) > h(y),
x, y R.
e f (x1 ) > e f (x2 )

f 3 (x1 ) > f 3 (x2 ) h(x1 ) 2 > h(x2 ) 2
h . .
* .
* .
x1 , x2 R x1 < x2
- x = y, h(x) = h(y), .
f (x1 ) > f (x2 ), f . .
28
25 ( )
f [a, b],
(a, b) f (a) , f (b).
1 , 2 (a, b) 1 , 2
f [a, b],
(a, b) f (a) , f (b).
1 , 2 , . . . , n (a, b)
(n N )
!2
f (b) f (a)
.
: f (1 ) f (2 ) =
ba
!n
f (b) f (a)
f (1 ) f (2 ) f (n ) =
.
ba
1 ( )
a < x < b
2 ( )
f
f (b) f (a)
= f () > 0.
ba
U
y : f (x) > 0, f (x) U .
ln f ()
f (x) f (a)
f (b) f (a)
=
:= ,
xa
ba
f (b) f (x)
=
bx
[a, x] [x, b].
1 , 2 U : ln f () =
,
> 0
(1 , 2 ) = V .
ln f (1 ) + ln f (2 )
2
, f (1 ) > 0, f (2 ) > 0
f (x) f (a)
f (b) f (a)
f (b) f (x)
>
>
,
xa
ba
bx
a < x < b.
,
1 < < 2 .
3 ( )
g(x) :=
f (x) f (a)
x a)
1 (a, k), 2 (k, b),
(a, b]
[, c) (
) ,
f (1 ) =
f (k) f (a)
ka
(1)
f (2 ) =
f (b) f (k)
bk
(2)
f (x) f (b)
h(x) :=
[a, b)
xb
(d, ] (
).
k > 1 g() = k
h( ) = /k , (a, b).
[a, ] 1
(a, ) f (1 ) = g().
[ , b] 2
( , b) f (2 ) = h( ).
!2
f (b) f (a)
f (1 ) f (2 ) =
,
ba
(1) (2),
:
f (k) f (a) f (b) f (k)

f (b) f (a)
=
ka
bk
ba

k .
!2
(3)
f (b) f (a)
,
ba
(3) k,
- =
29
(4)
(5).
f (k) f (a) f (b) f (k)
= 2
ka
bk
,
[a, k], [k, b],
,
.
( f (k) f (a)) ( f (b) f (k)) = (k a) (b k)
()
(atemlos)

..
k
(a, b),
:
f (k) f (a) = (b k)
(4)
f (b) f (k) = (k a)
(5).
26 ( )
f : [1, e] R f (1) = 0,
1
f (e) = 1 f (x) + e f (x) = x + , x [1, e] .
: f (x) = ln x x [1, e] .
1 ( )
k (4).
(5) ...
(4):
h(x) = f (x) lnx, x [1, e],

( ) .
x0 (1, e) h(x0 ) , 0,
, , f (x0 ) > 0,
(
) x1
[1, e] (
), Fermat
1
h (x1 ) = 0 f (x1 ) = ,

f (b) f (k) = f (b) f (a) + (b k)
= f (b) f (a) (b k)
= [b a b + k] =
= (k a)
(2)
(5)

k. (4),
( )
x1
x = x1
h(x) = f (x) f (a) (b x), x [a, b]
e f (x1 ) = x1 f (x1 ) = lnx1 h(x1 ) = 0,
Bolzano
.
2 ( )
,
h(a) = (b a) = f (a) f (b)

h(b) = f (b) f (a) 0
= f (b) f (a).
g(x) = f (x) lnx
[1, e].
g [1, e]
.
: g(1) = g(e) = 0 :
h(a) h(b) = ( f (a) f (b))2 < 0,
g (x) = x(eg(x) 1), x [1, e]
f (a) , f (b).
.Bolzano h
[a, b]
(1)
g
.
.
k (a, b) : h(k) = 0,
30
e f (x) = (g(x) f (x)) e f (x) (g(x) f (x)) = 1.
, x1 ,
g(x1 ) > 0 .Fermat
x2
eg(x) = x e 2 :
eg(x) f (x)

2
2
x
x
(g(x) f (x)) = xe 2 , eg(x) f (x) = e 2 ,
g (x1 ) = 0.
x2
eg(x) f (x) = e 2 + c.
x = 1 c = 0
f (x) = lnx, x > 0.
, (1) .
.
; ...

x2 , (1) Fermat
g(x2 ) = 0.
.
g .
g [1, e]...
5 ( ) h : (0, +) , h (x) =
e f (x)
.
x
h (1) = h (e) = 1
h (x) + xh (x) 1 h (x)

f (x) =
= +
,
xh (x)
x h (x)
1 h (x)
1
+
+ xh (x) = x +
x h (x)
x
h (x) = xh (x) (1 h (x)) .
g(x) = 0, x [1, e] f (x) = lnxx [1, e].

3 ( )
. :
,
x = x0 ,
h (x0 ) = 1 h (x0 ) = 0 (.Fermat) .
g(x) = f (x) lnx g (x) = x xe f (x)
xeg(x) + (eg(x) ) = x
h (1) = h (e) = 1, . h (x0 ) = h (1) = h (e) = 1.

g(x)
h(x) = e
, xh(x) + h (x) = x,
h (x) = 1, x [1, e] e f (x) = x

f (x) = ln x, x [1, e].
x2
e 2
x2
x2
6 ( )
x : lnx , f (x), lnx > f (x).
1
f (x) = x e f (x) = elnx e f (x) = (lnx f (x))e
(e 2 h(x)) = xe 2
x2
x2
e 2 h(x) = e 2 + c elnx f (x) = 1 + ce
lnx, f (x) e x .
x2
2
lnx, f (x) [1, e]

{1, M}
e max{e, eM } = k ( ).
x = 1 , c = 0.
( f (x) lnx) = (lnx f (x))e (lnx f (x))k
(( f (x) lnx)ekx) ) < 0

1 x e,
elnx f (x) = 1 f (x) = lnx.
0 = (( f (e) lne)eke) ) (( f (x) lnx)ekx) )
(( f (1) lnx)ek) ) = 0, f (x) = lnx .

lnx < f (x), lnx = f (x), x [1, e].
4 ( ) x (0, +)
1
: f (x) + e f (x) = x + (1).
f
f + f e = 1 2
x+
g(x) =
+lnx, x > 0.
f = f x + x f + 1 2 =
x
x
(1) :
31
x2
= ( f )2 (x + 1/x) f + 1 1/x2 (
!
1
1
y + 1 2 , y = f (
e f ) y = y2 x +
/2
f (1) = 1 y(1) = 1

Ricatti).
!
1
1
1
x = 1,
y = + , ... u + u
(xe 2 y) = (ex
1 a x2
y= + e2.
a = 0 f (x) = lnx + b
f (1) = 0 b = 0 f (x) = lnx, x [1, e] (
f (e) = 1)?
32
1.
27 ( )
:
Z2
181
x10 + 210
dx <
.
15
15
2816
x +2
x2 + 1 f 2 (x) + f (x)
Z1
1
x10 + 210
dx =
15
15
32
x +2
1
16
0
Z 1
0
4
f 2 (1) f 2 (0)
3
1 + (x/2)10
dx
1 + (x/2)15
2.

(1 + x2 )2 > 1 + x2 ( f (x))2 + f (x) 2

> f (x) + x f (x) 2

2
2
1 + x2 > f (x) + x f (x)

f (x) + x f (x) 6 1 + x2

1 + x2 6 (x f (x)) 6 1 + x2
1 + y10
dy
1 + y15
!
y10 y15
dy
1 + y15
0
!
Z 1
1
10
15
<
1+
(y y ) dy
16
0
!
1
1
1
=
1+
1
=
1+
16
16
11
181
.
=
2816
Z1
16

( f (x))2 + f (x) 2 x2 + 1,
1 + x dx 6
Z1
(x f (x)) dx 6
Z1
0
1 + x2 dx
4
| f (1)| 6
3
28 ( )
f : R R
:
3. t > 0
x R.
Rt
4
1. ( f (1))2 ( f (0))2 ,
3

Rt
Rt
1 + x2 dx 6 (x f (x)) dx 6 1 + x2 dx
0
4
2. | f (1)| ,
3
3. |F (1) F (0)|
2 f (x) f (x)

x2 + 1 dx f 2 (1) f 2 (0)
( )
2
10
, F f .
9
t3
3
t f (t) t +
t3
3
t2
3
f (t) 1 +
t2
3
f
t = 0
R1

R1
R1
2
2
1 + t3 dt 6 f (t)dt 6 1 + t3 dx.
0
( - Atemlos -
)
33
29 (
)
f (x), g(x) : [a, b] R
g (x) > 0, x [a, b].
[(x a) f (x)]ba
[(x b)g(x)]ba
(x a) f (x) = (x b)g (x), x [a, b]
1)
Rb
a
f (x)dx =
f (x)dx =
f (x)dx =
g(x)dx
Rb
g(x)dx
[(x a) f (x)]ba = [(x b)g(x)]ba
g (x) > 0 f (x) < 0, x (a, b)

2)
Rb
Rb
Rb
Rb
a
(b a) f (a) = (b a)g(b) f (a) = g(b)

g(x)dx
2.)
h(x) = f (x)g(x), x [a, b]
[a, b]
) f (b) = g(a)
) (a, b) : f () = g()
h(a) = f (a) g(a) = f (a) f (b) > 0

f ( (1)) [a, b]
f (a) > f (b) h(b) = f (b) g(b) = g(a) g(b) < 0
(1) g [a, b]
g(a) < g(b) h(a)h(b) < 0
Bolzano x0 (a, b)
( )
1) g (x) > 0, x [a, b] g
[a, b] x a
h(x0 ) = 0 f (x0 ) = g(x0 )
(x a) f (x) = (x b)g (x)

0 = (a b)g (a) g (a) = 0 x > a
g (x) > g (a) = 0
h (x) = f (x) g (x) < 0, x (a, b) h

[a, b] x0 .
(xa) f (x) = (xb)g (x) a < x < b

g (x) > 0 x a > 0, x b < 0
f (x) < 0
30 ( parmenides51)
z1 = a + ea i, z2 = b + bi, z3 = c + i ln c
a, b R, c > 0.
1.
z1 , z2 , z3 ,
:
g (a) = 0, f (b) = 0 [a, b]
g (a) 0, f (b) 0
2. |z1 z2 |
z1 , z2
,
2) )
(x a) f (x) = (x b)g (x)

Rb
a
(x a) f (x)dx =
Rb
a
3. |z1 z3 |
z1 , z3
.
(x b)g (x)dx
34
* f (, 0]
* f x = 0 f (0) = 1.
d(L, )
a=
1
2
0 ( L(0, e0 ) L(0, 1)) =
.
2
2

1.
L : y 1 = 1(x 0) y = x + 1.

y = x, y = x + 1
!
1 1
(x, y) = , ,
2 2
.
2
|z1 z2 |
1
1
z1 = i z2 = + i.
2 2
)
y = ex , y = lnx y =
x,
2

|z1 z2 | ,|z2 z3 |
2
z3
L(0, 1) y = x,
N(1, 0),

!
1 1
( ()
z2 M ,
2 2
).
|z1 z3 |
:
2
z1 = i z3 = 1 |z1 z3 | = 2
= 2.
2
( ) ) z1
z = x + yi, x, y R, x = a, y = ea , a R
y = e x .
z1
y = e x .
z2 z = x+yi, x, y R,
x = b, y = b, b R y = x.
z2
y = x.
z3 z = x+yi, x, y R,
x = c, y = lnc, c > 0 y = lnx.
z3
y = lnx, x > 0.
) z1 = k + ek i, k R
|z1 z2 | ,

L(k, ek ) y x = 0,
: d(L, ) = p
|ea a|
12 + (1)2
f (x) = e x x
R
e x () x ()
f (x) = ex 1. :
* f (x) = 0 x = 0
* f (x) > 0 x > 0,
* f [0, +)
35
:
(3)
31 ( )
f :
[0, +) R
f (x) + x f (x) =
1
f
2
x
= 0 0 = 0 g (x) = 0 g(x) = c
x f (x) = c 0 f (0) = c ,
f (x) = 0 , x [0, +) .
x [0, +) .
2 ( ) f
x1 , x2 [0, ] , > 0 m
M , , [0, ] .

m f (x) M , x [0, ] .
( ) g(x) = x f (x) ,
x [0, +) [0, +)
1 g(x/2) g(x/2)
=
, x>0
2 x/2
x
g (x) =
0 ,
x=0
m f
(1) .
(x f (x)) =
..... g [0, x/2]

0 < 1 < x/2 ,
g () 0
x f (x)
M x
2
0.
Mt
g(x) g(0)
M
= f (x)
.
x0
2
M
f (x)
.
2
x = x1 , x1 ( x1 = 0 ,
M = 0)
.....

n , n N , 0 < n+1 < n /2 .

f (x1 )
, (x f (x)) =
(2) .
g(x/2) 00
1 g (x/2)
= lim
=
lim g (x) = lim
x0
x0
x0 2
x
x
x f (x)
mx
2
M 0.
1
f
2
x
m
2
h(t) = t f (t)
1
1
lim g (x/2) = lim g (x) lim g (x) = 0 = g (0) .
x0 2
x0
2 x0
g [0, +) .
, f (x)
m
2
mt
2
t [0, ]
x = x2 , x2 ( x2 = 0 ,
m = 0)
n + n 0 ,
0 < n+1 < n /2 0 < n < 1 /2n1 .
m 0.
2
2
0 m f (x) M 0
f (x) = 0 ,
x [0, ] .
, [0, +).
, .
f (x2 )
lim g (n ) = 0 (3) .
, x [0, +),
1
1
g (n ) = lim n lim g (n )
n
n+ 2
n+ 2 n+
lim g (x) = lim
n+
g () =
1
g(1 /2) g(0) g(1 /2) (1)
g (2 ) =
=
= g (1 ) .
2
1
1
(2)
, t [0, ] .
2
x > 0 [0, x]
(0, x)
..... g [0, 1 /2]

0 < 2 < 1 /2 ,
n+
x
M , x [0, ] .
g(t) = t f (t)
1
g(x/2) g(0) g(x/2) (1)
g (1 ) =
=
= g (x) .
2
x
x
1
1
1
g (x) = g (1 ) = 2 g (2 ) = . . . = n g (n )
2
2
2
1
f
2
x
36
. ,
f
.
2. f ()
A(x1 , f (x1 )) , B(x2 , f (x2 ))
32 ( )

f (x) =
ln(x2 )
, N , N ,
x2+1
y f (x1 ) = f (x1 )(x x1 ) (1) .
:
) f (x1 ) = f (x2 )
1. f
x2 = x1 .
B (x1 , f (x1 )) = (x1 , f (x1 )) .
( - - x1 > 0)
) B (1)
f (x1 ) f (x1 ) = f (x1 )(x1 x1 )
ln(x2 )
( ) f (x) = 2+1 ,
x
2
2
(
2
+
1
)
ln(x
)
f (x) =
x2+2
2(4 + 3) + (2 + 1)(2 + 2) ln(x2 )
f (x) =
,
x2k+3
x R , N , N .
f (x1 ) = x1 f (x1 ) (2)
f f .
1.
f
(
) .
ln(x21 )
x21 +1
= x1
2 (2 + 1) ln(x1 )
x21 +2
ln(x1 ) = 2 (2 + 1) ln(x1 )
2
+1

f A (x1 , f (x1 )) , B (x2 , f (x2 )) ,
0 < x1 < x2 . f (x1 ) = f (x2 ) = .
(2 + 2) ln(x1 ) = 2
f [x1 , x2 ]

(1) :
x1 = e +1
f (x2 ) f (x1 )
= .
(x1 , x2 ) , f () =
x2 x1
0 < x1 < < x2
ln(x1 ) =
x1 = e 2+2 .
f (x1 ) = f () = f (x2 ) .
y = f (x1 ) x f (x1 ) =
e( + 1)
: y=
x.
e( + 1)
. Rolle f
[x1 , ], [, x2 ] f
(1)
37
(2)
33 ( )
f : [0, 1] R

f (0) = 0
ef
(x)
( ) y x
f (1) = 0.
f (x) dx = f (1).
f (x) = 0, x [0, 1]
f (1) = lim
x1
f (x) f (1)
=1
x1
lim
x1
( )
ef
(x)
f (x)dx = f (1) = f (1) f (0) =
(e f
(x)
f (x)(e
x x0 , h =
, f (x), e
.
(x)
f (x)
L = lim
(x)
f (x0 )
h
h1
x0 f (h)
h2
f (x0 ) x0 (1 h)
h
,
(1) :
f (x)(e f
1) 0
(. f (x0 ) < 0),
x
f (x0 )
h
.
x0
x0
h
( x = x0 y = h)
f (x) f (x0 )
L = lim
= lim
xx0
h1
x x0
x0 [0, 1] f (x0 ) , 0
R1
x0
1.
x
1)dx = 0
x (0, 1), f (x)(e f
(3)
x0 > 0.
f (x)dx
f (x) f (x))dx = 0
f (x)
f (x)
=1
x1
1)dx > 0, .
L=
, f (x) = 0, x [0, 1]
f (x0 )
+ 1.
x0
x0 , f
/ .. :
f (x) = c, x [0, 1].
!
f (x)
f (x) =
+ 1, x > 0
x
!
f (x)x (x) f (x)
f
(x)
1

=
=
,
x
>
0
=
(lnx)
x
x
x2
!
f (x)
= lnx + c, x > 0 .
x
f (0) = 0, f (x) = 0, x [0, 1]

34 ( )

f : (0, +) R
!
x
f (x) x f (y)
=

y
y
y2
x, y (0, +) 1, f (1) = 1

38
f (x) = xlnx + xc, x > 0 .
f (x) = xlnx, x > 0

.
x 1 : c = 0.
39
,
,
35 ( )
n,
sin2n x + cos2n x + n sin2 x cos2 x = 1,
x R.
1 ( BillK ) f (x) =
f (x) > 0 .
Jensen
f (a) + f (b) + f (c) 3 f ( a+b+c
)
3
( ) x =
x2
, x (0, 3)
(3 x)3
f (a) + f (b) + f (c) 38

a2
b2
c2
3
+
+
(b + c)3 (c + a)3 (a + b)3 8
1
n
1
+ n + =1
n
2
2
4
2n (n 4) + 8 = 0. (*)
n 4 2n (n 4) 0 2n (n 4) + 8 > 0
0 n < 4,
n = 2 n = 3 (*).

2 ( )
CS Nesbitt :
a2
(b+c)3
b2
(c+a)3
a
(b+c)
c2
(a+b)3
b
(c+a)
[(b + c) + (c + a) + (a + b)]
2
c
(a+b)
49 .
3 ( )
sin4 x + cos4 x + 2sin2 xcos2 x = (sin2 x + cos2 x)2 = 1

x R
Euler
sin2 x + cos2 x + (1) = 0
(sin2 x)3 + (cos2 x)3 + (1)3 = 3 sin2 x cos2 x(1),
sin6 x + cos6 x + 3 sin2 x cos2 x = 1, x R.
, n 2 3.
a2 (a + b + c) b2 (a + b + c) c2 (a + b + c) 9
+
+
8
(b + c)3
(c + a)3
(a + b)3
X a3
X a2
9
+
.
(b + c)3
(b + c)2 8
:

Chebyshev 9(x3 + y3 + z3 ) (x + y + z)3 .
Nesbitt
36 ( )
a, b, c
a + b + c = 3,
a2
b2
c2
3
+
+
.
3
3
3
8
(b + c)
(c + a)
(a + b)
40
X a 3 27
a3
b+c
8
(b + c)3
X a 2 9
a2
b+c
4
(b + c)2
37 ( )
ABC BC,
I . BI AC
D E, D
CI . EI AB
Z. DZ
CI.
(KARKAR)
C, E BC
B
CEI = CDI = 90o +
= DIE = 90o , (1) (1)
2
A = 90o DIZA
IDZ = IAZ = 45o , (2)
(2) DIC = 180o IDC

90o
B
2
2
, (3)
C
2
= 180o
= 45o , DIE = 90o =
BD EZ
(3) = IE = IZ , (4) BD
B.
(1), (4) DEZ,
DZ k FI CI .
38 ( )
ABC E M,
.
(2) ADB = 90o
C
2
= ACI
B
2
, ADZ =
, (3)
(3) DZ k CI
.
2 ( ) E , D CI BC,
FD = FE , (1) F CI DE.
DIC = EIC , (2)
M,
ABC ,
E1 , E2 , E3 .
1
1
18
1
+
+
.
E1
41
E2
E3
E2
(MC1 )(MC2 )
=
, (2)
(MA1 B1)
(MA1 )(MB1)
(MB1)(MB2)
E3
=
, (3)
(MA2C1 ) (MA2 )(MC1 )
(1), (2), (3) = E1 E2 E3
=
(MA1 A2 )(MC1C2 )(MA2C1 ) , (4) (4) ,
,
( )
MA1 A2 , MB2C2
.
- :
A1 MA2 = B2 MC2
E1
(MA1 )(MA2 )
=
(MB2C2 ) (MB2)(MC2)
, (1)
E1
6
E2
E3
E1 E2 E3
E1 E2 E3 (MB2C2 )(MA1 B1 )(MA2C1 )
18
E1 + E2 + E3 + (MB2C2 ) + (MA1 B1 ) + (MA2C1 )
42
18
, ,
f (1) = c + 1
39 ( )
f :
f (2y + 1) = c(2y + 1) + (2y + 1)(4y2 + 4y + 1)
(x y) f (x + y) (x + y) f (x y) = 4 xy(x2 y2 )
= c(2y + 1) + (2y + 1)3 ,

f (x) = x3 + cx x R.
40 ( )

1 ( ) x + y = a
x y = b x =
a+b
2
y =
ab
2
f : {1, 2, . . . , 10} {1, 2, . . . , 100}
x + y|x f (x) + y f (y), x, y

{1, 2, . . . , 10}.
b f (a) a f (b) = ab(a2 b2 )

a, b R, a, b R
f (a) f (b)
= a2 b2 ,
a
b
( ) , x 1, 2, . . . , 9,
2 x + 1 x f (x) + f (x + 1)(x + 1)
2 x f (x) + 2(x + 1) f (x + 1).
, 2 x + 1
f (x + 1) f (x). ,
f (a)
f (b)
a2 =
b2 .
a
b
f (x)
h(x) =
x2
x
x R , f (x) = x3 + cx,
x R . f (0) = 0,
f (x) = x3 + cx, x R, .
2 ( ) x = y + 1
99 f (10) f (1) =
9
X
f (x + 1) f (x)
9
X
(2 x + 1)
x=1
x=1
= 99.
, f (x+ 1) f (x) = 2 x+ 1 f (1) = 1. f (x) = x2

x 1, 2, . . . , 10.
f (2y + 1) = (2y + 1) f (1) + 4y(y + 1)(2y + 1).
43
41 ( )
ABCD (O)
P AC BD.
(1) QBD + QDB = 180o BQD DBC +

BDC = A,
BQD = 90o + A (2)
, AQC = 90o + D , (3)
(2), (3), Q
(K), (M),
BD, AC
BQD, AQC R,
Q, (K), (M.)
(K) ,
ABCD Q,
BKD
BQD +
= 180o , (4)
2
K (K).
(2), (4) BOD = 2A,
BOD + BKD = 180o , KBOD
QAB + QCB = QBC + QDC = 90o .

OBK + ODK = 180o = OBK = ODK = 90o ,
KB = KD OB = OD.
,
(O)
ABCD,
(K) , (M)
(
MAOC , M
(M) ).
, O (O)
(K), (M) ,
QR,
,
P AC BD,
P, Q, O ,
O (O).
( .) QBC + QDC = 90o

= QBD + DBC + QDB + DBC = 90o , (1)
44
(O), (K), (M) .
P
A, (a + d)
,
, (b + c) ,
P
C.
, a + b + c + d ,
A, C
.
,
B, D .

ABCD
,
.
,
,
,
.
42 (
)
P
ABCD,
AB, BC, CD, DA, . ABCD .
( .)
, .
. P BC
ABC,
. P,
ABCD a, b, c, d,
AB, BC, CD, DA,
.
45
43 ( 1 1995)
6- 5. ,

6

1 ( ) H BO
W CO AH k OD AW k OE .
W AH = DOE = DAE = 60 , WOH = 120 .
http://www.mathematica.gr/forum/viewtopic.php?p=120445
1 ( )
. .

6
b 599.997 10 b2 <
599.998 106 .
b > 599.997 103 > 774 103
2b > 1500 103 .
(b + 2)2 = b2 + 4b + 4 > 599.997 106 + 3 106 =

600.000 106 .
b2 (b + 2)2
A, W, O, H
AW H = AOH = 60 = AOH = AHW.
.
b2 < 599.998 106 < 600.000 106 < (b + 2)2 .

(599.998 106 , 600.000 106 )
,
599.998 599.999.
.
2 ( )
100000
5 .
.
,
(700000, 790000)
(70000)2 < 5 1011 (79000)2 > 6 1011 .
89999
.

(
) : OW + OH = OA(= OB = OC).
AW H .
AD OH OH
=
=
OA
DB OB
AE
OW
OW
=
=
EC
OC
OA
AD AE OH + OW OA
+
=
=
= 1.
DB EC
OA
OA
: 1) D S E A
AD AE
AB/2
0
+
=
+
= 1.
DB EC AB/2 EC
2) 1)
E
AC , D
A.
2 ( )
: BD = x
CE = y, : AD = x AE = y. ,
, : ED + BC = BD + CE ,
: ED + = x + y : ED = x + y .
44 ( )
ABC
AB AC D E ,
DE
. :
AD AE
+
=1
DB EC
http://www.mathematica.gr/forum/viewtopic.php?p=111876
46
:
AF = BF = AG = CG =
c
2
(1)
FD = DH , GE = HE (2) ( )
c = 2 3 (3) ( . . OGC )
+ = 60 , = DOH = HOE
( FOG = 120 FOD = DOH , HOE =
EOG)
+ = 60 ( + ) =
3 3( + ) = 3(1 ) (4)

ADE : ED2 = AE 2 + AD2
2AD AF (1) F E AD.
FEA = 30 , AFE
1
1
( y). , (1),
: AF = AE =
2
2
2
: (x + y ) = ( y)2 + ( x)2 ( x) ( y)
3 xy
=
. -
AD AE
+
BD EC
=
(1)
=
=
x+y
x (2y x)
: AD = x =
x+y
y (2 x y)
AD
AE
AE = y =
. :
+
=
x+y
DB EC
x (2y x) y (2 x y)
+
= 1.
x (x + y)
y (x + y)
3 (Math Rider ) c
. H
DE
F, G
AB, AC :
(2)
(3)
=
=
(4)
=
=
47
AF FD AG GE
+
BF + FD CG + GE
c
FD 2c GE
2
+
c
+ FD 2c + GE
2
c 2FD c 2GE
+
c + 2FD c + 2GE
c 2DH c 2EH
+
c
+ 2DH c + 2EH
2 3 2DH 2 3 2EH
+
2 3 + 2DH 2 3 + 2EH
3 DH
3 EH
DH
EH
3+
3+
3
3
+
3 +
3 +
6 2
3 + 3( + ) +
6 2
3 + 3(1 ) +
6 2
=1
6 2
45 ( IMC 1996)
n .

46 ( )
(an )nN
an > n1 n.
sin nx
dx.
(1 + 2x ) sin x
+
X
an .
n=1
( )
In =
=
=
=
=
Z0
Z0
Z0
0
sin nx
dx
(1 + 2x ) sin x
Z 0
sin nx
dx
+
(1 + 2x ) sin x
Z
sin nx
dx +
(1 + 2x ) sin x
Z0
sin nx
dx +
(1 + 2x ) sin x
0
sin nx
dx.
sin x
sin a sin b = 2 sin
In In2 =
=
Z0
0
=2
!
+
+
X
X
kn1
an
(kn kn1 )akn >
1
.
kn
n=1
n=1
n=1
+
X
sin nx
dx
(1 + 2x ) sin x
sin nu
du
(1 + 2u ) sin u
2u sin nu
du
(1 + 2u ) sin u
1 kknn 1 0 ln
x1 1 x 1,

ln(kn ) = ln(k1 ) +
n
X
i=1
1 ( ) kn
.
a
2
b
2
cos
a
2
b
2
.
2 ( )
, kn
kn > 2kn1 n.
1 kknn 1
0 .
sin nx sin (n 2)x

dx
sin x
2 sin x cos (n 1)x
dx
sin x
3 ( )
!
ki
ln
,
ki1
cos (n 1)x dx = 0.
n
P
k=1
n
P
k=1
ak
(ak an ) (
),
nan . , an > nc
c > 0 n,
.
lim nan = 0,
I0 = 0 I1 =
0 n = 2k,
In =
n = 2k + 1.
48
n+
.
a, b, c M
47 ( )
M = R \ {3} x y = 3(xy 3 x
3y) + m, m R. m
(M, ) .
a (b c) = 9abc 27(ab + bc + ca) + 81(a + b + c) 240

= (a b) c

(M, ) .
( )
,
e. :
48 (vzf) m nn .
, n
, .
1 e = 1 3e 9 9e + m = 1 m = 6e + 10
( )
k > n A1 , A2 , . . . , Ak n n .
:
2 e = 2 6e 18 9e + m = 2 m = 3e + 20.
e = 10
3
m = 30. m = 30
.
a, b M
,I{1,2,...,k}
= 3(ab 3a 3b + 27) + 3
det (A1 + A2 + A3 ) det (A1 + A2 ) det (A2 + A3 )
= 3(a 3)(b 3) + 3 , 3
det (A3 + A1 ) + det (A1 ) + det (A2 ) + det (A3 ) = 0.
a , 3 b , 3.
. a M
(1) :
m > n A1 , A2 , . . . , Am nn .
r
, r 6 n, .
, (1) k = n + 1
r
, r 6 n + 1, .
, (1) k = n +
2, . . . , m A1 + A2 + + Am
.
(1).
[k] := {1, 2, . . . , k} :
10
10
=
a
3
3
10
= 3a 9a 9
3
= 10a 9a 30 + 30
=a
10
.
3
a M
ax = xa =
x =
X
(1)|I| det
A j
jI
,I{1,2,...,k}
n
X
X
Y
X
(1)|I|
(i, (i)) .
=
sgn ()
A
j
10
3
3ax 9a 9 x + 30 =
(1)
jI
, k = 3, (1)
2 2 A1 , A2 , A3
a b = 3ab 9a 9b + 30
X
(1)|I| det
A j = 0
10
3
27a 80
,3
9(a 3)
,I[k]
49
S n
i=1
jI
, :
, J

j1 , j2 , . . . , jn .)
, I {1, 2, . . . , k} J I ,
aJ (2)
, (1)|I| .
|J| 6 n < k, r = |I| |J|,
0 6 r 6 k |J|, a J
(2)
X
(1)|I| det
A j
jI
,I{1,2,...,k}
n
X
Y
X
X
.
(1)|I|
(i,
(i))
=
sgn ()
A
S n
i=1
,I[k]
jI
, , S n .
ai j = A j (i, (i)) . :
,I{1,2,...,k}
n
Y
X
ai j = 0.
(1)|I|
i=1
k|J|
X
|J|+r
(1)
r=0
(2)
jI
|J|
=(1)
(2)
a J := a1, j 1 a2, j2 an, jn , J :=

j1 , j2 , . . . , jn ( j1 , j2 , . . . , jn
,
k|J|
X
k |J|
r
k |J|
(1)
r
r=0
r
=(1)|J| (1 + 1)k|J| = 0.
(2), (1), .
50
,
branch cut
49 ( )

ln(1 aix)
dx ,
x2 + m
i
, .
a
ln(1 aiz) = ln(az + i)ln i = ln |az + i|+i arg(az + i)

i
i
ln i = ln |i| + i arg(i) =
.
2
2
C : [0, ] C
A (R, 0) , B (R, 0).
z1 =
a > 0, m > 0
http://www.mathematica.gr/forum/viewtopic.php?f=9&t=7842&start=160
1 ( )
I1 =
x2
b2
I2 =
x
x2
c2
dx =
branch cut,
f ( ),
Z
, b, c > 0 .
2 (b + c)
f (z) dz = 2i Res( f, i m ) ,
C
i m.
Z
Z
Z R
it
it

f (z) dz =
f (Re ) iR e dt +
f (z) dz .
C
0
R
Z
Z
ln(1 aiR eit )
it
it
f (R e ) iR e dt =
iR eit dt .
2 e2it + m
R
0
0
R
Cauchy:
ln(1 + x2 )
dx = ln(m + 1) ,
2
2
m
x +m
ln(1 + x2 )
dx =
x2 + m2
0
!
Z
Z x
1
2y
y = xt
dy dx ===
2
2
2
x +m
0
0 1+y
!
Z
Z 1
1
2 x2 t
dt dx =
x2 + m2 0 1 + x2 t2
0
!
Z 1 Z
x2
2
t

dx dt =
x2 + m2 1 + x2 t2
0
0
Z 1 Z

1
x2
I1

2
dx
dt ==
1
2
2
2
t
0
0
x + m t2 + x
I2 =
Z1
Z
it
it
iR e f (R e ) dt 6

ln(1 ai R eit )
dt .
R
R2 e2it + m
R2 e2it + m > R2 |e2it | m = R2 m , R > m,

ln(1 aiR eit ) = |ln(1 + aR sin t aiR cos t)| =

ln 2 + 2aR sin t + i arg(1 + aR sin t aiR cos t) 6
dt =
ln(m + 1) .
t m + 1t
m
0
Z
ln(1 axi)
ax = y
dx ====
2
x +m
Z
Z
a ln(1 + y2 ) + i arctan y
ln(1 + yi)
a
dy =
dy
2
2
2
y2 + a2 m
y + a m
Z
Z
ln(1 + y2 )
ln(1 + y2 )
I2
=a
dy
+
0
=
a
2 dy ==
2 + a2 m
y
0
0 y2 + a m

ln 1 + a m .
m
3 1
3 + ln(1 + 2aR)
+ ln(1 + 2aR sin t) 6
.
2
2
2

ln(1 aiR eit )
3 + ln(1 + 2aR)
dt =
2 e2it + m|
|R
2R2 2m
0
0
3 + ln(1 + 2aR)
0 , R .
R
2R2 2m
Z
lim
f (Reit ) iR eit dt
=
0
R 0
Z R
Z
lim
f (z) dz =
f (z) dz .
R+
2 ( ) ln(1 aiz)
f (z) =
, z C, a > 0, m > 0
2
z +m
51
dt 6 R
f (z) dz = 2i Res( f, i m ).

ln ai m + i
Res( f, i m ) =
=
2i m

ln i a m + 1 + i arg i a m + 1 i/2
=
2i m

ln 1 + a m
.
2i m

ln(1 aix)
dx = ln 1 + a m .
2
x +m
m
n
X
ln( j/n)
1
1 + O ln n
=
ln(x/n) dx + ln(2/n)
n
X
j=2
n an
an
n
= e n ln n .
j=2
j=2
n

n
ln n
. :
an+1 an
=
n+1
n
ln(n+1) ln n
ln(n+1)
(n+1) ln nn ln(n+1)
ln(n+1) ln n
ln n
=
ln n+n 1 n n
ln n
1
=
1
ln(1+ n1 )n
n + ln n
ln
1
ln n + 1
1+ n
an
Cesaro-Stolz
: lim n = 1 .
ln(x/n) [2, n].

n
n
ln2 n
an
n
n
X
X
1
1
, 1 +
>1+
.
ln j
j1
n
X

P
1
n1
=
+ O ln12 n nj=2 ln( j/n) .
ln j
ln n
j=2
n
X
1
n1
=
+O
ln j
ln n
j=2
an
an
ln n = n .
n
ln n
ln(x/n) dx + O(ln n) = n + O(ln n) .
ln n 1 + ln( j/n)
ln n
ln n

1
ln( j/n)
, 1 <
+ O ln(ln2j/n)
0.
n
ln n
ln n
ln j
2 ( )
1 ( ) 2 j n
1
!
n an
ln n
n1
2
n
= exp
1+
+ O n ln n =
n
ln n

exp 1 + O(ln1 n) e .
ln( j/n) =
j=2
50 ( ) an =
P
1 + nj=2 ln1 j lim( n n)an
ln(x/n) dx ,
n+1
ln( j/n)
ln n
e .
52
51 ( ) An = {n, 2n, 3n, ...}

n N
A1 A2 ...An

Ai
J N ,
\
Ai
iJ
( ) A
x
A(x) = 0 x < A
A(x) = 1 x A.

(AB)(x) A(x) + B(x) mod 2.
x A1 An (A1 An )(x) = 1
A1 (x) + + An (x) 1 mod 2
x Ai .

modulo2.
( ) : .
A j ,
N . ,
m N . J , j J j > m
( J {1, 2, ..., m} = ).
m < A j , .
.
52 ( )

A, B AB = (A \ B) (B \ A),
.
53
, p 1 k.
,
k p 1, pk p p1 > (p 1) p1 . ,
pk (p 1) p1 + 1 > (p 1)! + 1 = pk ,
. .
53 (
) p P p > 5 (p 1)! + 1
p (
pk k N ).
54 ( dimtsig)

.
( )
p > 5 ,
(p 1)! + 1 = pk k. ,

(p 1)! = pk 1.

: (p 1)! 0 mod(p 1)2 .
,
p1
(p 1)2 = 2
(p 1) ,
2
, p > 5,
p1
2<
< p 1.
2
p1
, 2,
, p 1
2
1 2 3 (p 1) = (p 1)!,
.
, (p 1)2
pk 1 = (p 1) pk1 + + p + 1 .
, p 1
pk1 + + p + 1.
i {1, 2, . . . , k 1}
i
p 1 (mod (p 1)) ,
( ) 1 .
m
111...1 = m2 , n > 1.
|{z}
n
, m
1 9.
m m = 10a 1,
a N .
,
111...1 = 100a2 20a + 1,
|{z}
n
111...1 0 = 100a2 20a,

|{z}
n1
111...1 = 10a2 2a.

|{z}
n1
, ,
.
pk1 + + p + 1 k (mod (p 1)).
54
:
( ) f 2 (z) + g2 (z) = 1
55 ( )
S ,

s1 , s2 , ..., sn s1 + s2 + ... + sn < 1. S ;
( f (z) + i g (z)) ( f (z) i g (z)) = 1

f (z) + i g (z) , 0 z C
(z)
( C ) f (z) + i g (z) = e(z) .
( ) n N
An = {sk : sk n1 }.
( n
). S = An , S .
f (z) + i g (z)
(
56 (
) (entire)
f, g
f (z) =
e(z) + e(z)
f (z)2 + g(z)2 = 1 z C.
= f (z) i g (z) = e(z) .

)
f (z) + i g (z) = e(z)
f (z) i g (z) = e(z)
g (z) =
e(z) e(z)
2i
(z) = i (z)
f (z) = cos ( (z)) g (z) = sin ( (z))

(z) .
55
57 ( )
BE B

O
BO
3

= .
OE
2
.
2
AC
1 + = 1 +
. AB + BC
3

( )
ABE, BEC :
3
=
2
2 3
2+
3 = AB + BC + CA .
AB + BC
2
http://www.mathematica.gr/forum/posting.php?mode=edit&f=27&p=119266
1
1
AB BC = (AB + BC + CA)r (1)
2
2
AB
AB2 4AB BC + BC 2 = 0
= 2 3.
BC
AB
o
= 2 3 = tan 15
BC
sin C
= tan 15o .
sin A
C = 15o A = 75o .
AB
= 2 + 3 = tan 75o
BC
BO AB BC AB + BC
=
=
=
.
OE AE CE
AC
58 ( )

sin arctan
sin C + cos C =
1 + sin 2C
2
3
=
2
= 150
+ arctan
1
111
1
+ arctan
+ arctan
11
13
121
( )
1
1
2 1
2
AB BC = AB BE
+ BC BE
.
2
2
2
2
2
AB BC
BE
=
AB
+ BC
2
A = 750
2 ( )
(ABC) = (ABE) + (BEC).
1
1
1
+ arctan
+ arctan
3
5
7
arctan (x) + arctan (y) = z

x+y
tan z =
1 xy
!
x+y
z = arctan
.
1 xy
(1).
r
ABC BO = 2r
2 3
EO =
r.
3
56
!!
1
1
1
1
arctan
+ arctan
+ arctan
+ arctan
+
3
5
7
11
arctan
tan (x) = z

1
= tan
x
z
2
!
1
arctan
= x = arctan (z)
z
2
2
!
1
arctan
+ arctan (z) = .
z
2
1
111
arctan
+ arctan
=
13
121
1
1
1
4
+ arctan
+ arctan
+ arctan
+
7
7
11
13
111
arctan
=
121
7
1
1
111
arctan
+ arctan
+ arctan
+ arctan
=
9
11
13
121
43
1
111
arctan
+ arctan
+ arctan
=
46
13
121
121
111
arctan
+ arctan
=
111
121
1
1
1
+ arctan
+ arctan
sin arctan
3
5
7
+ arctan
57
1
1
111
+ arctan
+ arctan
11
13
121
!!
= 1.
3 ( )
A = AK AN = AP AB = AT AM =
AQ AC . (o) BC .
S T
A, M, S ,(S S ,
AS ) BC
M . S A M
M M AS , = PBCQ,
= QCS S , = ()//BC ,
ABCS , M
AS , M BC .
59 ( KARKAR)
A ABC
BC . (O)
A AB, AC
P, Q .
PQ S ,
S T . AT
M BC .
1 ( ) AQT P ,
AT AQP.
BPQC ( )
BC PQ.
AT
BC .
2 ( ) AM
S . PQ ( S )
S .
- A.PRQS .
BC// BC
AT .
4 ( ) N
[ = MAC
[ ,
PQ, NAP
ABC, APQ . S , A, O, N, T
S O,
[ = S[
[ = MAC
[
S[
NA = S[
T A = S[
AT , NPA
AQ NAP
( ).
58
QH
2Rr + r2
=
QH QA = KQ R = 2Rr + r ,
Q
r2
H
2R
=
.
Q
r
Q KL AH
=
=
r
R
2R
H
AH 2R
H = AH D = AD,
r
2R
r
QZ = A, ct, Q
.
, r2 = Q QA.
60 (
[ ] ) ABC
A , BAC
BC
.
ABC
.
1 ( )
,
p, c,
Q = (0, p), KQ KA = c(1).
BKC = 2A,
KBC
,
> 1,
KA = y0 x20 = 2 y20 y20 2 + 2y0 (2). (1)
x20 + (y0 p)2 = y0 + c (2)
2y0 ( p c) = c2 + 2 p2 .
c = p, c2 + 2 = p2
2 + 1
2
c = 2
> 0, p =
< 0.
1
1! 2
2
, Q, 2
.
1
2
( )

AW, AS , BAC = AEZ = AZE (
), c ,
.
: BAC = AEZ = AZE
KBFC, QZFE.
L, F, .
Q QA = r2
3 ( ) AD
A = AD2
() (c) AD B , C
B, C .
59
(o) (ABC) BC .
A , BC
(n)
(c).

( B C (n)) ,
(ABC)
(n ) (n).
60
61 ( )
C :

z +

|w| = |w2 2| = 2

1
1 2
= z + 2 = 2
z
z
2=
|w2 2| = 2 |w2
|z +
+ 2| = 4. w = z + 2 .
z2
z
|w + 2| = 4 |w| = 2.

= 2 z +
z2 +

1

2
= 4 z + 2 + 2 = 4 : (1)
z
z
i=1

z2 + 1 = 2 : (2)

z2
z2
(2)
= x + yi, (x, y R)
Q(x) = a1n P(x).

P(x) = (x x1 )(x x2 )(x x3 )...(x xn1 )(x xn )
P (x) = (x x2 )(x x3 )...(x xn1 )(x xn )
+(x x1 )(x x3 )...(x xn1 )(x xn )
...
+(x x1 )(x x2 )(x x3 )...(x xn2 )(x xn )
+(x x1 )(x x2 )(x x3 )...(x xn1 )
P (x) = (x x3 )...(x xn1 )(x xn )+(x x2 )(x x4 )...(x
xn1 )(x xn ) +... + (x x2)(x x3 )...(x xn2 )(x xn ) + (x
x2 )(x x3 )...(x xn1 )
+(x x3 )...(x xn1 )(x xn ) + (x x1 )(x x4 )...(x
xn1 )(x xn )+ (x x1 )(x x3 )...(x xn2 )(x xn ) + ... + (x
x1 )(x x3 )...(x xn1 )
...
+(x x2 )...(x xn2 )(x xn ) + (x x1 )(x x3 )...(x
xn2 )(x xn ) +.. + (x x1 )(x x2 )...(x xn3 )(x xn ) + (x
x1 )(x x2 )...(x xn2 )
+(x x2 )...(x xn1 ) + (x x1 )(x x3 )...(x xn1 )
+... + (x x1 )(x x2 )...(x xn2 )
: P (xi ) = (xi x1 )...(xi xi1 )(xi xi+1 )...(xi xn )
x2 + y2 = 2 x2 + y2 = 4 : (3)
(1) |(x + 2) + yi| = 4

(x + 2)2 + y2 = 4 (x + 2)2 + y2 = 16 : (4)
(3) (4)
(x, y) = (2, 0).
z2 +
z2
= 2 z4 2z2 + 1 = 0

2
z2 1 = 0 (z = 1 z = 1)
3 ( )
z+
=0
1 ( ) an = 1,
P (xi )
| = 2 |2w w|
=2
n
X
P (xi )
1 2
62 ( )
P(x) , n
x1 , x2 , ..., xn .

w = 2 z2 = 1.
z = 1 z = 1.
2 ( )

z +

ww
w = x + yi |w| = 2
|2w w|
= 2 w = 2 w = 2 ( x = 2
y = 0). .
1
1 ( ) |z + | = 2
1
ww
=w
61
p
1
) = , x , u1 , ..., un1 u1 , ..., un1
p
S
p ()
P (xi ) = 2(xi x2 )...(xi xi1 )(xi xi+1 )...(xi xn ) +

...+ 2(xi x1 )...(xi xi2 )(xi xi+1 )...(xi xn )+
2(xi x1 )...(xi xi1 )(xi xi+2 )...(xi xn ) + ...+ 2(xi
x1 )...(xi xi1 )(xi xi+1 )...(xi xn1 )

:
P (xi )
=
P (xi )
xi x1
+ ... +
n
X
P (xi )
i=1
P (xi )
2
+2
=2
1
x2 x1
1
xn x1
xi xi1
1
x1 x2
+
+
x2 x3
1
xn x2
xi xi+1
1
x1 x3
+ ... +
+ ... +
+ ... +
+ ... +
1
x2 xn
xi xn
1
x1 xn
!
xn xn1
(p )2 p p S
p
S
=
=
1
+
, x , u1 , ..., un1
p
S2
S2
(p )2
1
1
1
p ( xr1 + ... + xrn ) ( (xr1 )2 + ... +
=
2
p
( 1 + ... + 1 )
xr1
+
2
+ ...
!
x r1
i, j
xrn
xi x j
1
( xr
+ ... +
1
xrn )
=0
P (ri )
=
P (ri )
2 ( )

1
1
p
( ) =
+ ... +
= S , x , r1 , ..., rn
n
P
(xrn )2
2
...
x rn
62
ri r1
+ ... +
ri ri1
ri ri+1
+ ... +
ri rn

Εικοσιδωδεκάεδρον (τεύχος 9)

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Εικοσιδωδεκάεδρον (τεύχος 9)

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http://www.mathematica.gr.

To {Eikosidwdekedron} parousizei jmata pou qoun suzhthje ston isttopo

LATEX: Fwtein Kald, Anastsh Kotrnh , Leutrh Prwtopap , Aqilla Sunefakpouo

Anastsh Kotrnh , Nko Mauroginnh ,

Miqlh Nnno , Qrsto Tsifkh

na anaparaqje kai na dianemhje elejera.

qei eikosiedrik summetra

'Eqei 30 panomoitupe koruf st opoe

en to duadik tou poledro enai to

tou selda (http://www.mathematica.gr ) ap omda Dieujunntwn Meln.

Dieujnonta Mlh tou mathematica.gr

7. Girgo Mpalglou (gbaloglou)

1. Fwtein Kald (Fwtein) Genik Suntonstria

Lambrou) Genik Sun-

9. Miqlh Nnno (Miqlh Nnno )

3. Nko Mauroginnh (nsmavrogiannis) Genik Suntonist

12. Mpmph Stergou (Mpmph Stergou)

15. Kwnstantno Thlgrafo (Thlgrafo Ksta )

2. Andra Barberkh (ANDREAS BARBERAKHS)

6. Jwm Rakftsalh (Jwm Rakftsalh )

3. Kwnstantno Btta (vittasko)

7. Kwnstantno Rekomh (rek2)

4. Nko Katsph (nkatsipis)

8. Girgo Rodpoulo (hsiodos)

5. Anastsio Kotrnh (Kotrnh Anastsio )

9. Staro Staurpoulo (Staro Staurpoulo )

6. Jno Mgko (matha)

10. Baslh Stefandh (bilstef )

P(x) = x15 2012 x14 + 2012 x13 ... 2012 x2 + 2012 x.

A = 62006 + 32003 + 182001 + 92005

ab, bc, (a + c)(a c)

(6) k, m (2) (5) ,

h(x) = e f (x) f 3 (x) + 2 .

f 2 (x) + sin2 (x) = 2 x f (x)

f (x) + e f (x) = x + , x [1, e] . :

g (x) > 0 f (x) < 0, x (a, b)

(x a) f (x) = (x b)g (x), x [a, b]

f : {1, 2, . . . , 10} {1, 2, . . . , 100}

x + y|x f (x) + y f (y), x, y {1, 2, . . . , 10}.

QAB + QCB = QBC + QDC = 90o .

A = 62006 + 32003 + 182001 + 92005

(Gauss 1988) 62006

62006 + 32003 + 182001 + 92005

20112 + 2011 2011) = 2011 + 0 = 2011

P(x) = x 2012 x + 2012 x ... 2012 x + 2012 x.

ab, bc, (a + c)(a c)

x15 (2011 + 1)x14 + (2011 + 1)x13 ...

ab, bc, a2 c2 = (b2 + c2 ) c2 = b2

(2011 + 1)x + (2011 + 1)x =

a > b ab > b2 , a > c ab > bc,

= (x 2011 x + x ... 2011 x + x)+

(1) 2011 2011 2011 + 2011 ...

(z) = (5)2 4(m 1)(3m 2)

= 1 100 + 1 101 + 1 102 + + 1 1021

(m) = (20)2 4(17)12 = 400 + 816 = 1216

= 1 100 + 1 101 + 1 102 + + 1 10

= 6 100 + 6 101 + 6 102 + + 6 101

MDN = = 180 x y = 180

8av 93(av +2)

ABC, BCD, CDA, DAB

sin 70 sin(50 a) sin(70 a)

= d(AC, OM) = d(A, OM) = |yA x2A | 2 = |31| =

P(1) + P(2) + + P(n) = 1

f (1) + f (2) + + f (n) =

To {Eikosidwdekedron} parousizei jmata pou qoun suzhthje ston isttopo

Anastsh Kotrnh , Nko Mauroginnh ,

na anaparaqje kai na dianemhje elejera.

qei eikosiedrik summetra

'Eqei 30 panomoitupe koruf st opoe

en to duadik tou poledro enai to

tou selda (http://www.mathematica.gr ) ap omda Dieujunntwn Meln.

1. Fwtein Kald (Fwtein) Genik Suntonstria

3. Nko Mauroginnh (nsmavrogiannis) Genik Suntonist

12. Mpmph Stergou (Mpmph Stergou)

15. Kwnstantno Thlgrafo (Thlgrafo Ksta )

3. Kwnstantno Btta (vittasko)

7. Kwnstantno Rekomh (rek2)

4. Nko Katsph (nkatsipis)

10. Baslh Stefandh (bilstef )