ΕΙΚΟΣΙΔΩΔΕΚΑΕΔΡΟΝ 11

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LaTEX--: , : . LTEX.
.
Leonardo da Vinci
(32-) . 30
. -
- - quasiregular ,
( - ).
1+
(0, 0, ), 21 , 2 , 2
, 1+2 5 .
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5. ()
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3. ()
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24. ()
14. (emouroukos)
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15. (gbaloglou)
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16. (R BORIS)
27. (Demetres)
17. ( )
18. ( )
1. ( )
19. (dement)
2. (mathnder)
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21. (swsto)
4. (rek2)
22. (achilleas)
5. (hsiodos)
23. ( )
6. (bilstef)
6 ( ) x, a

1 ( ) 5. 50. 20. 1012. .

.
!
! .
1
2
8 5x
1
=
4
2
7x + 1
2 x 1,
2
x . x, a.

7 ( : KARKAR)
- .
2 ( )
, , ( ). , ,
. ,
.
8 ( : )
:
2015 (20162 9) 2017
2019 (20162 1)
9 (
)

(m + 1) x3 + m2 + m + 2 x2 m2 + m + 2 x (m + 1) = 0 m R
m , 1.
. , m , 1, .
. x1 , x2 , x3 x1 < x2 < x3
x2 m, , ,
3
m R x1 , x2 , x3
2
.
3 ( ) ,
: A = 999999 777777.
4 ( )

. 2 Km/h ,
3km/h 6km/h. 6 ,

10 ( ) (a, b) x2 + ax + b [2, 2]
x [0, 4].
11 ( ) M
AD ABCD P
B MC ,
AP = CD.
5 ( ) AB 6
ABE AE = 5. E.
12 ( )
K
T.
,
17 ( ) ~
, ~0.
,
T P Z .

~x
~ ~x = ~x + 8
~
~.
P = TZ.
18 ( ) E , E
:
x2
9
13 ( )
2
2
x xy + y = 21
:
y2 2 xy = 15
P , :
y2
=1
PE
= 2,
PE
PEE .
14 ( ) x, y
R , : x2 + 2 x sin(xy) + 1 = 0.
,
19 ( erxmer)
f (x) = 4 sx2 2 x x + 2012,
x s
x > 0. C f (1, 2012) :
15 ( KARKAR) AKLN ABC , (AB = AC)

AA . :
i)
.
A LKN
ii) (
) f .
iii) 2 sx + s > x x > 21 .
iv) lim f (x) = 2012
x x
.
v) ,
(1, 2) (0.5, 1)
.
20 ( )
( xi ): 0, 1, 2, ..., n , n N
2k + 1
, k N.
d=
2
) n .
) n = 2k + 1.
16 ( KARKAR)
ABCD M AB, N DC , : DC = 3 DN .
k = 2,
) .
) yi = axi + b , ab < 0
x = y sy = sx . a, b.
AN, DM S .
AS C
28 ( )
f :
, ,
21 ( ) m+2
m
z = m + (m + 2)i, w =
+
i, m , 1.
m+1 m+1
1) z, w.
2) m (OAB) = 2, A
z B w.
3) m , |z + w| = 2 2.
4) m , |z w| .
f (x)dx = 2
0
3 /4
f (x)dx.
1/4
xo (0, 1) : f (xo ) = 0.
, ,

22 ( ) 2 + 3ti
z =
1 + ti
t R.
29 (
)
2
f (x) = x + x + 1
() f .
p
x2 + 1)(y + y2 + 1) = 1, x + y = 0.
Z 1
1
()
dx
0
x2 + 1
() (x +
, , ,
23 ( KARKAR) : 8 x3
3
4 8 x + 15 15 = 0.
30 ( )
g : [0, a] R, a > 0 .
f : [0, a] R k f (x)+m f (ax) = g(x) x [0, a] k, m > 0 k , m
.
24 ( Ardid) f ,
f (x) f (x) = f 2 (x) (1)

x. f .
.
. f [0, a]
, ,
. (k + m)
f (0) f
1
2
f
2
3
f (x)dx =
25 ( ) f :
[0, 1] (0, +) [0, 1] (0, 1)

s
f (1) =
g(x)dx
1
1+e
1x x
1
2
dx =
x1 , x2 , x3 (0, 1) x1 < x2 < x3

6
f (x1 )
f (x2 )
f (x3 )
+3
+2
=0
f (x1 )
f (x2 )
f (x3 )
, ,
26 ( ) f : [a, ] R
[a, ] f (a) = f () = 0. (a, )
2 f ()
(a, ) f () =
31 ( )
f : [0, 1] [0, +) :
( a)( )
, ,
f (x) > 0, x [a, b].
f 2 (x)
dx +
f (x3 )dx 3
1
0
!2
x f (x)dx .
Rb
f (t)dt =
Rb
g (t)dt
x1 , x2 (a, b) x1 , x2
f (1 )
=e
f (0)
Z1
[a, b]
f : [0, 1] (0, +)
Z1
f (x)dx 1
32 ( ) f, g
27 ( )

, f (x1 ) f (x2 ) = g (x1 ) g (x2 ).

f (x) 2 dx 2
33 ( ) a, b, c
R, :
(a + b + c)2 9bc, (a + b + c)2 9ca
(a + b + c)2 9ab .
34 ( ) x + y = y + 2z = 5,
:
A = 2 x + 3y + 2 z
Juniors,
- -
35 ( ) Z2 x3 y3 = 2 xy + 8.
Seniors,
- -
39 ( )
x, y, z > 0 xy + yz + zx = 1,
36
q ( )
x +
[x] +
1 + {x} = 1
( x + y + z) (x + y)(y + z)(z + x) 2 2.
40 ( )
100.000.000 Fibonacci
( ).
Juniors,
37 ( )
ABCD a. BC E ,
BE =
Seniors,
DC F ,
CF =
a
2
41 ( KARKAR.) AA , BB, ABA B O M, S ,

. AA
BMB, BB AS A ,
O AA , BB S , M , AA BMB BB
AS A , A, B, A , B , .
G AE BF , G .
42 ( .)
ABC AD, BE, CF G. O1 , O2 , O3 , O4 , O5 , O6 ,
AFG, AGE, BGF, BGD, CGD, CGE ,
.

43 ( )
|a 3 b 5| >
4
4a + 5b
a, b.
38 ( ) O
(C) ABC(AB ,
AC) . H ABC .
AM (C) N . AM (C) P .
AP, BC OH AH = HN .
44 ( parmenides51) x A
A2 3 A + 2 I = O I x
O x ,
1 A2 (2 + 1)A + 2 I = O.
51 ( ) ~r(t) = (t, t2 , t3 )
x + z = 1.
52 ( Jeronymo Simonstone) ,

,
.
45 ( Putnam 2012) S
: S S S , :
x, y S , z S x z = y.
:
a c = b c = a = b a, b, c S .

53 ( dimtsig)
.
46 ( IMC 2004)
P(x) = x2 1.
P(P( P(x)) )) = 0.
| {z }
54 ( )
, , .
20.141,
.
2004

47 ( ) K
2. f : K K
1-1

55 ( )

.

sin = 0, 09 20m
. ,
44m .

, ,
. ,
100Kgr, 20Kgr, 60Kgr.
9 s.

.
80m
.
250N
.
. ( g = 10m/s2 )
() f (x + y) = f (x) + f (y) x, y K
() f (x) f (x1 ) = 1 x K {0}.
f f K .
48 ( ) A, An , n N,
m m . An A,
(An ) (A)
: > 0, N N,
n > N
(An )
(A) = {1 , . . . , m }.
m
[

z C : |z i | < ,
i=1
(B)
B, .
56 ( ) u : R R R, :

49 ( china university)
:
a) ux = 0,
b) ux = x,
c) uy = x,
d) uy = x + y
x ln sin x ln cos x dx =
0
( ln 2)2
8
4
192
e) ux = e + y.
.
50 ( .. ) f : C , . f
n n , f
.

57 ( )
x, y, z ,
||x + y|| + ||y + z|| + ||z + x|| ||x|| + ||y|| + ||z|| + ||x + y + z||.
58 ( ) (n )nN . (nk )kN
63 ( .-. ) ,
, ,
.
ni < n j i < j.
64 ( ) , , A ,
()
3 A = 3A 43 A.
59 ( ) R a, , .
.
60 ( ) f, g : [a, b] R. f
f (x) + f (x) g (x) + x = f (x) + g (x) , x [a, b]
f (a) = a, f (b) = b, f .
,

65 ( .. )
()
1
1 1
1, , , . . . , , . . . ,
2 3
n

() .
61 ( )
1
(an ) |am+n am an | <
, -
m+n
66 ( apotin) a, b, c d
m, n. .
62 ( ) f : R R
f (x + y) = f (x + f (y)), x, y R.
P (x) = ax3 + bx2 + cx + d

:
P (1) + P (2) + P (3) + + P (n) = n4 , n N
1 ( ) 5.
50. 20. 1012.
. .
!
!
.
http://www.mathematica.gr/forum/viewtopic.php?p=115911
( )
ab () x,
:
( ) A
B. B B1
B2 .
20[5(10a + b) + 50] + 1012 x =
= 100(10a + b) + 1000 + 1012 x =

= 1000a + 100b + (2012 x)

a, b (
1000a + 100b).
(
2012 x). ,
1912.
A
B3 B4. B

A. A B3 B4
. B

.
:
...
2 ( )

, ,
( ). , ,
.
,
.
3 ( ) ,
: A =
999999 777777.

. 2Km/h ,
3km/h 6km/h.
6 ,

http://www.mathematica.gr/forum/viewtopic.php?f=33& p=151422
( ) .
999999 = 1000000 1.
(1000000 1) 777777 = 777777 (1000000 1) =
777777 1000000 1 777777 =
777777000000 777777
= 777776222223.
7 + 7 + 7 + 7 + 7 + 6 + 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 + 3 = 54
http://www.mathematica.gr/forum/viewtopic.php?f=33& t=33726
( ) , ( ), a , b
c .
( )

a2 + b3 + 6c + 2c + 3b + 6a 6
.
46 (a + b + c) = 6 a + b + c = 9.
9 + 9 = 18Km.
4 ( )
10
5 ( ) AB 6 ABE AE = 5.
E.
http://www.mathematica.gr/forum/viewtopic.php?f=34&t=33497&start=80
1 (r) :
r
r
8 5x 1
8 5x 2
6 5x
=
=
2
4
4 r
r 4
r4
7x + 1
7x + 1 4x + 2
3x 1
2x 1 =
=
.
2
2
2
2
:
6
6 5 x 0 5 x 6 x
5
1
3 x 1 0 3 x 1 x .
3
x , x = 1. :
http://www.mathematica.gr/forum/viewtopic.php?f=34&t=33497&start=40
1 ( ) K M AB
E . AEB
E M , AM = MB = 3.
AE M , :
E M 2 = AE 2
AM 2 = 52 32 = 25 9 = 16,
E M = 16 = 4.
, KE = K M E M = 6 4 = 2.
K MA , K = AM = 3.
EK :
2
E = K 2+ KE 2 = 32 + 22 = 9 + 14 = 13,
E = 13.
6 ( )
x, a
1
2
8 5x 1
=
4
2
a1
a1
1
=1
2
a1
1
2
2
2
2
a1
1
2
4
2a 2 = 1
3
a=
2
7x + 1
2 x 1,
2
x . x, a.
11
1
=
4
2
2
a + b + c = 300 b + c = 300 a,
(b + c)2 = (300 a)2
b2 + c2 + 2bc = 90000 600a + a2
:
a2 + 4E = 90000 20E + a2
24E = 90000, E = 3750.
7 ( : KARKAR)
- .
8 ( : ) :
2015 (20162 9) 2017
2019 (20162 1)
http://www.mathematica.gr/forum/viewtopic.php?f=35&t=30871
)
1 ( )
2015 (20162 32 ) 2017
2015 (20162 9) 2017
=
=
2019 (20162 1)
2019 (20162 12 )
2015 (2016 + 3) (2016 3) 2017
=
=
2019 (2016 + 1) (2016 1)
2015 2019 2013 2017
= 2013.
=
2019 2017 2015
2 ( ) , x = 2016,
(x 1)(x2 9)(x + 1)
A=
=
(x + 3)(x2 1)
(x 1)(x + 1)(x + 3)(x 3)
=
= x 3 = 2013.
(x + 3)(x 1)(x + 1)
a, b, c , :
cb 60a
=
= 30a
E=
2
2
cb = 2E 30a = E
12
:
f (x) = x2 [2 + h, 2 + h], h 0
9 (
)

(m + 1) x3 + m2 + m + 2 x2 m2 + m + 2 x
(m + 1) = 0 m R m , 1.
. , m , 1,

.
. x1 , x2 , x3
x1 < x2 < x3 x2
m, , , m R
3
x1 , x2 , x3
2
.
4. 0 , f
f (2 + h) f (0) = (2 + h)2 4
h = 0. 0 ,
h > 2 f (2 + h) f (2 h) = 8h > 16. ,
4
4, .
, g(x) = x2 + ax + b
y = x2 .
4 4
A(2, 2).
2a = 2 a = 4 g(2) = 2, b = 2
: h > 0,
h < 0.
2 ( ) x = 0
2 b 2.
x = 4 2 16 + 4a + b 2.
4 16 + 4a 4 4 a 3
a
3
2.
2
2
a
[0, 4].
2
a
x = ,
2
http://www.mathematica.gr/forum/viewtopic.php?f=19&p=155336
(m + 1) x3 +
(

)
2
2
2
m + m + 2 x m + m + 2 x (m + 1) = 0

(m + 1) x3 1 + m2 + m + 2 x2 x
=
0

(m + 1) (x 1) x2 + x + 1 + m2 + m + 2 x (x 1)
=
h

i
2
2
=
0 (x 1) (m + 1) x + x + 1 + m + m + 2 x

i
h
2
2
0 (x 1) (m + 1) x + m + 2m + 3 x + m + 1
=

2
2
0 x = 1 (m + 1) x + m + 2m + 3 x + m +

2
1 = 0.
= m2 + 2m + 3 4 (m + 1)2 =

m2 + 2m + 3 2m 2 m2 + 2m + 3 + 2m + 2
=

2
2
2
m + 1 m + 4m + 5 > 0. m + 1 > 0
m2 + 4m + 5 > 0 < 0 m , 1 . x1 , x2 , x3
1
2
x1 , x2 = 1, x3 . x1 x3 = = m+
m+1 = 1 = x2 . -

a2
a 2
+b
x2 + ax + b = x +
2
, b
a2
.
4
a, b
b2
16 + 4a + b 2

.
)
2
2m+3
3 x2 = x1 + x3 = S = = m +m+
.
1
2
2
m + 2m + 3 = 3 (m + 1) m + 5m + 6 = 0
m = 2 m = 3, .
a2
2
4
: 2a + b + 6 0.

a 2 b + 2.
b
10 ( )
(a, b) x2 +
ax + b [2, 2] x [0, 4].
0 6 + 2a + b b + 2 4 b + 2 + 4 =
2
b + 2 2 0.
b = 2 a = 4.
1 ( )
13
11 ( ) M AD ABCD
P B
MC , AP = CD.
12 ( )
K
T.
,
T P Z .
P = TZ.
( )
KT
.
K o
bT = 90
K
b
K = b
ZK = Kb
= Kb
P = KZ, K
KP.
1 ( ) AS BP
T AS BC. ATC M
BT = TC . BS = S P,
AS BP AP = AB = CD.
, KPZ K
P = TZ .
2 ( ) PC M
BA E .
MAE, MCD AE = CD =
AB. PEB PA ,
PA = AB = CD.
14
y = 5 or y = 3 (I)
y2 + 15
(II)
x=
2y
* y = 5 (II) x = 4,
(x, y) = (4, 5).
* y = 5 (II) q = 4,
(x, y) =
(4, 5).
(II) q = 3 3,
* y = 3

(x, y) =(3 3, 3).
* y = 3 (II)
q = 3 3,
(x, y) = (3 3, 3). A = 2 x + 3y + 2z =
2 x + 2y + y + 2z = (2 x + 2y) + (y + 2z) = 2(x + y) + (y + 2z) =
2 5 + 5 = 10 + 5 = 15
13 ( )
:
2
2
x xy + y = 21
y2 2 xy = 15
( )
y , 0, y = 0
0 = 15, . :
2
2
x xy + y2 = 21
x xy + y = 21
y2 + 15
y2 2 xy = 15
x
=
2y
14 ( ) x, y R , : x2 +
2 x sin(xy) + 1 = 0.
!2
y2 + 15
y2 + 15
y + y2 = 21
2y
2y
y2 + 15
x=
2y
4
y
+
30
y2 + 225 2y2 (y2 + 15) + 4y2 y2 = 84y2
y2 + 15
x=
2y
4
2
3y 84y2 + 225
y = 25 or y2 = 3
y2 + 15
y2 + 15
x=
x=
2y
2y
( ) (x + sin(xy))2 + cos2 (xy) = 0, cos(xy) =

0 x = sin(xy). , x2 = 1,
x = 1 x = 1. cos y = 0
sin(y) = 1, y = + 2k k .
2
15
15 ( KARKAR) AKLN ABC , (AB = AC)

AA . : A LKN

.
16 ( KARKAR) ABCD M AB, N
DC , : DC = 3DN .
AN, DM S .
AS C
1 ( ) KNA L
KA2 NA2 = NA2 NL2

KB2 + BA2 KL2 = NC 2 + CA2 NL2
KB2 KL2 = NC 2 NL2
BKL LNC .
2 ( ) Q KL AA .
QL k AC QL AC .
A ABC ( ABC )
L : QCA
A LQC : (1).
KQA = QAC = KAA
KQA .
KQA NLC AKLN
KQ = NC . : (2).
KQCN (
1 ( )
ABCD AB = CD = , (ABCD) = a .
ZEAB, S .
AS M DS N :
1
DN
DS
2
DS
DS
=
= 3
= : (1).
1
S M AM S M
SM 3
)
(1) , (2) A LKN
16
3 ( ) L DM AC .
DS Z ES M
:
AL AM 1 DN
=
= =
LC
DC
2
NC
SL
LN CN 2
NL k AD
=
=
=
S D AD CD 3
2
SL 2
SL
=
=
SD+SL 3+2
DL 5
(S AC) 2
2
= (S AC) = (ADC)
(ADC) 5
5
AM k DC
SZ
DS (1) S Z
2
=
=
SE SM
SE 3
2
SZ 2
2
SZ
=
= S Z = : (2)
SE + SZ 3 + 2
5
5
(AS N) = (ANC) (S NC)
1
1
DC EZ NC S Z
2
2
1
1 2
2
(AS N) =
2
2 3
5
2
1
(AS N) = (ABCD) (ABCD).
2
15
1
(AS N) = (ABCD)
5
(AS N) =
2
(ABCD)
10
.
(ABCD)=2(ADC)
(S AC) =
(AS N) = 200/0 (ABCD)
4 ( )
CL
2( )
AB = 6k, k > 0.
AM = 3k, DN = 2k, NC = 4k.
LCDLAM
2LA,
(CAN) = (CDL) =
2(CAD)
,
3
(S AL) = (S DN) = x.
T S AC
E ABCD.
(S LC) = (S NC) = 2 x
AS
3
3
AS
AM 3
=
=
=
DN
2
SN 2
AN 5
(ADS )
T =
T =
(ANC)=2(ADN)
, 7, 5 x =
3 4
2 1
3
(ANC) = (ADC) = (ABCD)
5
5 6
5 2
3x =
1
E = 200/0E
5
17
(ABCD)
5
1, 5 x.
(ABCD)
2
x=
(ABCD)
15
(AS C) =
17 ( )
~ , ~0.
18 ( ) E ,
E :

~x
~ ~x = ~x + 8
~
~.
x2
y2
4
=1
PE
= 2,
PE
PEE .
( - )
~x =
~ , :
P , :
~0 = 9|~|
~ |~| = 0.
( )

~ = ~0, ,
~ , ~0.
~x =
~ , > 0.

x x = x + 8

~
~
~ =
~ + 8 ~
~

~ ,0

~
~
~ +8
~
~ =0
= 3, = 2 =
| 1| = | + 8|
2

= | + 8|
2 = + 8
( > 0)
(PE)
(PE)
(PE) 2
2
=2
=
= ,
(PE )
(PE ) + (PE) 2 + 1
6
3
= 8

E 5, 0

(PE) + PE = 6,
2 2 8 = 0
= | + 8|
5, 0 ,
( > 0)
= 8 ().
(PE) = 4
= 4 = 2 ()

PE = 2.
1 :
~x = 4
~,
( ) ( ) ( ).
PEE = 3 +
.
18
5,
( PE) ( PE ) ( )
q

51 1+ 5 3 5
=
3+ 5
r

2 2
=
5
5 12
32
= 16 = 4
E=
3 : () P
PEE .
(x, y) P.

2

PE = 2 x + 5 + y2 = 4
2 :
P (x, y)
1
() () .
2
1 4
2 5 = 4.
2
5
x2

PE = 2.
(PE) = 4
x+
2
5
+ y2 = 4
= 16 EK .
E K = x, EK = 2 5 x :
4
=
5
2
x+
x
= 0
x = 3 5 (

x < 3 ) x = 3 , y = 4 .
4 E K 2 = 16 EK 2
2
= 1.
y2
+
=1
4
4

2
y2
x2 x +
5
x2
4 =1 9
=0
4
9
x + 5 x x + 5
PKE
4 x2 = 16 2 5 x
y2
PK . PKE
2 = 4 E K 2
P ,
5
... x = ,
PK
E=
16
4
= ,
5
5
19
P ,
4
1 4
2 5 = 4.
2
5
19 ( erxmer)
f (x) = 4 sx2 2 x x + 2012,
1
2
f (x) > 0 x > .
f h

, 21 21 , + -
x s x > 0. C f (1, 2012)

:
x =
i)
.
1
= s x + 2012.
f
2
ii) ( ) f .
iii) 2 sx + s > x x >
1
2
iii)
1 f
1
x > f (x) > f
2
2
1
.
2
4 sx2 2 x x + 2012 > s x + 2012
iv) lim f (x) = 2012 x x
4 sx2 s 2 x x + x > 0

s 4 x2 1 x (2 x 1) > 0
.
v)
, (1, 2) (0.5, 1)
.
s (2 x 1) (2 x + 1) x (2 x 1) > 0
(2 x 1) (2 sx + s x) > 0
x> 21
2 sx + s > x
iv)
lim f (x) = 2012 4 s x2 2 x2 + 2012 = 2012
( )
x x
x2 (4 s 2) = 0
i) C f A (1, 2012)
:
s= ,
f (1) = 2012 4 s 2 x + 2012 = 2012

s 1
=
x 2
CV = 0, 5 > 0, 1
CV =
1
2
s
x
1
2
1
2
1
2
x = 1
v)

R 6 s = 3.
ii) x R f (x) = 8 sx 2 x,
f (x) = 0 8 sx 2 x = 0
x
x=
4s
x=
1
2
x>0

(1, 2) 34% + 13, 5% = 47, 5% (0, 5, 1) 34%

4CV
1
x=
2
20
) k = 2, n = 2 2 + 1 = 5, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5.
20 ( )
( xi ): 0, 1, 2, ..., n , n N
2k + 1
d =
, k N.
2
) n .
x =
0+1+2+3+4+5
15
5
=
= .
6
6
2
) n = 2k + 1.
) yi :
k = 2,
) .
y = x
y = x + b (1 ) x = b
) yi = axi + b ,
ab < 0 x = y sy = sx .
a, b.
(1)
yi :
sy =s x
sy = || sx || = 1 = 1 = 1.
= 1 (1) b = 0,
ab < 0. = 1 (1)
b = 2 x b = 5.
= 1 b = 5.
1 ( )
2 ( ) )
.

,
m
m + 1 ,
) n + 1. n
, n+ 1 , d ,
1
d N . d = 2k+
< N , 2k + 1 .
2
n .
) n + 1,
.
n+1

2
n+1
+ 1. 2
1 = 0
= 1 = 1.
n+1 =
n+1
1 n+1 +1 =
2
d=

m m + 1 = k + 1
n + 1.
m + 1 = k + 1 ,
(n + 1) (k + 1) = n k.
( )

.
k + 1 = n k n =
2k + 1.
n+1
2
:
n+1
d=
1+
2
n+1
2
m + (m + 1)
2k + 1
=
k = m.
2
2
2k + 1
n
= n = 2k + 1.
2
2
21
21 ( ) m+2
+
z = m + (m + 2)i, w =
m+1
m = 0 [ (1)] m = 2 [ (2)].
4)
i, m , 1.
m+1
1) z, w.
2) m (OAB) = 2,
A z B
w.
3) m , |z + w| = 2 2.
4) m , |z w|
.

!

m
m+2
i
|z w| = m +
+ m+2

m+1
m+1

!
!

1
1
+ m+1+
i ,
= m+1

m+1
m+1
|z w| =
1 ( )
1) z = x + yi, x, y R x = m, y = m + 2,
y = x + 2
z () y = x + 2.
w = + i, , R
m
m+2
, =
, m , 1,
=
m+1
m+1
m+1+1
m+11
=
, =
m+1
m+1
1
1
, =1
,
= 1
m+1
m+1
= 2 = + 2
w y = x + 2.
2)
A(x, y), B(, ),

!
m+2
m
OA = (m, m + 2), OB =
,
m+1 m+1
(OAB) =
=
=
1
2
1
2
1
2
|x y|

m m + (m + 2) m + 2
m+1
1
2
m +

2m + 4m + 4 m2 + 2m + 2

=
.
m+1
m+1
(OAB) = 2,

2
m + 2m + 2
= 2

m+1

m2 + 2m + 2 = |2m + 2|
m2 + 2m + 2 = 2m + 2, (1)
m2 + 2m + 2 = 2m 2, (2)
22
2 m+1+

2 m + 1 +
!2
m+1

1
,
m + 1

1
.
f f (x) = x + 1 +
x + 1
1
, x > 1 f (x) = x + 1 +
x+1
x(x + 2)
1
=
f (0)
= 0
f (x) = 1
2
(x + 1)
(x + 1)2
f (x) < 0, x (1, 0), f (x) > 0, x (0, +), f (1, 0], [0, +), x = 0 f (0) = 2.
1
x < 1 f (x) = (x + 1)
,
x+1
x(x + 2)
1
=
, f (2) = 0
f (x) = 1 +
2
(x + 1)
(x + 1)2
f (x) < 0, x (, 2), f (x) > 0, x (2, 1),
f (, 2], [2, 1),
x = 2 f (2) = 2. f
2 x = 0, x = 2, min |z w| = 2 2
m = 0, m = 2.
2 (
)
3) |z
+
w|
=
2

m
m+2

+
i = 2 2
m + (m + 2) i

! m + 1 m + 1

m
m+2
i = 2 2
+ m+2+
m

2 m + 1 2
m+1
m 2 m + 4m + 2

+
i = 2 2
m+1

m+1
!2
!2
m2 + 4m + 2
m2 2
+
=2 2
m+1
m+1
2

2
2
2
m + 4m + 2
m 2
+
=8
(m + 1)2
(m + 1)2
2

2
m2 2 + m2 + 4m + 2 = 8(m + 1)2
m4 4m2 + 4 + m4 + 16m2 + 4 + 8m3
+4m2 + 16m = 8m2 + 16m + 8

2m4 + 8m3 + 8m2 = 0 2m2 m2 + 4m + 4 = 0, m = 0 m = 2.
:
(x ty) + (xt + y)i = 2 + 3ti (1).
ty
=
2
x 2 = ty
(2).
xt + y = 3t
y = t(3 x)

a = (x 2, y),
b = (y, 3 x) (2) :
a = t
b , t R
a ,
det(
b ) = 0 (x 2)(3 x) y2 = 0 .
3 ( )
m2 2 m2 + 4m + 2
+
i,
3) z + w = ... =
m+1
m+1
|z + w|2 = 8
!2
!2
5
1
(3).
x
+ y2 =
2
2
M(z) (3), A(3, 0),
t R 1 + ti , 0 2 + 3ti , 3(1 + ti).
4 ( )
(2 + 3ti) (1 ti)
2 + 3ti
z=
=
=
(1 + ti) (1 ti)
1 + ti
2 + 3t2
t
2 2ti + 3ti + 3t2
=
+
i.
=
2
2
1+t
1+t
1 + t2
2
2 + 3t
t
z = x + yi, x =
,y=
.
2
1+t
1 + t2
:
2

2
m2 2 + m2 + 4m + 2 = 8(m + 1)2
. . . m2 (m + 2)2 = 0 m = 0 m = 2.
22 ( ) 2 + 3ti
t R.
z =
1 + ti
1 ( )
2 + 3it
z2
z=
,t R t =
, z , 3.
1 + ti
(3 z)i

z 2
z2
=
2zz 5z 5z + 12 = 0
(3 z)i i(3 + z)
x2 + y2 5 x + 6 = 0,

!
5
1
K , 0 , ,
2
2
(3, 0).
2 ( )
x +y
=
=
=
t
t2
+
i.
2
t
1 + t2
1 +

t = tan q, q , ,
z = 2 +
(z) = 2 +
2 2
tan q
1 + tan2 q
= 2 + sin2 q =
!2
t 2
1 + t2
4 + 12t2 + 9t4 + t2
2
1 + t2
9t4 + 13t2 + 4
2
1 + t2

t 2 + 1 9t 2 + 4
2
1 + t2
9t 2 + 4
.
1 + t2
2 + 3t2
1 + t2
A, B, G R :
1
1
5 1
cos 2q = cos 2q
2 2
2 2
tan q
1
(z) =
= sin 2q.
2
1 + tan2 q
, z = x + yi, x, y R
5
1
1
x = cos m, y = sin m, m (, ).
2
2
2
,
z
!
5
1
K , 0 , , 2
2
(3, 0).
3 ( )
z = x + yi x, y R :
2 + 3ti
(x + yi)(1 + ti) = 2 + 3ti
x + yi =
1 + ti
=2+
9t 2 + 4
1 + t2

A 2 + 3t2 + Bt + G 1 + t2
1 + t2
= A
2 + 3t
t
1 + t2
+
B
+
G
1 + t2
1 + t2
1 + t2
= Ax + By + G.

t :

9t2 + 4 = A 2 + 3t2 + Bt + G 1 + t2
9t2 + 4 = (3A + G) t2 + Bt + (2A + G)

3A + G = 9 2A + G = 4 B = 0.
A = 5 , B = 0 , G = 6.

x2 + y2 = 5 x 6 x2 + y2 5 x + 6 = 0
23
5
x
2
!2
1
,
4
!
1
5
K , 0 , ,
2
2
A(3, 0) z = 3 3 + 3ti = 2 + 3ti
.
5 ( )
t2
2 + 3it
t
= ... = 2 +
z = x + yi =
+
i.
1 + it
1 + t2 1 + t2
+ y2 =
x 2 =
t4
t2
t4 + t2
+
=
=
(1 + t2 )2 (1 + t2 )2 (1 + t2 )2
t2 (1 + t2 )
t2
=
=
= x 2.
(1 + t2 )2
1 + t2
!2
1
5
2
2
+ y2 = ,
(x 2) + y = x 2 x
(x 2)2 + y2 =
2
4

!
5
1
K , 0 , ,
2
2
(3, 0).
t2
t
y =
.
2
1+t
1 + t2
24
:
h

x 15
, + . 8
: f (x) = f 1 (x), f .
23 ( KARKAR) 3
: 8 x3 4 8 x + 15 15 = 0.
( )
f (x) = x. :
8 x3 15
= x 8 x3 8 x 15 = 0
8
(2 x 3)(4 x2 + 6 x + 5) = 0, ( )
x = 32 (
).
http://mathematica.gr/forum/viewtopic.php?f=52&t=16142
1 ( )
h
,
+

15
8
8 x3 27 = 4
3
8 x + 15 3
16(2 x 3)
. (2 x 3)(4 x2 + 6 x + 9) = p
3
3
(8 x + 15)2 + 3 8 x + 15 + 9
x = 32 .
24 ( Ardid) f ,
( )

16
4 x2 + 6 x + 9 = p
3
(8 x + 15)2 + 3 8 x + 15 + 9
f (x) f (x) = f 2 (x) (1)

x. f
.
(1).
f (x) = 4 x2 + 6 x + 9, x R ( )
.
27
4
g(x) = p
3
16
1 ( ) x R : f (x) f (x) = f 2 (x). x x

( x R x R)
f (x) f (x) = f 2 (x).
x R
2 f (x) f (x) = f 2 (x) + f 2 (x) ( f (x) f (x))2 = 0
f (x) = f (x) x R.
f .
2 ( ) f , x0 f (x0 ) , f (x0 )
(). f 2 (x) = f (x) f (x) ()
x x, : f 2 (x) = f (x) f (x), f 2 (x) = f 2 (x). : f 2 (x0 ) = f 2 (x0 )
f (x0 ) = f (x0 ), f (x0 ) = f (x0 ) ()
(). () x x0 , :
f 2 (x0 ) = f (x0 ) f (x0 ), () :
f 2 (x0 ) = f 2 (x0 ) f (x0 ) = 0, f (x0 ) = f (x0 ) = 0,
(), f .
(8 x + 15)2 + 3 8 x + 15 + 9
( ),
, 16
. 27
> 16
(1)
15
8
9
4
9
3
, 2 .

h
2 (KARKAR) x 15
,
+
,
8
:
3
8 x3 15
8 x3 15
= 8 x + 15
=
4
8
r
3
8 x + 15
8
8 x3 15
,
8
8 x3 15
, . y =
,
8
r
3 8 x + 15
f 1 (x) =
,
8
f (x) =
25
:
g(x1 ),0 f (x1 )
25 ( ) f : [0, 1] (0, +) [0, 1]

(0, 1)
f ( 1) =
1
2
f (0) f
f
2
3
f (x1 )
f (x2 )
f (x3 )
+3
+2
=0
f (x1 )
f (x2 )
f (x3 )
26 ( )
f : [a, ] R [a, ] f (a) = f () = 0.
(a, ) (a, )
2 f ()
( )

!
!
x+1
x+2
g (x) = f (x) f
f
, x [0, 1], 2
3
[0, 1]
x+1
2
x+2
1
1,
1
2
2
3
3
x [0, 1] f [0, 1] (0, 1)
x+1
2
x+2
1
1,
1
2
2
3
3
x [0, 1] f (0, 1)
x+1
g (x) = f (x) f
+
+
x+2
x+1
x+2
1
f (x) f
f
2
2
3
!
1
x+1 x+2
f (x) f
f
3
2
3
f () =
1 ( ) -
Rolle
h(x) = f (x) g(x)
h(x) = f (x) (x a)(x b)
f ()
( a)( b)
[a, ], [, b] k
h (k) = f (k) g (k) = 0, h (l) =
(a, ), l (, b) :
f (l) g (l) = 0.
h (x) = f (x) g (x), x

[k, l]
Rolle h (k) = h (l) = 0 h 2 f ()
h (x) = f (x) g (x) = f (x) (a)(b)
2
1
f
= ( f (1))3 =
2
3
g (1).
g Rolle [0, 1],
=
x1
!(0, 1) !g (x1 )
x
+
1
x
+
2
1
1
f
f

2
3
1
f (x1 ) 1
+
! +
! g (x1 ) =
0
f (x1 ) 2
3
x1 + 2
x1 + 2
f
f
3
3
f (0) f
(x a)(x b)
h(a) =
( a)( b)
f (a) g(a) = 0 h() = f () g() = f () f () = 0
h(b) = f (b) g(b) = 0
f ()
, h (x) = f (x) g (x) = f (x) (2 x a b) (a)(b)
g(x) = f ()
g (0) =
( a)( )
!
!
x+1
x+2
f
f

2
3
1
f (x) 1
! +
! g (x)
+
=
f (x) 2
3
x+2
x + 2
f
f
!
1 f (x2 )
1 f (x3 )
f (x1 )
+
= 0 6
+
2 f (x2 )
3 f (x3 )
f (x1 )
f (x1 )
f (x2 )
f (x3 )
3
+ 2
= 0, x1 (0, 1), x2 =
f (x2 )
f (x3 )
x1 + 2
x1 + 1
(x1 , 1) , x3 =
(x2 , 1). 2
3
x1 , x2 , x3 (0, 1) x1 < x2 < x3 ,
f (x1 )
f (x2 )
f (x3 )
6
+3
+2
= 0.
f (x1 )
f (x2 )
f (x3 )
x1 , x2 , x3 (0, 1) x1 < x2 < x3

6
2 f ()
(k, l) (a, b) : h () = f () (a)(b) = 0

2 f ()
f () = (a)(b)
2 ( ) f (x)( a)( b) 2 f () = 0
(a, b).
f (x)( a)( b) f ()(x a) f ()(x b) = 0
( f (x)( a)( b) f ()(x a) f ()(x b)) = 0.
26
Rolle
h(b) = 0 Rolle
[a, ], [ , b] 1 (a, ),
2 (, b) h (1 ) = h (2 ) = 0
f (x)( a)( b) f ()(x a) f ()(x b)
Rolle
f (x)(a)(b) f ()(xa)(x b) f ()(x a) (x

b) =( f (x)( a)( b) f ()(x a)(x b)) .

h(x) = f (x)( a)( b) f ()(x a)(x b),
h (x) = f (x)( a)( b) f ()(x a) f ()(x b)

[1 , 2 ] (1 , 2 ) h () = 0 f ()( a)( b) 2 f () = 0
.
x [a, b],
, h(a) = h() =
27
27 ( )

f : [0, 1] (0, +)
f (1)
=e
f (0)
Z1
f2
(x)
Z1
dx +

f (x) 2 dx 2
f (x)
22
( f (x))2
dx
( f (x))2 dx
f (x)
!2
f (x) dx 0
f (x) = 0 2 f (x) f (x) = 2, x [0, 1]
f (x)
dx =
f (x)
2x +
e2
f (x)dx = 2
, x [0, 1].
3/4
f (x)dx.
1/4
xo (0, 1) : f (xo ) = 0.
( )
a
f (x) f (x) = a f 2 (x) = 2ax + b.
f (x)
R1
R1
0 f 21(x) dx = 0 ( f (x))2 dx, a = 1.
f (x) =
f (1)
f (0)
f (x) =
= e b =
2x +
e2
e2 1
g (x) = f x +
f 2 (x)
1
2
21
g (x)dx = 2
1
4
Rx
g (t)dt 2 2x g (t)dt,
2
G (0) = 0. (1)
,

G 21 = 0. Rolle
h
i
G 0, 21
!
1
0,
G (x) =
g (x)dx (1) .
41
+ [ f (x)] dx 2
1
,
2
.
2 ( ) :
f (x)
28 ( )
f
:
- CauchySchwarz.
(1)
f (x) =
i1
= 2 ln f (x) = 2(ln f (1) ln f (0)) = 2
+ [ f (x)] 2
!
f (x) dx 0
1 ( ) -
Cauchy-Schwarz
( f 2 (x)) = (2 x) , x [0, 1] f 2 (x) = 2 x + c, x [0, 1]
f 2 (x)
f (x)
dx
f (x)
x
x
28
, G () = 0.

G (x) = g (x) + g (x) g
x
2

0 = g () g
g g () =
2
x
g ,
2
h
i h
i
0 = G () = g () g 2 g 2 g () .

i
h
i
h
g 2 , , 2 -
1 , 2 2

g (2 ) g (1 ) .
Rolle g

1 , 2 t0 (1 , 2 )

21 , 21 , g (t0 ) = 0. x0 = t0 + 21
(0, 1), f (x0 ) = 0 .

,
,
2
29
29 (
)
f (x) = x + x2 + 1
30 ( )
g : [0, a] R, a > 0 .
f : [0, a] R
k f (x)+m f (a x) = g(x) x [0, a]
k, m > 0 k , m .
() f .
() (x + x2 + 1)(y +
x + y = 0.
()
y2 + 1) = 1,
x2 + 1
dx
. f [0, a]
. (k + m)
f (x)dx =
( )
()
x R, x2 + 1 > x2
(1)
(1)
x < 0
x2 + 1 >
g(x)dx
1+e
1x x
dx =
1
2
x2
x2 + 1 > |x| (1)
x2 + 1 > x f (x) > 0
( )
x2 + 1 > x > x f (x) > 0

f (x)
x
=
> 0, x R, (2),
f (x) = 1 +
x2 + 1
x2 + 1
f .
x 0
. x a x
k f (x) + m f (a x) = g(x), x [0, a]

()
f (x) = x + x2 + 1

x + x2 + 1 x + x2 + 1
=
x + x2 + 1
k f (a x) + m f (x) = g(a x), x [0, a]

k2 f (x) + km f (a x) = kg(x)
f (x)
f (x) f (y) = 1
f (y) =
km f (a x) m2 f (x) = mg(a x)
= f (x)
f (x)
y = x x + y = 0
k2 f (x) m2 f (x) = kg(x) mg(a x)

kg(x) mg(a x)
f (x) =
k 2 m2
f 1-1, .
()
1
0
x2 + 1
dx
(2)
k, m > 0, k , m f [0, a] , g
.

f (x)
dx = ln | f (x)| 10
0 f (x)
ln(1 + 2)
1
30
. k f (x) + m f (a x) = g(x)
Za
0
(k f (x) + m f (a x))dx
Za
f (x)dx + m
Za
f (a x))dx =
Za
g(x)dx
g(x)dx
m)
f (a x))dx u = a x
x) =
f (a x))dx =
f (u)(du) =
f (x)dx + m
f (x)dx =
f (x)dx =
Z
0
1x x
e 1x
e 1x + e x
e 1x
= 1 = g(x)
e 1x
=
e
Za
0
f (a x))dx =
g(x)dx
31
f (x)dx =
1
2
+e
1x
f (1
1 f (x) + 1 f (1 x) =
Z1
0
Z1
g(x)dx (k +
g(x)dx
() (1 + 1)
Z
0
f (u)du
Za
Za
0
1+ e
e
Za
Za
. f (x) =
x = 0 u = a x = a
u = 0 du = dx
Z0
f (x)dx + m
Za
Za
f (x)dx =
Z1
0
dx
:
Z
31 ( )

f : [0, 1] [0, +) :
f (x)dx 1
1
3
f (x )dx 3
1
0
!2
x f (x)dx .
f (x)dx
Z
3
4
f (x)dx , 0
0
Z
!2
f (x)dx =
Z 1
3
f
x dx = 3
x2 f (x)dx
( )
2
2 x
x
Z
Z
h (x) = f (t) dt g (t) dt , x [a, b].
!2
Z 1
Z 1
3
x 3
x2 f (x)dx
x f (x)dx 3
f (x ) f
3
!2 Z 1
x2 f (x)dx
x f (x)dx
h (a) = h (b) = 0 h Rolle [a, b].
Rolle,
x1 (a, b) :
x f (x)dx = m,
2
g (t)dt
, f (x1 ) f (x2 ) = g (x1 ) g (x2 ).
, f
Rb
x1 , x2 (a, b) x1 , x2
( )
f (t)dt =
f (x) > 0, x [a, b].
4
f (x)dx .
3
Rb
a
2( ) :
1
(x m)2 f (x)dx = 0
[a, b]
f (x)dx = 0 = f 0.
32 ( ) f, g
!2
Z 1
Z
xdx
x f (x)dx 3
(x m)2 f (x)dx 0
f (x) = 0, x [0, 1]
f (x3 )dx
!2
f (x)dx
(x m)2 f (x) = 0, x [0, 1]
(x2 2mx + m2 ) f (x)dx 0
1 ( ) , Chebyshev,
x2 f (x)dx m2 ,
f (x)dx m , 2m
h (x1 ) = 0
x f (x)dx = 2m2
32
2 f (x1 )
Zx1
f (t) dt 2g (x1 )
f (x1 )
Zx1
Zx1
Rx1
g (t) dt = 0
f (x1 ) a

=
g (x1 ) Rx1
f (t) dt = g (x1 )
Zx1
g (t) dt .
g (x1 )
Zx1
Zx1
a
Rx1
a
g (t) dt
f (t) dt
Cauchy
( )
Ra
a
Ra
g (t) dt
.
f (t) dt
x2 (a, x1 ) :
Rx1
a
Rx1
g (t) dt > 0.
g (t) dt
=
f (t) dt
g (x1 ) , 0
f (t) dt
Rx1
f (t) dt > 0, f (x1 ) > 0
Zx1
a
x
Zx
f (t) dt
f (t) dt = f (x) > 0,

[a, b].
g (t) dt
g (t) dt , 0.
33
a
Rx1
a
g (t) dt
f (t) dt
Ra
a
Ra
g (t) dt
=
f (t) dt
g (x2 )
f (x2 )
f (x1 ) g (x2 )
=
f (x1 ) f (x2 ) = g (x1 ) g (x2 )
g (x1 )
f (x2 )
x2 < x1 .
Rx1
33 ( )
a, b, c R,
:
(a + b + c)2 9bc, (a + b + c)2 9ca
34 (
x + y = y + 2z = 5,
:
A = 2 x + 3y + 2z
(a + b + c)2 9ab .
1 (dr.tasos) ,
: (a + b + c)2 < 9bc (1)
1 (
)
A = 4z + 3y + 2z ( x + y = y + 2z
x = 2z)
A = 6z + 3y y + 2z = 5 3
A = 15
2 (T-Rex)
: y + 2z = 5 x + y = 5. :
A = 2 x + 3y + 2z = 2 x + 2y + y + 2z = (2 x + 2y) + (y + 2z) =
2(x + y) + (y + 2z) = 2 5 + 5 = 10 + 5 = 15
(a + b + c)2 < 9ac (2) , (a + b + c)2 < 9ab (3)

: a2 + b2 + c2 < ab + ac + bc
: a2 + b2 + c2 ab + ac + bc
, . , -
34
,
,

x y = 2 y {0, 2}
35 ( )
Z2 x3 y3 = 2 xy + 8.
(x, y) = (2, 0) , (0, 2)
36 (q )
( )
x +
2
x , y ( x = 4)
y = 0 x = 2
1 + {x} = 1
( )
y = 1, x3 2 x 9 = 0
.
x < 1, [x] 2

y = 1, x3 + 2 x 7 = 0
.
y , 0, 1 2 <
[x] +
2 xy + 8
x2
+ xy +
y2
1 + {x} < 2
1 + {x} < 0, , x 1.
[x] +
<4
[x] +
1 + {x} = 1 x,
1 x 0, x 1,
(x + y)2 + 4 > 0.
1 x 1 .
2 x2 + yx + 2y2 4 > 0
1 x < 0 [x] = 1
= 32 15y < 0 y , 0, 1.
1 +
2 < x y < 4.
1 + {x} = 2 {x}.
qp
1 + {x} 1 <
2 1 < 1
2 {x} > 1, .
,
x y .
0 < x < 1, [x] = 0,
, x, y
,
x3 y3 .
x+
35
qp
1 + {x} = 1
qp
1 + {x} = 1 x,
qp
x = 1
1 + {x} 1 0 < 1 x < 1.
x = 0 .
36
37 ( )
ABCD a. BC
E , BE =

3
a
DC F , CF = .
2
G AE BF , G
.
2( )
ABGC
= CAE.
, CBF
AKLN, KRML, RBE M .
+ AEN
= 45o .
AMN
CBF AMN
= AMN
.
CBF
= 45o
CBF + EAB
o
= 45 EAB
= CAE
.
CBF
1 ( KARKAR) AE
1
3
y = x + a , BF y = 2 x + 3a .
G
6a 3a
,
,
5 5
3( ) Q AG DC

AB k CQ ABE QCE
a
a2
a
(x )2 + (y )2 =
2
37
CF= a2
AB
BE BE= a3 EC= 23a 1 AB=a
=
=
CQ = 2a
CQ EC
2
ABkDQ
3a
FQ =
= DF F DQ
2
(AB, AF, AQ, AD) (B, K, L, D)
( B, K, L, D BD)
(FB, FK, FL, FD)
(B, H, Z, C)
( B, H, Z, C BC ). :
HZ
BC
BZ
BZ
: (1)
=
=
BC HC
HZ HC
AB k CF ABH FCH
38 ( ) O
(C)
ABC(AB , AC) . H ABC . AM
(C) N . AM
(C) P .
AP, BC OH AH = HN .
AB
BH CF= a2 = AB2 BH
a (1) BZ
=
= 2 HC =
=3
CF HC
HC
3
HZ
BZ
3
=
HZ + BZ 4
2a
[ 900
FCZ=
3 BH= 3
a
a
BZ
=
BZ = ZC = = CF
BH 4
2
2
[
45
[ = 450 LDF=
[ = 900 FLDB : (2)
LFD
DLF
AB k DF
AB
BG
AB DF=FQ AB ABkFQ FQ = GF
AK
=
=
KF DF
FQ
MGKBC
BG oo .
AK
KG k DF
=
KF GF
BM
2
BK
AB
a
=
=
= 3a =
MC KC DF
3
2
2 BM+MC=BC=a
BM
=
BM + MC 5
BM =
ME =
2a
2a a
: (3) & ME = BM BE =

5
5
3
a
15
: (4)
(B, K, L, D) (GB, GK, GL, GD)

B, M, E, Z ( Z GD AC )
:
1 ( )
.
:
ME
BZ
BE (4) 3
BE
= a =5
=
BZ
MZ
MZ
ME
15
(3)
a
BZ
= 5 BZ = = BZ Z Z
BZ BM
2
D, Z, G .
BDF FLBD, BCDF Z
( ) DZG
ABC (AB , AC) M

BC . P ( A)
(O) ABC
(K) AM , PM
H ABC

[ = 900 A, B, G, C, D
DGBF DGB
38
: OM, AP, BC ( T ) , AHT M ( H

ABC )
MHPAT ( AM (K))
H AT M (
)
T HO , T HOAN O
ABC
AN (O) T HO
AN HA = HN .
2 ( )
,
H PM AD (ADBC)
E PM (O).
MPA
900
EPA = 900 AE (O) ECAC : (1).
H1 MP AH AK = KH1 ,
KH1 MO
OMBC ( BC (O))
ADBC
OM
HE
M o BC
AD
AHE ( O o AE)
.

AH1 = 2KH1 = 2OM = AH H H1 T OAN
BHCE (
HA = HN.
AH = HN T
(1)
ADBC
OH, CB.
BH k EC BHAC H ABC .
AT M MH ,
P MH AT MPA = 90 .

P, H, M .
AH = HN
OA=ON=RO
AHNO OHAN ( ) OHAM : (1).

APMHP ( AM
(K) MBAH ( H
ABC ,
AP, OH, CB
AH M T .
39
, ,
: -
39 ( ) x, y, z > 0 xy + yz + zx = 1,
- ,
( x + y + z) (x + y)(y + z)(z + x) 2 2.
X
X
(a3 b + ab3 ) 2
a2 b2 = 2.
40 ( )
100.000.000 Fibonacci
( ).
( ) (x, y, z) 7 (a2 , b2 , c2 )
(a + b + c) (a2 + b2 )(b2 + c2 )(c2 + a2 ) 2 2
( )
Fibonacci F0 = 0, F1 = 1, F2 = 1.

(a + b + c) 2(a2 + b2 )(b2 + c2 )(c2 + a2 ) 4

(a + b + c)(
fn = Fn
[(a + b)2 + (a b)2 ][c2 (a b)2 + (ab + c2 )2 ] 4.
An = ( fn , fn+1 ) n 0.
{ fn }n0
[0, 9999], {An }n0 108
, m, n 108 .
Am = An , Am1 = An1
{An }n0 A0 = (0, 1).

{Fn }n0
104 .
Cauchy-Schwarz,
q
[(a + b)2 + (a b)2 ][c2 (a b)2 + (ab + c2 )2 ]
mod 10000
ab(a + b) 2abc.
(a + b + c)[(ab(a + b) + bc(b + c) + ca(c + a) 2abc] 4

a3 b + ab3 + b3 c + bc3 + c3 a + ca3 2.
40
:
(OP)(OM) = (OB)(OB) = (OA)(OA ) = (OS )(OQ)
= (OP)(OM) = (OS )(OQ) , (1)
(1), S PQM
(T )
PMQ = PS Q = 90o = QM A A , (2)
(L ), (2) MA = MA , S Q BB A S A
41 ( KARKAR.)
AA , BB, ABA B
O M, S , . AA BMB,
BB AS A ,
O AA , BB S , M , AA BMB BB
AS A , A, B, A , B ,
.
.
ABA B S PQM .
3 ( .) BM
B M AA ,
(K) ABA B B ,
1 ( .) K,
(K) ABA B K M AA
K M
M BMB , P BB K M O,
B, B .
, AA P (K),
PK AA .
Q,
(K) B, B BB
Q (K)
P, Q
AA , P (K).
, Q, O
A, A QS S O ( K, S , Q QK AA ),
S O BB AS A
.
, .
2 ( .) (L), (L ),
B MB, A S A
P, Q, A A, B B,
.
(L), MP BMB S BB,
B , N AA .
, BO B A BA , T,
(K), A, A .
, ABA B
, S T BB, S
BB, A S A
.
( KS S T S BB (L), AKA T
KT, K (K),
A S T = A KT = AKT = AS T
).
,
.
4 ( .) A MB =
A MB , (1)
B,
AA , (K)
ABA B Q.
QBA A
K M
AA , K (K),
A MB = AMQ AMQ = A MB , (2)
(1)
(2) B , M, Q
.
AA k QB MA = MA , Q. BA B A
PS BB
O (L), (K), (L ), (K)

ABA B , :
41
ABA B .
O1 O2 AG
O4 O5 GD, O1 O2 O4 O5 AD
.
2
, O3 O4 BG
O2 O6 GE , O3 O4
O2 O6
.
BE
2

KO4 LO2 , :
BB,
,
B A BA
A S A, S
BB .
, .
.
, ,
:
A MB = A MB
, (1)
A S B = AS B , (2), M, S
AA , BB K, .
K KB = KB,
(K), AA
X, X , A, A , ,
(KO4 LO2 ) =
AD
2
KO2 =
KO4 AD
=
KO2
BE
BE
2
KO4
, (1)
O1 KO3 = BGD, KO1 O3 =

AGF KO3 O1 = BGF ( ).
M, AD C BE .
, KO1 O3 MGC ( ).
, MGC AD, BE
2
CF , .
3
, MCD BGD
2
( -- ), MG = 2GD = AD
3
2
MC = BG = BE .
3
, :
AA .
(1), , BB
X S X (2)
X S A = XS A , (3), , (2), (3) ,
BS B , K M, K M
AA .
42 ( .) ABC AD, BE, CF
G.

O1 , O2 , O3 , O4 , O5 , O6 , AFG,
AGE, BGF, BGD, CGD, CGE ,
.
KO1
MG AD
, (2)
=
=
KO3
MC
BE
(1) (2) :
KO1
KO4
=
KO3 KO2
, (KO1 )(KO2 ) = (KO3 )(KO4 ) , (3)
(3) O1 , O2 , O3 , O4
( .) K , O1 O2 O3 O4 L,
O4 O5 O2 O6 .
.
, O1 , O3 , O4 , O6
O3 , O4 , O5 , O6
.
42
x O x
, 1
A2 (2 + 1)A + 2 I = O.
43 ( )

4
|a 3 b 5| >
4a + 5b
a, b.
( ) A2 = 3A 2I A3 = 3A2 2A = 9A 6I 2A = 7A 6I
A4 = 7A2 6A = 21A 14I 6A = 15A 14I .
, A = (2 1)A (2 2)I
( ) 3a2 5b2 .
r
5
2
2
. 3a 5b , 0
3
3a2 5b2 , 1
3a2 = 5b2 1. 0, 1 4 mod 5,
0, 3 2 mod 5.
1 mod 5,
.
|3a2 5b2 | 2.

|a 3 b 5| =
>
A A = (2 1)A2 (2 2)A
= (2 1)(3A 2I) (2 2)A
= 3(2 1)A 2(2 1)I (2 2)A
= (2+1 1)A (2+1 2)I

A+1 = (2+1 1)A (2+1 2)I ,
A = (2 1)A (2 2)I, 2.

2
|3a2 5b2 |
a 3+b 5 a 3+b 5
2
2a +
5
b
2
4
4a + 5b
2 =
A2 (2 + 1)A + 2 I = (( 1)A ( 2)I)2

( + 1) (( 1)A ( 2)I) + I = ( 1)2 A2
.
: 2
2( 1)( 2)A + ( 2)2 I
a, b N |3a 5b | = 2.
, a = 9, b = 7 |3a2 5b2 | =
|3 81 5 49| = | 2| = 2.
(2 1)A + ( + 1)( 2)I + I
= ( 1)2 A2 3(2 2 + 1)A

+ 2( 1)2 I = ( 1)2 A2 3A + 2I = O
44 ( parmenides51) x
A A2 3A + 2I = O I
43
45 ( Putnam 2012)
S : S S S , :
1 ( )
x, y S , z S x z = y.
P1 (x) = P( x) = x2 1
a c = b c = a = b a, b, c S .
Pn+1 (x) = P1 (Pn (x))

n.
P1 (x) > 1
( )
a S . e S a e = a.
e a = a.
c S . b S
c = b a.
Pn (x) = P2n1 (x) 1 > 1

n N n > 2 x R.
1: n y (0, +), Pn (x) = y
.
c e = (b a) e = b (a e) = b a = c
: . n = 1,
e c = c.
S ,
e.
x S . x S x x = e
x x = e. x
x (
).
o
n p
p
P1 (x) = y x2 1 = y x y + 1, y + 1 .

n. ,
Pn+1 (x) = y P2n (x) = y + 1

n p
o
p
Pn (x) y + 1, y + 1
p
Pn (x) = y + 1,
a b = a c a (a b) = a (a c)
(a a) b = (a a) c
eb=ec
y + 1 < 1 y > 0.
,
.
b=c
2: n,
Pn (x) = 0 n + 1 .
.
46 ( IMC 2004) P(x) = x2 1.

P(P( P(x)) )) = 0.
| {z }
: . n = 1 n = 2
P1 (x) = 0 x2 1 = 0 x {1, 1}
2004
44
() Pn (x) = 1 P2n1 (x) 1 = 1 Pn1 (x) = 0

n ,
.
n

2
o
P2 (x) = 0 x2 1 = 1 x 2, 0, 2 .
() Pn (x) = 1 P2n1 (x) = 2 Pn1 (x)
n o
2, 2 Pn1 (x) = 2

n 1. ,
, 1.
Pn+1 (x) = 0 P2n (x) = 1
, Pn+1 (x) = 0 n + 2 , .
, P2004 (x) = 0
2005 .
(Pn (x) 1) (Pn (x) + 1) = 0.
45
47 ( )
K 2.
f : K K 1-1
48 ( )
A, An , n N, m m .
An A,
(An ) (A)
() f (x + y) = f (x) + f (y) x, y K
: > 0, N N,
n > N
() f (x) f (x1 ) = 1 x K {0}.

f f K .
(An )
(B)
B, .
( )
f 2 (1) = 1. f (1) = 1, f
f .
, f (1) = 1. x
0, 1.
1
f (x2
= f 2
+ f (x)
+ x)
x +x
!
1
1
1
= f
=
x x+1
f (x)
=
( )
.
0 > 0 nk
Ank (nk )
f (x)+1
f 2 (x)
|(nk ) i | > 0
+ f (x)
(1)
i {1, . . . , m}.
|(nk )| |(nk )| 6 kAnk k
Ank .
Bolzano-Weierstrass , (nk p ) 0 .

f 2 (x) = f (x2 )
i=1

z C : |z i | < ,
(A) = {1 , . . . , m }.
f (x2 )
m
[

(1)
(1) x = 0 x = 1.
x, y K
f ((x + y)2 ) = f 2 (x + y)
det(Ank p (nk p )I) = 0.
2 f (xy) = 2 f (x) f (y)

(). 2, f (xy) = f (x) f (y).
f K .
: f . .. K = Z3 (t)
( Z3 )
f (k) = k3 .
det(A 0 I) = 0.
0 A.
(1) |0 i | > 0 i {1, . . . , m}
.
.
46
: -
49 ( china university)
:
x ln sin x ln cos x dx =
( ln 2)2
8
4
192
, f (z) = Logn (z) D = {z C : |z 1| < 1} (

Re (1 + z) > 0 ),
Gauss1
( )
1:
Z/2
1.
ln (sin 2 x) dx =
Z2

f 1 + eix dx
1
f (1) =
2
f (1) = 0 ,
Z/2
ln (sin x) dx =
Z/2
Z2
ln (cos x) dx,
Logn (1 + cos x + i sin x) dx = 0,
Z/2
Z/2
2
ln2 (sin x) dx.
2.
ln (sin 2 x) dx =
, 1.:
Z/2
2 x=y
ln (sin 2 x) dx =
1
2
0=
ln (sin y) dy
y=x
1
2
/2
ln (sin x) dx +
1
2
ix/2
Log 2 cos e
2
y=x/2
dy =
y=x
Z/2
ln (sin x) dx
/2
Z/2
ix
Log 2 cos x e
Z/2

dx + Logn 2 cos x ei(x) dx
0
x/2x
Z/2
ln (cos x) dx,
Z/2
Z/2
n
(ln cos x + ln 2 + ix) dx+ (ln cos x + ln 2 ix)n dx = 0,
2: n = 1, 2, 3, ..
Z/2
Z/2
n
(ln cos x + ln 2 + ix) dx + (ln cos x + ln 2 ix)n dx = 0.
1
2. .

Logn 2 cos yeiy dy
Z/2
Z/2

n
ix
=
Log 2 cos x e dx + Logn 2 cos x eix dx
Z/2
Z/2
ln (sin 2 x) dx =
ln (sin x) dx
Z
0
Z/2
Z

n
ix
=
Log 2 cos x e dx + Logn 2 cos y eiy dy
Z
Z/2
1
ln (sin y) dy
ln (sin x) dx +
Z/2
1
=
2
Z2
( ).
:
http://mathworld.wolfram.com/GausssMean-ValueTheorem.html
47
Z/2
I=
Z/2
ln 2
ln sin x dx =
2
x ln (sin x) ln (cos x) dx
2 , n = 2
x=/2y
Z/2

y ln (cos y) ln (sin y) dy
Z/2
Z/2
2
(ln cos x + ln 2 + ix) dx+ (ln cos x + ln 2 ix)2 dx = 0
0
Z/2
ln (cos y) ln (sin y) dy I
=
Z/2
I=
Z/2
Z/2
ln (sin x) ln (cos x) dx

ln2 cos x + ln2 2 + 2 ln cos x ln 2 x2 dx = 0
Z/2
Z/2
3
ln2 2
2
+ 2 ln 2 ln cos x dx
=0
ln cos xdx +
Z/2

(ln (sin x) + ln (cos x))2 ln2 (sin x) ln2 (cos x) dx
=
Z/2
3
ln2 2
+ ln2 2 +
ln2 cos xdx =
!!2
Z/2
sin 2 x
2
2ln (sin x) dx
ln
.1
Z/2
ln2 2 3
ln2 sin x dx =
+

(ln (sin 2 x) ln 2)2 2ln2 (sin x) dx
.1
I=
2ln2 (sin x))dx
16
2 ln2 2
16
ln 2
8
2 ln2 2
16
ln 2
Z/2
Z/2
ln (sin x) dx
ln2 (sin x) dx.
0
2 , n = 1
ln 2
4
192
ln 2
2
ln2 2
8
3
24
( ) 1:
C f : C , .
n g : C , f (z) = gn (z)
z . , f (z) , 0 z .
Z/2
(ln cos x + ln 2) dx = 0
Z/2
Z/2
Z/2
ln (sin x) dx
ln2 (sin x) dx
Z/2
Z/2
(ln cos x + ln 2 + ix) dx+ (ln cos x + ln 2 ix) dx = 0
0
ln 2
50 ( .. ) f :
C ,
. f n
n , f -
I=
2 ln2 2

ln 2 2 ln 2 ln (sin x) ln (sin x) dx
2
24
Z/2
(ln2 (sin 2 x) + ln2 2 2 ln 2 ln(sin 2 x)
Z/2
24
Z/2
24
.1

(ln cos x + ln 2)2 x2 dx = 0
Z/2
ln cos x dx = ln 2dx
0
48
f
. , ,
f
Z
f (z)
dz = 0

f (z)
: z0 .
ordz0 ( f ) f z0 . f ,
ordz0 ( f ) N. n :
n
ordz0 ( f ) = ordz0 g
.
,
,
: [a, b] . : [a, b] C
= n ordz0 (g) .
ordz0 ( f ) n, n.
, ordz0 ( f ) = 0, f (z0 ) , 0.
f ( (s))
(t) = exp
(s) ds
f ( (s))
2:
C
f : C , f (z) , 0
z . , :
(1) g : C ,
f (z) = eg(z) z .
(2)
f
f
t [a, b]. ,
(t) = (t)
( f ) (t)
(t)
( f ) (t)
( f ) (t)
=0
t [a, b],
g(z)
: (1) (2): f (z) = e ,

f (z)
f
= g (z) g .
f (z)
f
f
(2) (1): F
.
f
h (z) = f (z) eF(z)
h (z) = 0 z . , a C
, h (z) = a, f (z) = aeF(z)
z . a = eb g (z) = b + F (z), f (z) = eg(z) z .
f (z)
exp
dz = (b) = (a) = 1
f (z)
f (z)
dz 2iZ.
f (z)
, n
C f : C
, . n g : C , f (z) = gn (z)
z . 1,
f (z) , 0 z . 2,

1
2i
f (z)
1
dz = n
f (z)
2i
g (z)
dz
g (z)
n.
Z
f (z)
dz = 0 .
f (z)
49
!
!
1 1
1
1
1 1
& C , ,
A (0, 0, 0) , B , ,
3 3 3 3
3 3 3 3
51 ( )
~r (t) = (t, t2 , t3 )
x + z = 1.
52 ( Jeronymo Simonstone) ,

, .
( ) ~r (t) = t, t2 , t3

~r (t) = 1, 2t, 3t2 ~t =
~r (t) = (0, 2, 6t) .
1 + 4t2 + 9t4
1, 2t, 3t2
( ) : .
1
2
~b =

3
t
,
3
t,
1
.
=
..
=
~r ~r
= 0 . p 1 + 9t 2 + 9t 4
,
~
N
p . ~
~ = ~b ~t = .. =
p ,

~ N
1
9t3 + 2t , 9t4 1 , 6t3 + 3t

2
4
2
4
(1+9t +9t )(1+4t +9t )
, kn = 0 ,
p : x + z = 1
.
~a = (1, 0, 1) BeltramiEnneper
p ~x (x, y) = (x, y, 1 x)
~x x = (1, 0, 1) & ~xy = (0, 1, 0) , 2 = K , K
p
Gauss .

~a = ~xx ~xy = .. = (1, 0, 1) .
K = 0 3
~ k p ~~a ~ ~a = 0 .. 3t t = 0
,
K , L , M , 1
1
t=0,t= &t= ,
.
3
3
~r
~r
50
z, x, y, w m .

53 ( dimtsig)

.
x = mz, y = m2 z, w = m3 z
:
( )
1 .
m
m3 z z = 20141 m3 =
20141 + z
,
m .
z
20141 + z . z = k3
20141 + k3 = n3 .
111...1 = m , n > 1.
|{z}
n
, m
1 9.
m
n3 k3 = 20141 (n k)(n2 + nk + k2 ) = 11.1831
m = 10a 1, a N .
n k = 11, n2 + nk + k2 = 1831
n k = 1, n2 + nk + k2 = 20141
111...1 = 100a 20a + 1,

|{z}
n k = 1831, n + nk + k = 11
n k = 20141, n2 + nk + k2 = 1
111...1 0 = 100a 20a,

|{z}
1 : n k = 11, n2 + nk + k2 = 1831.
n = k + 11
n1
111...1 = 10a2 2a.

|{z}
n1
(k + 11)2 + k(k + 11) + k2 = 1831 k = 19.
, ,
.
z = 193 = 6859 m3 =
54 ( )
, , . 20.141,
.
m =
30

19
27000
.
193
30
193 = 10830,
19
30
y = ( )2 193 = 17100,
19
30 3
w = ( ) 193 = 27000
19
x=
( ) x, y, z
x, y, w .
y
z
x
= = y2 = xw, x2 = yz.
y w x
51

- - , , , v
, :
55 ( )

.

sin = 0, 09 20m .
,
44m .
,
, .
, 100Kgr, 20Kgr, 60Kgr.

9 s.

. 80m

.

250N .

. ( g = 10m/s2 )
(M + )u = (M + + m)v v = 4m/s.
9 s 9v = 36m < 44m,
.
,
v
F
= 2, 5m/s2 .
M
1
, x = vt at2 . 2
t = 0 s ( )
2v
= 3, 2 s.
t=
a
2, 5 s , a=
,
1
y |y| = gt2 = 51, 2m < 80m,
2
, .
56 ( )
u :
R R R, :
http:// http://www.mathematica.gr/forum/viewtopic.php?f=47&t=32440
a) ux = 0,
b) ux = x,
c) uy = x,
d) uy = x + y
e) ux = e + y.
( )
x = 20m, s = 44m, M = 100Kgr,

= 20Kgr, m = 60Kgr, t1 = 9 s F = 250N.

, (M + )gxsin, -, 1
(M + )u2 , ,
2
u .
: u = 2gxsin = 6m/s.
(solars)
a) u (x, y) = f (y) .
x2
b) u(x, y) =
+ f (y).
2
c) u (x, y) = xy + g(x).
y2
+ g(x).
d) u(x, y) = xy +
2
x
e) u(x, y) = e + xy + f (y).
52
57 ( ) x, y, z ,
( )

.
||x + y|| + ||y + z|| + ||z + x|| ||x|| + ||y|| + ||z|| + ||x + y + z||.
A = {a1 , a2 , ..., an , ...}

am A.
( ) :
am = an1 .
A {a1 , ..., am } al = an2 .
(kx + y + zk + kxk + kyk + kzk kx + yk ky + zk kz + xk)

(kx + y + zk + kxk + kyk + kzk) =

k ar = ank
(kyk + kzk ky + zk) (kxk ky + zk + kx + y + zk) +
k + 1
A {a1 , ..., ar }
(kzk + kxk kz + xk) (kyk kz + xk + kx + y + zk) +

(kxk + kyk kx + yk) (kzk kx + yk + kx + y + zk) 0

ank ,
.
58 ( ) (n )nN .
(nk )kN
ni < n j i < j.
53
59 ( )
R a, , .
.
60 ( )
f, g : [a, b] R. f f (x) + f (x) g (x) + x =
f (x) + g (x) , x [a, b] f (a) = a, f (b) = b,
f .
(
)
:
S = 2 + 2 + 2.

, : 2 + 2 + 2 = 4R2 .

2 xy x2 + y2

: S 2 2 + 2 + 2 = 8R2 ,
= = .
,
R
2 3
R.
=
3
( )
. h(x) = f (x) x,

h (x) + h (x)g(x) = h(x) (1)

h(a) = h(b) = 0. h 0.
. h [a, b] x0 (a, b) .
h (x0 ) = 0, h (x0 ) 0. (1) h(x0 ) 0, . ,

x1 (a, b).
54
61 (
)
1
(an )
62 ( )
f :
R R f (x + y) = f (x + f (y)),
, |am+n am an | <
m+n
m, n. .
x, y R.
1 ( )
1 f : R R ,
( ) :
|am+n am an | <
m+n
T 1 , T 2 ,
: (1)
m, n. (1)
n N
T1
R \ Q, f T2
: A = {a + b
T1
/a, b Z}
T2
R (Kronecker), -
lim (am+n am an ) = 0,
x an + bn
m+
A lim(an + bn
lim (am+n am ) = an : (2) .
T1
T2
T1
x
) = .
T2
T2
f (0) = f (an T 2 + bn T 1 )
m+
f (0) = lim f (an T 2 + bn T 1 ) =
lim (am+1 am ) = a1
m+
= lim f (T 2 (an + bn
( n = 1),
T1
x
) = f (T 2 ) = f (x)
T2
T2
1 .
2 a f (a) ,
.
: (1) x
x f (a), y = a y a,
lim (am+2 am+1 ) = a1
m+
.......................
lim (am+n am+n1 ) = a1 .
m+
f (x a + f (a)) = f (x f (a) + f (a)) = f (x)

an = lim (am+n am ) =
2 .
:
.
. f
a a f (a) , 0,
a f (a) (
2). x f (x)
f .

m+
= lim
m+
n
X
k=1
(am+k am+k1 ) =
= a1 + a1 + ... + a1 = na1 , n N .
n N
an+1 = (n + 1) a1 = na1 + a1 = an + a1 .
1 g(x) =
{an } a1 .
x f (x)
, x R
a f (a)
, ,
55
[0, T ] ,
f .
(2) x = 0 y R
f (x) = x + c, x R. (1) c = 0, .

.
f ( f (y) y) = f (0) f (g (y)) = f (0) : (3) ,
g (y) = f (y) y y R.
g R , f ,
2 ( )
f
lim g (y) = lim ( f (y) y) =
f (x + y) = f (x + f (y)) : (1) .
y+
y+
(1) x x y
x, y R
lim g (y) = lim ( f (y) y) = +,
g (R) = R.
x R. x g (R) = R,
y R , g (y) = x (3)
f (x) = f (0) , x R, .
f (x) = f (x + f (y) y) : (2) .

:
1) f (y) y = 0, y R, f (y) = y, y R,
.
2) y0 R , f (y0 ) y0 , 0.
(2) y = y0 x R
f (x) = f (x + f (y0 ) y0 ), f
T = | f (y0 ) y0 | > 0. f f (R) = f ([0, T ])
1) f (x) = x, x R,
2) f (x) = c, x R,
c .
56
E, F, G . - UT, VW .
( FI , ,
UT ), K, P I, N . PK
VW B.
63 ( .-. ) , , ,
.
1 ( )

EF, FG, E, F, G ( ) AB = BC = CD,
S .
T, S F
B, C, S H, S I , T
S I, S B, H, I, EF, FG,
.
BC F
FB = FC, BTCS .
FB = BE FC = CG.
BE, CG,
E, G , A, D EA = EB GD = GC
.
64 ( ) , , A ,
3A = 3A 43 A.
.
2 ( ).
( )
57
AB
B = E A + E A.
E :
M EZ
E
Z
E = 2M M .
E .
Z
Z 2 = 2Z 2 2Z.E E = 1 2M 2
= 2A
= 2,
B
A AB, Z = = 1, M Z, E B,
A = M, A = M = MZ.
3 =
AB
B
E A + E A =
2M M A + (1 2M 2 ) A =
3 43 = 3A 4A3 .
2A (1 A2 ) + A 2A3 = = 3A 4A3 .
E A + E A = AE = AE
AEB B
AB
B
AE
AE =
AB
B ,
AB
B
= E A + E A = 3A 4A3
3 = 3 43 .
58
65 ( .. )
()
n
X
1
1 1
1, , , . . . , , . . . ,
2 3
n
() .
k3 =
k=1
n
n(n + 1) 2 X
n(n + 1)(2n + 1)
,
,
k2 =
n
X
k=
n(n + 1)
2
k=1
a
( )
N N 1
2 1
,
,..., ,
N! N!
N! N!
n +
b
1
1 1
1, , , . . . , , . . .
2 3
n
c
2
n +
!
+ d n = n4 .
b
2
c
2
n2 +
f (x) = 4 x3 6 x2 + 4 x 1.
2 ( )
66 ( apotin)
a, b, c d
P (1) + P (2) + P (3) + + P (n) = n4

P (x) = ax3 + bx2 + cx + d
P (1) + P (2) + P (3) + + P (n 1) = (n 1)4
P (1) + P (2) + P (3) + + P (n) = n4 , n N
P(n) = n4 (n 1)4
an3 + bn2 + cn + d = 4n3 6n2 + 4n 1
1 ( )
k=1

a = 4, b = 6, c = 4, d = 1.
N ,

n
X
k=1
k +b
n
X
k=1
k +c
n
X
k=1
k+
n
X
( n, )
a = 4, b = 6, c = 4, d = 1.
=n
k=1
59

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1 ( ) 5. 50. 20. 1012. .

f (x) = 4 sx2 2 x x + 2012,

15 ( KARKAR) AKLN ABC , (AB = AC)

f (x) f (x) = f 2 (x) (1)

x1 , x2 , x3 (0, 1) x1 < x2 < x3

f (x) > 0, x [a, b].

, f (x1 ) f (x2 ) = g (x1 ) g (x2 ).

(a + b + c)2 9bc, (a + b + c)2 9ca

41 ( KARKAR.) AA , BB, ABA B O M, S ,

58 ( ) (n )nN . (nk )kN

P (x) = ax3 + bx2 + cx + d

P (1) + P (2) + P (3) + + P (n) = n4 , n N

20[5(10a + b) + 50] + 1012 x =

= 100(10a + b) + 1000 + 1012 x =

( ) (x + sin(xy))2 + cos2 (xy) = 0, cos(xy) =

15 ( KARKAR) AKLN ABC , (AB = AC)

KA2 NA2 = NA2 NL2

(AS N) = 200/0 (ABCD)

f (x) = 4 sx2 2 x x + 2012,

f (x) > 0 x > .

x s x > 0. C f (1, 2012)

4 sx2 2 x x + 2012 > s x + 2012

iv) lim f (x) = 2012 x x

lim f (x) = 2012 4 s x2 2 x2 + 2012 = 2012

f (1) = 2012 4 s 2 x + 2012 = 2012

A(x, y), B(, ),

9t2 + 4 = (3A + G) t2 + Bt + (2A + G)

f (x) f (x) = f 2 (x) (1)

1 ( ) x R : f (x) f (x) = f 2 (x). x x

25 ( ) f : [0, 1] (0, +) [0, 1]

h(x) = f (x) (x a)(x b)

h (x) = f (x) g (x), x

x1 , x2 , x3 (0, 1) x1 < x2 < x3

(k, l) (a, b) : h () = f () (a)(b) = 0

f (x)( a)( b) f ()(x a) f ()(x b)

f (x)(a)(b) f ()(xa)(x b) f ()(x a) (x

h(x) = f (x)( a)( b) f ()(x a)(x b),

h (x) = f (x)( a)( b) f ()(x a) f ()(x b)

f (x) = 0 2 f (x) f (x) = 2, x [0, 1]

( f 2 (x)) = (2 x) , x [0, 1] f 2 (x) = 2 x + c, x [0, 1]

G (x) = g (x) + g (x) g

x2 + 1 > |x| (1)

x2 + 1 > x f (x) > 0

x2 + 1 > x > x f (x) > 0

k f (x) + m f (a x) = g(x), x [0, a]

k f (a x) + m f (x) = g(a x), x [0, a]

k2 f (x) m2 f (x) = kg(x) mg(a x)

h (x) = f (t) dt g (t) dt , x [a, b].

h (a) = h (b) = 0 h Rolle [a, b].

, f (x1 ) f (x2 ) = g (x1 ) g (x2 ).

f (x) > 0, x [a, b].

(x m)2 f (x) = 0, x [0, 1]

(x2 2mx + m2 ) f (x)dx 0

f (t) dt > 0, f (x1 ) > 0

(a + b + c)2 < 9ac (2) , (a + b + c)2 < 9ab (3)

(x, y) = (2, 0) , (0, 2)

0 < x < 1, [x] = 0,

1 + {x} 1 0 < 1 x < 1.

(B, K, L, D) (GB, GK, GL, GD)

ABC (AB , AC) M

: OM, AP, BC ( T ) , AHT M ( H

EPA = 900 AE (O) ECAC : (1).

AHNO OHAN ( ) OHAM : (1).