yvriolo K6eE owirunoexer rnv unoypooitou ouyypo06o KqL rI o0poyi6o rou

eK6orLKo0 oiKouqAioo,

npoirne|(r{noron: 1989 AolrepneKriBoron: 1995

ISBN SET960 - 7007- 00 - x tsBN T3 960 - 7007- 03 - 4

Aiepo040 nqve[LarnuroKd BLBtuo :uyypoedoq: Boyydlnq:nov6qyoq TirAoqprpAiourOloKi.nponK6q Aoytol.r6g, Tdpoq|Copyright:Boyyd}\nq :nov6oyoq 1995 fpoerKdqepyodieq:Nrai<nTporJIo! Eflrp6^Ero 6K6ooqq: N(Kn :novbdyou EKrUnoroe-Ot&q-Mowd(: - A. :[opdq O.E. X. KorT. Zoxopdnouloq Krjnpou9 (Mooxdro), qI. 48.17.381 OY:IKOMAOHIVIATIKE: (AtO PA. EKAO:EI: - BIBAIONQNEIO ANAPEA IVETA:A - 35.A1.2s2 26* 106 81AOHNA * TdL 33.0j.265 * fax.33.01.2s2

n p6loyoq
lVIe tov -tpko our6 rdpo, nou nepdxelllq ev6TlrEq E llKounrlto Kors nrgoveroKo OIOXInpcipoTo, o^oKl,np6vEtor no n oetpo <OIoKInponK6q YLoP6q" OeopngnK oK6nq.ro ro np6To Kqolorovo ovoeEpgeioe 6toqopeq eworeq on6 Tn 6rovuopolK( ovdr\uon, rn Oeopioxoprulov Kor Bookdq fil 0eopio enrQoverdrv. :ro 6e0repo Korrp(To Keedloro npdxrol owiororxo n ea,Jpio rov nrKopnfr\rovKol ntgoveto|(dtv oloK^np(tlu6rov, o( eqappoyi] roL,q, broeopeq pe8o6eiorq Kor250 nEpinouqvqlunKo Iup6veqooKnotq KoL nopo6eiyUoro. lloreiol 61, xoro r6goq ouT6q 0o onoTeldo( 6vo snpowlKdFoitenUo y(orouq qornt6q KoL Touqofiou6oardq. Ano rn 6eon ouTn6E'rp6 r.:nox:er,:on pou vo euxoplorno(l) rouq FognpolKoiq Mopiq Mrovoriv (r. MKropo rou novntornpiou rnq Tepydqrrlq Kol r6po ep6u\aFi oro Tqryo^oyu6 lvol|roiTo rou TLoXdveopnoupyx)Korfxorr6v Afuvr6x. epeuvrFi poenporK6,yto rlq nolLnrpeq uno6eiEerq rouq. Euxoprdrdr oKdpq rnv K6pn pou, po8nponK6Poriho :'lov6dyou, yro rn Fonord r'qqorn 6ldp8oon Tov Xrpoypdqov Kotrov 60Krp(ov.

Aenvo lo!tuoq1995 Aoyy614q :nov66yos

:rn gvnpn rou poonponKo0 Miln Xooroirn, noueKELdorqKe

on6 rouq lro;\.ooq To 1943

EtBAtOrPAOrA
o) tl'lNrri grBlloygogao

Aoivo1967 I. TAAAN EH Y:.: "AoxiosLc Avoldpuv l{oen uor LK6v " 2. rEoP|ANofloYAoY r.: ">roLXELq B l.loonlorLKiqAvqlioeors" ,T6uoc (EK6doELr oooqtrovLKn 1985 Aqol KuoLoKr:6n ) 3- AA>XAA0fl0YA0Y A. "Avd,tepo Aoivd1987 uontmLkdIII"
(EKbdoeLs:uuadrv)

KAnn0Y A. I 5. I.1I:0YAH 8.: N P I KM q .: 7 . NETPENONTH :.. ZAXAPIAAH O. KAAAIIJIAA N. .

Trixoc l' AovLo!6q", "AnErpoo[Lx6c AvdluonB"' "iloonuorLKi

lihgnuorLKdv III" " oeitoro TEvLKriv Torotrovad Kqr :uvoptno!oxi "TvLKi

Aeivq 1967 Agivo1986 A0rlvq 1950

A8ivd 1988

oAPI4AKH B.I 8 . NETPENONTH :. . TI0T0n0YAov >.AovLsudc", T6!oq I "AneLpoorL(6( TIAI{ AKOYAIA E.: NToKA A.I "Mooiloro Klooor.(iiqqvdltoroc"
T O U oIL K o [ I I

Aoivo1988

Aoivo 1973

10. nAfiAflnT0n0YloY A.:":rorxELu An!poorLKot Aoy[o!0|, (EKbdo rq KopounEp6nouJ\ou Aorlvo1986 ) ll. :IPBEIAE. | Aeivo 1977 "li,henloiLKd" 12. T:AIKAf.: l.loonlsrtKd II" "Avdrrpo eooolovlKn 1986 13. T:lItA l.: liloonlorLr(6v"rdu.II Ar1vo 1985 "Mo8iloro TvLK(irv 14. o^YTZANH H.: Aoyloudq IIo/:uvoprioe[C floitrdrv !E"libgtlorLKoq ro0lnr6v" (Unjversity Studio Press) eeooolovr:Kq 1985 15. XAI H I.: llooqlorL(rirv"roU.B -Aeivo 1984 "Ildeduoro Avm6O0Jv l,: 15. XPY:ooAK'i 17. XPY:0Y^A A.r 18. XPEB.: ":!o[Xlo 0io(lnpr,rrl(oi AoyLot]o0" r'0lorlno0)IL(6c AoyLou6e" II AoyLo!6C" r6!oc "0loKtrnp{dr(6c B' A8ivo 1975 Aoivo 1965 Aoivo 1966

8) :avn BLB roypoef'a I. ASPLUN E. D : 2 . A Y R EF S. : 3 . B A L IN . P . :

in Integration" Ne$York 1966 "A First Course culus" "Differential and lntegral Cal
(Schaum's outl ine series) culus" "Integral Cal (Laxni Publ ications) l{ewYork 1963 liewDelhi 1985

4. Bl'fl N. P.:

t{e{ Delhi 1985 fiathenatics" "Engineering 5. BARANET{KoV G. (ln.:"Problems in MathenaticalAnalysis" ( lR) liloscow 1976 material till ANALYS III' "Tentamest 'rA Problem book in }lathenatical Analysis" (ltllR) Lund 1970

6. BENGT KLEFSJ|': 7. BERI{AN G.: 8. ERAND L.: 9. BURKILL C,: 10. DEMIDoVICH B.: l l . E F I M oA V. : 12. TLLIS R.: 13- (LAFA.: l{. I1ALIC S. | 15. pARZYNSKI .: 16- TRA 0AFIRR.: H.r 17. IiJEISBECKER 18.9lILLIrrl4So J.: 19, ZAANEN C.: m. 0IVINATZ A.: 2 1 . G I B S oG fi.A.: 22. HARTI4AN S. and I i4IKYSINSKI J.r I 23. HAIKIS T,: 24. KURAT0I,ISXI K.: 25. LANG S.r

Moscow 1980 E.l4.E. Aoivo 1984 "lloonuqrlKiAvdiuon"MErdqrpqcn First Coursein l{athenaticalAnalysis" "A (Cambrldge University Press) 1970 in llathefiatical Analysis" "Problms (l'llR Publ i shers) " l { a t h e m a t i cA a ln a l y s i s " (t4lRPublishers) " C a l c uu ls" (HarcourtSraceJovanovich lnc.) "Ca]culusRefresher" (DoverPublications) Analysis" "Matheflatical (t{iley EasternLmt.) Moscow 1976 l4osco$r 1980 flewYork 1978 Ne|.l York 1950

Eombay 1985 "lntroduction to M.thematicalAnalysis" (International 5t!dent Edition) London t982 "f'lateflatici superioare" (Editura Faclal Solver" "The Calcllus Problem "tebesquelntegration" "lntegration" "Advancd Calculus" (Holt Rinehartand l{inston) C "Advance da l c l l u s " (St. l.lartin's Press) Bucuregtl 1976 fieu York 1985 et{ York 1962 Aftsterdam 1967 NewYork 1968

Ne$ York 1958 Theory of Lebesque Measure and "The Integration', york 1961 (Percamon Press) oxfod-London-New Theoryof Integration,' "Lebesque (University of UisconsinPress) liladison 1970 "lntroduction to Calcutus,' (Pergamon Press) Massachussets 1969

I, II "Analysis" lesley Publishing Conpany)Reading {Addison 1968

25. LANG S.: 27. CSHA E t,J.: 28. SI|T,|0NS G.F.: 29. ATANSoI,i LP. :

Course in Calculus" "A Second (Addison UesleyPublishing Conpany) Reading 1969 " Integration" (oxFord ljnjversity Press) London 196l rrlntroduction andModem to Topology Analysis" (llccrdn-Hil1 BookConpany lnc. ) 1963
"Thoryof Functionsof Real V6riables" Vol. 1, (Frederic UngerPublishing comany) Neyr York 1955 Analysis" I,Il "A Courseof l.latheoatical (||1I R Publishers) l4oscow 1977 'A Courseof Anal ysi s" (Cambridge ljniversity Press) Canbridge 1960 "Differential 6nd lntegral Calculus" (l4lRPublishers) Moscow 1959

30. litKoLsKY s. .: 3 1 . P H I L L I PE S. c .r 32. PISKUNoV N. I 33. PROTTER }1. H. & | o R R EC Y. 8.: 34. ROYDE HN . L.: 35. RUOI il. : 36. RUDIN !i. : 37. JEFFER LY .: 34. HAYES A.: 39. DIEUD0 Nf J,: 40. HARD G Y. :

Analysis" "Uodeml.1athenatical (Addison l{esley Publishing Company) Rading 1972 "Real Analysis" (2nd Edition) NewYork i968 Analysis" "Principl es of llathsnatical (l4ccravr-Hil I gook Company l{el{York 1954 Inc.) xn a l y s i s "( 2 n dE d i t i o n ) " R e a la n d C o m p l eA (Mccraw-HillEookCompany lnc.) ew York 1974 "The Theory of Functions of t\,{o Real Variables" Toronto 1953 in }lathenatical Analysis" l{. Jersey 1962 "Problems of llodem Analysis" "Foundations (Academic Press) NewYort 1960 Mathematics" "A Courseof Pure (Cambridge llniversity Prss) Canbridqe 1952 l,loscow 1977 T o r o n t o1 9 8 0 Iloscor 1973 tund 1970 1939

(Thel4acmil lan Company)

4 I . D E M I D O V IA T. C : H "Problensin MathenaticalAnalysis" 42. 5|,{0(o|,{SKl E. I "calculus" 43. KUROSH A,: "Coursd' Algdbre superieure" 44. STERNEERG M.: " T i l l A n a l y sI I " (oUR) 45. TITCH}4ARSH E.: "The Theoryof Functions'r

NEPIEXOMENA lcalt l0 I: drfio9c morvioelc ord tn 6lqvtrouatLri alrdluon, rl orp(g lqlntlav xo! m ocdp[a nrFvld,v pLoq(npdylorr.katc) ouvdprnon AlqvuolorLki leroB]Uric..,...,...otJ\t6o .. ... . .. " ouvdprnon 6uo (npoyuotr.r<rlrv) ALovlogorrxi !ro9trnr6v,. ...,,.... " A[ovuolcrrKi ouv6prnon tpLd,v(npoyuorLKdjv) letogtrnfiiv ' .....,....,,.,...,.. l L o o o o L Kro eL leordq.. re 0^ ce o r 6 c . . . , , . . . . . . . . . , . . , . . . . . . ' dLdoopl o (L ) r l o! L 6LoeopLxo .................... Kaln0lec.,........... " ' ......,.,......,.... En ! o 6 v e L 6 c ., . . . . . . . Ealn I0 tI: ETLKUT0ILo oloxr.npduora 25 olod\np{irt] oo ' re o4 6 o u q . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . , . , . . . . . o A a 6 o EnL(o![tl[o 25 o' e460uq......,.., " Yno^ovLo!6q rt,NEnL(dtn0]\[ov olo(lnpr,ud!,Jv 27 o [6ouc.. .. .. .. . ... " l6L6rnreq ruv enL(du|lill(,v olo(trnooudr{,,v 30 noocrl9ioelq lieodEtoslq. ,,. . . ,, ' 30 nooa6eCyuo .... . ,, -.. . ... .. . ... . .x. o . .. . . 35 otrorinpdloid bLovuolcrLxtv ouvoptiolrv.. En[Koun0trLq 6' el6o!q " olo(Anqrt]6Tr,rv ^LdqopoL !0IIoLwolovLouo0 nLKounulLov (B ldouc) 6LovuolcrLKdv 37 ouvoprioeov ..........
oloKlnpoudTrlv I6L6rttec enLKo!fllltrLov B' L6ouc 6Lovuototr,(riv ouvooT6001v.......... (B' E(6ouc)npovuorLKJV ouvoprioeuv.. rl [nLxognilLqo^oK]\qpdilorq - lla0o6e0oeLc. noporrpioeLc .. . ... . " ovEoqrnoloc rou enLt(dpnttrLou olotlnpdvoroq :uviiKEc ' (fr6 ro 6p6!o rnc olodipllonC.. .... .. .. . .. . .... ,. .. (B EL6ous) :uvOiKEs yro vo LvoL uro dlooopLri rdpdotoon rdlro 6Lo9opLx6 " o^o(lnpduaros (B ea6ou() " :uvoiKq !n6vLotori rou enLKot/njtrLou oJ\oKlngiuoroq(B el6ouc) Kor tx6on nLKounitrLou u rou Green...,.................. 6 L n ^ o to l o ( l n p d u q I o-q o d p n l o EnLKolJnitrLo oloKilfijtdto o u v ( r L kT 66no....... (B ea6ouc) o avov nolldnld .................... ', ncpo6eayuqro. .,. .. , . , E[[Koli[0lLr,lv oloKlnpi,$6r(,lv [oopuoy6c 9' 46ouc.,......,.......

9 11 i2 12 13 17 19

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62 68

EnLqovLo oK tr do K l n p d u o or' o 1 d 0 u q . . . . . . . , , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . , . . o I i 6 o Ynotroy!s!6 q c n L e o v e r s ( !o .l )o v K l n p o ! 6 r uo r 'v E i b o u q . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " l6L6rnre r o v e n L { p c v L oo Kld oJ Kv trnpoudr oo ' v 1 6 0 u q . . , . . . . . . . , . -q nqpornpioEL Meo6roeLq,,...... E{popuoy6e rov nleovELoKrirv oloKtrnpoldrov o' ei60uq............ g ' EnLeovLo ox ld oKtrnpd[oro E(60uq............................ (B l6o!c) Tinor unotroyLo!00 enlqovLo(dvoioKinot.l|ldt{rv 6 L o v u o t / o r L (o 60 vv o p r l t o e o v . , . . , . . . . . E[leovLoKd oAoKlnp0uoro ouvootioov..,. " 9 l6ouqnpoyuorL{d)v nopoxnpioLq Me0o6euoeLc........ eedpnto rou Gauss,..,............ e d p n urd ou St0kes.......,.,..,,, ALdoooo oL troKlnp0rrlK r0 on l0r,...........,,,..,.,.....,........' A u l a v EA q oKioEL(..... ..................,. " " " "

134 135 136 137 142 145 147 150 151 162 168 176 180

A r a y o p i . r a L I d l a r a p a y d y i u d o o u si d r o u r o u E L B I j o ! a u r o i ! E o t r o L o 6 i n o r u d d . r i t p 6 t o ( } l r x c v e x r S ,l r e r r p o v u r r i , o o r o t o r L r d , r r r ) o , j r a o v o ] r r o l s N . 2 3 A 7 / 1 9 2 0 ,N . 4 3 0 1 / 1 9 2 9 r d N . A . 3 5 6 5 l o u 1 9 5 6 \ 2 5 4/ 6 2 N d . r o N . 1 o o / ? 5 , ) ( @ p i sl p o t r r i d o E e o r o u q u y l p c a i c .

I KEOAAAIO

AIAOOPEI YNOMNHIEIT ANO TH AIANYIMATIKH ANAAYTH,

TH OENPIA KAMNYANN KAITH OENPIA ENIOANENN
I. TIANY:I.IATIXJI AIIMY:H

o) lLavuowrr,|(f ouvdpqon uLoc (npqytorLric) lero&\ntis dlavto|lord tou ]Rr)

{ue eLK6vEc

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undpxeu a p ! s ! d s 6 : 6 ( c ) > 0 , t ; r o ! o s d o l e . r u c r<ioe t e lo,6l , rr. t-rol<6 va cLwL Lr't)-dL<e.

A t r o 6 e i x v r d Lr i r u n o e o v u o l o r u r r i o u l d p r f o n i f t ) = x ( t ) i r ( , ( r ) j + z ( r ) i , t . l q , B l d x r d p l o r o 6 L r i w o l ai { o , . u . , o , ) , d r d ! r + ro, d! eivaLi 1i6 ,rt):cr. lio urL)+r, Ilm z(t)=dr. twdxeLd uws 6l,a!ud!arori< o,.rvdprno4s: Ed1. i=i(r), o u d l l q u d r L u i o u v d p r n o nr c u t o [ o , B ] . ^ d ! d r L ' r i d! lin i(t)=;(to). A ! | 6 l o v u o r c r ! x , i o u v d p t r r o ! e i v c e o u v e x r i so e r l i s e r e l a , A ] , i { t t e r d . r e t o u o u v e x , j go r o 1",61. .ildr t [",8] )rLr duvexis oro to,

Aro6eix!erdL 6r! q 6LavuoudrLri duldprnoi i(t)=x(t.)l+rr,(t)j+z(t)i, i La,Bl EilaL ourexris oro onleio t. (ro LL,BI) cv oc ouvcptrioeLs x=

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= r ( t ) , 4 , . r r ( t ) , z : z ( r ) e i l q L s u l e x e { so r o t o . roodyoryos 6Lavuouarl)rris ouvdptnols: H 6LavusrdrLri ouuiprror i:i(!), rdyerd', * urripxer, te [d,F] rcpcltuyior,un dro onueioto ro d"* t",4, ilHSd . ro do'oaurdovoud(eto,. rcpriroyo< tls i oto t," rcr, '*

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llvetcu rcpqr,'yiouun 'Ero! opi(E[",s]. i I $ I l' *" r*

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ovoudqetcr,ncpdroros tns 6LqvuorarLx,iso'-rvtiplrcnsi.

?(t)=x(t)1*o(t)J+z(t)1, t [d,B] dio6EtxveH 6Laluoloi!'i ourtiprnon tau,itu erjwe rcooroviouun oto onleio t.e[o,B], qv oL duwpridels x=x(t) {,:0(t), z:z(t) ivaL raroylryioLrerdro to, T6te r:vaL: -i ! ( t o ) = r( t o ) i + t ( t o ) j r z (t o ) k . lbrorricrFr 2:

Ioriou! o0 sxaoelsl o/ rrrrr2, =rr!r2l - - .-i., i B) {ir.i,) =i!.fr-fr.i, vuourirov i,, i"). y) (;r'i,)'=i!'ir-if i, \ ,rolarovrI r2l.

(fr.i,

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oL &pdyoyo! 6euriposrpi,tns, ..,, vr,ootris rdns uEs 6Ldvr.rolorLxi. ouqiptnons, coigortcr ue cvrilovo tpdro !e rus cvticor,xes raoc.roiousrr,c npcllctraris surdptqons !uos ncoruorunisu6rc8rnris. A6cLoro rcL ooLd}:rro olorlip0,E uus 6r.curouctr.ris duldptndns: Oedporiretn 6uavuoucrurri o'r'xip"1oa i1t)=1tt)iro(t)J+z(t)i, t [o,Bl. ro odo L o f o 1 0 - r o o o L o t r c vo { o r r l o o u c d r o l d , F l , 1 4 s r o o L ( o v t a L ona tLE Lo6tlles o!.Lorouxo: t, I 1- rt 1- Ir L d) l!( ! )d!: llx(t )dr i+ll,!(!)d!lj+llz(r)dLl; )utJttll

11

ur [Ju,r'r".]t-[Jir.r".]t-[fa"rc]t. Jtt"r*=
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(tre rrdvco!{rdotero tou

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t|-a oo\,dctncni: Eln3 + n!' !e:

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?+(x,0,2 ).p(x,{,,2 )i+a(r,{,,)3+R(x,{,,2 )t, (x,,t,,2)Ern!.

Avdlotc opiaovrcu ou ou*o",jo"us, '

't t
*

i, h,Blra -n., i: asn. +8,,

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u ei = i t t l = x t t t i + r ( t l i . uei=i( u,o)=r(u,u)i+o(u,u)i ('1l=?(x,,1,).P(x,,t)i*q(x,o)j).

(n,!r{i),

uE: )=xr(u1,u2,.,.,u1)i1+x"(u'u2,..,,uo)i"+.,.+ , ,+xD(\,ur,...,un)iD.

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c) nisn ouldprrFas: e6oroi|l 14! rpc.rlotuxri ouvriptqan f(x,il,,z):A+lB (AEa:), rou eivau o'-rvexris x o u d r e r , o u v e x e i < r : e p u r i s r o p q v r i r o u sq ' t d e o v o u d g e r q Lx l i o n t i s f 4 6lalududrlri ouvdprndn:

Jr _ a{," az"'
I.l rlidn duuBoli(EroL lle tr,t i Slsdl. 'rrdu Eilql,l (1).

rr=s,"ar. ff i* :i i- i: r
i rrq i tIedris ro! fluilton. o rereotis f: * ljf

6LcoooLrd< ti o"oudcerou r.redri< ovd6e-

ouvdotnons:'Ecro ?=?( )ir B) Ar6rILon 6r.cvuoucturrls x,q,,z)=P(x,4,2 (tperiv !rdBlrruiv), yLd 'a(x,{,,2)jrR(r,0,2)i !os 66!ud!dlLi,i ouvdptnon ,:3 ,g *" ff eivcr owexei< oro AslFr. oloud(erd! crrirtr,q tns ? rcr, oupeorieeroL !e dirl ,i dfon n rporuorer'1 ouv,iptnon:
AP AQ AR ar'a,!'az

trv onoic urooltouue6tu undpxouv ou ucp,ris ropri.r.vou

t3
IdxJ.L 6t!:

o),v(graorr: -:. + --- + ----:. ax' a0' Az'

rLd ro roonyo'ilelo ,iopouorc rd! ?ous ovlgorr,ouo'Js V'?r xprlor,lronor,orlle 'i af.

."r"*,i. *
olris tou Laplace.
y) rtpood (r1 repr,orpooi)

r#.#

ovoudseraL 6Laoop,.xds terE-

or,avuourtr,xris oouiptrrolc ouuiprroa:

SeupoilE rrt 6lavudlarlxi

f=f11,,1,,"y=e11,,p,21i+q(x,rt,,z)J+R(x,0,2)l or, ueprrls ncpdrorou o' t<iteuJs rr,c rrv oroio ulositoule dtL unrioxouv r{.v
P, Q, B )iaL eava! oulexels. o!o!{i.tcL dtpoe'i (i raL ipLorpoo{)trrs ? ncu or.rugotirerc! rot? (i cud? i it? ri v:?) r or,cruouctr,ri o,.rvriprro,r,

- fi)r il.r=""i?=(;i #)"(* - s*)r.(;?

t&caflicnor:

(1),

ti I
o riros (1) rpriqercLxci, !otf= I Ei

t^

I0;t

' !e trl! ropcripncn 6-

tc cvorliooouue ttv opigouso

rc oror,xEia tns rpdrns rpcuuris.

Albotor rdm! u figFprrodc telert(

t. 2. 3.

tr=e""ar= ff l. ff i- jf r
sletl(a+b)=srade+sradb slsd(tlr)=!sradf, ?(e*h)=0q*?b. ?(uf)=!ir. (rra) + g!adc=d, (c otcsep,i) p srsd(eb)=osradh+bslsda e ErealJ \b/ \_ hsEd4-esadh +
h2

ic=d.,. i( ol )=oir,*uio . ?f_q\=

\b/

hvo-ovb
b?

7,

e' i=pl*cj*Fl,

trjte ro orjrroorol?

'cpr,ctriv"e tor rereorri:

F e : P a x + Cr U :+ R ;

s.

iV)F+( Fv)v <+ v( Fi)=Fx(vrv)+vx(9\F)+ crad( Fr)=Fx!oL,+ex!otF+( +(i v )F+(FV )v.

9.

lnrearl=',/ | i! | +l !i | +l {r I 'dx,/ d'!/ dz,/

/ \ \ \

,/,/.^\,

/!\,

/"-\,

10. 11.

tra;"r-fr.S-$
div(uf)=!divF, (lla)

(6rou FPi+Qi+Rk)

12.
13. 1q. 1s. 16.

div(F+fr)=divF+divfi
iliv(fF)=Fsradf+filivF + div(Fxl)=flrctF-Floru + aivi=o

tr(F+f)=E-f+fi
9(fF)=(9f )F f(VF) 9(ft9):$(VIF)-F(g:tr)

(i cldoEpd 6!d!uqro) (' ao2 222

div(sladf)=9(9f)=V'f:

1?. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22.

..,i=il.r=(# #)r,(;: :+)r.(* #)n

rot(!F)=!ro!1, (! ea) va(F+l,l)=vxF+VxD 94Ff(gxF)-FxVf lot(F+!l):lotFrrotl,{ rot(tT)=frolF-F,(Bradf) rot(sr8df)=0 div(!otF):0 +

(drou F=Pi+Qi+Bk)

9x(vf):0 9(9xF):0

23.

rot {.otl )=srsd(divfi )-?,1 <+ i, (i,l)=i(il)-i"F

2a. lor(F fi)-fdivfi-fiai'F*tfiilF-tl?ti+ t'ri'fi l=FrSfi l-firff)r(f$)f-(fi)fi ,'. ;f = 6iu oi v u 4 a # . , - : f " , - # , , - ( i s ) i , ; - u i . r , , , r " , n , ) ,l o v a 6 L o
dlr!.ipr4q f(x,q,): A +]B ,0 )i{e(x ,0)}. (AcAr) rcL rB rr! 6!a-

ILo tn! rcsludrLri vuolcrrxri

oov<ipt4on l+(x,d)=p(r

o) sradf= t

i+

ii!=

(rriorr rqs f)

15

6) divi=# + # ') -"f=# #

(c,dx^!on rns l) (reouorpo rq n. sil )

oeu

I p o d o x i ! H r e p L d r p o o , ir L d t n 6 L o ! , ) d u d r L r i o u v , i p " n o nl = p i + q i 6!a!u('r,drLri suvdprqon, alld npdyudr!rh suvoplrroq. ldpdrqos mrd 6oEJ0u!d't dto n'?r!! d +lR,6rou oro nl

SEoOorjlE tn ouldprron f: 'do. io*r],..j.

r\sn2 xou tn 6*vus!or!x'i Ndtd

uorn

o v o u d r e r a L r d o d . r o y o sr i s f o t o o n l e i o t r ( x , 0 ) 6Lcliuvol a0 sq! oulEoliaetaL =.:-i1 . ro 6oLo: doo

ff=*t*"+* .#.,-#". *lfftt*l "r"." ff

. ILa rn ouvdptnon f: oriqEtqL A +n. ;,=",i-".j+",i, ,-uvdn do roL oulBo\a(crdL r. : r" dq"

(1)

\2)

ll. AEE3 xaL yLd rn 6dvuoirdrLni

!o!d6o

ndodyoyos tns I o t o o n ! . [ o M ( x , 0 , 2 ) x a r d t a 6 L -

g!1!_t

)-f(x,4,,2)

( 3)

al(,M) = !!.!!.1 o,r lllrl ", a x ",*

6L6topoL oplo|rot

('r)

8ool.Irrt6 |re6l,o (i Apr0|l'|rrK6 rE6[o)

o v o l d c E t d L B d i r s r d r i c o o o u n t u x r ir : 6 i o , i v a r - r r o o r j v o r A o touA3 (dvldo l o L X ar o u l R , ) , o e x t l o e o n l e j o I t ( x ) 0 , 2 ) ( d w i o r o l x q M ( x , 4 , ) ) , r o u o l o i o u (q\,ridroLovruorouxei n rLui f(u) r,ucs 'rpcruoru i< ouvdprions f(x,0,2) rd f(x,0)). H r p d y r r d r L r i o l l d p r n o n f , o p u o u d r r to e x d g e o n ! 6 i o u t o u A , o !o!da.rdL Bo0!6ti ('i corsunrL'i) ouvriptnor ri rau Bceuor6 (i ap',!!ru6

^Lovuolorl|(6 n6[o ololdseroL 66ruorrsrLr,5 reoio lw n'), x.i o. rd! onleio n(x,,t,,2) ,r r"u,i ltM) uLds 6w!uo!arlris

urooJvoro A roual

(ovtiotouxo rcu (cvriotouxc

(ovriorolxo u(x,0)),

rou oroio! dvtloro!-

o,*io-nons i(x,0,")

t6 i(x,,1)), H 6Lovrrdrdrlrii suvdprtonI opLolrdvr se ridoor!io u rou A,

loud(erdL rdL 6Lalusldrr,16 rE6Lo.

o-

Aor960alo6Lovu(rl[r !x6 n6lo

6Lqvuouollxd F=ei.qj'Ri riyerqL qdtpd0ulo, cv oe rtioc onueio rou ei'"u rotf=d. ".0i" trlrlvoslbcc 6lqvuotor!(6 re6[o 'rvc olcvuolcrLtj ns6io l=pi+oj+Rt, rou oe ntise oqyeio rou ejvcu aivFo ovosdCetcLool$,oer6;s. Arqvuqlrlrd rE6ao rco rpodo(dt! ord 6ulrqrrr6 'rrla 6udlluqrarLrd i=pi+ej+ri riee 6rr, rpolp1etcr, cr,j ""0i" cv rxripxer, !r,o rpsyuaruci ouldprndnf(r,O,z), titouq rou: 'Evo

ovwrr"r,i

lf =etx,,r,,"r' # =n(x'+',r lf =ot',+,"r,

H ouvrirrnoq f(x,O,z) ovoudrEtor, rdre 5urruurli tor.rouovuoucruxorj reoiou f, H uxqvriricuqwvxcio ouvsrixr,,jsre to 6uovuouct,,xd reoio F vo rpodpxetcu arrj owcrrrrri eir",, rotfi=d. I ouvouurriouuiprnon otnv reoinroon cuax l{ tz r i o l v e t o uc r d r o v r J r o f ( x , 0 , 2 ) = l P ( i , 0 , 2 ) d t + l a ( d , t , z ) d t + l R ( q , 6 , i ) d t ,
ld 'g ,Y

r c o r u e i o( q , B , y ) e d v o i "d v o r u r c j o o r r u e i o t o u r e o r j o o p r , o l o r jr n < i .

llntd olord4gd|[E 6rltvuotrr !(drv ouvooElo.r'ry

0eopoiye rrt 6uovr.roucturo r lu u i p r n o n i : (T-cn?) +A?. opiretau qr,j tr! To olorlipqrla I r,ddtnro:

* llFdrdil,,r o u e i w r

dra 6Ld!ud!c ro!rR,,

6rou ii eivcr avd dldTepd 6!.ivuo!o roulR2.

fpLrdtd olo(lnC|lm

6lowot dtrriv

out@dloarv
(o<]R1) +]n3. To olorripdud:

Seoporiue tn 6LoludldrLri ouuiprnor i: III ,lJId'd+dz,

10. civoL ava 6-dvuoud'oJFr ooJqerdL a1d 1nv Lo6tnra: od! .d,.eou6 yLvdlevo 6uo 6r.cuouaturriv

tt ouvriprnon ;i

ouvoptioeuv,

e ivcu lruc rocyrrorlxri ouv<iotnon.

17

;JfJr.,.*",-ffla***
00
,ir"r; "i,",, ivc qtcsepd 6Ldvudld rouar

II. -

KIIIIYAE'.ENI.IIEIE

ol lqrtfrt

{ rdto rotfid,|nc
rdlr'jh ( i r d L r 6 t o r o l r , i r a < ) r o u x d p o ul F t r t o o r j v o l or o

ovoudrerorr

orleio! to!n! iou oL ouurayuaves rous eivoL olvapTlioEL< !!ds !raFln'Eto! ris. o r , 6 L g d o e ux z : z ( ! ) r o p u o t t i v o u v s= r ( t ) , 0 = { ( t ) , !rq rq!riIn ro! x6pouE!, H uEroBlnri t olordt.tdL rcpriretoos. [E xdoE tuli tns p d ri r p o D t q r r j d v o o r , r i o r r u o h , e l o v r e s r o ' , x e i ; v q o n l e i o M ( x , U , z ) e o r r r i t r n s . M r , or d l i \ i l n vdotnon i(t)=x(t)i+,1(t rdrns

c ioulF: rcooortivercs raL !. !!a 6L,avuolatLsl ou)j+z(t )fi ( ouov'jouorcri egiooon rns rcur0,rns). t(i), z(t).ivqL o u v x . i s o t o o u < i o r n u o[ o , B ] 0=0(t)

A v o L o u v a p t i o r , sx ( i ) ,

r r j r e n r o u n r i r n r r i y e t c u o u v e x r i so r o [ o , 9 ] . , \ v d l o r q o p i ! e t o e I x a l r i l f r o u x l l p o ul R ' z . o ! . t l o o i d E L s x : x ( t ) , r e o i n t o o na u r r i e d l d L i ( t ) = x ( t ) i + ( , ( t ) j , te [.,p],

rqpLotdvouv pr,c xcurrirr rou]n'?. H 6LoluoldrLrri etiaoon rrts xqrrritrqsotnv

Apxrr6Ko! !c.lrr6 on|lao sv6c r6tou c

8eoporjre ro t6to rruosxor:rirrs c, u eidooni=i(t), te [r,O] .r. 'n!io x(i(o)) Iiretor oprr,r,'otleio (op)('i)ro! t66ou c, evri to onrrei,o N ( i ( 6 ) ) r a y . r o " t e r u r 6 o n u e i o ( r i p c s ) t o u r 6 E o !c , A v i r . l = i t s l , ""a'" It=tt, trjte I rc!nirq c li.retoL xrelori.

* i,

EriqsnLo cuorqp,js opuo!6s eivor o eeis: 'Ed.o !6 e<n +n3, to dJvoro i(A) r,e i=ittl, v"o rdse tel, ro!n!,

ouldorndn: ovoetisetcu rcAvd^oyo opi!-

! 6@!uo!oiurii ropopetpu i giooo'r;=;(t). raL uLq rautrll! .o! A?. liilr 2

18 AIAOMI OPI'OI c, lre 6r,svuouctLri.eior,,oni=ittl, te[d,9].'o-

s e o p o , j u eu u q r c u r i l n

tcv n tcprilErpos t dudlero! ord ro c oto 8, ro onleio It {ns xdrirJtrqs oro oroio cvrrotor,xei to 6Ldv!,ouo o;oos i(t) xureiroL eri rrs ro!trilns c d16 ro onueioA (t=o);os to onle;o 8, (t=8). 'EroL opiCeou uuq rood 6 w - r p o o r i st n s r o u t , i r n s ( c r r j r o A r p o s t o B ) . A ! r o o n ! i o M r w r i t d ! ( e n i t n s c ) , c r r i t o o n u e i o B t r o s t o o n y e i o A , l d r E d x o , J r et ' r r c v t i g r t r o o p t ! o u o r p c o r i sr o v o f r e i o v t f s c . c r o c i r e r n o o p < it n s l ; y E t a L 6 p d r o s . A ! ! ," r , i r n , p o x i q r 6 r o A o r o B , o 6 p 6 ! o s d u ! 6 o r i l e r a ! u i i l n 6 L o y o d o r o rr c, orlv ovrig.rn nep;rroon ou!9oli6ErdL ue -c, H rp6ri avrig.in oopd rou oprlocr:e ovoldqetq! ouui9ds osri,ri M L a x d v o v ! , x r ir " u n i l r xd!E

roc.i n 6e &,rn (n

tn! ipdlns) orordlEraL crvntortl eood. Mlq xqutriln ovord<ercu voo o \ ) o , o l r d r a \ ) n6 r d v d x e ! r d 9 o o L , o o Er i r o e t u x i ( r i I c p v r r t u x i ) e o p < it n s . o'rueio l.1o uucs rcrrrjlrs c (oro ororjo dvrr,orgr,xEt: i(to) n tLui to rns idpdldroou t) ld.yerae oucli q! !'rdpx.L n top,iv"ros . Oldli rdwilr: 'lw

"."
lt,

.i,." itt"X6.r"
l.l!o rdui'iln

c iou 6Ic rq onrreic rqs eivou ouard rlyetqL

"C"n"

itt"l=d, rrjre to onueio no rd.retcu ovducrooplrl uur$-

rurexrlsrclrttn; Mla rcurirr c !e egioooni=i(t), te[c,e], (ilR?) dloL oulExis. owexris qv n o,oiprnsn i, [.,s] *n. .

rdretcr,

4{a rd!r6li: MLqxorn6tn c !e eiqoo4;;(!), t [o,a],rir*cr rBic cv r.rrripxeu *" t ,el *" ir"lrd, n ,op,ivrro<i(t) rou eivce o,.rvex'is ,"o r d o et e [ c , p ] . Ar uoq rqutitrn qrorereiro! ond 6!q6oxLrd r6ao (retrEpaoudld ro rlilos) leid! xduri^o\,, trjte rdretou xcrciruiyot" reL". A i nurJU: llr,c xcufiirr ue eCiooorri=i(tl, ^dyroL atri dla! 6e!xeu onueioourorouris,6ala6i a! n ouxiotnoni=i(t), t [d,8] eivor ,,1-r',
dro 6Ldotnla (a,B).

xautljln JoFitas: uLa xlLsfli

,rdurilf

rou a'? i 10! E3 llYraL

rduriln

Jord& av i!q!

ouvexis roc cnrri, Ouivuorc: 'Eoro c lLa lEio rourirn tl. idddn

xotc6Loio eronou.uLrri

i=ittl,

"o

or,dvusuc i= ffi

-*t.*.,

6ldr,ur,ow6r-io erdrrouevu*i

19
oF rns c 610 d'lrio i(t).

B) filldrellc

ErLod!.uo: o!o!rir.ra',* err,rriura ro oirolo rov snredo'v(x,0,!) a' rou lravoroLo6v tns uopqis: rlc E[ldoidn
(1).

{!c eil,edvLa repulpdretcr, i olj utr.giooon rns lopeis (1) i !6 uuq repuoodtepes E!o6dELS lnS !oporis:

rla roirr trito5os 1us trlv i.olypoori ur,c! eruq.i\reuds eivcr, I ropolEtor,nri rqpddtadn,6nld5rlI erLed\)ELd npL.lpdo.tdL !e tpELs .Elodoels ro! lropd4ou! rq r!{,,2 oulapr{o.o 6uo rapa!arp0r\,,6nla6'1{,rdr,:

x=r(u,r'), 0:0(u,u) r z:z(u,u)

) a, (acn,), ! (u,u
T;Ios dv oeopioooutr 6r,rvuorctr,xrlorriw i, lrE aoxi to on!io 0(0,0,0) )rdr, r6ods ro ruxar:o on!i,o(x,0,2) ur,oserr,oriver,cs, .xourc trjte rn 6oqvusuctr,xti rapauEtpLr{egisuJon rns enr,griver,os, rov elwr, nr

i(u,u)=x(u,uli+otu,ulj+z(u,u)i
( u , u ) A , ( A E a . ) . o to\r{i. ert d!E'd: uLa rLodleLc touIR!, ue eglooor i=i(u,u) ,(u,u )e4 (AEnz) layror, ouusxis d\, n ouvdornoai: 6 ---+nt ivao duv.xris. Arti Eroedv.!a: MLd.nr,odv.Lo a, ur Eiourdn itu,u)=r(u,'.r)ir+(u,u)i+ *z(u,u)i, (u,u) A, aEIz, llycra! crrrl ritcv rr ouvdotron i(u,u) etvcr, 'r-1'r dro ottrolo A. . ler:c rledvELar t{@ erLo,i\jla I ye egioooni=i(u,n), (u,u7 ea, (rcn'?) rdlEtar rECa av urrioxouv or, uepr,rdsrcpdyoyocio, i' erlcu r|creis ,tro A xc! crdrc a . fs\rovlxi erunivErz: uLs erLodleLd I lftrdL rd\,olr,xil cv e[vor, 'E!c. .

ou-

onrri

roo cuornp,is opuouriseivor, o eis: Seorcorjue tr owrioqon -nt., y@ (u,u) i: 6gn" rdes A, ro oilolo B:i(a) raye r,e i=ifu;u), tcu errotiveuc rou:n!, rle 6!cv!d!d1r,nri nopcuetpurl i"p,isrcnt i"i(o,\r).

20

a r r i e r L a ' i v . w ,u e e t i d d d n ; i ( u , u ) , X.Ie',nri to.dl,Er,sl M L c

(u,u)ea

r6ytqo *!dri

ov ro dn!o^o i(oa) .ivqL uovouelis (na .ivoL io ouvooo

'Eoao x:(x,0,2) avooiALrivuoua olideoa .vd. orueioo rrcs err"oriveos: ovoudl.rqL 6Ldvudla s. Tdr ro 6dvuouo o+tt(r,,1,,2) ueio uros eruqdveuos g. Sdoeos tou onreiou t{ irs ErlqdvLos .
. lpooa\Erolisuue! i oirlelrEs erLriivELes: MLa EilodleLd l6vetce roo_

6!,uvixeuc o' outi 6E! eild! c g v n r o l i o L $ n i 6 i E U p n , < i t c r a u v o r i u e v o ro !ot6v va !Erogo\r!. oerj rr ruc 6{,n r'ts (rl.upd rns) g1!! drlr xopis wou,"rrvrrioo',r,eto s'3vop,j*tns i xopis va rn! trurriooure. 'EtoL tx. n rL,rcveLo cv6s ruuoqoupioueivqL uLo 6itrEUp4 .rlgdvLo. Y r d p x o u ! 6 ! o s x q u e r u q d v e u e si o u 6 e v ; x o u ! t n ! ut rcoarnrolior,uea. rponyoJ!.!q u6Ldtnto, i n x . n r o u v i c r o u l , l 6 b i r B . o L e r L 9 d v e L e sc L r t d s o v o t < i r o v t s r ,l o ! 6 d a u p e s

- epvFrrrl 6{i u('s cruodveus: i rcL, to cvtisetd rou or"<ivuslo - i o " o o r r , " i oM ( x , 0 , 2 )u L a sE oetlri opiqoulEddv oer|,ri don rn<
eilodvelds S (0s rpos to 6!.ibop(i urop f,1, -n, dirn rou BpldxtdL rpos rn 6L.inulorT xaL rn .ou i. ooiqo,p. oov opvnri,li 6-

to rdoeto uovd6@iott 9er,rporjue

0 n t n s e r L e d v L o sS t n ! o l t i g e r n r q s r o o ! - r o , j ! e v n sd { , n , 6 n r d 6 i t'rv rj0r roo Bpioreror, tpos a a L r r r o o o dt o u oLeuouvon -i. u'iowros tnv 5La-

tlpoda\rarolLdrE\rn Er!.d!E: MLq.rLQdleLc latrdL rpoocrcrolrrudvn (o; rpos io 6Ldwola i), 6.ou,jx., rioopuo+ein orLx,i(i n cpunrLx'l)du,ltnc
(B^d'te Epq&i!6 otrilc). oln dl[6u 6Ldvudld 21. oxetrrri ota tdueva)

op.ou6s tou ouv,iooD 6iv.rdL rolovLxd rd5to lolo6uaio

(Brdre

21
i orrodreur, 5uirluop rgooalctorlouo'3, rr,o rrN arrodveltl To oLdvuouc

i=i(u,u) . 8r!po6ue r0voro Ir.li!e|!s: !!a crrri err.oriveLds, ve egior,ron (u,u) 4, aslR2. Yroi;rouu 'irt n rcurrlrrn ta eivdr. 10 oivopo tou xtlciot) (Brete ox{' a, tdre n rcurrirn i=i(sa) ouou,ir..cc oilopo rns 1!0d!e6s oelri6cs). !c noonro'irrevns rnv enuoivero . Ioooo\rcrorLdlds tou suvdcou ur3s erladveEs: oeuporlr,c g xa! ro rdoeto uow6r,cio 6r,dvuorq f, o"o onlelo tn. M(x,0,2). gq l;u 'i(os rpos tr, ro o'lvoooC rns erLodvelasI .lva! gtux4 tpodavarotrud!6\ro ro 6r,ivrJorail, ;.ou 3xour," xaiopdogL do! oopd sravpaorlstou oov6poutnv evds rcpctrprtr{, o oroios nuveircu natti uixos tou olv'ipou oop,i rr,vrioer,rs rcrd tritoeo rprjro, iore i 'eosl''l rou vo 6cixveu tr ootd rot, rr 6LE'Jouvon ro,r i rar, 'r Err'odveld s vd pploiera', dwaxelc opodretd tou. 'orav ro oivooo tns err,rdveuds 6 6lclpriattaL xofli rq oetuiri oopd' doto erirerlrs trlv opiocle rpolrouliu,rs, tdte I op0rl rpoBoli to! g'rv,6pou ovtigetr tns roptis 60 ors, rou et\,cr, r xarrrt1rl oa' 6laypd0rcL xatd ropc deli6dE). rov 66!,rrri! rou polorr,orl (Flire oxrlus roomottuE\,ns

fo e.!cl.!6ec

6utwq[tlr6

v.r,6r8lo

tnv elr,odvELas ! 6!avir6!orl,ri 6Eiooor. Ser,rporlrre

tu,u)e a' i(u,u)=x(,r,u)i+,t(u,'r)j+z(u,u)t, tc ouou,louo-o io=xui+o,.J*,8 (i seqrpo,sue ^!i = ;f l- :t J- * r)

(,r $=95r";gr-gr).
ovo!dEErcu gEu.rLd6ss 6ldltrotctr,xri

. - lo"

'l*l'
'ullzu 11

YL\,6Pevo!ro 6uduud!.r

::l"l:: ll'J ou r(
(2)

(1)

i,.i,=l x, o" ""

lxu

zi.,

22 : i - u; - u= lGsI t. - D(z.x)t+ DLx.{,)

D(u,u) D ( u , u )"
rrioeto 6r,&rtududo' 4r,n onreio lrr,cs erw,ivelos: 6Ldwouo &(6,,6,,6,)

D(u,'r)--

( 3)

eopo'iue uuq erradaco S r o u l R l . Y r o o d r o u u r j t u n s e i w u r e i o d r o d n u i o l , ( x , 0 , 2 ) . T o ( u n ! n 6.!!rd) rou x,ioounJ, rou ei!c! rdefio oto eocrttirns uvo Eriroo tns eruorirer,cs oto dnuEio u ovou,ireror rdseto 6uiwotE erledveuo. oro dnuEio U.

Ipod6r,oplqrdsrou raoirou 6wu'Jqcros

it",rt=

d) A! n erLodvEu S jxer, 6r,cvuorrotr"ri rcpogetoLri e{iooon =x(u,u)iro( u,u)jtz(u,,.r)1, rrite ro 6r,<ivuoyc:

edlaL;w

r d o r o 6 ! d ! u o u a r n s : r u q d v e u c ss r o o i ! . i o

r4(;(u,u)).

6) Av 'l erLedleLo s ixL .Eiauon z.z(x,1,\, idre ro 6Ldvuold:

3=( *i . ;i . ')* * &-* r-;i.i'r.

xd0.to 6Ldvuqlrd rns rruorireuo.oro onuio u(r,0,2(x,{,)).
I) A! n erlqdleLd S drEL

eiodqnf(x,0,z)=0, tdle ro 6udluolal

*/ar

u=\

a ,r+- , i; /

Ar

rr\nn

rr+ ar? ari 6=;; i+ !0-i- izk,

eivcr dvq xtiseto 6r,tiwouotns eruo<iveuas oto onrreio lt(r,r!,2).

T o K i o . t o 6 d v u o l d d r o s o p i o t n n e o t c s r p o i y o i u e v e s r e p r , r t r i o e r " so , y ruo o v o r r i a e r o L x a v o l L ) t dx < i e . t o 6 L d v u q u o . uold6ldio xcvovu6 xrigeto 6r,rivuoya: ro rrold6Loio 6Ldvloua

ro d!ri:i-eoudo-

xo tou 6!c!$ordros i,
qrloJdtEuda

onrcori ro ou<iu.royc

(trou ivdL

Ilq

ldv

@uEoILolriv, ouuFori(ou!ovri

az az ar ' a{,

"i. o v r i o t o u x o
tla

{ rcu z*, 10!

qnloicreldn f;,

,,afaf turrEo^Lslur!, ovlr

xaL fx, fq,, fz,

;i

, -[

af

fi,

f[,

qvtioro,.xo,i

dliioroLro.

23
pono ipos ro 31, ororrdretc,, !o!a6',aio ra\,6r,!,iri ridieto 6Ld!uo!a rns ori\rEldss oro orueio I. 'EroL rolrd! owloro re to rk repr"to,ioercuI err,rriler,c ro ir,-

6uivrrou!

a) A! n sioocrt rts r!ed!sLdr edw,, i(u,o)=x(u,'-r)i+0(u,'r)i+z(u,'r)i,

+ -

1 = / n { 0 . " } p { ! . r l '- p { r . d ,\l otu,ur D(u,u) D(u,u) / \ liux?l,l li",i"| i"f,

rt. err.oriueraselvcr, t:t(x'0), t6is:

(r).

9) Av !.qidoo!
+/ 4:1

" \ fr*1-17*-;;!.
ti

,4,

ti;i47,-w
tdte:

(2).

r) A\) a eioooo qs err,rdver,csei\)cr !(x'0"):0'

!-l -

\ rr{n-rfl'-;rr?"' rcXn1dr4v5-' /cj)-41"Ttr-]-?7)r

ri

Erat|lprFl 1: i ncr, tr,s A! d, I' r e!\,aL ou tr,rvies rou oplgovtar, or,i to 6r,rivuorro trite or" ourercy!;ves tou 6!6uolucucrr, ds uoudo.s l, J, I, avtrloto',rc, ou0oproc i dror.r.trlrou. (1), (2) rdu (3) .riopdaouvio 6tu!'ivovro ou!4uirovo ouvo, duvB, duwr cu.is.o,,xo tou i. bcar{rrdr 2: E,i!o!e rponyou!6!0rs dtr, to 6udvuolo i eils,, o!6cporo

or," t. re

!.u6a g lndpxou\, 6uo sovo6r{ic,idoet6 aL6uJouctc, ro !r,c i. ue tnv rcte'lewon .og 6 (ouriopororpos .o 6) rcu ro dno i, uE rtv owioerl ncterlsuwl (cvripporo rpos to 6).'r-

",ioe

deo,s oscld otusio ur,csrrr,rd-

rcr.:i*" i.= ' -!- ,"";"=' i

tcvudvestou 'ir 5ivovrauord rous iurous (1) (2) d (3). o! quvteter!3ves rou 4 E'i,.,ar, oL cvrieetes tov o,rv.e."v!3vou rou ir.

-t6t

t6l

. o, **.

* r*"Gr#iST=dft.

rl"**"Ii"tr,1.ffi

24 E:orEourd .r!od!eLa s ..., gero 6uivuoud rl.Lorri< ereoriveuas: Seopo'5ueu6 rleoorri ( r o u d r o i I d r d L q n d r u s c * r E s x d L ) . e i e s r L a d v c L e ss r , S r ,

s r ) . E o p o J r e r o u o v o 6 L c i o o u d r u o y oi , r o u e i r l c u x d s e t o 6 ! d v u o ! d r E eruqcireros S i , i = ! , 2 , 3 , . . . , N o t o d r t u . d ot n s ( x , O , z ) r d L j x e o p o p d r p o st o .otpLxd rns rlLnis trLodveLas S. To 6Ldluouai ovosleetcu etcccr,rrj ,td9Ero 6ui\,uoln rns err.edvelqs si.

KEOAAAIO II

ENIKAMNYAIA OAOKAHPOMATA
A ! E nLK a t n r i lL d o l o x t r n p d U d r o ort6ouq

'Eoroc rou xdjpou IR3,u 6tqvuouortKi nqurq IeLq xol oflli Kq!flriln* pourpLKi qlsoort Ei(t)=x(t)i*q(t)i'z(t)t, t c lq,0l. Eoroor6uq F(x,{,2) llpoytqrLKi ouvdotqon r(ou tvoLopLo!6vq oTnvxounl,\n c**. H tl!o ouvexnq ( i v c Lo u v x i q( d p o ouvdprno Fn [ i ( t ) ]= F [ x ( t ) , 1 ! ( t ) ,t2 )] KaL oroKtrnp6o ) L!n oro ls,B] oqv o0veon ouvEx6v ouvopdoov. op|:(ouUe*** oov n|.xcunollo olorlrll|||a o (6ot,crnq ouvdprnonc F(x,r!,2) KordliKoc rnq KqunLltrnq c KoL ouuBoii(ouu o o p r o ! d vo ot r o < l ' l p ufu I" rE 1r,,1,,r1ar, bo r i(t)l ;'(t) dt. Er J^
r o L l o L n d v 6 L v oL :

J"

F( X , $ , :)ds=l

l9

* rro,r,u*,*-l

,l

(t ),z(t )I {t--ltT.T['Ttf-[z (t lr dt t r*,,r,' Io.= r,),0 ] J" J-t1r

. To ds lvoL ro onLpoord uiKoq rnq (oun0lnc c, ! llo0tonE;(t).Ei.v o L d s = [ i ' ( t ) ] d t d s = / l x( t ) l ' . [ u ( t ) ] u + [ z ' ( t ) ] , d t .

'

F[ i ( t ) ] e L v o L ,) n npoyuqrLKi ouvdprnonnou npoKlnreL ov ornv F( x , ' f z Bdloule 6nou x ro x ( t ) , d n o uU r o v ( t ) K d L6 n o uz r o z ( t ) .

norEipnol 1: To nLKo!r0,\Lo oloKlip{,rud o L6ous ouuBolLCtqL oKdloue:

H xa}ltrirn c lropei ro.ivcu xau xlero i xaL 6e! axeu o'rr,coic o rooraldrol!opds rns. rr H F lioo.i rc eivcu opuo!irf rou oro oJvclod, (^sn3), ror nepulxeu - * * o o p u o u d sr o ! r L r d ! t r J r u o ! o l o r l f o d u d t o s o ' e j O o r - r s oivetoe roc ue rn i o i 9 L c u L d s 6 L o ! 6 p l o r s1 f s i o ! t r J r n s c .

26
).

xounilnc avo16{0uLoq I ras, )I" r(p)as, (P=(x,U,z)),I ras, {iiBEr:vol

J+

c mo onoLo oocaersL n F). I Fds. napdrimon 2: 1.1 ovd;\ovo aKplgi! rpdnoopl(EroLro EnL(qtnu^Lo oJ\or(J\ipr,4/a o'c(iqiq (o! (oL KqrduiKos uLqqtrLqq onliq xoUn0trnc c rou IR, vLo lLo ouvdpqol F(x,0), nou eLvqL c. Irnv nepLrE0,on opLou6vn KoL ouvExdq ornv Kounljln ou Ill dxouleovd oyoucorJUoo^LogoUe:
ltll

l F ( x . u / ) d s .l F d s . l F ( p ) d s . ( P = ( x . 0 ) ) . I F d s .
_c -43

nopor{pndl 3: Av n Kotn(]^n KoLo ou!9olLo!6q: elvoLKleLori,rdre xpnowoloLLro!

1T\F,1. --'

YnoAoyLo!6C urv nlxoUnulalrv o' El6ouc o,\orlnp0u&rov I. >rov x6po Rt

eopo(iuE tn ouvdpnon ouvxiq KdrdtrilKoq rou,\LF(x,U,z),nouavcL out6louc iounr. T6Ti c) Av oL nqpoueroLKdc ElLoboELc xo! x6lou c avoL X:x(t), U:U(t), z= =z(t), ttq,g], LcrXi oL r0noe:

olrr.r,ur ,zr l,{i1t[4 J rt*,,r,,,t*.f

p'iii] -[z'G)]; at

( 1) .

oovnopdusrpo ro uiKocrd[ou s qs c KqLX=x(s),0= B) Av e{,,OrioouuE = U ( s ) ,z = z ( s ) ,u E s [ 0 , x ] i v c Lo L n o p o t i r p L e K dL qo d o E rL oq ur6Eou,16rE LoxiL o rdnoq:

(2). J rrx,,t,,.la.= Jtr;xt.t,U(s),2(s)lds

(r, elvoLro ut(oe Inq c).

27 II. :ro )oho n'?

oEr,lpotlE rn ouvdpanon F{x,U), nou elvo! ouvxiqKordliKoq rou J\eaou r6lou c rou n'z. T6re: roOdlerOLKEq o) Av ro 16{0 c CXeL qLqioLc X=X(t),GU(t}, t [o,S] [oxtE! o rdnoq:

' t ) | ? rl U { t ) l ' d t t ) , ' 1 , ( t /)L l x{ J.F{x,U)ds-J"Flx( i

t(B

(3).

oov nopduErpo ro liKoq rd[ou s T n q c K o L B) Av oedpioouu =U(s), u s lO,t.l elvouoL nopotlrpLK6( at!o6oeLq lou rdlou, tor LsxueL o r0noq:

(4)

(6nou r (vo! ro liroc tnq c). y) Av ro rdqo c opL(etoLond rnv ell'ooon 'lF9(x), x [o,B] (oL otDiooutr oov nopdletpoto x, 16r Lox0L o rfuro(:

tr,t-

(s). r' I J"rtx,,t,to.=J.rtx.,t*1t"1'_ l1,I

p=p(e),e [ e , , 0 , ] ,(6nla6i 6) Av ro 1610c opa(eroL ondrnv ELooon opacrqL dn6 uLoELooorl o nolL(6qouvretqyltvec), r6re Loxlel 0 t6noc:
t

lp l '':z d' e l F( x , , ! ) d s l =F l p o u v e , o n u o l / p

tE,

16).

I6!6qte( t v enuolnulatv oAorl4g4rdavd' eaoouc _

I. :ro Xd'po n3 loxriouvoL ErI6uEvq [6!6Tntq:

l - A v l r , t r z , . . . , I ! e i v o ro l o o aK qd [o L o u v q p r i o L q Fl, Fr, ..., F!* Eival o/\oKlqpri,oLueq KordUlxoqrou rdaouc , 1 6 r L o x 0 Lo r d n o q :

To nli9os .ilou nenepoouivo.

28

(^ Kr)l d s + . . . + r u J " F u ( K ) d s sr = J l ^ , t ,r * t * ^ " t , t * t . . . . + ^ ! F u ( K ) l dF

(K ehoL dvo oluElo rne KoUn0Inq c), 2. Av ro 16{0 c eiw! 6voonr!,v 6to6oxLK(irv r6fuv c!, cr, ..., clit(r[ Koxd liKoq t(v t6tov ourri'v, r6rE !O(!eL o r0noc: 4 F a[vo[ otro(Inpdio[Un

= r t x r a . - [F ( K ) d s + . . F . '{ Ix)ds I r t * l a .[
3. Av e[vo! F(K):o xdL n F Elvor oloKlnod|ortn Kdrd ui(oq rou rdlou c iore Lox0e!: 4. Av q F EtvoLoloKlngioLln c, rdr |(o[ n rcrd lri(oq ro! rdEou (md elwr oAoKlnpd,olu liKoc rou td{ou c Ko! LoxtLl lF]

tr,*, ro. lI r,*,0.1'I

l-c | -c

5. Av n F E(vo!ouvexic r(ordui(oq rou r6ournc ol\oKr\ior,ronc c xor,x eavoL ro ui(oqtou, rdr ondpxL 6voolue(o A roo c, tfroLonou:

iF(K)ds-F(^)r
6- To snlKqrn|ll|'oolorl{gqrd o' [6oucecvor dveqdptnro on6 rov [pooovototrLoy6 rou t6Eou{B Inq oloddpoionq. &tro6i lvo!:
F{K)ds J^'r*r*=J^

7. To IllKoundlLo olordioGryo KorduilKocavdcKALo[o0 rdtou c = 66D qn6rnv ceeqoLornc otroK^{poonq, eLvqL oveldprnro Antrd6i elvoL:

(pF(K)ds(p^ F(xlds=Q^ F(K)ds 'c -ABIA

'BIAI

8. Av xaxduixoctou r6{ou c eavoL F(x,{,,2)4(x,U,z)l<olo[ F, G s[i o 1 1 6 0 0 < i w L r e r e o c o u j r o .

29
vor oioKlndroluEe Kord lixoc rou c, T6T loXrlEL:

lF(x)dsslG(K)ds
9. To n[(oun0^Lo oloKldgiuqo' El6oues[voL ovetoolnrodrld lnv nopourprKinopdoroon tnq Koln0^nq, II. IIo )doon. IoX0ouv orcLzuC oL dvdloyEqLOLdrnxq.

thpodpior | | yoouerprK|1 To EnLKosflrl^Lo oloKlipotn I F(x,0)ds 6xrrnv etl1c epunJc

veLo: nopLoidvel ro U9o66v 0 lnq rulLv6pl(4qnLQdvaLoq nou 6xe[ o6nyd KogniJ\qoro enlneEo 0X{ ro r6qo c Kor yev6lorpS noodllnleq trpoq mv dEovo z'z Kd! rnc ololoq ro onleto erqlnge0ouv rnv ovLodlnro 0525F(x,U). 'ErdLtrolrdvLwu:

liliiil
iilliil
(1)

lbfrftatqtdt 2l Av c E[voLULoulrKi Vpoturl nuKv6xnro 6(X,0,2), r6re oL le V00UULKrl suvreroYlaveq rou (av!9ou ud<oe Inq uILnlC ypoluliC6avovrolsn6 rouc r0rrouc:

X.=

Jxo(x,U,z)as

Jz6(x,{,2)ds

6(x,U,z)ds

J"

otx,,t,,'ta,

:tnv np(.fltrdon nou n ufuKi vpougil ;avoL Erlane6n u vpoulLKinuKv6rnro 6(x,0), l6re oL ouvrErovuave dlvovrol on6 rouq rdtou Kavxpou u6<oq
TOUE:

30

ffi | ,"=t'-,
I J"

a-,. o(x'uta'

{2).

l" ",:t,1 l

:rqv fiptnr0ron nou n UILKi ypoUli eiw! otoyEviq (6 amgep6), rdte otou( IponYoiUevouq r[nouqTo 6 flopolElhroL. 0 flopovolooricorouc rinouq (1) i orouq iiflouc (2) rcplot6vel q !d<o m Inq ul|.(|lq Vpa!!ic. EroL ea\rol:

'-r

----i

m = 1 6 ( x , U r , z )fd s f l F l 6 { x , U ) d s | 'q

(3).

11,-

nqlqrifiorl 3: To ui(oc ! rou rdEou ii 6tveror. on6 rov rino:

Ildpdrip{oe rC - Irago6do!c orov unoloy!0|16 'trrclnlllov olotlnpoud1ov

q'

a6ouq

L fLo w ulotrovloouu 6vo nlKounllLootrotaldpogo n96nEr. trdvm va yv{r9((ouue tLC nopolerplKaq EELo(FeLC rou rdlou c.
2. fLq vo ulloloyaooutre 6w enLkolr0trro olorligrr|m d' E(6ouc qqp!6couuErous r0narc1-6,!r, oetrLoo!26,27, i ro't rtno rou opLouo0uI

lElvtlE l. th unotrotroaa ro anlkourdllo olofM,t||! (o' l6ouq) 6nouc e(var xo rdto u Efl.d,nl tz=1, I e [o,z]. tulql
0L noFgrpLKdq etlodssrq rnq Kolnolnqavol x=t, 'lFt,, t [0,2'].

ro,, J"tr.o

'EToL 6 avo!:

3t

atJ"n-o ra.{'t*e r{FF;liFl'jr at=l'ozt/i*F

={Jotr*t"rrarr*t,r-{ +]'. .r . [{ rr-rer 4

6J"x0zds, nou c I r.o|ldlrt trr b]dvuo|[rlal mpqu8tplrd Eatrn l(t) t'l+zd+tntl, " t [t,z].
/idqt: o rdvource0qOIoV{ routonou 11;,9,2laoj', lit u] [i.t.t]0,, ,r*, J 2. lb uaolovlooea rc atrlxqurollo (o' e[6ouc) olorldpojts

i'rtr+tT.zj**t * 1t'ttt1"y/+t,*Q =y/(z"r

Elwl xqrl

-zr-|.

F[i(t)].trzflnt.

'oo, *u*r.J'rzu rnrl (zr.{)ur=J"o*r"tat+J'zt"r ntatr J .r[{ t.rnt-.!t"l'.zf{ 1'1n1.,1'=.^n. ! 5, J, t, tr' J,

3. h utolorldE! !o arrqrrdllo rdo!s cla@r Fz,f. t e [t,5].
,ldql:

ofodnfll

I"*,

*"

c eaF!

ro

& rdvouue eoqprcV|l rou r0rcu (S). Eavo!:

t;w* rr-, *l)* /;{ d !,rn *.[irwo,= I ff "r,"J',r*

tt5

-/$*=;*--"-d,r,*'.

. ri*"J"*r.tat=J(#) **= #.*_i# ** =#-"_

tt , f ^ r'l' -'| i]."* zt r.'rro,. r r [r,*,+1 i={ [r+-z+1. [z* "r

32
4. o uno^ovLdE{ ro onLxollt0ALo oloKhlg q I x0ds, dnou c tw! I + !* -1, o'8, rlou owlororl( g" o" ro

16g0 lnq d^lel'l'lq

oEnv npdq yav.q Ev

al6urv,
iidt: OLnopourplKaq ELoioELc rou r6!ou LwL x=oouvt, {,=Bqpt,orts+ 60 Kdvouue eeopuoyf ro0 r0nou(3), EavoL:

aa I =J x u d s =x J( t ) U ( t ) / [ ( xt ) l ' + f U { t ) ]1 d t - 6 j n ! t o u v t / d ' z n u ' t + B ? o u v '

.lu =+ aB j nu2t 1 - o u v 2'p t ---7----z" 2 l + o u v 2 td t . . O-o" t=0, r,,=1.Otovt {, o--f.

+ -n!ztdtOttou!ouvzt=r,r $

d*i"BI'@d.,=
=+"sl',8:W r.ry c * B';.'z ',lrd',,a,-l"a[' ' r r _ 1Io']B' . 1 . J

.+
iL + [(s+] =+ - c;"' l'= z g,_o, J L\ z , , )_, ")+
,*' s u ' * 1 0 . . r , s . - . .1 l l o B t -, -,- 2 -. - o 1 . -1 3 os ll o / -\-?-'TIl-A;;--a, L \ s,_o.
oB(B-q) o'z+oB+B'? tg':*og*o'z) = ----T(E-oIG+oT= og --3f' T
(B!-d')-

lbpor|lpnon: llnopoioo!evo unotroyi,oouue ro noonyol]uvo otroK^fg0iuo KoLoq [iC,Tro ,l={ 6"*2, ro 16{0 rnq 6ItrEL0nq rou flodrrou rErdorou6xouue Kdvoute orn ouvaxro Eeopuoyri rou r0nou(5), oEiloo27. x e [0,d].

33 ro nLKoglI0ILo olo(Iipouo 5. lh unoJ\oyLdEC Jc(x-z)ds, 6[ou c elvor

lLdolc x=ouvt,{Fn!t, .=r, a.lo,-i ro rdfo uc nopolcrpr(tc

].

26). Exoule: 8o Kdvouu eqoployi rou rdrou (1) (onl.60 ( s u v r - t ) / l ( o u v t1 ) 'z(qut) 1')+(t )'dt= I tx-zras=1

/iou,tt-ttatn / =[" ior',t-t t,6Ft*ouu-t* r at=E| l"/Zuvtat)o ) o )o

-af iat=nw}+fyl -/z-o+.

)n '' L'lo

ro eraKolrdllo olo<Mry.o [ ---$-, 6. tb unolovr(a l" 6z*12)i g vol n dneloa r'8=1,ve El'6,2E ). .l|lq: 27). Elvot: rou rl]nou(6) (otrl6o oo xdvouuE rroployi

dnou c el-

.)h .26 , ' | ____jL_.| /0,.(0,), de=l _! /or+to,), de= . r - l' / ' l ^1 ! 'l / '| " v lx--,t-J' l(pouv0)z-(plu0)'zlr

-l

.,
err/--r
V Bi B' , -.J;

'r
)/j "/;

.r

)/j

de=l e,/r')d=+l 0'')'d{1+'})=

=+L(!+.)'I_+=+. /3-

7. ib molovlooearo et8d66vrnc rullvbplKic enr0dveLoc rou 6xer oyvrelpq mpdlln[0,+], lEc lrpoerov dEow z'z Kor qc orcl.oqro olgElo z-x{, nalno0ouv rt 0)(6q oszsx0. ro rdfo c: ;(t)-ouvti.r,i, hyd KdurdM a. tulorl: To enrorruEvo u0o66v 6LvErqL on6 rov r0IIo: 3

0 = l f ( x , 0 ) d s . 6 n ofu (x,U)=x0 . nopouargLK6s 0r Lodo!q rnc (o!n6lncEavoL x=ouvt,{:nutr

r tt

,.[''+]

'ApcELvor:
,l ,,f

(ouvt1 ) ,+[(nut)'1 0= d l!2td(2t)= n , t -| o u v t n u t d t = + I x 0 d s = lo u v t n u t / f

=+ [-ouv2t] ; =+ (r-1)=+.

8! Enlrolnolrd
-

olorlng6roro 9' [6oue

l. EfllKogndlLooloKlrg;uora {B' el6ouc) 6lcvuotmLK6v ouvttpr{oalrv Kouniln ;B* rou xrirpou lRr SEUpoilEro lLo l(oL qlr^i, npooovorotrLoutvn

rou axe! 6rovuolorL(i i=i(t)=x(t)i{r(t)j+z(t){, t [q,B].eeopooe(q,ron l=F(x,'1,21=e1;,ri,21f*q(x,U/,2)J+R(x,0,2)l ouvdprnon ue Ko! rn 6LovuoldrL|(i nou etvoL ouvexiq|(oLCxeL n6to oprouoi rnv (ounulaAB'**,H ouvdpqon yLvdlEvo slvoL ouvxiq Flilttt.i'ltt ouvexdp ouvopdo{rv oov eooreplx6 (dpo(o[ oAoi^ngdELun) oro [o,B]. opl(o!ue** oov ErlKqundllooloxMgo|! (B ca6ouc)tnq i xord giroq qc npodovqrotrrouavnq 6D tor, ou!xoun0^nc l i ( t ) 1 . ; ( t ) d t . E r o Lr o L n 6 v vt or o K r i p o Il dFB o l i ( o u u'l F d ; , ! o o p L o u 6o r^d Ja
t-t9-

eivo!|
. .

id;J - i t i ( t ) -l i ' ( t ) d t = [-t[xto,,ult),zttt]i ,li^ rd JdJa

tttat

Ei(t). Elvor: To di ecvoL ro 6LoqcalK6 oror.xaco rnc (oun0Mq (t)dt (t)dti+0' (t)dtj+z' (t)dtt. <+ dEi' d;x

nounpo(irr!lov oqv f(x,{,2) i[i(t)] etvoLn orovuotrorL(i ouvdprnon dnou xo 6nou 6nou z ro z(t). BdloutiE x x(t), 0 ro U(t),

t t v o u'a! l ^ t a l l F [ x ( t ) , 0 ( ! ) , 2 ( t ) ](it ) d t = l l P l x ( t ) , 0 ( t ) , 2 ( t ) l i .

tB-

,Bl

' 0 . x { t ) , 0 1 t ) , 2 ( jt ,)R l L x ( t ) , + ( t ) , 2 ( t )[l i{(l t ) i , 0 '( t ] i . z ' ( t ) [ ] d t =

- J u [ e h t t t , , t , t t t , . t ,( 1t])x *Q[x(t),0(t),z(t {) t l)0 *Rlx(t),{,(t),z(t)]z'(t)ldt

r "

I rq!truln G unop.i uo eilou ra! xlELdtn. H t uropei v" eiu"u opuoyiv,t rcL d' ;va sJlolo d, (IslB3 ) ro! IEFGlropi !d Oo-

r.u rv xqlr,lln G. r1i o opL6!6s evr5E erurourirrou oroxtrnpdlot.s (B'i6ouE), ni xou !. tn goigs@ u@s 6rculpuons rns ,cur6rns G.

36 nryolfiq
'0rov

l:
l-l,t!

vpdqouue l^Fdi ',4d

('l l^Fd; 'lB

'1 I FdF), r6rE n qopd brovpopiq 'aa

rnq KqUII0lne avvoE{,rqL ond ro A npoq To B,

nasr|bnq 2:

'Evo err[Koumll!o otroKlipoto!Laq 6Lovuolor[Kieouvaprnonc Epi*Qj.ni 4 [ -id; '1 [ fai (ou cuonpiro! ouugotlouol

ouu9otL(roL *or [ -iai

rov gErlK6,owtoroLxo npooovorolLoud 66Lxvouv opvntL(6, tnc (ounllnc c). XpnoLlonoLoil./E sl(6!0 touq ouUBo,\ LouoiC :

rr-

l^Pdx+Qd'!-Rdz,IPdx.Qd'!+Rdz'LFdr. Av n Kqun0trn c EivoLKleLdtll,r6re xpnoLlonororrle rouc ouuBollouolc: 9, Q ('l (oL Q) tnv o0vnrrKi

0L 6uonpdroL ouuBo^Louol 6Lxvouv ovraotoLxo ln gerrKl i qoOd o,\oxlrlooonq Ko[d lr'lKoq c. lLoq kleLonlq Katn0trnq ngfllpnon 3: To Enlkolntl!oofoxfioouo$iai

(dL KuKloqooLo ovoua(eroL rnc dLo-

vuouoruxiq F rord prlr<oq ouvdprnonc rnc (ountincc. noF.npnon4: Mov6^oyo oKprB6c rp6noopl<erqLro enrKotrnttrLo oloKlipouog eLdouq (KarduiKoq uLoqoflIic ^elqq KoL mooovqrcst'utvnc raunLltnc 68\roulR2) (oL yLo uLoolvdprnon (oL ouvXiq i=ptx,,lti*Q(x,,1)j, IIouEavqL opLoudvn ornv 'orpr.Bric G. Ioxrjouv ovdloyoLougBotrLotoi. ! ro EnL(ounri^Looloiifp0rlo L6ouq Kord Kqlnilnc rou lRr. 9 liKoe NPOTA:H: To enLKoun trLooloK;\ripr,ruq 9' elboueetoprdror,ond rov fiOoodvorolLoud 'EroLelvqr: rou r6EoU 6Drne o^oKtu1@onq, | -. | -I ^ F d r = J^ F d r
A! BA

I Fdr=-J Fdr

37 lldFool rtrcr uroj\olroloo ellxcu|r0lu/)v oloK.lnqJtEl bLovrrotorlK6v ouwpt{oov (g' et6ouc)

I. :ro x@ Rr

e0rpotu rn suvdpnon i{x,U, z)=P(X,U,z)i+Q{x,U, z)j+R(X,r!, z)i, noueivor ouvexie Kordu{Koq rnq ontrie,leloq KoLflpooqvqrolLol6vnq KolnL]lnc fD rou IR'. Tdre: o ) A vX = X ( t ) , o Ln o t o l e r p t K a eC E L od U = 0 ( t ) ,z = z ( t ) , t e [ o , B ] e L v o u oeLgrou r6qoofC, uox0eu o rrlnoq:

p( x , U ,)zd x + Q ( x , { i , z ) d U - R ( t ) , Ut () , 2( t ) ] x ( t ) * (x ,1 )d z, 'J B, , z [ ph
*Q [ x( t ) , { ( t ) , z (t ) ] u ( t ) + R l x( r ) , 0 (t ) , z ( t ) z ( t ) ] d t

(1)

rounuin ABCxt nopouaipLKaq lLod'otg B) Av n rpodvaEA|l'u6vn X=x(s) r o u t d { o uG t ( o L o u v o ,o u v B 0-!{s), z.z(s), s10,,] (( Ea\oL ro lrixoq ouvyaLvoL ro 6Lue0vovro ouvn!lrovo iori UovodLqlou eoonTo!vL(o0 6rov0oi.roroq, oro onuElo M{X,U,z) rnq kounttrnq A8-, r6tc o i loxrleL t0noq:

) ds t2). J^oor.Oo,l-*or=J^tou!vo+QouvB+Rouvv
0 runoq our6c uerqrpCnL 6vc anLKotn0^Lo o,\oKlip0juo 0' elocue o' avo aq' eLdouc. n!Kolni^Lo otroKtr{i{dUo y) ELvoL

(3), 6nou eqoV eLwL ro uovooLoao

nroUevLKd 6LdvuoUo o[o onpEio14(x,$,2 ) rou r6ouG.

JI. tro x6poR,

0opotiUe rn suvdpraon i(x,U)=P(X,0)i+a(x,r!)j, nou eivoL ouvexiqKqrd Kountinq6i rou Rr. T6re: liKoq rns qrlliq, I6r:oqKoL npooovqroiLolevnq o) Av X=X(t), U=U(t), te [q,B] avor oL flqpcurpLKdq tLod)oLq rou rdaou AB Lox0ero rlnoc:
serurri oopii 1o! 6lqvioloros i, s..p.:-or I xct.isrvon orEioeos tou s.

38

'.1.1*A (t)ldt ,,11ar.q 1,,A;a,!=Jo 1,1 ,,1,1.11* U', 1* [x(t),U(t)] f^t 1* [r

(4).

ro !) Av ro rdofd 6xeue{i.ooon U=q(x),x lo,0] rou oeoprlooupe oov rTopduerpo, t6re Loxi,EL o rinoc:

tr
I

-x , rJ pB 1 y 1 l , o f x , , o((x x)ra l lx ,r' ^ P ( x , u ) d x + 0 ( x . { i )rd {F

yl Av ro rdoG 6xeueElouron ro X-q((r),'! [o,B] Kor Oojpr1oou!. oov nopd!rpo, r6te LoXiEL o r0noq:
{6}.

6)

)ds + l^Pdx+Qd'l= l^(Pouvo,QouvB 'iut 'ld

l^Fdr"l^Fvds 'nd 'ird

r --r

(7).

6nou ELvq! to uovq6|olo eeofltouevLx6 6Ldvuoto i=(ouvo,ouvB) rou (s' o,o (x,(|i ctuio M ).
IbLdmrEq rsv mlrqfiul[.y oloxl|I'qttEv B' adouq dlovuouotlK6v ourropriotiv I) :ro xdpo R3 Isxtouv o! En6!eve r6L6rnrq: l . A v t r ! , I r , l j , . . . , t r r r e l v a L a r o e e p dK e o Lo L o u v o p r i o L F qr , i . , . . . , f r LvoL otroKlnpdlolteq Kord dKoq rou npooovc[olloucvou r6!ou c, TdT !oX0L

l,lv

2. Av ro [OooovdrolLouavo rdlo c 6|:voL avoon tov 6Lq6oxrK6v tri.0Jv 16c1.cr,...,c,* xoL n F EivcL oloxlnpdoLuq Kord uiKoq ruv t6l,lv ourolv,

16TE L o x 0 L i

3, Av A,APAr,...,A!,8 eivoL 6vq rlEnepoo!6vo n^iooe onuLov Evdq nporo nlieos eivcr rerepooulvo.

39 r6lou IB r6re LoxdeL: osvoro;\rou6vou

f l-.r .,r Fdr-l Fdr+l

I -AB -Ml

Fdr+...+l Fdr -ArB 'A,A'

r --.-l

o. ro.n.*offit
qFdr=@^Fdr=q^Fdr
,C ,ABTA / BTAB

r6{ou oAoxtu1

p"onq.=d6ii rlvor ovsdprnro rnq oqrnplqq oloKlipoonc. AnAoEtl Lsxrier:

5. Av cr, c2 Eavol 6uo xdun0ie(!E Loo6lvouEc nopourpL(cc e(Lo6orLq, 16rE roxiEL I Fd.=rl Fdr, (ro ' lnoCvL 6rov or cI cr axouvrnv LELo

qopd Ko! ro - drov axouvovrLErn qopd).

II. :ro x6poRr Ioxoouvo(prBdJq ov6}ove( rOr6rnrrc. ue rLs nponyoilEveq

2. Enr(ount^rooloKlr|gilato (0' ea6o0c) rpdvlorlk6v ouvooriloEv

OEupoiue rnv npooovqro;\roldvt xoln0lnG rounr, ue eELooon: i(t)=x(t)i{(t)j+z(t){, t [o,B]. ovotrdaou nLx otifl0tr Lo oio(tripi,tld oC flpoqX (|(ordui(oc InC lr^ B {.6ouq Kopnt^nq AB) rnq npoytiotLnlq ouvdOqons P(X,r!,2)(oL ouugolL<ouu u:

l^.;:;:]
Be ro opLolr6vo ofoxlrlor,:r:o lx ( t ) ,r1( t ) , z( t )]x (t)dt. 'EroLlo!r6v cxouuE: J (1) Avdlovoopt(ovroLrd n[Kdun0^Lo oloKlnpdu@o oq npoqU KoL B L6ouq
oq flpoqz. Eror tvcl:

ItB | ^Q (x,,!.z )d'!= | Q [ x( t ) , 0 ( t ) ,z ( t ) ] { , '( t ) d t

12)

40

(t)dt { 3 ) J^*,*,,t,,.,*=Ju*1,t,),u(tJ,z(t)lz
lbpanlgnol l: ltll ELvoL: ^Pdx+l .| ^Pdx+QdU+Rdz-l 'A B - ^Ad'!+l^qdz. 'AI
AI AA

flooaEllpnq 2: AvdtroyoL r0tur Lox0ouv ov Oer,rpioouuE rnv npooovorotruotrCvn xoun0trn 68l rouIR2,tE etLol,i.rn i(t)=X(t)i+{,(t)j, te[q,B] Kor rLc llooylorLKdq ouvoprnorc P(X,0), Q(X,0),

nagsrlpilorc -

eeo6to!q

:rov unoloy!0116 errrrdgJrulkDv oloxlnpo[dTov 0' Ea6oug

l. fLq vo ulrolovloor,le Cvo EnL(otfi0.\LooloKliplJjuonpdneLn Koullrr^nvo dLvEroL!, ropourpLKi lopqi.

2. TLqvo unolovLoouU 6vo $L(o!n!ILo olo(IipoUo kG B' .(6ouc vouu poptoyi rov r0novrnq oIa6oc 37, { x(lrv ttnov rnq oEtrl,6oq (nspo6elyuqro , ). 38 21 ,3
3. orov kdvouue{pqpuoyi rou r[nou (5) Inq otrL6qc38, rpoomeo!!e vc eKqpdoou! rn ELdeooLKi ndpdordon P(X,0)dX+Q(X,0)d0, o!voprio! rrrv X, dx. Evdrdrov Kdvo0tirs{pop}rovi DU rlnou (6), rnc dEIlbae 38, fipoonoeodlE vc Kopdoouu rnv LbLq nopdoroon ouvqorioEL tov 0, drl (qur6 yi.v6toL u rn Bo,1oeLq rdv nopolerpLKtilv ELodFEov (nopdde|Vtqm rnc Kdu!,\nq) 4, 5),

4. orov Kdvouu eeqpuoyi rou rlnou (1), lnq oEtrL6qq 37, npoCrrloeot! !o eK{ppdoouu rnv ndpdoroon PdX+Qd!+Rdz, ouvcprioL rov t, dt (ourd yLvETqL rn r(,lv lqpqurplKri'v ELorioEtJV tnq Ko! Boieto pyo(duqorE 6rov Kdvouue untlns). Avdloyo eqopjrovi rou rtnou (2). 6). {nopdbsLyuq

5. Tq rLKounrj^Lo otroKlnpdporo e6oplcpdx+Qdu+Rdz,Jcpdx+adu,

41 rdwoL yvLKd ond rnv Kqlndln c, nou 6XLdKporq ol!Lq A K.tr B (dpxi ro A t(oLn6poqro B). 'EroL ov cr ELvqLuLo dlln Ko[nttrn uE qpx|1 KqL[6pqq rq ontelo A KqL 8, ovrloroLxo i.vor:

Pdx+Qd'r+Rdz

6- :Tnv n6pi,nr0rsn nou n Kdlrli^t c ivqL oIII/l KoL r(ILooi, T6TE qov opxi xoL onoLo6iloron[ELornq unopL rqurdxpovo vo geopnoel ndpoqrrle. EfvoL 6uoc onopqi.rnro vq yLvLEXIoyi rnq qopds Kordrnv onoLqELoypdeerqL n Kqun|lin. :rnv leplnrurn nou n Kourl|jln elvoL enlneon, sov qpvnrLKi qopd eE0JpeLroL KoL oov 0erov beLkdrvrou po;\oyLo! n oopd tnq KLvnonc qvrlrn rLKil n rnq Klvnone r{!v 6eLKrdv. orov vpd{pouue "I Kount}n A8" vvoLroLqopd 6',ovpo0r1q ond ro A npoq ro 8.

7- TLovo unoloylooutr dvqnLKouniILo otroKfu1o{,ruo Kord !i(oq qnliq (,lq KlLsriqxqpnl]trtq, pyoe6loorE [ie: uLoq c oe dpoLolo 6uo i flEpLooorapov 6Lqo) Avoliouuernv Kounlltrn (2), rnc otrL6qc 6oxrKd)v rdEuvrKoLxdvou!.6eoployi rnc L6L6rnrqq 38 (nqpobelylqrq 7, 8) i
eoapuoyri rov rinov (1) i (4) rov ontallrvi !) Kdvou!eKorEUgLdv (llqpdoLyuo 9). 37, 38, ovriororxo 8. noli ondvLo KdLTov rtrro nou opL<L ro xpnoLuonoLotu6 Kqlnu^Lo otroKlipoloB' 6rl6ouq (nopd6rylo10). nL-

Ilapa6eiyuatd

vs unoloyloeEl' ro 1- ^Lvsrorn ouvdprnon i(x,0)=(x'z-0)i+((i'z+x)j, ABE[vo[ ro uodvpqllo ruiuq ue nl<oun0lLo oloxliq,tE r=[ io", Onou A { 0 , 1 ) ,B ( r , 2 ) .

H x a u n ! i r ! c r c u r o r i q r y r p d r e u v o 6 u a r o d o o v r c ur s r d r r v i o u c o o o r i .

42 tr0d|:
E(voL l=l
I

( x ' z - U ) d x r ( U z + x )(d l) 0. T o u e 0 y p a u r lu oi u oA B6 x e r . ( 1 . -

ooonX=0-1 (Eltoooneuoecoc rou npvdon6 6uo onue[o). H E .ooon ouul u mpoletOlxi UoM YpdQerqr X:t, 0-1=t <+ {=t+i. ErL6i X [0,1], eC'EroL (oL (4) voL t[0,1]. ELvor oKdItr dx=dt, d(Fdt. o rino( tnc oe^{,6oq38, 6l.ve!:
ll

_t 'l A

(x'z-U)dx*(u'?*x)d'lEl )].[(t.t)'+t]ldt=l (t'z-t-1+t,+2t+l+r)dtlIt'l-(bl

-l et'.zuar=zl (t,.t)dt"2J + .+ l'=+

2. lh unorroyrooel, to otoxl{tqro: t I- | ^ (3x,-6'lzlO(+(al+3rz)dtE( t-4x{rz,)dz, .AB dmu fi elvor to r6to x=t, Ft', z"t!, tE [0,t].

r16ot: Elvol dx=t'dt, dG(t.) dt, dz=(t!)'dt, EtoLo dnoq (1) rnq o6^{-6oq 37,6avL: r1 [(3t'-6t't!)t'+(2t'+3t.t) ' (t' )'+(1-4t.t't6 ) ( t 3) ' ] d t "

=I,

' 1)dt=...=2. 1-a1, at,f )2t+1 131".1 tot"+t3-12tl [3t,-6ts+(2t,+3t{

3, ila molovLdl ro nlroun0llo ofo(MpoF (B' eadoucl oc npocxEtc (ar6 qg ouvdpotolc npodrr/rtrolr.oucvnc a(x,U,z)=z-r rqundMc E: x= d.oc ' . n\ = o u v ts , = n u tF , t , ! A = , 0 , 0 ) ,0 - ( 0 , r , 2 / . Arron: H ooxi rou rdouA ovrLotoLxEl c[nv rLti rnq nopoudrpo! t=0 (oL ro n6pdC ornvr[!i Inq nopoudrpou rov t![o (1), qq ollt=n/2. >iuor,,vo LrE (t-ouvt)(ouvt)'dt=l (nutoovt-tnut) 6oc39, 6xouuE dt=.. . =-+ - , 'o 'l(z-x)dx=l G 'o
I t\12 tn/2

43 4. l{q unoloyroolro enlkounilLoolorfulor,ruo f^zxr6y+yzdu,6rqv liB

e[vo!.o 16;0 ue opxrl|(ot nepqq wrl,qroLxo rq onpsloA(0,0), B(j,1) tns mpdoliq {FX'z. Aion: eeopouue oovndpd!rpo ro x. tlvor d0={X'z) dX > dqr=2xdx. EivoL o'EtoL rdx, xduq{=X'zKoLX f0,1]. Apo2xld(+xldtlt-2xx, dx+x,2xdx=4x o ri4'x"l' r rt 3 -1. n o q( 5 ) . r n q o E I t 6 o 3 q8,6lver l ^ 2x.dr x o r ! . 4 X d x = x , 1 'AB 'r ' 0 r, 5, I{q oroloylooe( ro Enrxoun0tLo oloxripuuo

L-_3X.'ldx+(xr+t}dU, 6-

rou rt lld'D|| rou ABeavoL X-1, !e A(1,0), B(l,l). Ariol: 0eo0o0ue oovnood!roo ro 0. ElvouX"l, dx=o,0e fO,1]. EroL6xouu 3*t 3x'zodx+(x3+1 1 )dr!=2d0. )d'r=3U.0+( O r|lnoq(6) rnq oAL6oq 38, 6Cvrl f rt d .d !,! 2= 12 . I - 3 x ' z , l d x . ( x r . 1 )J ',ir, o

6. lb ul|otroyrooE( ro eflLKolniiLo oloxhlor,rrc t=[XrdX+xUd0, dnou c Elr vo[ To 1610tou xlxlou X=ouvt,lEnUt rou llptftourEroolnt/oplou, nou 6[0vpoperdlx6rd q oertd oopd.

Aoon:
[ [ v o r .1 1 = s g v 1= , 4 r i rt,. 1 0 , + ] . U o x d l o : d x - t o u v t ) ' d t: + d x = EivoL =-nutdt, d'!=(ntt)dt + du=ouvtdt.'Apo (-npt)dt+ X,dX+XUd(r={ouv?t) + n u t o u v t o u v t dE t .r o L o r i f i o q( 4 ) , r n c 0 6 l i 6 o c 38,6iv.L: t.] - lr t n u r . o u v ) t 4 u r ) d t = 0 . od Lt v I = l ( o u v : t ) ( - n u ! ) + n u r o r J v t o L v(
tT-t'

7. llo unotroyLooi ro g[LxqundtrLo oloxlirun

6{rdx+xrd0, 6nouc EL:

wL I neplUergoq rou rply6vgu 0AB rou olrlUdEoq IIou etvor npooovarolroldvn xod In Oopd nou oq[vrll o[o ox4!a.

A0orl: (r'zdx Etvor l=l {r'2dx-xzdU+x'd(r. | ,!'dx'x'dUl U'zdx-xzdU+l

IOAAB

l(lr

0o ufloloyloou! xq o]oKlnp6uorq rou 6e0repou .i) q) TLoro [p6ro otroKlifl,ruo eaopotue oov nopduerpo |]r=0 + dr!=o ro X. ELvo! KqLx [0,1]. 'Apo 0dx=0. 0'zdx+x'zd{=0'zdx+xz0=0dx.'Apo * 0'?dx*x'zd|]FJ ,J

81r,1)

X=1

geopo0u6 oloKldprllo oqvnopdleipo ro U. 'EroL LB) fLq io 6e0re9o var x=1, dx=0,U [0,1],'Apq,!'dx*x'?d,tr=,tr'?o*1'?d,!-1d,!. Apq:
Jl*"

. I '!'dx.x'd{" I d{'=1 J
o

y) TLo ro rplro oloKlip(,uoeopottr oov flopduTpo to x, EToLLvot: 'Apo 'lpo: iFX + dU.dx, xe [0,1]. 0'zdx+x'?du=x'?dx+x?dx=2x'?dx.

zx'1d\=-+. ,I _.!'zdx-x'd.,+l
B-o
\

tu

(+ -+ )=+. E n o u d vE ul q voL I=0+1 J/ J

8. Itd uroloylda ro cnl(dur0trLo ofo(lipolo 6fd;,

Onou F=(x+)f*

*tZx-ztj*tO*z)l tol c avcl n np(letooctou rpLy6vou A8f, to onolo snoK6mouv!d ouwerovlEva ercndo016 ro en[rcEo 3x+2tF]z=6. H Oofjd6|'dyFOic Ft'v6[o! oro o)(llin. Aiq:
* H Bo 6Ldyodera!rct<i tnr cpnntuxri oopd ru cutd to*"*. *.*i-

J'.

odre !o Ye0ao!!e xaL -Jn.

.a

45

'rxo'ue =[ J -[ t,""",. 6 /ABIA 'A! 'Bl rrn ' _ eo unotroyloout/ xa Ir, 12, I3. l. To euivpouuo rtiuq AB 6xEL elLodoelq3X+2G6,z=0. 0L nopolerpLkecrou lvol X-t, UF-it+3, Lo6oLq z=0.
0L----- --,

Tq olleLo A (oL B ovrloroLxodv orLC r!u6q t=2 |(oL G0 rnq flopou6rpou.Apo:

-rzt-or a,= r,= ' J r[g ;oe[ J ? L(,-]',r)' f * *a)'.(-f "r-o)o] . \ I \ . r ro, , r , - *r to - -. =l (t-j t*-:t)ot=l I I J,*tql=z-s=r. \-it-z)at=-|
q r 6 r d o n u e aB I I . T o B Tn e p v d d( 0 , 3 , 0 ) f ,( 0 , 0 , 6 ) . ' A p o 6xLnopouerpLxaq el!o6oELC X-0=t(0-0), 0-3=t(0-3),z-0=t(6-0)+ x=0, 0=-3t+3,z= =6t. lo onle(qB Ko! T qvrLoioLxorlv crlrc xl!6q t-0 KoLt=1 rnc floootdrpou. Apo: -) 3 t - 3 + 6 t ) { 6 t])d t = r , = l F d r = l[ ( 0 - 3 t * 3 ) 0 - ( 2 . 0 - 6 t ) ( - 3 t . *(3
-BI

=l (18t*r8t*18)dt=36;

+18 [t"= 18-18=36.

'Apo III- To fA nepvdar6 rq onueLo T(0,0,6) Koi-A(2,0,0). 6XL ropo!.rpLKEC elLo6oeLq x-0=t(2-0), 0-0-t(0-0), z-6=t(0-6) + x:21, r!=0,2= =-6t+6. To onlelo I KqLA ovr[orolxo0v cftLsrL!6c t=0 KsL t=1 Tnc nopoutrpou- Apo:

|,r'( t-+ d6 t -)G l )d . = l 1 r t . : s t - : o 1 a t = F d i = l[ ( 2 t - 0{)2 t ) ' ,( 4 t * 6 t - 6 ) 0 + ( o - 6 r,= ,l. A =4oL lil ;=20-36=-16. ; ],-36
* T o A B b L q " o o o c ! d Lr c r r i 'l' op'fruri qopd 1. curri I +z l'

r p d o o u u le .nroco,i-

od!.

,l !d Ypao.uue kaL i

46 E n o ! a v r dL qv o L I=Ir+tr+I3=l+36-16=21.

9. lb Utlolovlda ro ohoxMF|! f= 6,1"4-x.C, xz4'z=1.

dnouc etvor o rotloe

Aton: 0! nopotitpLKeq ellodiosrq rou K0klou [voLX=ouvt, 0=nut,0st:2n.El,'Eror wL d(d!o dX=(ouvx)'dt,d{F(ntt) dt. o rtnoq (4) rnc oltdoq38,6t-(o'rv'zt)(nut) (-nutt-ouvrr)dtv e L :l = l ]dt= ,o [nu'?t(ouvt) Jlo ,2n tldt=...=0. --l (nut 3+ o u!v
12\ r2't

10. ib unoloyldE(' ro lrot mtlt,o olorl{pq!

I + +

(B' ea6o!C):

J"tuti*tt

{"*,0.'

-*

6rou c eavol n ro|Indln !e 6!ov0o[tlai raFuerptx{ tlq,El:

i(t)-ti+(nnt)J+(ouvt)i, t [0,2n]. Mon: oa(dvouuc ooployi -, (tlat. rLvor: JiaLJBill(t)li )[ (i,( t ) ] = { n r t o u v t ) 1 + ( t s u v t ) j + t ( n [ t ) { . i (t)"1i+(ouvt)j+(-nrt F .,r"0"

oKdu io [i(t)]i' (t)gn!touvt+touv,t-tnu,t.'Apol Elvor touv2tdtnlztd(2t){,|o J"Fd-Jotnutouvt*touv'?t-tnu')tldt=+J o

, .-,,2n .l I "-,,2n nuztd(zt)]= =+ trnrz.t-ot=0.1 l-ouv2tl;"".lo ;10 1[tnuzt]"l -t2t 1124 r2n

= t ' o u v z t-l02 n = 0 .

r **

Blile A

, 6 ! 0 , o e r i 6 o 6 2 , d o x r o ! l x o L d e l i 6 a 6 6 , d o r q o n? . rootepuxrj -ruvrjuevo ouo 6LavuolqrLrd! oovoptrioeov.

E@g[oyEg rc)v eflLxc|lnul'i(rv

o^oxtrlpoudTcrv

0'

Ea6ouq

o) YnoloyLol6q69you 60vo!nq

To 6pvo l,{ nou nopdvETqldrqv lLo 6uwun F=Pi+Qi+Rk L<er ro aF urqron rnc kold UiKoqvbq r6ou ABord To onuEioA oro snue|o B Ulo eopuoyiq blveroL ond Tov rdlo:

l,J=lPdx-adu+Rdz
Av n drvopnei.vou F=Pi+Qi, rdre ro 6pvoElveroL 0116 rov r|Jt1o:

., r
-

Pdx+QdU

euBo6o0 n!n,6ouxoo(ou Bl Ynotrovloldc

To lBoodv E Ev6e T rou enLn660u oXUflou npLKlelerqL on6 !Lo xopLou ontri, KlLorr1 Kq! Kordrl]lllcm lei'o KdlrnLrIn c, r(t)=x(t)i+U(t)j, t[o,B], 6lveror dn6 rov rlro: E:

-! $xoru-oax

napa6ayuara l. lln utroloyloe(. ro 6pvono|l mpdyroL6mv n 60von F(x,'tr.2)=x'ri+ qq (drd giKoqmu r6our{Dqc *0'jrz3* uemronl(er to onutoeoproyilq rounrilnc i(t)-ouvti*nttj+2t(, t r -0,r]. /\don: E r : v oX L= X ( t ) = o u v , e [ 0 , r ] . E L v oo LK 6 ! 0 : U t, ={(t)=n!tz , = z { t ) = 2 tt P(X,qr,z)=X , , ' ! , 2 ) = ' lR o !X ( t ) = - n u t ,U ( t ) = o u v t , z ' ( t ) = 2 23 QU (X ' ,( X , U , z ) = K
| | tt

-I

P d x - A d . ! - R d^ z-l do 7[-(lq u L o u v r ) ( - n u t ) r n ! ' z t o u v t t 3 2 ] d t = ' d ix { d x i l , ' 7 d , , . z r r

3"

EAlfa,\H IllANlAf0Y; "0XCKIHPnTtKoX,{0fiIfloI

48

- l 1 6 t , d r = ri 6 l | = 4 r { .
Jo

rr

I +4 1r

2. ild unolovloglto eda66v E tou eruddou Xdploumu npaktre[eIol ond Inv aoregoeldl mtnttrn x=souv3tr'lEonu3t,t [0,2n], o>0. A0oI: eeoployi rou rtncu E=+ f- to'l-,lor. E!w! x=douvlt, OoKdvouu =onurt, t ,t r = ( o n u 3 t ) ' d t , ' A p o : t [ 0 , z f l ]K q r d x = ( o o u v ! t ) ' dd E=+J - $ , (on!!t) (oouv! t(onu't)'t) ]dt= [oouvr touv,tnut)dt= ['.1or",r,1y.souvt-4u! $. ['n1oru'tau't.'ruttouv't)dt= {F

!,

Jo

"n!'ztdt= lo' - S ["nrr,oru,r(nrrt*ouv't)dt= + J [o ' ) o ["nr.1ouu,161z

)o "

ttuz dtzr;,= t2t) "1+1,' # l"rrl#3!4i

],

=$..

uo,ao.q.

tou nrtGoou 3. k unotofloo( ro qrBo66v xt4l.oufiou [pLkleletd! o-

ndtnv auer|r ,. ,1k-1

iool:

f
oz

* f =t.
g,

rov tuno E-* (D xd0-0dx.H e[louot rqq 6trlEltnq rtoo .eop!6oouu plordvro! ndpdletpL(t rdcEEiq: x=douvt, GB4!t, 0tt<2n. + EivoLnoldvorc E[vo! dx"-onltdt, du=Bouvtdt. XdU-UdX= ioouvt(gouvt) 'EroL +Pn!t( onut)]dt. Cxoutro:

.t

v-Y#'.nog r.uovd6Eq. oBdt= E=* Oxa{-Uax=-i I aB(nu'?t+ouvtt)dt-+l

rl

49 qvoptnd{,oq (F' et6ous] >uv0rlKC rou srllro|lnullou oJ\oKlnpduoroc dr6 ro 606!0rnq olorl4p@Iq . 8r,rpoir ro nLKolnilLo olox,\iq,ruo [^P(x,{)dx+Q(x,U)dx (1), dnou

opLolavaq KqLouvexelq oto onld ouvenLP(x,U),Q(x,S)Lvo!ouvoprioeLq (6* oirvolo A, (AclR?), riEouvexELq lepl(a( nqpoyrivouq :i, (oxoonotoovfKlro rdto {B). nportlolc: Ioxtouv o! En6uvec
(1)LvqL ov{dprnrorou 696uou rnc olo(li9oonc, &llof , r : To o;\oKlipouo 6{ e{Odrur u6{o .lrd Eo ql(q A tcl B, cv r(or !6vo ov n nopdoroon Pdx+Qd(r E[vo! ra,\eLo6LClqopLK6 {6ntrodiov undoxL uLo ouvdptnsn ( A < l R e )r ,drotodrote d G ( x , ' ! ) - P ( x , 0 ) d x + Q ( x , 0Y )d 6 ( X , ' ! ) :A + n , LU d,

oto a,

X,'r) K d t ( A). nopdrilpnon : ouri roxl]el o r0noq: :tnv nptnroon

(B (A) )-G I-. Pdx+adu=c

A 4 opxi (or B ro ndpoq rou r6{ouAB). {6nou

t2)

(l) LvoLovetdprnrorou 6p6uou n,: To oloKhlpogo rns oloKl\{pr,pnc ov (o! o[tul xlLsIIl (aunuln u6voov qPdX+Qd0.o, vLo K6Oe
nou qviK! qlo ^,

(rtquorrKdlEb)

To oio(iipoUo (1)elvoL oveEdgrnto tou Epouou rnc olol(ligrdonc av Ko!

ll
* 1*

Uovoov ==

j+

to nLKqlrdtrLo eopoLluE otro(lripolo:

grire rxerurridrn oli6q,r3 rou B'rdlou. trjro tou !.rui6ou< Aed-

O rriros cr.rtris eivcr, cvtiloros rpos to rroot6 prildros .ou 0loxlnpolLroi loyLotioi. 4

50
I

, ) d x + 0 ( x ,)U x , ' r ,)zd z ( l ) , z-(R I P( x , Uz d,+

6 n o uo L o u v o p r i o L P q( X , U , z l ,Q ( X , 0 , 2 ) ,R ( X , U , z e ) l v o Lo p r o t 6 v e K e o Lo u vxE[qo[o qnld ouvxrLK6 oivolo A, (Acn3), u ouvexei.q upLKtq nopoyriryoue oro l (oro onolo qviKELro r6qo iii). Iq(0ouv oL [69vc npordsLc: (3) slvor qvEdplnro f l r : To oloKiipl,ruo rou Epdtouqq olo(lipoonq qv KoL eavdL rAIELo 6LdiropLx6 (6niq6i ufldtr u6vo qv n napdoroonPdX+Qd{+Rdz c(x,U,z):A - R (AclR'),reroro ro! dc(X,0,2)X Lo l v d p r n o n =P ( x , ' ! ,z ) d x + Q ( X , 0 , 2 ) d U + R ( x , U ,y qz K,d e ( x , U , z ) ^ . zL )d

nopqx{pnon: Av ELvqL dc=Pdx+Qd0+Rdz, rdle LoxUeL o rLrnoc:

(B)-G(A) Jtr Pdx+QdU+Rdz=c

(4)

(dnou A, I Elvqr n apxi KoLro nepoq ovrlororxorou rdou,{B), (3) e|\/oL nr: To otroKlioorlq ovedornro rou 6p6!ou Inq oloKlipoonq ov KcrL

ov;$=#,#-S, ll uovo

(x,u,z)^. j+=r.4, *de vr.o

KIELoriKalnt^nc (tUnUdrL-

(3) LvoL n3: To olox,\ipr,Jtc dveldprnro rou 606!ou rnq otroK^rlpoonc ov KoL yLo (dO fiIi, ldvo ov 6PdX*QdLli+Rdz=0, kd isao, nou ov{KeL oro oivotro A).

noFripnonl:
Av ro rILkoln0iLo otroK^ipold lvqLovdpqro rou opduou B' L6ouc (avrLaroLxo rnq oioKlipoJoqq, 16r ouugo;\LarqL xou["pax*Qtrl, Iopax*OaLl*
JA ,lA

+Rdz)' 6nouA, B eivdL 6uo on!Lorou ouvdlouA no! suv6douv lrlo olloro drlnor Kolituln rou l. floporipqon 2: :Tnv npi,nroon flou 6vq [LKq!nd]Lo oloKiipo)tio sivqr ovdprnro rou 6p6!outnq o,\oKiilpoone, npoonooiu vq qvrLKmqfiiooLrue rnv Kotntln c ue dlln nlo ofliiq !ogr4c, oldre ro o,\oktrip0ruo unoloyLCerqL !La trlo EtKotro. nspabe lyuara 1, lio unoloyrd|. ro erlKoun0lro o^oKlipr4/o I=[ Fai, Onoui=(2xu,x,) KoLc e{.vqL ro 160 AB lnc Kqunollq:o) 1=*', 61 *'=[., ,1 ,-,1'rt, ro onuE[o(0,0), t6xpL ro onUe[o(1,1). And

5t Atot: q (x P{x,0)=2x U , ,u)-xz E(vo! t. opornpo0 du rL e ll -2x= + . 0L ouvopriorq P KoL Q opl(ovloL o[ov oIItrd ouvKtrKd r6rc TiRtn KoL o r p p L ( 6 e floo6yoyoLri.wL ouvEXE[q. Apo ro otroK^{pi,uo eivqL ov6dplnto tou 6p6lou qq olo(h1poonq,6nia6i6v eloprdroLqnd rnv (quntin c, olAd !6vo ff6 ro

(0,0), {1,1). Enoucvos onueLo ro otro(Irlou,uo I KoL qL )q , B), yl aX.L nv L6Lq npLnr6o orLC rpLq rLpn. 0o unoloyLoouue !o o^oKtripoluo KardLo1Koq rnq 'EroL rEolqoudvnC LvqL: vpqlliC oBf.
I-l , Fdr+l* Fdr-lr-l? 'Bf 'uB luiuo 08 6XE! ncpouetp!(dq {1). To Euguypou,ro

( , o r j l o ex u= c i , { F 0 , u e t [ 0 , ] - . t t v o L d x = d t , d 0 =E 0r . o u t v oIc , . l;[-fd;= ,l -l (2x,I ruiuq 8f axer nqpo)dx*x'dq,= , | ztldt+tz0=lodt-o. To Euoivoourio '08 C dqr=dE t .n o U C v o q : Lx = o , u E r p L ( d qE r o d r o E Xr = 1, U = t , u t [ 0 , 1 ] . E C v od I , - l - F d r =- lB -f2 x 0 d x . x ' z d u 2-' l1 t c - 1 ' : d t -d l t = 1 ,H ( 1 ) 6 l v E L I-0+1-1.
,BT

2, 6[veEL to oroxM!|r

[ '/.t'i

(x0'?-U')dx+(x't-3x0')d!.

d) lb EeLxeet 6rL elvc! ov6{dprrtro rou Dpduou Inc otroxtrin'ntq. ov lvol yv(,Jotd 6r! A(l,i), 8(2,2). B) l\h uroloyLoeel Aton: . Apo p(x,0)=x{r_U', (x,Q)=x,,1,_3x,1,.. o) ELvqL I Q

-2",t-:,t,' 1o, f 'zr,t,-1,1,'. !9 'qr d^ ;0';i r

'"

1^

ELvaL ouvExe[q oro ]R',,1'

(1). EnELd t i v o Lf o r n 6 v ; T " ; " Pq l ( q i . 0 a v o l oi! o u v o p r i o c L opLoudvEqoro lR2nou ELvoL on;\d ouvKT[xd |(oLLox0L n (1), ro olo(IiOouo Elvol ovldprnro rou 6p6!ou rnq otroKtripoonq. ro o^oKlipr0i/o eKtrcvouue 8) Tlo vd unoloyloouu !|.o ono[o6inor Ko(oL A B. :ov tdrolo, nx. 00r9oli! fi;\n nouvrival!o on!Lo rnv euoto ro x oov rqoduErpo.EroLtvol X=X,f(x)=U=x, x[1,2], ,FX. eEdporiu ix=dU,'A0o (xU'z-dri)dx+(x'zo-3xU'z)dU=(xr-x3)dx+(x!-3xr)dx=-2x3dx. Eno!6

, u ( :J . . - ( x { ' - " r ) d x - { x ' , r , - 3 xx -tx J,-, !' 'a )x d= {f= 2'1 F 116-11 i =.-

52
:uvollxs yla vq [yo|. ulo DrogoplKi flto&Eddn r6ILo broooplKd

IoxoouvoL en6rcveq nooribeLc:

KsL ouvXLe o 6vo q6uo ouvoprioeLc opLoldvq 1: Av P |(oLQ Ei,voL ji nld ouvKrL(6 r6no A, (A-clR? oL nopdvtuvoL I KoL undpxouv ixl! npordoLq KoL eavoLouvexLq oro A, rdTE oL ell6!vq LvoLLoo6ri,

vcuec:
ropdoroon o) H dLoeoOLKi PdX+QdU rtvoL lalLo 6L@oprK6.

(x,0)eA. B ) E t v o r r [ = f r , y r ox d g e rou 6p6uou eavaL ovetdprnro c rnq otroV) To olo(tripuuo I PdX+QdU

)c

rdipubnc (c A).
opLoldveq n,: Av P, Q KqL R ivoL rpeLq ouvoplioeLc o'dvq cntrd ouvKrLKdrdno A, lA6lR3) undpxouv oL uepL(6cnopdvoyoL o' rd{el,rq rov P, Q KoL R KoL elvoL ouvXLc oro A, rdre oL ndlevEq npordoacLvoI Loo6rivopee: o) H bloeoprkdnopdoxoon PdX+Qd0+Rdz Lvor ralelo 6lo0opL(6.

B)EivoL ;b= ;i,

rr-=;t,

fr

= 5 2 , y r qK d o( x,0,2)cA.
rn

tvol ovdpr4ro rou 6p6!oL c v) To oioKl/lpurlo I Pdx+odo+Rdz olokldpoonq (c E A).

tllooulondl l:
Av !o EnLkoln0lLo oloxlipuuo I Pdx.qdoELvarovEl6pr4ro rou 6o6uou rnq o^o(lipoonq, r6re (6n0rq el6ope), n flopdoroon Pdx+QdU etvqL r6trLo 6LoqopLK6. :rnv rlspalroon quul ro oloKlip{rtro unoloyi.eror 0]s /lq: BpiH G Bp[oKroL ooKouu e* ylo rrv onoLot[vol dG=PdX+Qd(r. uLq ouvdornon
I

r. ci.o! \="j.ej. rdlc c:vo- vo:r +

ir

=pi+a;.

(x,'!)1dP(t,u)dtJi G

t'

tti

(1)

rou t6!ou c, rdTe Lox[L: Av A, B LvoLovrloro[Xq n qpxn KoLro fiCpqq

_ Ta l2) ilPdx+Qd{i=G(B)-G(A)
'," L ,l
J.

fbFrigndt 2: n00 Avdloyopyo(6lostEv!a tvo oioKliooua rnc lopdc I Pdx+Qd!+Rdz, ouvdpqonGr*, YLq Tnv lvoL ovedprnro rou bpdlournq oloxlipdonq. l'4Lo oflolo ivoL dG=PdX+QdU+Rdz 6LvEroL on6 rov !!no:

(3)

T6Te el vqL:

(4)
KoL To ndpoqovrla[oLxo tou tdtou c).

(6nou A, B Er:voL n nagddeLvuo:

6nou ADelvoLarqc l& unoloyld8[ ro oloKl q4! I=l 0zd+a(dr+x'ldz, rii

ruxa(oc rt6uos !c off{ kdr r6pac rd olueta A(0r0,0), B(i,l,l), xo.
ovtlotol-

l0on: EneLbri 6v blvroL n KourdlnAB, 8o Eqrdoouu uinos ro oloKlipolo ovEdprnro rou 6p6pou rnq otro(tripoonq. avdL 2 ,( X , ' ! , 2 ) = xR E a v oP L ( X , 0 , 2 ) = 0Q z( ,x,'1,21=x,1****. oKduq: ELvoL

T o o n u e i o ( a , B ) e i r q u d v c q u g c i p e r os n p e i o t n s n p L o x i sA , r o ! . p i t o

** A!,1"o. ,.pinoj'nr..;,. .t*" ic i +

*r* ro orueio (c,B,r)
lovrdL *i*oL oL P, Q, R.

ut i.{ r;-p:-o:.r;. -* 1 i dz! d^ dtt

eivqe lvq cuscipeto orrueio rrrs repuoris a, nou oaj-

P, Q rou n ooJq,ovro. o.ov IF r rou .j'aL

@,c"rr,6s

rdtro..

rD rn iD xn ib-.,;i-. *;u=5i

AP
-

AR-rl, = AP = AR ax az ",r,, 5i 5' a0 : X r aR a0 aR

-

{1).

ro oloKtrigoud LvorovE[dprnrorou 6o6t]o!tnc oloKfulpoonq. 0L oxaPdX+Qd{+Rdz oeLc(i)onlolvouv qx6uo 6rL n nopdoroon aivoLraleLo6Loeop[KduLoe ouvdprnonq G(X,0,2), nou olveioLond rov r!no: I' tu t' G(x,{,,2)= Pl( t , 0 , 2 ) d t - Q l ( o , t , z ) a t *R l (o,0,r)dt (2),
)a )B J.r

'Apc

(o,B,V6 ) v do u e o t O o dnou ro n ! E L oI.L q ( o , g , y ) = ( 0 , 0 , 0 n) ( 2 ) 6 ( ' v e [ : r' rv ,{ ," G ( x , 0 , 2 ) =P l ( t , 0 , 2 ) d t +Q l { 0 , t , 2 ) d t +R l z d t - l0 z d t + l0 . 0 d t = X 0 z l ( 0 , 0 , t ) d t =U

), lo )o )a )d Jd

'Apo 'E G(x,0,2)-x02 . roL eivorI .=G(B)-C(A)=G(1,1,1)-G(0,0,0)-l.l.l-0.0

Iur,ofrc th6evlqlo6 rou nLxc|ltrutrl.ou olo(lnp6Froq 9' etbouc Iox0ouv oL en6uevq rpotdoeLc: (IELo[ic KoKsrolixoc l(de lnoava(erol 1: To otro(Iiporuo 6Pdx-Qd,! c rou ouvdio!A, (r6('0 urlltrnc oOLoUo0 r0]vP, Q), 6rdv ro oovotro qntrd -4 , A Ei.voL ouve(rLK6, undgxouv oL !pL(6c nopdyoyoL *, # ivolouvxL o( r oI x o r , j $ = $ , vuox6e (x,0)eA,
n2: To oloK^{pryo !n6vl.lexo! Kor6 urlKoqKdO (leL 9PdX+Qd'!+Rdz

iit

Kountlncc ro0 ouv6^ou 0, (ne6lo op[o!o! rrrv p, Q, R), 6rov to o0volo d i.vol qnld ouvKrLK4 uldgxouv o[ gepLxde nopdyoyot o' rd{oq rov P, Q, R, IIou eavol ouvxE0q oro ^ xol: aP= a0 .; a0 - aR rR =.; aP (x,u,z)F^.

;i '

Ai ' ;ii

, vLoKdE

Ibpa6 .'ytard l. Ih otroloyroel ro oloKMg+o 6,Ux*xaU, 6nouc t!s! o (oxloq x=ouvt, {Fnut, t [0,2n]. Aodt: P(x,t)=U,Q(x,,I)=x. ECvqL 0L ouvdorioaLc P |(oLQ eavoL ooLoutvq sro sivolo R\n. EtvdL ;0 "1, Jf =t. loo i6 = to,"uEprKdc nopdyoyoL ; 'Apo elvoLouvXELq). To o0volo IR{ eLvoL onAd ouvKrL(6. odUoovo u Inv flpdroon nr rnq oIc6oc 54, etvor 6udx+xd{=0, 0a xdvouue eno,\iguon ro olo(lipr,rlo. Eavor: X=ouvt,U= unolovL(ovroq = n ! t , t e [ 0 , 2 n,] d x - ( o u v t ) ' d t d , U = ( n ud t )t . ' A p d : dt- (ouv'zt-nu'1t)dt=ouv2tdt odx+xdu= lnut(-nut)+ouvt(ouvt)]

Erouavr,rc: q{dx+xd{Fl ouv2rdt=+ ; =0. | ouv2td2t= i Ln!2rl

rl

2. lb unoloylooi, to rlro|tttollo olo<Irlorqrc I- [ -:!L ay' ---L 61, Jc x'?+0'z x'z+0'z 6no0 c 6avo!o r6doc (x-l)'z+0,-i. ^0ot:
(x':+{': x"r!' x?*rr'? )': qnd (0,0) suvoprioLq P Ko! Q 6v opLcovroL oro onlEao ro onoaonpvd

. F t v oP r ( x , U). : . ! L, q 1 x , q , 1x

* l l = 0'-r' , =:9 dv

fD.

0L

Kqunrln c. EroLro oloxlipoto6ev lvo! loo te ro !n66v.01 rw]erpu(6q c (r. nUe. tnc c LvoL {LotoLe X=1}ouv8, yLo oeopotu oov opx{ ro onpEao ro onoao6xouue e-0.-* xoLoovrepoq !o

o n u e Lu oe g = f + e " . E r o L eLvoL:
I -t I e l8--+ . 'Exoulc dx=-nuodo, di!=ouvodo. ,0"-+ . ct | L-

'Apo:

56
s +I

, ' -_ )l
o.-{

-' | -nuo(-rus) {l+ouv)ouv0 l o r - [ n u " e * o u v ' ? e *o or u-v e ,^ ( r r " r " e J , r r , s ' (1+ouve)'z+nu'z r 1+2ouvg+ouvzo+nuzo t l
s"**
1+ouvg ,^ f *=J
.-I "o 2
t - -no+5

_t
I
o.-|

Z;ZoutE

-l

d= l

l0L no;

ll6ql -

nLKqrnull,ouotortrr|ClEroc

(B' et6ouc) xoL 6!r o{, olorllfdtt/otog

gdrr4lql rou Grn**

c !!o qnli -KIELar{kqL rlnuorLkd ^ao, erLKdnpooovorolloldvn Kqgn0^n KoLT, (TCna), ro KovovLK6**((lLord KoL0pdv!6vo) Xr!'Eotu pLo nou nEpLKieLeL. P(x,0), Q(X,0) 6uo olvxeaco[o T ouvoprioELCiyLo tLc orolec undpxouv oL !pLK6c ncpdyovoL *f,,4 ELvoLouvexe(co' ouxd. Tdt Lox[eLo riroc: oto t *0, 'Eoro

(ff - S)a^au, f*'.0,,r,-ff

ncporilqlor l: To ed)p ro TouGreenLoX0L Kor o[nv neplm0jon nou ro XoploT, nou npLKtrLL onli KlsLsui Kolnlin nou n c, tvoLeTLKd npooovcrotrLolavn, 6v ehrcl kovovlK6 {e6oov r.ox0ouv 6treqo! 6^leq u[oedoELe).:qv euoLKd np[.nroon ouDi xr,JpL<ou! ro Xlrpio!E rn BoiorLoeueuypd!!0jv rlnldrov nopo,\fuiklv npoqrouq d[oveq, o' 6vo nnOooucvo nlieoe KovovLK{irv xopltiv, nou qvd 6uo 6ev 6xouvKoLvd oorpL(d snuElo. :E Ko6vo on6 rq lnoxopio ourd Eqop!6<ouuE ro eedpnttq rou Green.
* T o - l e 6 o f u d r o x r i e u y u o a c l r , i l e s t o ! J F ,, H ge{iJorud ro! Gauss. *** '!w xopLo ri.Y.roL xavollxd, rltcr ou rcptillrles euleies rpos ro eootepurd onreic tou xopiou Eold x x (i ,l',!), trou leploJ! "nd q , i v o p o r o r o u !: xdpio! 6uo roLld df}ejd **

n,X., mtv fleplmoonrou enoudvou oxiUqroq nou ro Xoplo T 6v ge6pnto Lvo[ KqvovLKd To Tou GreenLoxteL. Eno!6v0e e i.vo L:

'Etst

ea-.ouu+JJ(S ,,, ,*lr)o,o* J aTl

| ( 1 ) o L X v E ro oq L E t q . 0 6 p v o u ! e ro Eugrlvpoulo l|]iua AB, ondrro Xr,rploT oro KqvovLKd ufloxnpLo T1, Tz xupl(erqL nou rq o vopdTouqdravpdeovioL dftoe 6elxveL ro 6e0rEpo oxito. EXou! no-

(S- S)+0,r,= ,,*.,Jf T =ll (# ;$ (a-4 )axa,r,= ).*.ll Tr Tz

#f tor<ou-f to*'oo,t=
?T, ET"

pax.oa+. f. -- to^-qo,r,, tox.qo+. { d^ d^pox.qau= d^r,r-,,*' ' BA - AB ' AIIB A|AB BTZA
. Q^ pox-oaUq Pdx+QdU+o= q Pdx+Qd'!. Pdx+adUF f^ pax*qau.l^
'Apo (l) !oX01. n

tbaEilq|ol 2r MErn BoiBeLd rou eoJpiuqroq rou Gren o unolovLou6e EVdq efllKolnilrou oloKlnpduorog KqrdliKog uLos olTtrdq KleLoriq eerLKd npooqvorolroUtqvdveroL vnq Kaun[Inq, oEovunoloyLoud ev6q6Ln,\oU otroKtrnpdruoros. nqoaripndt 3: lv F=pi.qi, 1616o r0noqrou oE0rpiuqroq rou GreennqtpvL**rn !og0{

I I f ro;f[r"".rrraro,r,
(0,0,1). 6nou k=
r +*

i'rt

I4e aT dotrBoriqouue ro ouvoOo rou XdpLo! T. q n d 6 e u q r H 6;verdLdtf oElL6a I30 ( Adrror 92).

58 ntgaElpidt 4: lilnopo0u6 w unoloy[oouu 6vo enlKqrntlLoolo(lift)tro !e rn Bolro rou (r(6!ct (L trinourou Green ov n Kdunl,ln c 6Ev Et,vo!KILoti. flo to oKofi6 our6 K^Lvoluo rnv Koun0trn c !s llo 6lln Kqu(|l^n cr, on6r 6xou!:

a =l_l * l=a _l (r).

II

rou 6e0repou !v npdroo^oK^rloouo lalouc qc {l) ufloloyt(eroron6 tov rtno roo Green,ro 6 direpo ol\oKfu'lp{,lUo LvoL6uvot6vw unolo yl<erorltoli nro qIIAd onddrL ro 6oo!6vo (doKnon 78, osAtbo t16).

'EroL ro

nagq6El,yIara

l. ih vlveLrclilouol rou r0trou rou Green, 6tov F(x,0]=fui{xj rcu En'., r.r{,sl ). T={(x,0) A6on:
'Apo: 0! uno06oELc ror, ordgiloroq Lox0ouv.

'Apo *, EtvoL P(x,0)=3r, Q(x,u)=4x. 3$-r .o,.j$ $ =+-:=r. *$

] ..h-x, ax. ll ( + + )axat= llaxc,r,= ''; 'I - , ' || f;u,la-=zJ,rn'

Etvol

l-

J/l-xzdx=+x/-x,

+i totatx+c (gtranE o 16!0 oEla6o 149,doKn-

zJ *tolnuxl',=.o{nsl-ro[*r-rf=i-(-i)=". on1). Apo ax-tx/t:F _,/t:F

J\oln6v ELvoL ll({f
T

i[ )axaU*

(1). 0L nopo!rprxtq Eqlqloerq rouFi

KlouX'1+{'?=1 eLvor: dx--nltdt, do=ouvtdt. X=ouvt, U.n!t, 05tsk. EtvoL 'Aoo: (-gnl,t.4ouv"t)at= [3nut(-n!t)+4ouvtouvt]at=[ O3odx+axdrF[

t, ] . - r t q l " = ^ - " = " . =[ rrouu,t-:rat= -* or oIv , t d r - 3 d[t = 7o fuvj4u 'o

L

ELvo! Eno!6vo)q:

59 O3'!dx*4xd0=n l2) An6(1) {oL (2) npo(!nr[n (nroiuevn Erlo^ioeuon. 2. llo uroloylde(. g rov r(mo rou crGnm olorlipouoI
I

6qru'ax*r'u'al,
6trouc 6lvqa o koKlo( !e Etq'|ol x,{r=|. A0on:

n,o p! (x,0)-4x0 , x , 0 ) = 6 x ,.0 Er.vo .ff =rzx,l', =rrru,. . t ou r Q!( .o #

6Onto rou Gren npoeovdc LoX0 L.ELvqI T= :Xr+{,r1 { (X,0)R, ).'EroL dxou!

qnd -1 rovliro roucreen ( 2x0, : f lxrliol*5x,0, d0. zxrt,, e6r6q,o tara,6JJ II 1

"tI

3. ib fioloylog[ ro otro(tr{OqE

-0)dx+ (3x (x+40 )d,, ua tI

8ol|oEra

rou r0rou rou Green,6rcu c l'yo! n 6l}tELUt, !E e{l,u,[rl Aton: E{.vo! P(x,0)=3X-U, Q(X,{)=x*40. 'Aeo =-1, =1. ECvo! o(duol aU fr

f *'-'.

r = l ( x , ' ! )n ' : ? + 0 , : 1 1 0.L' r n o 0 6 oLqxou oe{dgiuoroq tou cren roxo-

t,-2

t:x-,llax*tx+,lta0= Q ll zaxa,ezl ." . - , 1|' [ /xT

i-

r-

" . ,/l-Z Y 4
1/1-;

,u]r--nr,,) =+".

='1""/W a({)=(e*.*," f

4. th moloyroea g q lorlora rou r0nou rou Greenro elruoutilll! o lorMftt[:

60

ft'+zrc.({,t)ar,
6[ou c tvql I rqun0^n rou o(ihcroc.
i0on: To Xupi,o T nou [epLKtr[EL n Kolntln c 6v elvol mvovlKd To 0E6pn!q rou GreenLoxUeL 6nos EL60! o[nv nspodpnon 1, rnq oilooc 56, (adoov Lox0ouv 6iq oL euoLt(d 6trIeuno06oElq). Z L L V OP r ( X , q r ) : X _ +a ( tX , r t rz ,=X_{,

rlopoto|]io

'Aoo =0, -xU.Enou6vr,rc: ;0 fr

r ). fr*"+r*'({,,,r,)a,r,=lj( # *f, ).*=llxudxdu

fLo vo unotroyLooute ro 6LnI6olo(lipolto,Kdvouue ro letooxnUorLolo X= =pouvo) (i=pn!. ELvoL 4ro'zsg+ 2spi3, +se52fl (q r II 2n

fffi

=p. rpo,
\v2ed2=

t2nltt ' r ^nr, ouvonusr + +l + r, / de= llx'!dxd{r-| ll p3suveauedplds=l 'i '+"" t*

"i

=jt f-ouvzel -ffi. ;= i; (-1+0)=-

EnrKound]\lo oloKi\np{igoro 0' t6ouq o' 6vq rollfild

ouvErrlx6 r6nor

>rnv nplrlroon v6cnotrIqntrd ouveKrxod !,'rouA, {AclRr) ro oloKlip0llo I (6nou oL ouvqpt/loELq P, Q eivoLouvXLq oro A KoLAild)66/ l^PdX+Od0 qvldprnrorou 6p6tlou (L ov LoX0L er:voL rnq otroKtripoonq oKduo n ouviKn (X,U).A. AK6uo {1). vLq KdOc ro otroKlipuuo 6v xolndEvi.(cror ;il ;i
erdneoxtturd drr oli6d 43, ro! B' r6!ou.

61 rd pihoq (@ |(]\|oE1s c rou A, 601t,, Koun0lnq xL ov Lox0eln (l). ynos6rou! troLndv 6rL o r6[oe I eavaLnollar d ot,va(rlKdq rql 6rL CXgrULo'bni" CoroT.'Earo odtlo !l dvo luxcrtoonuelotnc "0ft1q"xq! dTL Lotoer n ouv06Kr(l ). T6c:

ol To oloK^|lprllo
q

to**O*

"rrol,

oveldpqto lorJ 6o6uou rnq oloKlil

(KoLquo[kd.avoL loo !e ln6dv) (ord !i(oq Kdedntrie, KIELqTI1

iauniJ\nc,llou 6y npLdxeL oro eoors0lk6uc to snlslo il.

l*"', rnv l6Lo rLli vlq Kdeon^{ kler8, To otroKlnptltro J"tn*qOU c nou el,vo! oerlKd npoodvorollogevn oEi Kourdtrn KoLnou neptdx6! oro eq,,tep!K6 rnq ro onue(.o ll (6n^o6i yro (doe otlli, KlerdEi Ko!fltln, rcu nplKle[ar rnv "oni'r )*. H ard00i1 rLUi lou olo(Inpoloroq quri ovotrdcEroL o[nv nepl.m6lon KrtllKi ardeepd rnS "oniq" T.

Ucoarilpnon 1:
Av tr slvol I KUKlrxi otqepd e ordq T KoL c lvoL Ulo kleLoril KdunLlln (orl^i i dxl), !E t{f c, r6rE undpxsr dvqq oKdpoLoq v, reroloq dlo[e

f =6=f
rreLeL tf! ror,in.

:,..

yLa xd9raxriln cr,c2,ca nou nepL-

62

{cax.oarur.
nopodlfion 2: nLKotrruI[ov otroK^npo To ouundpoouo orov uflo^oyLou6 B toe oLeuKotr0vel nou Ldxrlouv oL oxrlK6eflpoulloe6oeLq. EroLov n ou udr0 ornv nepi,rlroon noltnloKn,e(l6youlr c1,reF(X,0)=P(x,,!)i+a(X,,!)j eLvsL uLqv6o Kqunuln tns vo onlofioleLTn ouTotoflouvo npLKtrELeL Tnv "oni" |(oLn E[Loooi (BI6IIE vdpqonrou olodngdloroc nopdoerypo 2, otr160 65).

rou oeopilaioq rou eren o m^loflId duvnLkdxr,Dad E[6Kroon

:rnv nrplnroron nou ro xopLoT, [ou nor(ILeLn onli Klerorll tount]ln onld o!vEKrL(6, o^trd noL c, nou (voL8e!L(dnpooqvotollotlavn, 6ev ELvoL (6ntro6il Iqn^douve(rLKd nepr6xer ro! Green 6ev "ondc"),r6te ro eedfitro oopioouue rnv Kolnt^n c. Av dloc LoxieLov oqv oivoporou xoplou 06oou(ro!ac), T oE Koxdllnlc Kqln0iec rdr ro !e xojpLo urooxnldrL<EroL cntrd cv oeopioou! duvaKxLK6, dl,\o Kord^Inlootvopdrou.
'EroL lI.X., ornv nEp(nroon rou 6!n,\ovo0oxitoroq, ro xoplo T 6v e{.voL onl6 ouveKr[Kd, 6ldrL ropouoL6(rdLrt

oni G. Av 6u0rs rnv xoln0ln .48 eapouue (toui) Ko[ oeopioouue ro o0vopo aTrou
vo 6LoypdeETqL, 6n0Jq Daxvouv xrdplou ro 8dAn,rdr ro xoplo T vlvror onld ouveK!L(6. EToL to odonud rou Green LoXieL. Ilnv nepLfirr,Jon ouri 6[voLi
^"\ ( 9_Pdx.od,!= Jl # ;fi )dxd,r, -f rrl"^

(if jf,)+.u f.'+,oo,r,$,*,,oou-lf

(BI6nnopd6ELylq 3). H nponvorpevnto6rnro EneKrLveELKoL yLo K ro [Ii8os ofi6c, a(,voL: EroL

63 r[e on6qKoL dnou cr, c2, ..., cK LvoLoL KlErorcqKoullriqflou opLcouv c [vcL n KI.Lot{ Kotn0lnnou rpLKleLeL rLC 0fl6q. AtLo napoxipnonq ai.loL 6rL oL oorepL(ae xitficq Kouriitrq 6LqrpdxovroL Kord Tn aopd KLvi(qpvnrLKi), Evdr ooqTlrv 6LKT6V rou poloyLo|J KoUrlIn c 6!0I etoTepLKi poloyLod (orLrp6xrq! xsrd aopdovrleern rnq KLvrloeoq rov bELKrdv rou Ki). 0L toudq bLcnp6xovraL KoLKsrd rLq 6uo (avri8rq) qopdq,yL ourd dtrtr!.lor 6v nqpouoLd<ovrqL oflv (l) o^oKlnBilqrs xsrd piKoq rdv rotldrv (8^6flnqpd6rylo 3, oe^('6q 66).

Ilopa6Lyuara l. lb unolovrde[ ro enLKotnollo olo(l4pqro qq ouvdpqons i(x,o)=

-a: = -- _L

i+ ----L j, nou E(yoL opLolavn orlq nEplolaq nou 66alyouv tg IIou olpErd]vowo!.

e-

rdUEvo oXilUoE Kar{ dxoc rgv rqfitilov

...,J-

A. \w"7
,/ '/ l,z| ,,tr\

A6rr,

t"'

{o
, q1x,q 1=

EL v q rP ( x , U ) -:!L = ='": (x'4'z)'

;h,,'*f;=#

#=

P AQ A p o ;A U- ax

o) H nploxi A eavqLonld ouveKrLKi.E[aL6i LoXtEL (1)ylo n ouvenKn x60 (x,'l)d (oL lEpLKdq nopdyoyoL i.voLs!v6xi.q oro A), ro oloKtripo-

64 ove{dprnrorou 6p6gou qC otrotdiprlonc, !q e('voL EEoprdroL tr6voon6 rooI| !to A KoLB, toul8 X=pouv, {Fprug, :ro on!(o A eavot Or=0. >ro olgeio B Etvo[ 'aeo: , e,=+, :-9!!9 1eqlygy 6,11= (onre)de= d0* @ ,{, 41. r
x'*tJt2 x +0? p2 92

=(n!'ze+ouv'?)do=do. tnou6voc: [ --:.L ax* ---L a,l-[to=ieli'o =+. . )" x'z,{' x'zn!, Jo g) H [egLoxd l lvo[ notrtrdnid ouveK!LKi. (l), Ioxie! n ouvoiKn yro Kdoe(X,0)A-T,H xolnrjlnc nou CXL (x0KAoC) egLor,ron xr+{rr.4 n9fi1(L tnv "oni" T. 0L nopo!rpL(dq e[odsLc rou (!(lou e.'wr X=2ouvt, U= z n t t ,r t e [ 0 , 2 n ] .' A o o l ux- --t!- 6,1-f2n61=1112n=2n. l, -! ' 'o Jo x'-rtr'? x'.0' d (ro 2n El.voL n (u(lLki olooepd rnq oniq T). V, H ll6pLoxi alvoL flol^cltld oov(xlK|l(n a6!o qc rcptrtootc g.). H Koundj\n c LvoL o KrJ(Aoq X,4r,-1. EneLOi Inv ,'oni,'T kot n c neglxiE{,e[ Loxor n ouveiKn ), vro Kdes(x,0)A-T, ro otot(Iipolo elvor, l.oo !e rnv KU(ILKioroopd 2n. 6) H neproxiavo!nol\lqflld ouvE(rLxd. (l) !oX0L H ouvOiK0 vro Kde (X,0)A-T.H (ou|I0^n c 6EvnEpL(le[eL xovtvconte{,0 Inq',om1q,'T. 'Apo ro oloKlipr|lo aLvot Loo! xo un6av, E) H np[ox'l d (val on^6ouvExrLKl. (l) [oxd[ylq Kdoe H ouvOix0 (x,0)l (!e ouvxelq rLq lepLxgq rlopoydryouq oro A). ,Aporo oio(l{q,r!o l.voL Loo!e ro !n6Cv. or) H (ounitrnc 6ev EavoL onli 6L6rLo (ltKloq neororp6qEroL v aopgc v0poon6ro on!to (0,0). 'EroLEavoL6 9ol- r Fu, =r*. ,. x'+{' X.*'!. () fi (o!n'jin c repvd on6 rnv opxdtuN ol6v0Jv 0, ornv ofioadoL p, Q, P0, Qx6EvLwL ouvexelq. TpdeoutlE rdeo KiKtrou 0 xo! oKt{,vo u Kdvrpo r xatoLonou to x6Eovo BploKloL olo or,JTpLK6 _ rou x!,paoo nou rlpt_xlelE
rd[ 0116Tlv c.

'EXouUe:

qlFdr=liO I Fdr-limI Fdr '" d Jlas 4n lMa +l

.BTA

I--

--

(1), E[wr oK6!o Yr

for= |

fdf+

(dnoo Fdr=ll(Qr-P0)dxdt=0 T (vaLro xtip(.o nou naplx^(erol (mdl'V

;
| ++ | I ++ I ++

M B r A )+ l .AAB Fdr=-l Fdr+l Fdr-l Fdr ,BIA ,ArB /AAB

>

liml

+-

r.O,AAB

Fdr=

-{,ax'xdu =rim (zr I idi-lr)^ 6id;=]i,n [ ;o; = r=6tu;-rt,f ," ,c tO rAtg !+OrAIg r,O ,Arg
X2+02

rou r6lou ATB, ge x=1o|rv, Grn!, uLonomtrerolKinogdordon 0A=0o, 0s=0o{r. T6rn (2) 6[vL: I=t ir Iuo*t r2nl2o'r'?ouv'?g o, + t n i m I *'uo r-oJA
.0o+n

'Eoro

d e = l t m l e l -"o n.
r'o'-!o

2, rb fio]toyrdea ro muotlrrtlro olfitrilglt! ct!q! [ o|,rttn I'?{'?=16. ldot:

I= dt +d(+xd , 6nut c 4 {xz +94'z

-t ----L ELvor P(x,o)= . O! P KdLQ op(.<ovto! orov , Q(r,,1)= 2 4x,+9uz 4x2+9 rdnoAIRxR-{(0,0)) (t6nocnotrldnld ouve(rLKdc), us oni ro on!lo (0,0)

= i = 4 u ' - 4 x ' , , v l d ( @ e( x , r r ) a . r t v o L{d$ ^ { d'y

(4x,+90,).

H (oullriln neprKtrLer rnv oni T={(0,0)}. Apan tLUi rou oX'z+0'?=16 qntri,(lLonl, gerLxdrOodvorollo!6vn yLq troklnpdudroc etvoL n [6Lo Kde ,'oml". Kogrl0^n, nounepLKILL xnv eeulpo0ue loLn6v,TnvKounuln: (1) (6IIeul4) cr: 4X'z+gu'?=1 -{dx+xdU -Udx*xd{ ypdqeror =[ AdvLr (2). lnq (l) ro oloKtr{qrlo I- A '"'

. eu' { 4x'

OLnooourgLKeq ELod,oLq rnq (t) e(voux={ouvt, 'lF-}nut. 'loo: d x = - i u t d t , d . r-j o u v t d t ,u t e i 0 , z n l . ' E r o L n (2) 6('ver:
'ora! r + o , t o t < j E or c r l r i q e r q u ! e t r 3 g o n l r , r e p o e i p e r c s .

66
\ t1 \'l r=g,-udx+xdu=Jo ruy +t1 ouvt(t ouvtl ljnut(* ldt=

,",r ,

, ,

=*[

i ' ( n u ' t * o u v ' t t c t = * [ a . 2 r r_ --T "" T

3. ltb elE^norelo r6roc rou Crren yid ro oloKlipq!:

6(-x1)d*xu'dt'
6nou c eaw! Io oivopo TouXoptouI={(X,0)n,: 2q'z+tl,,:{}. (novEnroul!ro lov6l,tou )
ll]q:

To XtJpao T 6v elvoLonld ouvKrLK6 (ae6oov urdoxL n oml c). 0e0lpo0u ro ue0vrdUuo rtilq AB(oL oedpo0!oov ouvopo rou xoplou T olrd nou 6LoyodoeloL 6tl(l)c oelxvouvrq BdIn. 'EtoL ox(llolveKtLkd. oLoyLvIoron)\d ELvqL: P(x,u)=-x'zu, 0r ouvogri@Le Q(x,0)-x0'z. P KoLQ ELvqL ouvexetq oro T. ELvoL o^p"1n+. :-X"r 0K0U0

E /'

)r,/'z

f:
\
I

.//

=U'. 0r UePuxtC mfr pdyoyoL LvoL ouvexetq oro T. 'EroLro

. lfl rn tl 'txo|JuE - .D\ ee60nua rou Green LoxieL. ;i ;b,ldxd'IFJJ('!,-x,)dxd0.Kdvo ,J(

TT

ELvqL 2<p2<4=+ 'E 3p32.EUor alr ro usEoxtpqrLo!6X=pouvo, U=pnuo.

K6uo 0:8:2n *or

Itl.n

ffi

=p. Erordxouu:

ll(ix*
i

\o\ n [

j' tp 3 d p = l o ed Jo , rn t l? t; ].:znt+-t1=6 ) * " . | ,' o j -J /, oraoa -o - r. *',r,rox.x,l'ao-f ---\pdx,od,J,= - f--_ _ 6 ,r ,_-, erar,qazHese
eiara &

Fi voL oxduo : f

.d
BZ'AB

46
B'

A: A .A

BZPB

66=6-6
AB AB

e'.
!HZA

AIATA

0o unolovLoouUe To 6uo rEiEuroio o^oKlnpdtqro.

67 H l(oulr0^n A|AEA eivd! o k|JKr\oc cr: x'z4,2=4, ue mpotretgl(Bq EtLodoelc x=2ou!or{F2n!0,04!2n. I ronn0^nBoHZ8 elwl o r|]K^occ2t x2+.],J2=2 ue nopolemlGCetLori,oslc X='Z ouvo, 0=.? nUo, 0<gE2[.Etvor:
lr

(-x,U)dx*xU,d,lFl(4ouv,g2nuO2nuO+zouv4nurezo 0 (-x,U,)dx*x,!,d'!-O -l auyeznu2ga ouyg)de"3zl o'rv'zen!'?odolzaJv'zen nvgE nt)g+E

-aI ouv'enp'eae-z+[ (nuze)'?d(20)= ouv,ns,9d0=3[ t2nreouve)'?a(ze)-s[

)o to Jo Jo

=31-*nu40l -3f2n1-6r.
'Apo (2) 6aver n I
I

(-x"U)dx.x0"d'!=6fl (3).
AT

And (l)KdL (3) npor0nreL rou rdnou tou Green. n enqldeEuon

68

AYXBI{E' AIITI'BI '

L llo urohofldoov fi Endlevo drltolndllo

olorllp6ttto:

q) l=l (x+'l)ds, drqr c 6lvqr ro euo|'yFHro qrl|I AB, u A{1,0),8(0,1t

8) I=J xfrds, drouc eleol Eor6Eox=t, F+

/!lol:

lr-

'313, F+ t,, 0it!1.

a) H EIo|,FImC eugeLoc AB elwr X+{Fl. orpo0lsro x rdpduetpo.'tio! e[vol x=x' 'lFl-x, ue 0{11. E[voL enop6voc (dnoq (5) oe^l6o 27):

, . J"tr+ro,=J' rz!',a*. o. trr * )/it-'t;ffi;tT dx= [',n+ lon=

9, Elvdr (rtnoc (l), 0l[60 261:

f .,r,o.= [-r-L . vf J r o , "git-!.',

.29

r;]lT7- 8 t ! ) L\J l-[(tt).1

.

*=

| t'i.t'ttrttat- EL

2. lb urcrtoyloe(' ro nlxqgrtAro ofoxMrun f=J",m*as, 6!rou c |'wr I rqldM x=ln(l+t'], ]?roEsot-tr3,te[o,l].

ffdl: 0o Kdvouue e@9uoy4rou r0rou (3), InC oe^l6oq 27. Elvor:

2r =[ {2roteot-t*s)e-1"('""')1 /( \"-( 'o

V \ 1+t'l

-i'
/

\ l+tr

dt=

=[ 2toreot-t*r. /_E_
Jo 1+t'z V

tt*t'1" \

,l 2-r-r.
t*t'

)', ,

dt=

69

, /@dv
=[r 2roqeqt-t+g ro.=z['tglgg! at-['-l)o 1rt2 Jo t+t,

V 11t t'l'. at=

Jo t+t,

at*l['_!

Jn 1+t,

rotieet j [t' ) =z I rototd(to{e@ 1-, * , ' 1 - ' 0 1 ' * . ' y - r-[-' r a t = z f . lt.
)o Jo Jo 1+tz I lo

=\i j rn{ *atoreor * f'" jr ] I'i'*.ott l=ro!'eqt""t/T " *,

= T 5 * T +1a8,

3. tt urotroyLdl. ro Entxol/trolLo oloxldpot!

I"

{ds, 6nou c l.vol ro

160lnc Kauntlnqtou rporou oy6dou r{dyot6vov llou el,vot I rolri tlw rrFr'.kr x2Nlt2+22-l (l), x'z+|'?=x l2l. ioql: eo a(epdoouu to X, { ouvqpnloEr rou z. H (1} 6uv. (2) Vpdee@L: X + 2 2 =+ 1 X=1-zz (3). (1-2'?)'*U'?+z'-t (4). 8 (1) 6uv. (3) vpdo.roL + rlpzfiTV orou!.z=t (5), on6reexoulecfldrlc (3), (4) (dr (5): {x(t)= I - t " u ( t ) = t / 4 : i E , z ( t ) = t } ,t [ 0 , 1 ] 'Apo: nou eLvoL oL ndgoterpLKtq eEro6oLC rou r6tou.

=l t/1-t,

at= [ t{z-t'ylat.

-i = I

-* r"t' orz-" t= !tzo -rt. l4 e-t' t; 1 ""rz| # ", 6nouc EtvoL i rqrntln

4. tlr uroloyldEa.ro olorMgq! i(t)=ti*( I +t'1)i+ +,t'1, t e [0,3].

70 Mct: LvoL 0r nopq!tpLK6c tLoliolcnc rouflo^nc x=1,q-1+1', 2=f t', 'Apd: t e 10,31.
t ',..2,2 .t u' a,=[ r'-' ]T' I .to 'r.

f*y,

1+tz

t t'),-tr't.)'l'-[(+

)'1""3'\ -T /'

t'2l3. =1']t.t')3t',r."-,,0.={ J'rz,"..,rar=S i$ - $ l , - T \ T

5, b unoloylda ro oAor.ldg.|I t=J"ta*'-olotor, dnouc e(vo! rElaoy6wyporul 0ro rc 0(0,0,0),A(l,l,l), B(2,3,4), A0on: ( o x . - q { , 2 ) a st (I t, ). or r I v o Lt =- [ t[ r'-o,l.to. *[ {6x'z-4uz)ds.I,+ c -oa 'AB
elro6oerq rou Onetvor {={=f
ttr

x={Ez.t, ue te[O,l].

'Aoo:

(6t'?-4tt) /{ t' )'z+( I r=JoA{6x'z-4{,2)ds=J t )'?+ dt + lr. lt' t'z dt=26 ) " "t2 0-l =-20r ErotoLc rouAB E.voL -

f+ " $:+ #-l

=#=,.
t.l. 'Apo:

H X = t + l t V L qX - 1 , X = 2 ,6 t v E L X E t + l , U : 2 t + 1 ,z = 3 t + 1 .

=rm rol. $ -e$ *.]'=,m J'{-re*+..zra.=rrr [-re

'EroL (l) 6aveL I=+,6 -8r'iif. n

[ ({z,rr)ds, droo,A Ef "*rttn qrll[, ne A(2,1,-2)ror B(10,5,-10). r.u! ro riovpqryo 6. lb rrsolovldo[ro erlmFrollo ,tddr:

71

0! e{lodreLc rou AB elvqL ri+=t+ =#

6pLotou t stvoL \-+ x=2 (oL ylo x=l0), =0, t"= 10;2 .l

- f"t-r!-t.

'EroLoL nopoterpLK6q e4lqloelq rou ABavoL X=2t+2, 0=t+1,z--2t-2. To ond rnv x=2t+2YLo {ttgok6ntouv

'Apo axouu:

=J'tlt,-rzt.-ut-orr-lr at=sla + +14 i *t]"=rsu $ +12

7. lb unolovlde(ro EnlxcnolrooloxliqdE I zds, 6rou c e[vc! rqr|rdln!c nopouErgrxec lLdoerc x=touvt,'lFu|nt, z-t, t l0,2nl.
,\6dt:

0 rinoc (1) lnc oelL6oq 26, 6LvL:

ttr;F
=-'|-.---a-|=-T

"'--T I

It" +2\,d lt" *2).

f{ln':*;i -2i 1.

t-tl

8. lh urolovLdt ro enlKour|,lloofoOrlF|r [ (x{r,tds, 610l,c e!r,o! rHlF 48, !. A(0,0), B(l,i) (w moloyLdel ro olorlip0|! ro euooypqrso yld 6uo 6rooopeErr6cncoqrdELr6Cnqposidoslc tou 6rf,uvp6uou qrlldro( A8 ). l6on: (i=t, x=t o) H Eqlo(,ron rou Euuyp6llou rliuoxoq ABtvoL (r=x. gerouue t [ 0 , 1 . ] , 0 r 0 r c q3 I n q d E l l 6 o q 27,6[vr:

72

a'-"[+ . + ]"-a rx+.rasL'rt*t"rrz . i_ l+.+1.+

g) odtoupe ,t=nrrt, X-nUt,t. [0,{]
( i d r e e a v o l( F x , u x [ 0 , 1 ] ) .
0 tllttoc (3) nC ol(,6oc 27, 6l,veL:

rT .T ,t" . J (nrt+nrzt)/zouvrt dt-l (nut*nurt)/? ouvtdt=t nutdnlt+

'2 ' ^ 'r - 'ilT +El - J . - 'w2tdnut=E --'-L +r'z - " ' " - -s 6E -' ln!r'! | L lnu.' 2 )o 3-1, napotngotge dtl y,"o6uo6ro@petrK6q ropouergLkdc nopootdoeLc rcu AB rou oloklnpfuoloq n rLUrl lvor n (6!0. 9. lt urotoyLdel, ro olorliq||o I xds, &rooc avol ro tdEo qC xo-

Ln

utttlnc tc elro6derc x24t2+22,a2 ], xal (2] (rorlocr), nou 0oaorEtol olo rDdro6y6oo rlrv dE6va,y lor olavpdpero! c|r6 z.O arl( z-a. Aoq: & Bpo0le tLc nopottErplKAc eILodqLq rnq Koun0InC. O6touue x.U-t.,E\oL n 11 E4e ) 6tyeLz= . e) Av eavsr z=0,16rn (2) 6av.! t -! Av LwLz=o,1618 t.0. n (2) 6aver 'Apo xds-l 'I c J t/(t ), +(t ' ), +[ ( fr]:Ztt )'l dt= .

l2

=1"
.0

4t'1 dt[at [" t /z* | no'z:At'z+4t' &. t" V o2-Zt2 td rA-r4T "= =f2 /2

0 ri,tro< eilau n touri tns oooipos x2+!2+22=a2 nd! tou erud6ou x:0.

=/2ol

,o

t-.0

t d

$ at-{sl td. -zl.

1oz-21r1-}612--= r'2

12 -l2ot;

-qr r*-it"rt (o,-21,)-ld(o,-zt,)= I l'

L 2

l"
;

-"n l^ t-, . o'.Jf ozz -7r-\" =Tl l--=7.

10, t! urolovldea to erltdurolro c,forfrlpp [ ,{zST ds, 6nou c el-

vc. ro r6Eoqc ro|l|dhc k,{!,)'z-(xr+rtr=0, rcu lo(orEro! oro ng6ro rcrooqu6gro. (1. 8al i 'Engineering lbthratics.) i0on: lcvoute ro letooxnlortou6X"polvg, U.9n!0, I L0,al]. H e[|ooon flq pr-p'zduv(20)=0 xountltq Vl,vetoL + O,=ouv(20)+ p=6iiTZET. Eneu6rl ro rdlo rnq Kolnrjluq aro a' r.rdprn!6oLo Bp[o(etoL E(vdrO[0,+1. 'E!oL oxdpcfflT -p. o rrlno( (6), flq otr(6oq Zi, 6Lvet: EtvoL

'"

| 4-+'cs= | /o"F;6T c'lJ o F,xFT a= Jo

--_;;-.a ,a -2r!(2) =l I hw'ztzst+ouu as=l lze )i do l' ,/ow,tz muv(20) +:+;g+ ouvrzdl )ov 26il,.ET

"v
.[

= l a e = t e= 4tE
ll. lt unoloyldorlv E nLxq||rllllq oforl||p4{tor

o) [ (x*t,"-Zz]as, 6rou c eavol ro cuoiivFllo rEl|[ 0|16to (0,0,0) 6nc

ro ('1,-3,2r.
' Aru!ioxos leaouI]i.

74 c eL!,or ln i(t)=ti+t'?J+t3t, ost-.]. B) [ (8x'362)ds,6rou n (ourn ftlon: o) 0r ndpourpL(dc etlqiselq tou ABawL x-o=t(l-0), U-o=t(-3-0), z-0=t(2-0) + X=t, rlF-3t, z=2t, ! o:t:t. Apo:
t

4t = t '= g lt ' - q l t F " I G r t r rs ! L I r z t fP d t = Irx-,r,'-zzta [ ( e t , - 3 t ) / id

rL

.nr ht,-4l'=1rra. z .
I Jo

ort.-!. 'm'

e[wL x=t, {Ft'?, z=t3, F) 0L mpaterpL(6c{Lorloslqtnq |(dtnd^nc

'],+L{ti)'1, 8|t + 3 6 t 3 ) / l ( ) t1,+L(i,) dtI ( 8 x * 3 6 2 ) d s(=

-4t,-et')i =[ ' , r , . r u r ' , , ' i . o * * a t = [ ' 1 r * t , * s . l r + t , - e t " ) =g tt la [2 lt)oloL.Jo

2 / -lr 41/4-1 -'l. ,\ =-T \

t2. lh unolovrogelro oloKlllpqE I tr*,.td..

a) 'oEv n rq||rtMc Eavor i(t)=tl+tj*tl, 0:t:+, B) 'otovn .oul6Mc etrrr i(t)=nttiqutjqutl, o:tsf .
T[ arulrtroo|! ryolver olrd roy unolovro!6rou oloxllpdtnroc. n6on: c) 0L rctiogroLKdq l[orioeLc E(voL rnc Koundlnq x.t, rlrt, z=t,0:t:* ., ' , ' r o r ,(1 ( lt ' z + t ) 4 t ' ) , + ( ) t ,+(t ), dr=6 | (t,+t)dt= | x{+z)ds. 1. 1l-;1 1t-4 r -. - -l3 - "-.1 1 r - z lT l"=- Lz{'Tl=/J 24
ELo6oE[c rnq Kognrllnq .tvol x=1-2=1p1, O:t:{. B) OL nopolerpLK6q

75

-["

(nu'?t*nut)4ouv':t dt='5 I {n!?t*nut)ouvtdL='4 | (n!'zt+nut)dnut= l"

r'

.i

-a I q1 nu'tcnut*"6 [o nutanut.r I C! l' ,Io J L r to L .

.F

,;

..+

gvaiveLio ouueOoouo A16Ia rlponyo0levo 6rL ro nlKount;\Lo otro(li pouoeavoLovEldornro ond fiv nopouErpt(rl nopdqtoon tn( Kollndtrnq.

13. io unoloyldEc ro oAodipq! | (1+Xulds, dllou c eavc! [ (d|,|rtltl ro! 6urlovod ox{Etoc.

lddl:

E C v o |r ( 1 + X U ) d s = l ^ ( 1 * x 0 ) d s + l - { 1 . x t ) d s = t rf* i t),,
-c - ABt 'rA

ttl

(n!L{0Kl[o! Kdvrpo 0 |(oL oKrl.vo 2) 6xeL nopouargL r. .l 'Apo x e qE q l q i | o ex lc = z o u v tG , 24!t, t. E(vqL: + , + ] . f tl xquniAn fdi Iri I -tt.1,!14.-' .T ( 1 { n u t o u v t ) / [ { 2 o u v t ) ' 1 , . [ ( 2 n] u dt= , t)

;F =tl' t ' t '{ t,rnrrorut',ro,-d 2r 1* 8 1 n u t d n ! t = 2 t r l ' " . 4 1 4 ! ,= t lr'( ,+ , + l =

-T =2n=I r.

-T

-T

-z

-;

To ele0ypolUo ruitd fA 6Xa[ ndoolsrpLkd( etldiroLe X=0, U-L, -2tI=2,

76

,|I_ A( 1 * x t ) d s - l

( 1 * 0 t ) / G ' 1d , t=ldt-ltl',-4. Apo: {1+x{r)ds=zn+4. J

ftou c

14. l{o fioloyLoE(. ro nlKolntllo o;iox,\ripr,ryo I=[(x':+t')ds, elvoL o xtxloc x'+{'{2, o'0.

Aoon:
0! nopo!rprK6q elLodNreLq rou ktK^ou Lvc[X=qo!vt,U=onut, 0!tiar.

'Apo: I- I (x'.U' t) 4G;;;t-]r;fGE )ds=l (a'suv't*o'nu'

=j ozlo,nu,t+o?oovrt dt-o3l dt=d3 [tl; =aro!. 15. tb unolroyLooe! rc sn!xq[o]!o oforffpqr eavo! to tdEo x{rrt, /lton:

-T at=

[1y'.1'-2)ds,

6mu c

U=o rt, z=t, t [0,n], (o>0).

t|vdtl(x,*0,-z}ds=|(o'o,lu.t*o.nu"t-t)4(oiiulr-]'*[(onutf]r*
=l {q?-t)/s,+1 dt="/a,+1| (d,-t)d!-/q,*1 lozt- + .
Jo !, L _;f +2 1f J,

| =,uo).1{ozn- lir ), r
\ /

-2\

15. ilo atrohoyLoD[ ro enltotlrro^Loofo*ilotuq

[ (x+il,)ds, 6nou c E(.wa

rou rplvd ou Am, !c Kopugdc A(1,0), B(0,1), 0(0,0). n rOtsrpoC

Atoltl 0L ElLodraLc rov A8, 08, 0A eavqr (F1-x, x=0, U=0.ELvor: ovlLotoLXq rl l(x+U)ds = l( xr0 ) d s '" 'AB
= I r + 1 , + jI
lltl

( x + U ) d s +(l x + { ) d s = J5i
(1).

0L nopolerpLKdc E[[odrolq rou AB eavdLX=t, U=l-t, 0:tj1. ropqUErpL(6e 0L ELodrorq rou B0 ELvaL U=t, X=0, 0st:1. 0L [qpquErprKdc Ello6orqrou 0A eavoLX=t, U=0, o<tll.

I,=Jo(t+0)/(t')d , t = lr d t = + l | =+, I31 'Eror. (1) 6i.veL Fn +1. I

rt

r *z tr

),dt1dtdt=+. o(0+t)/{t

17 17. llo unoloytooL ro EnlxoynitrLo olox.fiA|lro | "{Q: ds, 6nouc etvql n xcunilrl Uencpcgerorxdc ELodosLq x=o(ouvt+tlut), {Fo(ntt-touvt) , ( s > 0 ) . t[0,2n], Ator; ELvoL KqLU' (t)=q(ouvt-ouvt+tnUt)= X' (t)=o(-nUt+nUt+touvt)=qtouvt =otnut. Aoq'4i1lt-t:0ft)l; - /6r t%uv,t*;'ij lu - t =ot. Floudvu( ELvqr otdr= I /x).{' ds=l o/ouv,t*r?nu,t.2tn!touvt+nuzt+t,ouv,t-2tnurouvt

18. lb uroloyroel ro n.rognolro olortulpr.fn c elvdr n [x{as, 6nou nEpagerooc ro|, rrFydvou x l+lll=t.
i0ot:
(l ).

0L mpouTpLKCq ELod)o !q rov

sko.D ('

EE,Ei, i , FAeLvor. ovrloror-xc:

o) X=t, '!=1-t, 0=tJ1

B) x= t, '!=1*t, -tlt=0
6 ) x =t , ' ! = t - l , 0lt:1.

-' A o o 11 3 I' = t, --t T I , = l t ( 1 - t ) / ( t ' ) . * L ( t- t ) 1 , dt=,2 I lt-t,)dt=,z f l-t-

lt o - -1 r \ -/3-2\ =n ". \f )=", \-T )=

7A ^ t -3+21
lol

lZ

r,=[ i(-1-t]/it )";IG1;tlz dElz| +

^ /3-2\ a
\o/

t't' - -T |

-f r =rz l-r--'t

1l

l=

r " =I t ( t - r ) / ( t ' ) , . [ ( t - 1 ) ' l r d t -I t t - r ) ' 2 d , t = E t+'i ^ t 1 __, 1112-3 =t. l-T 1^ /t

1,.
6rouc eavor

' A p o ( l ) 6 l v LI = 0 . n

t 9 . t3 unolovrdelro erlxo|ltro^ro olorlrtprar

J;Uds,

t, eErdreucx-et, tse-t, z=,,2 .qrr0l4 ve lopoleEglx6c Mct:

t Lo,l].

=l

t'....-

- le-tl )-(e--1)"e-+. l={e-i

*e-^ *z dt1or'(et+e-t)' dt1 o "1/e'r

e icl-t1=let;l-

20. lh unor\oyLde[ ro enLiquntl!o olorfi*rr.o I ln(x'+o'z+z'?)ds,dnou c E(w! n Kqln0lni(t)=ouvtl+ruti+tE (o<tsr).

l0on: 0L nooqurplK6q ELodorq rnq Kolnrllnc eLvoL x=ouvt,{Fntt, z=t, El-

=J

dt=J tz 1n'1+t,)din t'l n(1+t'z)dt= Io o "ln(t+t'z)/nu'zt+ouv'zt+1

t'.1-1 , . . 2 \ , a t l = al u n ( r . t , r : 2 / z dtl l t t n { t r t " ) l ';,ol r + t ' tIo

L I t,,1 n| 1+t'z /T f t-roEerptl'= )lno-2 Lt1 nt n( t +i2 ) - zO n+2 O \oEEen. 2t. lft uroloytdEl ro dtoc rou r6[ou: o) qc aorEgoL6o0s xt.'fi-i 9) qc rKloL6o0c x=o(t{!t), p=.ru,*, Y) Illc tduno^nc
Eptnlc elrodvero( x'z+{Lx. ldq: o) 0L nopausrpL(6c el[o0jsELq rnq oorepoL6o6c e(vaL x=oouv3t,0=otp3t 0.tr2n. To uixoc rou rdotl baveloLqrrdrov runo:

"* 'lr{fi-qrvt},

o:tt.Ir.

ogcn, o,o

6) Inc rllfiohc rcu saw! rqrl qc qalpoc xr+o2+zu=l to! Etc xulrv_

" ,= o r-J Jo.L",,toa "=ril-*.;nr;.,t]"

=:ol. "fi;ot ut-*oGtuuT at= =3aJ'""6,rFurr TCu v{.nF dt=3ql""ou vtru tat-1 zoJ"/'o* taouu t=

=-rzolsrf '=oo. ]_
. ^ -a/,

0) ELvor x=| ds=l &i t-ni,rJTF {r-ott ) I t a t=

,2'

o- 4 o ( - z t = s o . n u - id + = 4 o f o u v + l= Ervou rJ"ds=j,4riEll{p'retlT ae=

+ 121

-t,

+au'; ouv'z nut i +

de=

80

=ol nu'*ae= # o.
slrciorc tnc rounrllncelw! x=oouv2t,tlFoirtouvt 6) 0L napouerprt6q ro u4Koq rou t6ou yrq 0*:r/2, noo {.z=cnut, o!t!ar. 0d unolovlooutrs rou (nroritevoo. vol to tdaopro tLvoLl -.u_-T_ . = 0 d s = a l / [ x ' ( t ) ] , - [ ' 1 , ' ( t ) 1 , - k ' ( t ) ] , d t = 4 1 4 d , o u v , r . o , n u ,d t t=
lo )o

,T n - j=t/Zol 1/t--);nv'ztat=2fr rr'(t-I \6.3o

(Bi6ne oe^loo34, d-

2 rou B' t6!ou). oKnon 22. l3 utrolovldel n td(o tou tdEou c rc mgoyerrirdc Ldoel( I= -ouvt, {Frtut, Et, t[o,tr], rou lxr rurvdqtd 61r,9,21.tn1x'.+{r'z+2'?), /t0on:

rn(nr,t.ouv,t,t') erwrncluas"l 4iililj-T'TGuiiT{iirr

at=

-I tnt'*r"t,E ( t ' ) d tL r ' Z n(t*t,)l:-l 1t1 - ltrnlr*t"11"4 t 1 r n 1 r * t 'a

-r1,,

(*,t'dEEtunr-t,)lif -3+dt=rz rrnu+n,)J"

1+t, Jo Jo t.t"

-2.8f* G',1)-1 dt E .ntnlt+rz )-2tzf' at*znl' -! Jo

364'n1111*n.1-

-zE lt\'o,za [roEeot]n= nln1t*n"l-22 n+28 $E $-2O $EEq/. 23. lld unolovldoar oL ouweEvtdvec rou x,wrou d@c qc xonrllnc c, Ul{ouvt, {Eo4!t, z+t (o,F,0), t [0,2r], drdv 6(x,rl,zl=r (x orc-

eoodc). ioq: 0o Kdvoug e0opuovi rov r0novrnq oll6aq29. E(vs r:

8l

r+ [(Bt)'], dt I xds I oowty'l(aouvt]'l[(onN]:1,+ '|" * ,|r r ' l ( s o u v t ) ' ] ' + [ ( o r x t ) ' ] ' + [ ( 9 t )d ' ]t' z

qouvt't'+g. dt _ ,|o = "*ut

| /02+82 dr

tnur]!'+.

/q-t*g-t ttl "'

AvOoYa lPl,oxoug 0k=0. E[wr (0(6l|0:

o, a/-.,'F l"'ro, l"'srtdr* I l]1"

'|,o. '|.6ry"
nJFFa
'Aroor owwrdvl6vec 4lto6|revC elvcr, 1".p, rl*.0, r*=ng, 24. ilo moloyldsl to xtwpog6!cc tt flc muduc c! ts,t-x, z,xr, x . [oJ], tEqvr rturrtaltqctror 6(x,l,z).(2+9trl'1. (p.s.r. 1979t
itbt: 'EroL 96rouge oL rqgqtetpr(6c etlqdderc t|tc (qIftrlnc c sl,r.q!I. x't. 'Eror dxouye: "t, {El-t, z.t!, t [0,1].

(z+ex, rFjc6dslc (2*et. )-rds1. )-r4TT,;li'i:ii'jt* [aFr]T dt, 'rr*g..,-l'rr., =['1zog"y-lr,i;i;-eF 'et")tot'J,dt'ttlit' o" f ,t 'o 'm xr.S - lds,Jrt(2+etr -l (2+exr xoas=j x ) r rz*r*rtar.J',ao J
f -, t " ' l r =-, I . =l |

{rr+ J s6dsJ.fi-t)(z+et{)-r(z+et,,)rdtlorr+tat=[t=_l. f j,=r-_]

z,+I
6
I

- -t

r.r rt . r6ds,J i ].-* otr(z+etr)-r(z+etrltdt=j.t!d"I

a2
/. 'Apo (xn,'tM,zM)=\+,+,+/.

25. tb moloylde( ro EnlrqlnolLo oloxrrlpr,rnI iai, Onou f(x,U,z)= - (3x'z-6{z)T+(2'1,+3xz )j+( | -4r'lr'z)t mr c r xdtlntll x(t)=t, '](t).t,, -t! (l), t[0,1]. ,tdat: Andtu( (1) rpoKtmL dx-dt, d{Fztdt, dz=3t'zdt. EavoL: z(t)=

fFaiIt:x"-o,t.tax*f2{+3xz)dl,+(1-4xuz,)dz=f'{rr,-rr"1o.r1rr,
.(l-4t')3t'zdt=( J6 t , * 4 t ! - 1 2 tIr) d t = l 2 t t . , t - s t u1 1 = 2 .

25. l& unolov!d... ro erltqrdllo

of*rrrlgt

I= [ xd0{d

an6 to d|-

|lto l(0,0, rq to qgelo B(l,l) xod Flroc: o) qC clac ]x. 0l u,,Ysu&rAt *0, x=1. Y) l|rY euo!&t X=0' 'lFl. 6) qc |lpd9ohlc 'Fx,, l rou roxlou X=duvt,tsl+rtlt, a. I n ^1 ?*l'

ldq: a) H nopolErpLKtc Lodselc qq ueetoq .lvo[ x-t, '[Ft. To ongel,o A xor B ovlLoiolxoiv orLq rLp6q t=0, t=1 qq nopqtdrpou.'Apa: tl
'I c

xd0-04 = l( t t ' - t t ' ) d t = o -AB

B) 0 6pduos 0=0, X=l cnorlLfiL ond ro Euerlypouuq rgiuoft Af (or TB I=l =l +l =lr.l,. u e T ( 1 , 0 ) .E l v o L '. 'Ar -fA
0L nogqlerprKCq ellod|oLc rou Af eavoL(F0, x=t, t e [0,1] . 0L nopouErplKcq 6Lo6oLq rou fB eavoLX=1 , U-t, t [0,1]. trl 'Apo:
ltl

(t0-0t')dt=o. Ir-l xd{-odx=l -Af

83

I.=J--rao-,ro*= It]:-1. [ (| t'-t0)dt= 'fB

'APo l=0+i=1. Y) 0 6p6u0qx-0, 0=1 onote.\LrqLdnd ro ue0ypotuoruit/om Af, TB !

r(0,1). EtvoL: I=l =l +l =lr+1,.

'c'Af'ta 0L flopotErpl(eq ILodE[q rou Af e[vol X=0, {*t, t [0,1]. 0L adgo!rpl(,C e E r o 6 o . Lrq o u r B l v o LX = t , 0 = 1 , t l 0 , l l .

lll

' I r' ' A e q I =r l ( 0 t - t 0 ) d t = 0 ( o ! I ) . 1 . l ( t 0 - 1 t ' ) d t = - 1 . A p oI = - 1 . I r =.J -,rs,, Af,o 61 0L nopoUErpr.(Cq Erod[Ele rnq flogcBoliq aLvoL X=t, 0=t'z,u6 tt' t.lo,rj. 'Aeo r " l = l r t 1 t , 1- 1 , r ' 1 0 . = t[ z.,-t.lat={.
J, "

c ) E l v o rI = l

ro -T

[ouvt(1+nut)'-(1+n!t)(or lu dt) =l
.T

(ouv'7t*nur+nuzt)dt=

.J

_ -t

( l + n !) td t = lt-ouvtj',.-t-+.

27. th unoloyrooea to snlrd|ltrdlio otorfrlg{.$ lidi,

6trorr:

F(ra+' t tulon:

, '!'z+t

, 21. + ,), 6m0c earnrro rpluoA3qc crlxoc E

- (powt,ttpt,ct), !e A(p,0,0), B(p,0,znc).

ELvo P L- x ' 7 0 + i ,e + ' z . t , - !! -r'-t'=0, S - j$ =r'"'".

R = z ' z x +'i( o r ; i - f r - * , - + ' - 0 , ; ; 'Apo ro oloKliporo (voloveEdpqro Er

6p6tioufiq otroKiiptEnq, 00jpo0!E loLlrdv, oov Koln6^n c ro uoivmUto qJrf E !o AB, !e nopouero!l(6q Lc,{iro Ls x-p-t(p-p), U-0=t{0-0), z-0=t(2nc-0),t/s tE [0,1] + x=p, U:0, z=t2nc + dx=o, drlFo,dz-2rcdt, 'AFEI
,'

(*,+.{)a, -(*...{)+ ra;l .G,'-S)0,lra;l -,[ ,AB ,Al. J/ . \ ",d

84
ll !.; )a.=l(t.rn,."o* =l t,dt-Bn.c3pf T + l=q+! , t B \G'r- J t r t)2ncdt=8n,c,pI Jo\ Jd I r lo r

28. h uaorrovlda ro snrrcu|ttlLo olorMftU: I= | (z{}d+(x-z)d[+(U-x)dz, 6(r, c e(wL ro rndypotuo rull||o A8, |tE ocx{ A(0,0,0) xo! napqcB(l,l,l} Nq: 0L rcpoler9rK6qeeLo6oELC rou euguypdtlo!tllnlqroc ABslvoL X-0= = t ( 1 - 0 ) ,( r - 0 = t ( l - 0 ) z , - 0 = t { 1 - 0+ ) x=t, {Ft, z=t, !e 0iti1. Elvor dX= = d { F d z = d t . ' A p o :t = [ ( t - t ) o t * ( t - t t U t * ( t - t ) O t = 0 .
I

t 29. ib ut|otroyLoool olo*Mpc|lo ,!dx-xd! , dnouc e(voL ro erf0 _ J" "o I" tUtlp AB: $+5=3x,! oo0l A(1,{) Kor n6roc 8(3,4). Vpotruo Iior: 0L nooourpLK6q elLodoerc rou AB6,voLX-t, UF3t-5,t11,3]. Elvol: dx-dt, d'lF(3t-5)'dt + dG3dt. 'Apq: r !'d hx - + d r 0=l r',e*-q r' | ^ ,c , r \{ - _ + ) d r " l
Xz t,
L L11

rt,.

{+_+
J/

rt r r-1 re _+)dt= l _ 5 t^ -.dt_ _ 51 :T l=

| . 11 / . \ | . =s,l =s({-r)"s(-4)=-+.
\J / \

30. tb uroloylde( io olodiA,itE x'li(+3adl-5x,Uzdz, 6rou c [wL J n kamlr4 i(t)=ti+t,j+t3i, ortst.

/litot: 0L ftipquerplK6q eELo6oeLe rne Koln0ine c eivol X=t, U=t,, z=t3,0<t<1 'Apol E{'voL dx=dt,du=ztd!,dz=3t'zdt.
tIc

xodx+3zxdU-5x'zUzdz=[ {tt'*:t'tzt-st,1,t33t,)dt=[
lo

(t3+6t'-15t,)dt=
)o

frq - r+r0 lr I -l T -t'- n- | =-ri'

31. h u.lovloe3t i(tl<irytf.qp*. ostsa.

to daMflr

| (++z)d, 6ru, c clw! n rqdl4:

Adct: eELotio.rq 0r ndpouetpu(Ac mc rcufll,lnqslvqr x:ouvt' 'lFo' z:nut' 'Exoute dx.(ouvt)'dt. 'Apql oiti2n.
I t" t 2 nt , r \ -l -lt t ' nr'ztdt (o+nut)(-nrt)dt | ({+z)dx=l l+ -+auvzt)dr'

E-l+t-+ns2tl

t r

t'"

=-n.

32. lt Urolo(rdato srlrorn0tLoororrrffl! [ kt{)A(+(0r-rr4,

6-

lou c e(vor n rq!$ll mu arolrlsaE! ord !o dGo lo qC trco8oMc a{', 0 tqr qrtlvq tZ' tle l(l,l). 0(0,0t rol fi6 ro t6EoM rdrlq, [E rdvE0o ,tdon: 0d unolovlooulo r[c nopqrcwLrac e[!(oFrolnc. tnc odoelg E[val: ol l0: t'tr ,lrt', !e t^=1, to.o rs, o(=dt, dF2tdt. Bl BA:;.2 -ua, 'lFtZ nut, h.01, tA. .+, ouvtdt. u d"-,rz Utdt, d0=/Z tt I 'A([ I=l =l +l .lr+I,. 'ErdL elw!:
'c'BA'lO

ol r"-Jrx"-,uar*ro'-xro"J' [rt,-t"r<t-t)zt]db.z[ + + ],=+.

({'-x )d,l' B) I.[ (x"-0)dx* ' rBA

86 .l otvt)/Zouvt]dt= n!t)(-Q nutl+l2ttu2t-E [(2ouvrt-lz

II -21
to

(-.2 ouvrttut+n!2t+l'

nurtouvt-or.,vrt)dt=2|

-{Z ouv,qutdt{

lo

rErEf.t +21 E nu2t4r\t r+2| l.tult-ouv2t)dtF2,Q I ouv'?tdouvt +zfr | \u2tdr,ut.F . ...i . ...t : -zl ouvztdt=ze =+ ry'. I ou'l't | +2tr It$!J -tnuzql

Aed r=r,.r,=(-++),+. !+ .
33. r uroloyrd( ro arllolritllo
I

oloxliftJt[:

I-l (x0+z )d+(x0+z I d|+(xl+z )'lz, c ava!to t6to tnc rcg ltc l':+z'?{'?,I-0, ||e qtxi l(0,0,o) dnou raeac B(0,o,01. rr!

i0ol: 0L nopauErprKdc erodrerq Inq Kqln0InC e0voL X=0,{Foouvt,z-on!t. H opx{ rou xdqouovrLorolxet o v tlli t=+ rnc nopoldrpou roL ro ndpoc

(X0+z) oqv xL!l1t=0. ElvoL(X++z d0+(xr!+z )dx+(xo+z)d{,+(xu+z)dz+ )dz= 'A=[(ooouvt+onut) (-an!t)+(ooouvt+ontt)(oouvt)] dt' (-d,qu,tr{,nttouvt)dt, po: I=l
tot

(o'znutduvt-o"n!'t)dt=o,l n!touvtdt-o,l n!,tdt=drl nutdntt-

-o'l nu'tat= $- . 5
,

34, l5 u|roloyLdea ro otodth|!

i

[ -aq*onl.rUa.,

&q, c e(vo!

EilaL x=o >

dx:o.

87 |.trlnoln |re ropo!rplrcc eErdiocrcX-drvt, f-nut, z=t, t [0,h].

/ulon:

'EXouu d X = ( o u v t ) ' dd t ,U = ( n u t ) ' d t d,z = d t ,E i . w L : -zudx+zxdU+XUdz= ( -tllut) ( -nut) dt+touvtouvtdt+or.ivtnttdt.

(2' 12' 'ApoI -z{dx rzXd'hxudz=l { tnuzt*touv'zt+qutouvt)dt=l { t+nutouvt)dt= I

= l t d t + l n u r d n u r$ = l | + l n .{ r | = 2 n 2 .
Jo Jo L. Jo L to

35. lb unoloyrdL ro olod{qi|.E I= [^U*-xol, ,AB

&ro, I

eawL ro 16!0

lnq rud\o!6o!c x=2(t-nrt), 'lFz(1-ouvt), !e A(0,0), 8(4n,0). Afon: 'Apo r L oX = U - 0 eLvoL {0=2(t-n!t),0=2(1-ouvt)}. t"0. TLoX=4n,(F0 Eivot {4n=2{t-ntt), 0=2(1-ouvt)}+ {zfl-t-n!t,ouvt=t} + t=zrl. + ) t + d X = 2 ( 1 - o u v t )k do t L dU=2(l-ouvt)'d t E a v od L X = 2 ( t - n t td (1-ouvt)2{ + drlF2nptdt.Apotdx-Xd(r-2 I -ouvt)dt-2(t-nut)2nutdt= =14 (1-ouvt)'z-4{ t-npt)ntt]dt=4(l-2ouvt+duvz t-tn!t+npa t)dt=4(2-2ouvt-tnut)dt. t-cl rnou6vr,rc
to

(z-zouvt-tnrt)dt=4[ 2ot-8[ ouvtat-lI t4utdt-8[tl;''

to )o Jo

-l - s l a u t l ; ' a l t ( o u v t )d t = 1 6 r + 4 l l t o u v tl; suvtdtl.

'o L '! l

=t o n ' qf i t o u v, r t o n * lc ll" t,1 znl=zqn. 0 . - I n u,I 1" l =

t.

36. Iib moloy looeL to olorlig{,i1.! r a @ B o t rx iq = 0 ' zu , eA(1,-l), B(l,l).

I^**'

t*

G elvol to 16o qc

l0dr: oov nopdurpo ro ll,. E(ee(,jpoirue + dx=zudu voL x=r!'z, dx=(U'z)'d0 KoL Apo: { [-1,11, x{idx=$'z{2{du-2S{d0.

zu"au={. l^xuax=[ J-r

37. tt utolovld! ro drrxourollo olorMpqro r=J Z*ar*tr+td,l, elwri qri|! 0A, ue (F(0,0), A=(l,t). o) To 6$0yeq4lo F) H KonnOM u r[rctrrpuaq eEtdoslc X.nIt, Ft, t e [o,Ztr]. y) To rl|ihr qC e|e(oc '[FzX, v.o lt(s3. 6) H nopd8of{ I-0, dtd ro olu.lo fi,-l) loc ro onte(o 0,1). e) H E0loo!6n v9qru1 0AB!e (ts(0,0),lFfi,0), B=(i,t). or) H xqnaln uo etldfl|t i(t)=(l-ouvt)l+nrtl, t [0,n/2]. I6ot: o) To euooypauuo rudt/o 0A dxLel('ooon {.x, !e xelO,t].01 rqpouerpr(6q eqldlorq e[vouy-1, 4"1, t [0,1] =] dx-dt, d0:dt. ,Apo: Orro,

I = l [ 2 t + 6 ( t - t ) ] d t2 d r = z+ 1 | -r. =tld r - 2t1

t'n t" g) EavoL (2nltou t1o lznrt(nrt)'+6(n!t-r)]dt-Jo vt+6nu t-6t )dtl'n z'+5[-ouvtlr'+[ =1, nur*,-rJ,nstdt-oJ0 tdt-+ f-ouvzt] $ ]'"=*.+n,=

,l

. .r

=-12n2. yl 0L nqpolerp0K6q [LorioeLC rnc (oun0lnselvoL X=t, qF2t, t [1,3], 'Apo dx=dt, d'lF(2t) dt. Enoutvoc:

r=l [2t(t-2t)2]dt= | (zt+tzt-24t)dt=-40.

+ 61 0L napoUeipLKts laodoeLq rn( KdunrJlnC Lvo[,1.t, X=t', t[-1,j] 'Apo. d{=dt, dX=(tz )'dt.

I=l [2t'2t'6tt.-i)ld.=[ r+.,*ot.-slat=ft #,+

. ltr+2t3-3t']1r=4.

q'l'=
Z I.

89 c) EavsrI-l -l_+l_
ttl

rc 'oA 'AB

(l). H 0A 6xel trcpastglrac 'lF0,x= eEloriroelq

=t, te[0,1], 'Apsd0=0, dx=dt.H (AB) EXEL nopolerpLx6q otlorioErc {Ft, ' A p d ' E r o L d ' r = d td ,x=o. x"l, tEl0,ll. n (1)6lvL: r=l [2t+E(t-0)0]dt+l [2.0{5fi-t)]dt=lztdt+l (6-6t)dt=[t,];-6lt-i =4. -1+6+ lvorxll-ouvt' {=n!t' ort 0Lnooouergr(dc oELqtooLc tnc iountlnq (| -ouvt)'dt' d'lt(n!t]' dt. Ercldwcl dx" tG [0'+J.'Apa I. | [2(1-ouvt)n!t+6( | -ouvt-n!t)ouvt] dt=
:!
JO

| .

. | (2nrt-2n!touvt+6ouvt-6ouvrt-6nttouvt)dt=
,l ,T rz ,T

=21 nutdt-21npztd2t+5 | ouvtdt-6 | ouv'?tdt=

f . r ]T .z[-ouvt] f-z[-ouvet] i"fr^l i - 6 1 + t + + n u 2 t l

=4-#.

il8. tt urolovldgl ro Elto66v rou xorlourou regtdrsasE!on6rlcE rn0^Ec Fx, Fn!x, x.|l.

Aoq|: Toanxoouevo !M6r 66vror drd rov r6noe=4 6 xriFtdx.

'Eor(,l cr, c2, c! oL xcrurdlecg dvraoroLxq sqFddeLq {Fn!X, x=Ir, Gx Elvor c=cr+c2+c!.0! fiopo!rpfidqelrdlolq rov (qfiolov djtdrv lvol ovt(droLxo {x=t!'lFtutr t[0,n]], {x=n,'lFt,t[0,n-]], {x=t,'lFt, tc[0,n]] 'Apo:

90

e.{f [u-'l*'lJ-1,',.',.',,. "a,r,-,r,o={

=J"t*tat-J'nr,a.-J"t(n!t) dt-[-ouvt]lltnltliJnnutat-z-o1-o,uqi-e=-+ I,=l- xd'lF'ld*=J" F) EtvoL r* -rota.-J\a,*p;;=n". yl ElvoL -tr tat=0. oKdro r,.J-xa,l-oax=J'ftr ' m or = { t - r r n ' t $.
39.Io u|tolovldel. ga tn lo|lelo xdrd lnl0tv ntroltroludvolorrrnqdpfrov

ol'rxouue t,=J xdrl-,lax=J"Ittnutt'-tnuttt']dt-l'(touvt-nut)d

ro e!!o66v touxnolou: r={U,q)enr: x.+.:sr, f . ( x}.

(E.I.n. tuF66oe rc)
'Eorrd Tr ro X0p{,o nou npLKieaExol on6 Ttlv Ktrtoti (atn0ln ct: xt*tt=S" xor. T2 to xirplo nou lIpL(leaerol fi6 rnv Ktreloul Ko!r0l\I cr:

Aton:

!] - !i =r. AvE,, E. avaL ro EuBo42 3'

6d (,Jv x{,,9.ov Tr' T2, ovraoroLxo,r6-

r ro (nro(isevo Er$d66v Etvo!r-e,-e.=-|f

*ar,-,lar-{

fxo,f,-Oar.

0! no0cuerp!(6c Eldioelc rov cr, c2 E[vo! ovtlorolxo:

{x=5ouvt, Gsnrt, t e [0,2n] ], (x=4ouvt, 0-3n!t,t Lo,2rl ]. 'Apo q -5nrt(Souvt).]dt= xd't-Udx-+ i I lsouvt(5n!r) -+l t+25nu2 lzsouv, t )dr=+ 251 dt=+ zrF2sn.
ElvoL oK6!oi

.l -]dt= (3nut)'-3nut(4ouvt) + Q xd,!-,!dx=+ I [(4ouvt)

=+l

(12ouv'L+12nu't)d +t - i 2 n = 1 2 n . | t -d

'Aoo E=25n-l2n13n, q 60tq4 F(r,l,z)= xT+ cnrd |roullopdyerot 40, ib molovldel ro apyo qv xALoriELodpopio'ft +0J+21, 6rov to on!(o figuoyilcqc 6!oypdg! +ft+F+10,6nou 04, or elvol or 6lxor6roL r\r ygvlrivx-d, G, m clvol
ro 1610 rou xdxlou x'z+tll-4 fiL Efllz'Z. (lbvnlottlulo &oohovaElc)

n0on:
To (nroilevo,pyo dLvrqL on6 rov = r0no: |{=I PdX+Qd!+Rdz= I Xdx{rd{r+zd2 ll =lll _ {l^+l_rl_=rr+r,+r,+r, (|r.
'oa -aB 'Bt 'fo

(to EtvoL 0=(0,0), A = ( t 2 , r ') -Z (F r on!Lo A elvq[ on!ao rnq 6Lxor6trou =Xrou rtxtrouX'z+'!'z=4), B-(0,2). 0L nqpctcrprKac eErodoe!q: o) rou 0A eavoL x=t, 0=t, z=0, u t [0,'Z ] + dx.dt, dr=dt, dz=0, g) rouAi ivoL x = z o u v t{,= 2 n ! t , . = 0 , , . dz=0. d'r=2ouvtdt, y) rou6l elvqL ! 0=0d ! z=dt. x = 0 ,0 = 2 ,z = t , t I 0 , 2 ] + d x = o d Li=t, + d(r=dt, 6) ro0 m elvo! z=t, x=0, t [0,2] dz=dt,dx=o. 5-'2. 'EroLAxouus I xdx+0d(r+2dz= | {t't+0)dt=[t'] J6T .,O rrl
q

[+

,+

d=-2n!tdt,

^Xdx+rld'!+2dz=l ,|A B

(-4nutsuvt+4nutouvt+0)dt=0.

JBr I

(0.0+2)dt=z I r4-,1,6,],-zaz= ltl'z=a. _o j[,

Li {0+t+2)dt= | _xdx+'!d'!r2dz=l
to +z lo a +zrt - - + -4--6

'EroL (1) 6avE!l=2+0+4-6=0. n

{1. ih ulorrovrdt ro olod{qr

I=[ grrd(r,-{,)di,

dnouc eaw! ro

16{0 tnc rou|lolncGx3, ue ootll AE(0,0)xor lr6pacB-(2,8). ^Uon: r /v 2_,t,21 + rlvz-,t,2\ ttvorr grad(x'-'!')=.laax:ar i- 5aT0L i + Srad(xz-'!z)=2xi-2{j. + 0L nopoUolgLK6c eLodroLc InC xoUndlnc eLvo!X=t, 0=t!, t [0,2] + 'Apq: dx=dt, dlF3t'dt.

r-[ zxax-z'no=[ {zt-zt'rt')at=[12,-61'y61=;s,-1.1'=a-61--5e.

42, ild 6eLx06L 6r! n xurlooog0o t|lq 6Lovt otlrlxllc duvdptnoncl

(au'z)l+2x':{'.J+x'zt'?f i(x,0,2)=
qqv |(ou|r6tul c: t'?+{tt, F2 (vo! oveEdptnq qC Aot6Clttc olo.fip.blc. ,ldol: 0[ lopo!rpLKlqqLod,oeLq rou Kod\oulvcL x-ouvo, {Fnuo, z=2, 6 [0,2n]. Agodx-(ouve)'dO, dqr=(n!8)dO, dz=o.H kuxloqoplo rqq i elvol

6 zxr!'zax*zx'r!za,r*x'?r!zaz=l L4ouvonu'0{ouvg)'+4ouv'?enuo(ntg)'+{ouv'oqu'e)01d8= r" =l (-4nu'oouvo+4ouvroa!e)d2nu2oouv2o4= I 4ouvoque(ouv'zo-nu,o)d-l =J ouv2nu2ed2o=J +t-0. nu20dnu2= [-ouv2e]1'--t -a1uloouve,louv30nuo Etvor 0(6!0 $zx,t'rox.zx,orafx',l,az= )do= [ 1 =l-ouv2e I =0. 'Apq KuK^ogoplo qs F LvoL ovdprnq rnq qop6c n tnq oloKlipoonc.
r srlre oerioq tL ,' ..roios riloE).

93 {3. ih urcloytoearo enLrqlnrtlr.o oloxlllfl,llE I= [

xdr-udx x'-0-

lvol ro r6Eo mC rotnalne x'z-U'?=|, nou lgtorelor oto nfri|Io rcraplnloplo l0ol:
d KopniiinELvsLLoooKliq unEp8oli. fLo ro 160rou npdirou leroprnuopaou Ei.vaL X [1,+@).OoOoiU ro X oqv ncrdUE'EroL q Tpo, etLqoot rou r6[ou ELvoL x-^ .0)

0 , , t , - 1 , u x l t , + - ) .
dx=dx, d{F-=!dx. 'Apa: ELvoL r'x'-1 xdu-0dx_ xu-{'

x+

il'z-l

dx-'4"-1 dx
= ---4-----:4---- - dr= '

x ' - ( x ' ? -)l" J" /X,

,Fa rzx'-l
,,.

Fi

tzx"-t)

rnoudvrdq t=f. --A_1

.,

(2x,_1) \

=1*= 1

6iii,6rovx+
I-

1,t+0,6rov

r-+-,t

=[rofeonut],'z=ji. .,, ro l+nlrt 6nou c e!-

4,1. ib urolovLde( ro anrotndlrc ofodilgola 6{4(-x4, vd!: o) o krtdoc h-l)'z+(o-l)'?-|,

B, o t(tlitoqx'?+{r'z-2u.

fttol: o) 0[ nqpoUrprKdc EivoLX:1+ouvt, aELo6oeLC rou K0KIou U=l+n!t, ' A p o : t [0,2n]. - ( 1+ouvt) ( l+ouvt)' ( 1+nrt)']dt= Q {idx-xd0= | [( 1+net) =[ --j l-nut{t+n!t)-(1+ouvt)o!vt]dt=-[(nut+n!'zt+ouvt+ouv'zt)dt= {nut*or:vt )a t t = - l - o u v t + n p t +-t _ ;- 1r 2 n - 1 1 = - 2 n . eELd,oLs rou Kik^ou lvoLx=ouvt,U=l+n!t, 8) 0L nopouErprKCq

94 )t = q Udx-xdu=l tlt),znl. 'Apq t ( 1 r n u t l ( o u v t-)o u v t ( 1 + n u]td

=-[ {nut*ru't*ouv't)at=-[ {n ut+1)dt=- L-ouvt+tlo = - ( - 1 + 2 n + 1 ) = - 2 n .

45. tb uflotoytooel ro enlmln|llLo oloxlrlprryq 9U34(-x3dl,, 6rcu LvqL n nep[uetpoq tou re4qy6voulxi+ Ul=l q oerlKi oopd), ^tlol:

(l)

(noubloypfueldr Kard

H ( 1 ) 6 a v Er L c e { L o ( o L c : , -'!"1} (1) { x + 0 = 1-,x - t " 1 , - x + 0 - 1 x rov [,\aupd)v rou rrpovdvou. And rLc (1J npoKtnrouv o! Kopu{paq rou xerpcy6vou r o u e L l o L( 1 , 0 ) , ( 0 , 1 ) , ( - 1 , 0 ) , ( 0 , - 1 ) ,E L v s r :
ttlt( =l*.1-.lr.lr=Q

H Etlsoontnc ABeivoL -x-U= o) 0d lnoloyLooule ro np6rootroK^iRrlro. 'EroL gsopo0u =1. ro X oqvnopdlerpo. LwL x=x, U=-x-l, !e x L-1,0]. tLi/oL )x 3d1 x - x 3 ( - X ) ' d x = ( - 3 x -) 3d xx 'z . '-A 1p o l 03dx-x3dlF1-

-o -lA B 'd-xiao=l

r'

^3 x ' - 1 ) dtx - ( - 3 x-+ .

-X+U=l. ro r6roOro olo(tripoto. H AA aXeLlo(,ron 8) 0o unoJ\oyaooute 0L nopcurgrKdq elLodoELc rnq lA ivoL x=t, G1+t, uE t l-1,0] . Elvor: dx=dt. dG(1+t)'dt + drl=ldt. :.o onteLoA KqL A qvrLororxo0v oL rLqde rnc nopollrpou t=0, t=-1 (n AA dLoypdqEroL Kqrd rnv qpvnrLKioopd). A-

po:

ll

[l -A llJrdx-xrd,!= 'la

( 1* t ) 31- t ] 1- dt = )|

(1+3t+3t-)dt=lt+.

+w

l|o

I'4e cvdloyo rp6no Bp(oKouue 6rL Kogavo 0116 ro di,\o 6uo oloKlnpduoiq ,\ / 1\ / 1\ / t\ ^ eLvor .oo -+. Enoudvuc I ,

se

t+/-t+/-t+

),\- i f

95
46. th moloyloeEl ro oloKMq|! ) Io4*zd!*xdz, raE6 !{xoc Irtc xo-

lol x+Fl} |l|rolnq c, nou r6uvovroL o. elllodveLec {x2+02+22=l

fi).

Alot: sELsi,sLq rnq Kounilnc c. An6rLs Loti8o Bpo0lErLq ropoulpLK6c olq (1) qmloiqou! lo zr or6rE ExoulEx'z+r!'z+(1-X)'=1 h zx2*U'z-zx=O A

(,+)'
\z)

L---:--L ' /1\'? /

\E )

v =1 1 \'z

(2). H rcuriln (2) ELvoLdItrELUn, u flqpo-

0- } x=}1t+ouvo), lerplKdceELo{,roELq 'r'z + + z=t-* (1*ouve)

qKduo + z=1_x x+z=1 nue. ELvoL

qc z=-l tr-ovel. 'ApooL nopouerpLK6q eLodFrq n u e ,z = } { t - o u v ) g , e [o,zn]

E a v a l x = ] { t * o u v e t ,. f } K o u n t t rc nc EIIouavorc:

grdx'zdo.xdz1o *rli la
I

r"r

r,

I' r + . ( l * o u v o' ) l{1-ouvs)(;4!0)

-{ rr'","er14 -i t r - o , " e tlla e = **[

[ 2/2 )a

( - n ! ' e ) d+ 8-. [ ( 1 - o u v s ) o u v o d o + rr
2/2

tr-o,"e)nueoe=!F.

17. th molarldea ro oloxtrlpq! [afd*x'al, untl||s uE etaq,[| Fx',

ofoLxd. Aiat:
1

6nouc ro r6toqqrq-

A(0,0), B('l,l),ovrl.r qgxi xqr nCFq ro onuea.q

P(x,01=2x0, Eivdl Apo Q(x,u)=x'z. ffi +x

= $ +x. tneuorr S ff ""r,

KoLo r6noq nou opi.<owqL oL P KaL Q (6nlq6|1 rolR'R) r{.vqLonld ouv KrLKdq, ro oloklip0rua elvqL ovEdprnrorou 6p6uouo^oK^ipr,Jone.

gr,rootue |lFx, ! opxi A(0,0) kdl nepoq8{1,1).01 no. IoL[6v ro 6p6tro gouerpLrdq axeqlo6oLs Inc eueldc{Fx awr {Ft, x=t, t e [O,tl. Etvcu =dt, d'lEdt. 'Apa:

r ' z d t =+ 3| | =r. ,rr"*r",0*,J' J"zxuar."'ar'J'

dnou .{.xvdx'xexvd0, c 6avo!ro r6Eoqq rqu Anc'lFn|,'X, xor rcpc A(n,Ol. r oorrlO(O,OI
i(rq:

48. lk uroloyloe[ to eraKot|lr0trLo oloKfig4E 11

.?9 "exg+ E(vor,P(x,0)-0ex{, Q(x,0)=xexV. Eavo!aKdls ;$ =ex9}x'Iex{, +X'!e"'. ErErdi ;U = ?i -r o rdnoqnou oplaovrol oL P (o! Q (6nld6i ro

RNIR)E[vor onld ouveKrLk6q, ro otroKlipr,,t]o lvoL ovEqdp$lo rou 6p6uou oi\o(lipoonc. flq oeurgori! odv 606!0 otrortr4p0rn( to e!ovpallo turlpo0A rou dovoX X, A(n,0). 0L nopolerpLKdq eqLodEELq rou 0A elvor UEopx{ 0(0,0) xor nEpqc 'los: '1E0, t [0,n]. Elvor oKduo dx=dt,d{F0. x=t,

r=Jn{o"t'o*t"t'oo)at-0.

49. b unolovrd.t

D ararqrrtl@ oldlllrtlt

t-J""hr+a*{eru''$c,
6rou c (rit! ro nu1t6rllo x'z{tl, (0,1) rpoc ro dxEao (0,-l)ldd|:

x{,

|rdr 66vC06tor od ro rt|tao

E a v dP L( x , 0 ) = e x +n !! q1x,,1,1-{exouv- '&o, }

if,=*"*o,u * ,# =*"'*"* ,

97 6ntro6i i-l - fr , tl'o x@(x,o)clR'. 'EroL ro oloKldpr,ruo eavor ove[d9rnro rou 6p6!ou rnq oloKlilpooqq. oooorlue ^o[n6v6vorlo antrd 6pdUoKoL geoporiua mv reroLo to 8-A. 0r ncpcuetpr.*6q ELodoelq tou 8ALvo[ x=0,
{=t, tr tB=1, tr=-1. 'Apo:
\rn l=l rax{a{'l (""nu $ o.}e'ouu$ 1 ) d t = l + o u v ; d t =

=[
J,

'ouu*aIl=h,+l'
. . L . Jt

=1rl-+l-r'u+=-2-

50, tb unoloyldel !e 6uo rpdrtousro Errro|,|ror\|,ooloxklpqr:

I r-l (3xz+ao-zx_r!+t )d+fi 1-r)61,

6100c atvoL ro e{fuv,|| so rli|lo la ! ogxi A(0,4) xa.

toc 8(l,ll.

Aodl: o' Tg6troc: Eaw! P(X,0)=3X'?+zxu-2x-'!+1, Q(x,U)=x'-x,'Apoll =2x-1= r 'i:-l . EToL ro oloKtripouo elvoL ovldornrorou 6p6!ou rnq o,\oxtripriolc
eel,rpoiue ro 6p6!o rou oxiuoroq, 0L nopqletpuaq e[Lo6oeLq rou c1 e(vo[ x=0, E{ F t , u E t A = 4 ,t f = l . 0 1 n o p o ! r p u 6 c lo {Lorioer q u c 2 L v o Ix = t , U = 1 , 0 . t r 1 .

ro 6p6!o AB. H eLooon rou ABlvoL qr=4-3x. 0 r B' Tp6nos:e0rpo|J! rdpolerpL(aq Lo6oLq rou ABEivoLX=t, 0=4-3t, 0ltJ1. 'Apot ' II
,,,

-3(t,-t)ldt=l (-6t,+i2t-3)dt= Pdx+ad -)+1] | { F[ 3 t , + 2 t ( 4 - 3 t ) - 2 t - ( a - 3 t

JoL ) Jo

t\l

.l-2t3+6t,-3tlr=1. 5l- llvetor ro Err.rolrdllo olorMpqr: /

98 x dr, I=f --0 a* r" x'?.01 xzloz dtr6qv a9rfllrov Gdurv. on r qy dyrSo.d r!t4 qvrcolllxo n qli tot' ro 6nouc awL uLo ovorrnl xqrrrdfut lrou 6ev novd tb 6etx01, 6rr n rLt l rou ototlnpdgoroq avdL [tnc v.etoc (oA-,bB),6rlou u olrclo A, B eavd! (drd ndFC EIC xqrtdftc. H *o|l'ol4 6!qr6*ror ("thtantici soperioF n. Trend.fir)

q oerrr{ tot6,

tutq:
Yno06route 6rr x=q(e)ouv, 'tFg(g)nuo, or nopouEus e [0r,0r] eavoL tpL(ac ero6oelq rnc KdUn0Anq.'Elouue dx=[O'{0)ouvo-p(0)n!S]d0, dU= =[ ' r '( 6 ) n u ] o ( e ) o u v ] d 9 , ' A p d l I=['[ ,u,L - e ( 0 ) n u 0 [ q ' ( e ) o u v l ! - q { e ) n u o l * e((g 0))n ou ue v+ oo [a (o)ouv]'des,(o)ouvre"e,{o)nu,e l

'do_ r d6-l =[ " ' e ' { fste._

Jsrp'z(o) , u,

=e,-ot=6's.

52. th uroloyrda ro oloxr{poF 62x0?zdx+2xzozd!*(x'U'-22)dz, 6rcu c tvo! rl ll9[lettoc rou t0ly6vou ABT, !e KopoOEC (0,0, I ), (0, 1,0), (1,0,0)

Aoq: tCvoL P(x,U,z R(X,0,2)=x'z{'?-22. )=2x{'z2, Q(x,U,z)-2x'!r!2, EtvdLoK6uo:

jf,*,,,r,.= S
=z*'o= ,,4 i$
l5 =zru'= *
EnELEn KALor|l, n (ountln c Ei.vaL ro oivolo nouopi.<ouv oL ouwprioetcp ronr)ivoL onld olve(rlK6, oL tlpLkce Q, R (6n^o6d nopdvovor Lw[q] vxLC xqL Lox0ouv oL (1), ro oloxlip0rl6 i.vorLoo! !n66v. 53. llo unoloy[dotv u n.rountllo otorlqqilfB:
{1).

99 (x'7nrx-z'tp^ o) 6 (x:foutx+2x'lrH[{?e')dx+ ) dlr, dnouc ca|oL I rtroEl rouniM i(t)=oovt(lrnrt)i+fi+n!t)i, t l0,znl. B) 6 lIL d+rn(l+x'z)4, 6rou c e[wl n unoruxtoerrrlc x9.oii.

nUoI: q) Ei.v !o P(X,0)=x'?Uouvx+2X0nuX-U2ei, EivoL q(6uo I Q(X,0)=X,ntx-zue'. 'Etor + =X'oJvx-Zxnu)(-zue'= lo.r,dvro otroK^ipoUo KordUiKoq qq + . K,\ELo[iq Kaunt^qq c lvo! !n66v. 3! - (x.u)= B ) E L v oP
'EroL 1*xt

, ) . E L v oa L K 6 ! o+ , Q t, ,.r ) ,=t n( r - r < = - a - - * dx . d'Y 1.X2

loo

^oLndvio oloxlnpLryo xord urlKoc tnq xlroric xotlflilnc c iwL

u au n 6 6 v . 54. ib unoAoyld l. !e 6uorg6rouq ro ofo*)utpqo I=$ r riii iai, ov i1y,9,21= fr, fr, iii etwr. or.rortq qq 1;+r1-zz)i+12*x )j- (2r{*32)1, dnou
q[L@< \'z{2+zza'z ||e !d n![slr{.m6o tou lqtrou oy66out!r, otdudv.

Aoon:
o' T06noC: Eava! P(x,0,2)=Xfl!-22, ( x , 0 , 2 2t.) = z + x ,R ( x , U , z ) = - 2 X + U - 3E Q , r P r n ) n=r=-fr :p =r=

voroKolo;it !8 =-r= -4
lx-Jz

, ;

fi ,

r'\

E f l E L o |o 1L P , Q , R o p i 4 o v I q l oio ( o n J \ do u v 6 x r r K 6 ) , o L l e p L K C e n o nr pdv(,jyoL L v q I o u v X E i . q ,L o x r j o u vo L ( 1 ) Ko! n xopfli^nsi.vot KILoTi,to o-

,\oKtrripouo ELvoL[oo ue !n66v.

ea : v oIL -q ^ = l ^-.A 1B ^. 1^-t.-1,.r, 8 ' T D d n oE ' 'BT'IA

ABTA

(tt(

tz).

0c nopoucrpr(tqELodoErC rou r6[ou AB elvor X-oouv,{--on!, z=0 0:8:r/2. ELvq! dX=-cqted, dqr=oouvod8, dz=0. Apo:

100
I t',

Ir=J ^Pdx+adu+Rdz=l L(oouvg+on!0)(-('|s0)+oouvooouve-(2oouv-onug)0]dg

-A8 T.

=[ {-o'nuoouv0-c'nr'e+o,ouvzo)d-o,[ (ouu'O-nu.e-ntleouuelag=$ . O[ nopqgErpLKcc [Lor,roLc rou r6[ou ti eiwr. X=0, {=oouv,z.onug, O:i+. tpvo<6uoor ovdtrovo llpinr(,jol,o[6re loioKou! rnv nponvoi!vn

l*z lF . ot rooouetolKdc ur I,=js- Pdx.Qdr.Rdz=etLo6oLq rou t6tou ii e(voLx=qnto,0=0, z=oouvg, oso:{. Ettou6v0s I=0. n (2) 6i.vL erouBploKorJle I!.1^pdx+Qd{,+Rdz=2d,

55. o urcloy|,d.l ro olo(A4roto:

-f(x-{'} r=6 [rtx+t.rtr+r ]r+ lf(x+a) ld0,

dnou c a.w! u|.q rlloEil rout|0M v6( onld ouverrlxoo t&rou T. H f or leprrcq mpdyoyoL PV, Qx ea\,oL ouvEx[q. Ko!

Aoon: E l v oP r { x , { ) = f ( x + { , ) + f (Q x( -x 0, )U , ) " f ( x + 0 ) - f (u x -U ) ,= f { x + 0 ) ;$
-i'fx-!),
1nrDrn

ff

= r ' ( x . U ) - f( x - 0 ) . A p o

;i

E n o l l v uE qtvaL I=0.

56. Ito onoloylde( ro srlKolnillo orox6or,rrc6r(*)

xdt-r!r* , 6I.

rou c ehrsr. uro rllaEl Kqmrtrn vdc atrld ouvexrlro0 t6rou T. H f xol o! .,i (vo! ouvExeac leglxec |Eodynyol otov T. E , (novnrorliuro olKtc lsn[rrx6 qrbd 1973) l6q:

p = - r ( * ) - " 0 ( x , { , ) = + r ( + )E E(vo r( x , 0 ) * oL (6uo: . rvo \^,/

x2

3 l--l dqr

X?

r( g\--!Lr'l,!\ | -- 1 11{,\-u r./qr\ \X/

X, \X/X X, \X/ xl \X/.

101

_a,(9)-1,.(*)[,! *4 dI \x/ X \ X , , f\
X, )p )n LnouevrJc = ii! fr '

Xr,/

)=_1 f/,r)_,! f./,r,\ \T,,/

Xr'\X,/ x,

reo ro oloKligrdtro Eaval Looue lndav.

57. lld ullolovL(sa !o lBo6dv rou xoolounou nEglxls(lol on6l!t0l_ lo rou fspr6olour Xt.t,=3q{,, ol0. lfot: edrouu U=tx, on6reEplo(ouu rrq nopot/rpLKac {Lqiolc rou o0liou nouelvou1= , ,= l{ . Etvol t-Eqe (q e(wL n yovLo nou oxnrorl*
1+t' (ic[ on6 rov dEovoOX l(oL ro dLdvuotc g6orrcevdq onuLou rou grjllou).H yl,JvLo q !tdBdileroL on6 0 6rrq j+t'

{ , oldre n flopd!xpoqt lelold^treloL o_ nd 0 60rc+-. To anro!!vo E!Bo66v6lvrqL ond rov r0[o:

e=j Q xa+-,rax=] lsc ) -/ lsq '\/_$! \'lo.= | I lsl/ 'ro r+tr \ \ /

.l

1*t''/

1+t3,/\ 1,tr

- +",['=+",[."_!+ =]o,[*-11,1,1-,61'_.,r_ '' _Lg ' ro ( ' 1*tr)'z ' i' lo (r*t,).

.+ I ,. ,ouao,.. - t-+ l-*= | l+t'

58. lh molovldE[ ro c!d66v Irlc erLgdv6loc ] nou npLt(lel.eroL dr6 ulv lofitl4 c: X={ouytrt, 'lEolrrtr.,t [0,2r], o>0.

A0on: To 4rro0uEvo EuFo6dv 6lveraL on6rov rino E=I [-0ox*xa+. rivou ox"
=3qouv'zt(-nut)dt,dU-3onu,touvtdt. Apq -(rdx+Xd0=-qn!it3qouv?t(-n!t)dt+ +oouv:t3dn!,touvtdt= (30rn!atouv2t+3o2ouvat l!2t)dt= =30"lu2touv2t(nr,t+ouv.t)at=3o,(nutouvt).dt= (n!2t)rdt.,EroL eLwr: 1q: .t 1". E= -Udx,xd{'

iJ ;--"^IJI

I lnuztr,at= #l ,,,. "1,, o.^iuo f

= tnuztr.urz

102 3no' f -nu2touv2t+2t 1"" ='its = 3q? r' uovd6q' t- lff"'].

ofoxfrl*ar [ 59. tb utotroyloeiro enlxc|t|||.1llo

2x{4+x'?dl,, tuou c

ro el.wl n uolo z'lFx mL A, B rq oluaq (0,0), (2,1), ovtl,dtolxo.El,vor gvEdoqro xoo 6p6!q, rnq otroxlllgrutci olorl|lg|I (li!s0n[orrr6 tmq 1977 Tnlld lbyEnroqgLooSsooolov ) l0ot: q) H uOe[o e[roiolc vpdsErol x=t, '!=+, !E nopouerpLxa( dx=dt, d{F+ dt. Apozx{dx+x'dG2t+dt+t'+ dt-t'dt+ i E(voL = :idl Eror EavqL:
|

tc [0,2]. dt=

2x{dx.x'd,+ != dl t = + l

+ | =4.

l!

1)

P(x,U)-zx{, l(or f; =U, # =t^. ',o^ *i = :* . Q(x,o)=x? E) ELvoL

P, Q elvol tolR,lR, opL(ovroL oL ouvoptioeLq EraL6{ro neoto T olo ono{,o nou LvoLdlld ouvKTLK6, To oloKtripotoeiwL ovEtdprnrorotr 6p6uou rqc

-2lzlj,1za"r".1,"r1 ( zxz3+6'0)i+(5r 50. A(vela! xo Elovuot$r!16ft6ao F= lb &rxeea drr stvo. ooro68rlo roL om olv6xlo w unolovloo[ ro ololo xqfitln, r^ng4! r=l rdr, (mouc LvoL!l(r ruxol ontE[o^(0,0,| ), B(t,'l,l), dvraolorxo. Al(m: R=3x'zz'?o) ApKei vo dLEouu 6rL rotE6, eivor P=2x23+6U, Q=6x-2{,2, 'Eror -0'. Apo:P+=5, P.=6xz',Q.-6, Q"=-2rlr, Rx-6xz',R,!--20. tvoL: - Q . - 2 J(-- 2 r)t- 0 , P / - R \ = 6 x z ? - 6 X z0 + r o t i . d . Rr ?.--0 , P+-6-6.0 Enoucvoc ro 6LovuotrorLKd rI6loeivoLodEpdBLtro. otroKtripoto ovldprnro rou 6p6!ou rne o^oKlllLvoL 0i To enl(olnt^Lo p{,Jonq. 8o uaolovloouuE ro I sn6 rov trno, Iiaio1el-01n1, Orrou: g og,(il (or n69oc ro

102 3q'?f -nu2touvzt+zt l'zn --ft-LffJ"==ii 3no'z

"o*0"'
J. zxtfi+xldl,, &ou c

59. llo uroloyLdea.ro EnlKoundllo ot oxri*rr-a

2{Fx ro! A, B Io on!h (0,0), (2,1), ovttoroqo.ELvol ea\rqr rc n ueiq avEdptnro olorMn[ ror 6p6gou Ins oloKlilp(dlci (td||l(Itrrd TEho lllymloou[ou oooolova.mq 1977) A0o[: ypdesroL o) H ugeto e{LodoELq !e ropauerprK6q x"t, U=+, t. [0,2]. 'Apo dt+t'+ dt=t'dt+ i Et'vordx=dt,d'lF+ dt. 2xudx+x'dq,=zt+ = :i:dl Ero! eavor: dt=

j -l d t = + 2xtdx.x'do= '|t o "

I rr

'12

[;

'Jdd.

=zr. rpo = . x( 0x ,,U).x x,q L = U , L ( x , 0 ) = 20 0 ) E t v oP ,3i rr4 S #

P, Q tvoLro]Rrn, En[6d ro nEOCo T oto orolo opl(ovroL or.ouvoptioelq qvtdprnxo nou ECvcL on^douvE(r[K6, ro olo(trr1oolo LvoL rou bpduournq

50, llvrdr ro 6lqvuotarLt6 re6[o i= (2xz3+60)i+(6x-2llzli+l3x,z"-[,ll ib 6Lx0El 6r! sl.vai orrp69do xo! ofl olvelLo w fiolovlooe( ro olo-. .ftlq{E - 12.' I=l Fdr, 6nou c lvct llq ruxoac rQj|ttf4, I opxi Ko! neFc lq

onte[o l(0,0,1), B(l,l,l ), svECorollo. iUm: o) AoKivo 6ttouu6rL R=3X'2'?ftvoL P=2X23+6U, Q=6x-2U2, "oti=d. 'Ero! -0'z. Apo: P{-6, Pz=6X2'z, R{,=-20. ELvoL: Qx=6tQ,--20, Rx=6X2'z, R,-Qi-20-(-2{)-0, Pz-R^=6X2'z-6X2'z=0, + rotF"0. Q.(-P,,.6-6-0 ro 6LqvuouorL(6 flouavoq nE6Lo ivoL oorp6BLlo. 8i To enlxaln0lLo oioxl{p{,Jtu 6lvo! ovEdprnrorou 6p6uoulnq olo|(ldqronq. & unoloyaoouu ro I ord rov flino, I ia-o(a)-o(n), 6nou:

103 o ( x , r l , z l = [ ' p ( t , , ! , 2 ) o t * [ v Q r o , t , z t o t * [ ' n r o+ , go , r{)xd ,r {r,z)tc )8 )f

={'12t,,*,lrat.[*rsopo"r"-s, z..lor-l" 1ar=2,, [ ! l"-e,1J111*o Jtlll" Je Jr L ' lo

-,'19
L .

x] -zz' -avx-aw,au-6og-zr,+zoz+ .-,[ $ ]"-o'1,1;=r.' l { J8 r " J.r

-lo' $
f**

-r'

-O'zz*O'v=z'f *tx-20'?+(-609-q'zy3+B'zv)=23x'z+5{r(-zqr,+c.

(l +6-l)- (0+0-0)-6. Enoutvoc )-0(A)= JcFdr=0(8

6t, t& uro^ovLdL ro enrrotn0lio oro*rlo,nro Jt'''L,+")d*(3-2xu)dl

{tbv rotiulo ooolovtqc - t|q|nr!(d rtil! AUon: EcvoL P(x,{)=x'l-0'z, ou ueor.xdc noodvoQ(x,u)=3-2x0, u ;f; =-2,t" ff 'Aporo oAoKlipolo orrvxCc. Lvorov{69r4ro rou wt jf, , !e LvoL
6p6uouInq oloKl4qronc KoL rl ficpdoroonPdx+qd0 tvoL rd^eLo 6Lq0oO[xd.Oo Bpotle ULo ouvdornol G(X,0), y|.o rnv onoad eavoL dG.PdX*Qdr. El.voLyv(,ror6

1977)

+ G(x,U)1.(i'-U')dtl d x r :G ( x , 0 ) = J dP(t,U)dB t +Q . j( o , t ) d t s(3-2dt)dt-

rt

rV

r,

r0

g -*',1'-h" -u'x= ['i +z ]*= " r +'o.ru,r $ -ta. $ ={ -,n. L J to L JB +

*u,-($ -re. Apo, ry)= + -u,x+3u+c.
=t t * * - I . I = l G ( x , t ) l i ; ' ; i = ltu -"'x . 3 { , l t ' " r ( o . o )_
52. lh ulroloyloooov 6 snlxo|rtr0lLqoloKlqp6lllor

o'a)qqx{'q*1"'041, o1 I=J( Aoq:

,1 rl

t, tJ,;..;

exn!,td*exouvudl,.

104 ol Eivor P(x,'!)=0Y{, Q(x,{)=xex*="x,r.r,l,y'=4 (o! upLK6q ,r4 'Apd elvououvExccq). to oloxliplruq eavoL ovdprnlo

fiopdy',ryol , T{ fr qC oloKtr4poonq, rou 6pdgou pdx+Qd0 Enotdvoc ndpdoroon n dLoqopLKil avoL olLK6 6Loqo9LK6 ouvdprnonq !Loq c(x,U). ELvoL:

u=ex,r,-ed,r,* crx,,l,t=[^pr t,+tctr ['01o,t rrt=frrtre!Jat*[uqqdldt= [e!0lv-leatI ,q rs )o Js ( 0,a)=t ,Aoor +eo{r_eap_ex{-eqo_ex{-c. -t=0. I= lex{l ( 4' o ) P(x,0)-exn!U, Bl E(voL + 0(x,0)=erouv0 nopCvrvo. l$ =9169y,t= tou uepu"tq ff;

io oloKAdpolo etvoL cvedpqro *f; , ff etvor,ouvExeaq).,Apo rou bpdtrou xnc olo$ioi,tonc. EnottvLJC nqpdoftonpdX]QdU ea_ n 6loropLkrl vor olrK6 6Lo@pLK6 lroc oovdprnonq GtX,|lj). EtvoL: 'rt tx .v e tx,,lt-l t,,!tat.l-q(o,t )dt- [^ elaprld t * ['eoouvtat=ne,1fet 1r,11!- 1r*so . ,!
'a 'd ,8 o

=(n!U)er(n!0)eq+ednU0-edn!B= (ntU)ex-dn!0=exn!0+c. 'APo I2 '-e. lexnru]'"

(0,0)

63. th unolov|'ooearo er|. qnatro oforflor,rn

r.SO"ldx+6xldl, J tx

d-

nou c lvor [ (o|trl0tln u opxi (oL n6pocro onueloA(0,0), B(4,8). ovrt. _ ototxo. l6dt:

pd0+Qd0 n nopdo[oon lvoL 16.\Lo 6LoooDLk6. ^4lobil undpxEr ouvdprnondO(X,0), xaroro rorJdO(X,{r}=p(x,U)dX+Q(X,0)dt.Oo unoloyloouleq 0.0 rriloq (l) rnc oEl{,6dc 53,6l.veL: .. Ix rt ,\ ., x , t 'l . 3 0 ,1 0 ( x , 0 ) =P l (t,0)dr+ l (a,t)dt= (lt , + 3 0 ' ) d,t*.o l oLa, Q t= t 1 ' .. l 3 o it1 ,_ ,d ,B J
t" )B L l"

yLo |(dee(x,0)elR:n=4,

p(x,U)=x,+30,, EtvoL Q(x,U)=6xt, coojf =0,r,, ++ =A , ff $ 'Apo

105 = x' +3s'zx+c, -au'o*:o,p,-3o6':0!qivo!e rov rino 2, S **"*- $ oIL6qq 53, 6xouue: (a'8)=o(4,8)-o(o,or= ( x ' * 3 0 " ) d x * 6 x[,o td 0,= ( x L ! )] | $ * . a ' n =$ ' rc (0,0)
ro EnLrouni^Lo oloxlil9lxra: 64. tlo unoloyLoel (xz-e'n!0)dl+(x{+z)dz, l= | (e^ouvU+Uz)dx{ (1,1,1), (0,0,0), oto onuto c 6tvol n rogn0lnu opxi rol rt69oq dnou vrLdtoLxqAoon r Rl(rX +l2 v.a L : E I v q rP ( X , U , z ) = e ^ o u v U , ,z)=Xz-e^n Q+ (U x ,z U u , U , z ) = x UE

'Apo jf; =-exqprl*z= undpxeu ouvdprnon # , .,4*= S , *i *" S .

0 ond eo unotrovLsouue o(x,U,z), reroLqnou d0=Pdx+Qdu+Rdz. fi ouvdotnon ,'rlr"rt-z t,U,z E, z )d t l t ldt=Jo(e"ouvU 0(x,0,2 )d .tu ldt, ) = J o(P JB 0 ( o , ,R{o,B,

.J'ro,-fr. ro,.J'too.t ratle ouvrtr.ruztll[o.r-**",11["*- f ]"=

=erouvr!+rlzx-e"ouvr!-rlzc+czr!+e''ouvr!-czg-e"ouyg,{pr*{-oOv-t'="tour,r*

-rl'. {

("'","e-or- $)="'**-ro''

21 *c. :t.:0,-,vo rov rtno 4, uE

= e o u v l * l. * t* } - 1 sq 3, eLvdL ! n qs ^ L 6 q I: =l o { r , , t , , )l l; ' ; , ; ] = " o u v t

65. ilo unoloyloo(ivro nlroulru^Looloxllpqlala:

o) J^0ouvx{rax*xou,xrlaA, onou + t r,or, e= (2,}). o,n o+ ut o , o t ,e = ( 1 , { ) . 9) J,e\utdx.exow0

d) Elvor P(X,[)=Ursuvx{, Q(X,U)=Xouvx{,

106 =ouvx{FxunuxU/,=ouvx{,-x{,nsx0. AFqLvoL: Etvorenolev(,rq ;i fr qveldprnro =.fi . 'ero, ro oloxlipuuq rou 6pduou rqq oloK^Ilcr,rLvoL

i[

Pdx+QdU [voL rdtrLo 6LoeopLK6 onc KoLn nspdo.oon !Lqe ouv69rnonq 0116 G{X,U), nou unoloyacerql rov ru{ro:

ouv(tu)d(t0)+ ntr,ut=[*rf r,Otot*l*qto,ttat=[xuouvtuat*[eoouvotdt=l

Jo Jg re tB Jd

-[ ouv(qt)d(ot)= Lnut!]]'Lnuotl 1=nuxU-nuq+*nuou-nloB=nux{+c, 'Apo (x,{)=nuXU, G EroL e.voL: , ,rl,Il =nu2+-nu1.0=1. J^oduvx0dx-xouvxod{=Lnlxol(r,ol P(x,U)=eraru, no!6voc ELwL 9t ELvoL Q(x,U)=e\ouw, *t ""^ouuq,, 'EloL ro otroKligr,ruo ="'oru,l. 'Aeo = rou 6p6 elvoLove{dprnro ;fo fr . fi
6LdQop[K6 PdxlQdU eLvo! r6trLo t]toc lou qq oloKliononcKoLn ndodcroon qn6rov riaoi 0(x,{), nou onoloyL<eroL ouvdprnsnq r\ tv rx. tr - +-r ^- -v c (x,0)1 (t,{,)dtl (o,t )dt1de'n!'ldt+Jie*ouvtdt=4u0te" ld+elnutlo= dP d0 =e\nu0-eonuU-e"nu0-eonuo=e\4uU+c. 'ApoG(x,U).e^nuU. Enordvoc LvdL:

| +nr,,r,l -ernu* -eonu0=e. Jonexnr:,lrdx*e\ouulau 1o.ol

,, -!r

66. A[vErqLro oloKAiq,ryc | (U'zx+l)exdx]2tl(x-l)exdr!. o) lh 6ELX0Et 6rL [vo[ ovdprrtro rou 696gou c qe olorMpoors. vd ntolovr.oean ouvdotnon f,yr-o B) Av V(x,U)=(0'zx+1)exi+20(x-llexi, Ir|v onotq gradf=i.(4,s) (0'x*l)exdx*2{(x-l)exd!. v) l& unoloyldt ro oloxlilpr4r | r (-1'1) ([ove,.Lq.'lulo Aovoavou) itort:

107

o) Etvd!P(x,0)=({,'?x+l)ex, xot j$ =zUex= , Q(x,U)=2l,(x-1)"x S rdge (x,0)elR', 'A0oro o^o(ltlor4Jo qq olol.volovdpqto rou 6p6!ou
KIipoonq.

i+ ir;tx,,lli*1rx,,r,)j 0), Enelof sradf=i 9; 6t6r.eradf= S *!I rouV.1r1r'?x+t on6(1) kor (2): lexi*Zr11x-t t"4 tzl, 6xouu 3 ) , f ; ( x , 0 ) = 2 0 ( x - t ) e(x 4). f i ( x , u ) . ( ' t , x + r ) e(x 'Apo: fi(x,0)=2U(x-r)ex+f(x,0)={,(x-r)ex+s (s (x ). )
H (5) 6tvsr f;(x,0)-'l'?ex+{j'1(x-l)ex+g'{;)=r!'zxex+g'(;) (6). Ad (3) Kor ' E t o L (6) AxoulE g ' ( X ) . e x 6rL + 9(X)=ex+c, n (5) 6[vL; f(x,U)-0,(x-l )ex+ex+c{c or.OEpd). stvar otrLxd vl Eneu64j$ . ff n nop6qaqq{0'?x+t)exdx+2u(x-t)erd0 df=Pdx+Qd'r.'Apo. 6ro0opLKo. ECvq!
. ( 4 . 5)

' ,"1 't 11,,11;(q't) '[('--1 ), l ' x * t ) e x a x . a l t x - t 1 e x a , F 1 1 (-1,1)

=r(4,s)-r(-t,1)-2e""*-'.

57, th unolovldol ro flrxolr0Alo ororlrlg(.||q I=6 (a{-x l)d+(x+'I,)d, lhou c elvor to ooltlopo rou xtplou T rcu rEplxlslero! o Alon:
o'Tp6noq: ttvaL I= O (zx{-x,)dx+(x$, )d0-

tac mtrrarlc x'z=

=I ^ (2xu-x'? (zxu-x'z )dx*(x+t')du.l )d. ' ^

oAi fio

((

+(x+o'z)dj=I1+I,

( t ) . ei v cu :

l,r ! -x,+2x,+2x 5)dx= (2x'-x')dx(x+x{ (2x I,"'J^ (2x,!-x')dx.(x*,i'?td,!sj, )2xdx=Jo

-716.
S e o o o i , l E@ ! r o o r i u r r p o r o x .

108

-rlrt zuao+ (u'?+r!'? t,=J^ tzxrl-x')ax+tx+' 1a1:J' rzu3 )d0=

I (4{iq-2'1,5+2u'z)d{E.l+ . Eror n J"

r={-]{=$. tr) orveu:

I'TPdnoc: E0op!6(ouU rov r0noror,Green(nouLoxte[). ELvoL f(X,U)=2X0-X,, 'Ac[ =1. Apo: 0(x,{)-x+U'. i=2x, fr

| . ,, ,'l,ll I - *i )axorllrr-zxraxo,r,=l rr-zxra,rlay= I rzx,r-x.)ax'(x*.ras=ll( # ll 'd''.i

"tx' -fx , ) d x . ( l 4' -x, 2x$,zx')dx= =l (1-2x )_[\0 ]d ' ]x = lr 1 - z x ) ( " ' Jo
)o )o

=[ 1rl-x"-zyizx,rcx=[-?r]4 -*r+- 4l'= * .

68. ib unoloyrdodv ro sn6!{ lra(o!|r01rr!olorMoaFro xdt rotdrlv w yl,ve! mlioeuq !o tov r6rc rou 6rlen. of l=6' a r -U,ox*xat, 610|l aT e(vo! to otvoporou logtou T=t(x,U)nz: osxil, 0elsl).

drcuc eavoL S) I=6 xa{nfax, n 6ner{rr t' * f .t. rc

22 32 l0dl:

o) eeopo(,xe ro ortvopo xou xt o(ou vo 6Loypd0eB[ 6nocbtxvouvro Bgln. 0L nogduEtptKaq ILotoelq ulv 04, AB, 8f, f0 e[vor: 0A: x=t, llFo, t [0,1] dx-dt, d{-0, A B :X = 1 ,U - t , t [ 0 , 1 ] dx=0,d'!:dt, Br|F1, x.t, t [0,1] du=o,dx=dt, r0: x=0, llFt, t [0,1] dx-o, d'lFdt.
lt( 'AeoI :-t ( - t . 0 +) i d t + [{ - t + t . 0 ) d t +([- t 0 + 0 ) d t l - 'A ' lA _ f. 1 -B .1 -o -A ' r_ 0=,l t - o - 1 6 y o , - 1 o
r 9eooo'jrre oqv rcpduetoo to rl,,

t09

=01

-+l-tl'=r+r-2. -

"dt+j,-dt+0=lrl p(X,U)=-0, E|ldrr{oeuql xe rov ronorou cr.[: EavoL + A(X,{)=X

*$

--'. ;l ='.'o*,'-lJ ( # - ,,e *0,r.4'ax Ip1 i=2. )a,nr.rJf J'a,r,+1x1

!) 0L nuposrprrAq elod,osrC tnc 6lIeL0nClvol X=2ouvO, {F34!0, 'Apo: 0:052n.ELvo! oKdtodX=2(ouvo)'dOr drl=3(nU0)'de, I-l -n!ol] do=61 (ouvzo+n!,g (ouvo )-3n!02( [2ouve3 )de=5 lol ;'= 12n. EtlqI{ocudt|16tov r0no rou Creer: E[voLp(X,0)=4, q(X,{)=X + # =

- S )a,o,r=jj,*o,r.zflaxauaz/Joa '=lJ(4 "-', # -'. '^o.

-tzlloaoae=nl I ouolue=rzrerl'[ 4' t t"n ' - ',.lo ,oLo r i;
69. llq u|roloyroooov !6 q 9oielo rou r0llou rou Green tq oloktnCgo_
It 'z'I,- 'I,)rt*(x'ev+iuu) to: o) I=9 (zxet'-x tl, dnou c eavo! o (trloc: +

xrtlt =1.
9) I. S dnouT ehrr, d1u ororothEre rovovrrd xq|!o. "xt6d+3xt5d), Lv) I- I O(+xtd, dnou T.t(x,{)n?:tr(,+{,s!,9$1. r'l'+i'1 i0at:

p(x,0)=2xev-x,0-+U', ol Eavo! rcr. =zxg9-r,-,r,, Q(x,U)=x,e{+lrU $ 'Apo: jf =rt"{. to geiipnuo rou Green toxis!.
r sdrouu. x=2u, +:3u, ' ""6-. :6. ,croL n dllerrrr lctcoxirrtr: :++++ ir(u,u,

aera! dro! rirro u,+u,:1. * Sitouye u:p@vo, u:pnug, olo:1, oso:2r.

110

'=[( # - *e raxar+J"J' e3dpdo=ld0l )*,*ll rx'+'

2t =-T rr ' = -{ koL 8, EtvoLP{x,{,)-x{,6, Q(x,U)=3x'?0s 'Apo l l l ^ ^ - " n \ creenLoxieL. I=ll{ + + )dd,!-0. o^ ovl ,ti
\

",'=pr;'l+]"
qr

tou $ +*,r,'= ff Too(i'onuo

ouvEKrL(6. vt To xoplo 6rv ElvsLontrd qv Iile npo0rl60on 6rL ro orrvopo rou xnpaou 6Loypd0eroL 6noqELxvouv ro B6In, ro d,pnta El.voL: Lo)(01.
\ \

\o
\"-

)2

ut'I-;#r-tt . e#=*. * -u-g=

dpdo= r= *,*'IJ'!!!!q#r (;9- :fr g JJ )**. IJ "",e,*, t-*',t l[ $ - S]i,,.,,[+-+-+.+]=+ JLeaeJL'+ruo=

10 . l5 unoAoyldocv l(t oloxtrio6lolo: o ) I=S-x'Od*x'af,6rou c e(wr o Kdx^oc x'zrl'?=4. !l

t=f or.a*u"'e,rrc, t-

"

slwr. q rcltrffut roo oxitrroq. Aoot: ol

jf, =-x.,1l *t"' to eedioouo ri.vou rou creen r(x0eL, enouavoq:

ovl 'i 'i

- * ) ara,r,= dxd'lF [[G*".r.raar,+[lr, 4,-,,*.,.0*[(#

rvetcoxnuariqouueo rorurd< ouvtercyuivEs.'lroL oarouue x:pouvg,i!=pn!9.

+J'"[J"r, ae=J"*",e r*",rrror] *"ze)o= 10"1'o=J"re"*.eo-roJ"(}.] =rsl*-{nueel" -re..

tou GreenLoX0[.Enolavrrc: 8, To odipnto

=" td#i.L (x,+6u,x 2{,3dx* dr. ) *O +$, ]o,,*J. |Jl' "n,,0*] II

;r,*.r+ Jl=* . {'*3rr*"rlax--J'rr*"rlarr-x")=-*
71. tt unolovlooea too r0nourou 6rrqr to oAoxlilglF: 16 q Forloro

{r(+rn"r*"j*.(a0'|-4n
Mql:

r- [r,2]x[r,3]. }dr,&ou

'noo' S =4"'

p1x,91=$ q1;,,11.4,1r-4nuu. q(6uo =+x,1,*z 61vq1 ECvor x,)"*zU-ex, ff,

=1, +--S-*],*. [1,,*""*"-,,,*1*"J,k

988

{,(***'"*-"')*ox,r,'-4nuu)d0-[(

;*

;f, )dxd'F[ (2,1,,-4x,li{4)dxd}-

-+ --'-+. -T,),,-[ "1,{+ +.,)a--J,(+ T --99c+ ],/2. lt moloy|'oo|. ro oloxMoo|rt-6O.Or*tOU, 6rcu c lvdl n toUn0I[ ToU q(tltntoc u rr=l xdL r2:2r.

i l c p c t r p e i o t e d r r " r o x o p i o r o u r e p u r l e i e u 1 a c y r r 3 r 4c 6 e ! i l c L a r r d .

112 lod|: & Kdvou! eoapuoyrl rou rtnou rou Green.Etvq!:

at;r't - a!t'r t$,r,.0'"'o,r-[[i rr.+,ro**r, r'r. l*a,r'Y '[[, f 'c '{t I

"^

geroq(n|Er('aoul8 flo vo uno^ovl,oou! ro 6LlI6 oloKfulpr,Irs, oe [oI!K0q :+ ouweEvlevsc. 06rou!ex=pouv, lrx'z+0'zs4+ | io2:4 {Fpiug. EavoL + li9t2. El.wLordlB O$fi *o. ffi=0. EtoLn (l) 6lvElr

r=-[ [[ rco'roaolae=-t f Es:11e=-t 9o=-Sn. 'oL ' 'o' JrU, I J,

73. io urolovrdofu !a ti !o orLq too or,JqlF@crou 6ren !o olorlinhoto:

o) I=6 (x-'r!)d+xidJ, tuouc'(h,0)n'r x,nl,.2l,

c eltlr !) t=6t'Or-xto{, onou lt(?, ,loal: I *sl+x'z). to otvooorou x$aou T={(L{,)n'.:

=-sO', * o) 'txouuE P(x,'l)=x-'r' *i =3x'. Eoapu6(oure + rov 0(x,U)=x' fi tunotou Greeni I=O (x-u')dx-x, d/-ll (3x,+30, )dxd0=
cT

=3li(x'"l')dxd,l,'
T TLd rov unotrovLo!6 rou dLtrAoU olodnfl;lloroq XpnoLuono[odle [oJ\Lkdc

TI

ouwErcyuavaq. 06routr x=pouvo, 0:pnu0.Elvor 04s2n, o=p={ZKor

fiffi

=e. Aeo:

r*ijrx,*" t.z, raxau+ff o.oooor=rj""o, $t J1'oo=

- **:u. * if, =4, Q(x,o)--xr. Ptx,,lt=O' F) 'Exours

- j$ --,1+,f'+,f,. Eqlopud<ouue tov tlno
rou Greeni

r= llt++taxo,t"-sl ll ua,rlax= 't' J --31 lY; I

, 2 , ' o , | + X 2"1"

,,

.z..ttxz

dx=-+l [u.x,),-1]dx=

-.1J1*',,"r0,=-; [+. + ],- -,F

-0 74. lh 6erxoet orr, ro olGMFtr = *- 6 or. --f-- al, t.u 'cr1id2 r".a"
c [v!! o rodoc x'+i'-r', |Eolodye! o qfq66y tou rdrlos cr: I'zro'z=s'a

(0<<rl.
l0dl: Ard rov trho rou Green (vLo nolldd\d ouva(r!(d xr!gLo), dxouuo:

IJ(;*- ;& )"*=0 ea**qar*$,rax'

+Qd'l { t ). P(x,0)---:!- , q1;,,1,1=x xo, ELvoL x'?*tl'1 x'z+'!'z

S "#
o *

''+ =i$ orattau'. n (1)6rver: $ f "c'o' ,ra,*oa'r'

--U- 6t* + d tor.Oor= $ta*aau:$ Pdx*odr! $ ,nax.oa,l $

x.*.!.

-t x au 6 Jc,

xr+U,

-:L .* *r 6 6xs x a,r, Jc

xzt\z

6x*---X- 611=
xr*,!,

xr+U,

=*6 .
I

-{ a1*---r-61 *S:6 . t\x2'i(J2

x,*Uz

-0
rcx,+U,

{axa* x a,6$S ' '.,o,

x.*'1,,

114

*lLdo

l=Lug.KuK^ou cl -L o*. .^- aU= | S xarrUax x'+rr x.+'r.

(x'z{,)d+(x-{)dn , 6nouc [(x'-zx *,1'1'

75- lib rnoloyLds[ ro oro(l,1o.4r r= 6 '" voL 4 Kqun0ln X'z-zxr{'z-3 f i ) . ioort: H Kotn0lnc vptqeroL { x -1 ) ' . ! ' = 4 oKrlvo2), A6y(,r rnq (l)

( 2 1 ( k i ( I o cu K d v r p o (1,0) (oL
Loo ue:

1r1. {ft*'-uto**t*-alo,t, -/4-\r, *1

|
o unoloyLooole to otroKtripotlo: r,= f (x,-u)dx+(x-lij)d0, ! eGreen.

(/a:i-,*1,u

Tourlnou rou ooplroyi

E l v o rP ( x , 0 ) - x ' . - 0 ,(x,0)=x-0. Q

'm

*' S-*fr=2. enoueu"c, ff=r, l$=-r

/ t-n r.,.t r, . 't ^t46l|_, l } , l - a { * } 4 t ol * o u v u r n u u 'v/\ Lt/ | *4 .J_i _,2/4-Uz

r,-f rx,-,nax*rx-ora-= (* - S).*=1,0,*=4', I1 l1i@*l*=

- 2I
t'-

= r o* - *

r = * r ^ =* . l = s n .' e o o
Onou

75. le tn lorloe6 rou r(||rourol, crpen vo 6Lx0ea 0." t.-t.=],

ll

'zdl.rom Elvat ro euoo(x+0"di-(x-0) t,- l_(I+)'zo(-(x-0)':dr, I,=l 'ai

"qF vpa|t|loqdl[ !e dool A(0,0) rdl fi69oq B(l,l) xor. m fB e[vcr ro rdEo r4q rEldoMc 'lEx', tl opxd Ko[ tt6pqc to queao A KcL 8, ow[,oEoLxc. (S. alil-||alJiotlc.l ArEiysis, oli6o 535) edrouye f=ny.,91;n" A ' T d l o , o . r i 6 a r , r 9 , d o r n o rtt.

115 Atq: IIou opleeroLond To uotrl KtreLoriKoun0^n 6rL c ELvoL Yfloeerouu ruipo ABxou on6 ro r6to [B, rnc vpouuo nopogolis. ELvoL:

('x r)'dxzd u{= I =O ( x * u ) ' z d x - ( x - { ) '|e g

r"

tl

-tx-u)'aU (1) .1, ,[ - (x*0)'zox-(x-v)'!dU=

AIId rov rino

(x-,!)'d,r : I=f (x*,r)'dxrou Green exouu ( ff jfi ) a-a,u= JJ tr\-r,r,r'l l-z(x-0)-z(x.u)laxa,r,=-cJIxax -a =fl/,f-tt-'rr't ,\ AX ')axa,r,=ff TT
. - a l l l x d L ! l d x =xf,tl).ax=-n{xtx-x'rax=-al -al 5 f | =+
Ie r-lr=--| Ard (1) koL (2) noor0nre e f r-1.=].

t2).

d0] 6nou aTe[vsr # r-l(x,l)en":I r2,05us+I, rpooovcrollou6vo otvopo rouxuptou !o rLrd 77. ih unoloyLdl ro o^o(lipo]ud q, # -.
alq:

=#, ErvoLp(x,u)=S, o,',t,=# *' *f,

6LVEL: ror o rinoqroucreen f *'-o*=JJ(,1$ *t)**=

#=#.'r-

=lll-u - --r \axa,,=[ r , rf rt^/-Lo

i\ 1.,!' 1 , x zI

\ 1"r'? 1tx'I

, \aulax= t

t+ l+*=t'i -['f-! r"rr-"'r'"(,- )--r- l*-] ' r ,['rr"(r-r)*',1 ' r } l 'I \ * \ x'I t-x I x?/ 1*x'? |
I ax= _[' I ar=l+rnlrr tl'_f' ,__r. __ Z.1ar_[' r, r, r , 2 { t + 1 ) 1_
1*x, l' \ x) / ,
\ xt /

\ x'l

t*x,

rildL r:{(x,0)eF'z: o:x:1, x2:0:x}.

116 =1n11++l-+tnz+l ---L dx-l ---:- dx= {/ .

\ lr l+Xz ,1l+Xz

---- . =ln+ -+ lnz=ln 4lz

nx"x{to, ro ororl4pr,rp I=[ (1,,1.{,1.+"x*)c*tx 78. th woloyloea

drouc elvsLro nul(oKlLo xz+{'z=l, {$, A0oI:
'lpo: nqootnpoiye cno oxilo drL c-[gi- ([gi*fi) -fA.

=f^-[_-r,-rz r=[ 'c ' 'IA

ABr0A

(1).

to npdEo o^o(Ii 0o urloloyloouu priuo!a rov ritlo rou cfeen. E{,voLr

-*i )**',= f(t$ {'-'o*-oou=f

-r'-,1'tora,u. =ll Il t *x,lexv*exv))]4(dutx.nI,+xoexv+exv ll(t T!
60 ullolovlooutro 6LnId olo(Aiprrlol1urooxnlqrlo!6o nolL(6c ouII II

0sos1, ossn *ot ffi weroyuaveq. o6rouue ELvdL x=polv, U=pnuo.

-0.

',roo'tr1,-,1,,1*o*fi r' o',oaoor-J'fJ",,-o'rae]ao*j'to-o ff

-l + + l ={. 'no" ',=-} .

o unolovlooule ro betTooolo(Iipouo. 0l nopo!rpLKac e[LotiloEtqrou 'Apo: T Ae a v o L x = t , U = 0 ,t [ - 1 , . | ] .

r,=J l t-tet'0r.0 lat=J _rax-oa,r=J { o,.o'e"'0)r, l (*.0, _,oat=0. _,

' E r o L ( 1 ) t i v e uI = { - o = f , . . I 79. ih unotrovrooEi To ltrromtllo oloxlilFw:

117

Aq -r++f r= '[ l'

"r 1+1'

'.{)ot'rntru'lc,

c Etvsln KqrntAn: 6nou

itt)=etouvti+etr!tj, t lo,zrrl.
("ilatglatici superiore' R. Tmndafir) i0on: (1) eLvqLx=etouvt, ,lretnlt 0L nopolerpLKAq LodoeLq rnq Kounritrnq ' E r o u q p x { xour6lou LvcL t10,2n1. fLo t=0 or (1)blvouvx=1,0=0. r ro onuLo A(1,0). TLq t=zn, oL (l) bLvouv x=e'zl, L!=0. Apo ro fldpoc tou

r6Eou elvoLro onteio B(e'ztr,0). H KoKtreLmi. EnELtroLnOv 6ev eLvqL uflritrn rou oloKlnp6uqroq 611 o unolovLo!6e !r In BoioELo rou runou(4), rnc oEIL6oq 0o oe nol0nloKeq [pdLq, 38, o6nyL unoiovlooLlte to olo(I/lpr,Jlo !e In BoiGrean rou rtnou rou oc etic. An6 eeLo 6TL I To oxiuo0oLvmL .=dati=fiiii-s'r 12).

0
E (0,e3ia)

'Exouu a{ *',r,-{,r,'-{,q(x,0)=ln{1*x'z), P(x,0)= r" ;fi = #-

*.-,r,., # ffi*.*" {3). # =*f , ono-'

Pdx+adu-I1I, (4). An6 rn (2) npoKdnreL tJ"tor''Oo,r,= f oor-Od,I-J
Green)= I,=J-,a- Pdx*Qd,!=(fljnoc ro 1r, I,. Ei.voL: fir unoloyloouue

=lJ(# -

#)***jf

otroK^ipiiro bLn^6 tr'.r',oror.eouno^oyLoouu

0L (l) 6Lvouv o noiLKCq ouvrtoyu6vec. X'?+r1r2=s'?t=> uo u lerqoxquorlopd + 0:x2*rlj2:e2t. OdrouuE x=pouvt, U=pnut. EroLelvou0:0<et, 0<t=2n,

ffi=0. ooo'
"r_ I,-ll{x'.q,')dxd,!.1 oo'a"lo"=l l? I o,=l ?""*l ' o ll I lr e

e'!d(4t).

118

nopouerproK6!o r,=J ro*.oa,l. H AB6XeL d t""1;"={ t"'"-rt. ELvoL

xdq eELs6oeLq x-t, {=0' t [1,""1 . npodx=dt, du=o.Eno!avoq6xouu: f rr r,"-^ r,=J -*'.00,J"," ] 0,.{).r"rr*.rl ( a -t,.0dt=

=-!t,l'",={ r'-""r.
'Eron L ( 4 )6 i y 5 ur:= J " n a x + Q dtG d "'"-rl-{tr-"-t.

80. lb unoloyld.( to ntroltrdl.o olroxA{flr I=6 -I!{@ 6nou ,c orxr+Br{, , c E('wr 4 xqtn|'ln X"{'?=f'?, (r>0, o,Beni) (H. Parzynski: r'Itttroductionto lhths||atical Analysis')

l0or:
EL\qt P(x,U)= -U o'x'*8"0' , Q(x,0)= x . OL ouvoptioLq P koL o'?X'z+B'?0'?

6v eLvoL op!o!6vc 6!0 onut'o 0(0,0). 'Ero[ eo uno.\ovLoou! ro olo(liOqro ('tov rdnolRtlR, o0o0EqLpaoou! on6 (0,0). our6vILo npLoxi T rou onUelou 0 r6noqAIR"lR-T eavo! notrlontrdo!vkrLK6q, ue oni rnv nploxiT. flaporn porlue = -il = B'o'-o'x' - yro orL *9 ov o^
(orx,+Bz0r)!

(x,U)d=mxn)-T Kq[ 6tL n kounilnc (o Ku(troc KdeE nspLKllx'?+U'?=r2) ylo L rnv "oti". Eno!6voq rLui rou otroKtrnp{i'loroq elvoL n ouri Kdqn nli KlLoolKoUntIn oertKdnpooovorol I o!6vn tnv "oni". , nounepLKlELL (l) (6l^Er(in). Eror Leooo0uE troLn6v, rnv Kognriln cr: d'zx'?+B'zU'z=1

vqr:

06 -_x!U:Ull =6 xdU-{dx r=$ 'a ,^,

o , x ,+ 1 , $ , o , x "* 8 , \ b ,

xau_uax e).

0L nopourpt(6q ErdiotLq rnc dtrlL{rc (wL x=-j ouvt, U,=fnut -+ aX=

119 I ' A p s (2) 6Lvr: I=q) =-{nrtat, dU=+ ouvtdt, n u Et [ 0 , 2 n ] . xdU-l!dx=

?tl t*4u't)at= (f o*,f ouur-|nrtdn't)at= ;t I dt=oF' $ J'"touvz

tx'+'ta-zluo 81, tb unoAoyLorel ro oloKAiorito: $ )c lf *xt' a) 6rov n Kountlnc 6xEr Elq,lort x'1+(J'-2x-2u/r1=0 ue kopue6c m F) 6rqv o bpdtoqc e('vorn npt!rpocrou Etpovd,vou, (-1,21, (E. onrslo {2,-t), 12,2), .n. nopo66osrc) l-1,-11inq: ypdQetoL (x-1)'+(U-1)z=1(K0Kloe ro onuELo o) H xoun0,\n ! Kdvrpo ( 1 , 1 )K a ro K i l v o1 ) . . ElKotrd dLxverdL drl Eivor P(x,0)= x'-0' , xou 0(x,0)=*3!-1 (x,*0?). {x,+0.). * = # ( 1 ) . o L o u v q o r i o P rq K o rQ

rlR EKr6q opteovro! a[ov r6noIR ro onnou oleto (0,0). Enou6vo( n nepLoxi pl(ovroLeCvoL no^trqntrd ouvKrLd.ndp d l n p o d l6 er L o K t K i o q (X-1)'z+(0-1)'z=1 (0,0). EroL ro snle{.o 6vnpLKtrLL
ro oloKtriprruo ,\oLndv eivoL loo !e ro !q6tv. nol0) H neploxi !=0lxlR)-T ELvoL tron^d ouvEKrLKi (T LvoLuLo nepLoxi (0,0) oro onoLo6ev opL(orou onuei.ou L0X6L vlsL oL P KqL Q). EnELDi n ouv(nepi.lsrpoq oi(n (1) xoL o 6p6!oe nepLkIELEL rnv "oni" T, ro rerpdvd)vou) otroKligluqaXLrnv i.5LorLui yLo Kd8

rnv "o]riu. on;\/l KtrELori Ko!IIt.\n, oT[Kd npooovorolLolCv4 , nouneprxtri.eL EELodoE LeX=ouvt, eeopo0u ^oLndvrnv Kctnr:,Inc, ue ncpotrsrpLK6q 0= nut (!ovq6LoLo Ks0 K I o s ) ! , t [ 0 , 2 n ] .

120

tx'-,t,'tax*?x,lo+ =$ tx,-U'tux.z,xUa,l = S ,c
tx,+,!, ). (x,"!,).

=l [(ouv'?t-nu'1t)(-nut)+2nutoovtouvt']at=[ (nu3t-nstouv,t+2nrtouvrt)dt= to )o

t"'

'"=0. =J (nu't*nuto'rv,t)dt.l nutat= [-ouvt]

82. b urotovrooe(ro erlxdflrdtlo olorMpq8 f-6 =t, 6rou c [.vsl n 6M!'ln iE + ft

--g--a dl , c x,+t, d* xr+o,

fttot: H nepLoxinou nepl(lsleror dn6 rnv dlleL{n elvo! rclldn^d ouve(rLKi (0,0), dro onolo6v opacovro! p(X,0). u ori ro on!Lo or ou,,/oprioeLq = ---L , Q(x,q)=---L. ,gs1r,r itr,tr= -:9- f- ___L j. s1yqL1 x'+tv' x.*U, X,*U2 x, *Or

=-( x"t"'zx'z+ x'?+u'z-zu'? -te * \=0. dr :g d'rr

\ (x, + u, ), 1 lx. * ,121, ELvo[VWot66rr. 6rov roti=O kol n llegloxi fiou nepL(Il6roL on6qv (l[oEnxoln|]lu c alvol nolAontrd @veftLK , n rLUi rou erLkolnotrrou olodlBiF qv n olo{liptdonvavEL loroq ELvq!n LdLq jJLoc qnl{q Kdrdlixoc dA}nc ktreLotiq Kogn0^nq, oerlKd n9o@voro^ geooorl_ q, flou nepLKtrl.aL Lou6 vn tnv oni. ! qv rlercEi xolnoln X2+0,=t (1). To olo(tulp{,lotrdvll) rnq fi) Vpdq tor,: l=fr!dx-xar1.0! nopaterpLKdc eELoooeLc xou K!(Iou eLvqL: x=otvt,U= -r|st, t e [0,2n].'npo 9Uox-xaf l lnut(ouvt)-ouvt(nut),]dt-

{""

(-nr't-orLv't)dt=-Jo at=-[t]

i'=+n.

83. Ib utrolovloeclro errKclnttLo oforfrtgr,p I=$ X'U4-X:4| , 6'c lxz al'1r' rou c e[vor I neoltlErgoC rou tEEll,|tovotluoU trExopof6c (_1,_t), (.1,_l)

fi,r), (-r,i,.

121

A0or:
o depoLopq reoodpov o' Tp6noq; I'lnopo0u8 vq ovol0oouu ro oloKtrnpouq runtdrov AB, Bt, Td, AA. 'EroL oloKlnpoudrov Kor&lixos tuv eueuypduuov

eqeivoL:

-6 .6 . 6.6 rei r r. rrh 6 r&

rir

8' T96roc:Elwt P(x,,I,)= x''U

(x'z*u')'

--:I1 , q1x,r11=

(x'*o')'

. Ex6gpgAP

;u=
( 1) .

aQ = x?(x'z+u'z)'z-2(x'z+r1,'?)2{'x'zu = x'?(x'z+$?)-4x1'z = x'.(x',-3u',)= ax (Xz+U z ( x ' * 0)' " (x'*u')' )r

elvoL notrtronld olve(rLkfl H nepLoxiA rou nepLK^eaeL ro nopqllnldypouuo (oL ouvoprioeLq P Kqr Q 6ev opi.(ovrol oro on!to (0,0)). M[opotu,IoLn6v vo svrLKoros tooule rqv KlLa[i |(oull0^nc !E onoLcbdnore dllq onli KI6rori KouII0ln, eETLKd flpooovqrol ro onueio (0,0), Lo!6vn , flou vq nEpLKtr[r gEr,]po!!E oro oflolo 6Ev opl<owc! oL ouvcorioeLq CroL rov lovo6Lqlo P, Q. xuKlo cr: X'z+Uz=1 (2), U lopolerpLXdq Ero6oeLq X=ouvt, U=4!t, t e [0,2n]. Elvar dx=-nutdt, du=ouvtdt.

x,Udx-x39,! _6 rnoueu,s 6 ' ,c

(x,*r!,)

x.Uax_

dt+'au,=J'1o*'tnut{-n!t)-ouv3touvtl = - J ,o r v ' t ( n u ' t * o r u ' t ) d t =o -J u,v ' t a t =

_.i' t*",2t d,=-f+_+1"_ ".

84. lb unolovldEt ro otroxltlpotro I= [ - {' dx+ x- d*, dnou c uro Jc x'+0'z x':+o'z ruxol.o rounclnUdKpo ro olueto (1,0) (qD(i), (2,2) (nepoc), rc! 6ev (0,0). (ll. Bali: "Engineering npvd on6 ro onuElo Xatlsnatics") A0on: o nEp[nroon:Eoro6rr n Kqlr in c 6vnpLKIiEL ro ot!Lo (0,0), -{ oro onor:o 6v opicovIoL oL ouvopnioErq e11,,11= --L , q1x,g1= .

122 -,
! LvoL -

aP =

dr2-r'z

a0

dr2-r2

6r

(x,,t, ),

dr

(xr{/, ),

.'Apo

aP a!

a0 . ax

Eto! ro olo(lil-

pln|ld elvol ove[dprnrorou bpduou Inq olordipr,rng. 0a unoi\oylooute rc o^oqc rEorooldwF vgotiKligrtroKdd lr1KDq ll I=l +l =L+1. u i c A r B .E l v o L (1)

To uo0vpoluo r!i!o Af 6xeLnopouE e[lo{ioerq rpLxAq X=t, {F0, Ue t[1,2]. ElvoLdx=dt, d!-0. 'Apo:

r,=l - Jal.

-{
x,+0,

6r* x
xrd'

ael --:L 6i* --!- 6-[ s61-s.

t , {+02 t.*0 ,r

ELodroELc To euo(|ypo!!o r!|1lo tB 6Xt nopotexp!(6q x=2, {Ft, ! 'Apo: t [0,2]. ElvoL dx=o, d0.dt.

r-, = , ils

-0
xr+t,

ox* x
xrfl!,

a .) ',1

-.

r zr+t,

o* ,

2,+t,

at_ l - l \ ! l = l . o S " o * .l = ,,
,_(+). L

,.d(+)

Jo

=rotet-ro{po=+ . 'Eror :=0++-+. n ( 1 )6 C v e t I

'Eoto6rL (oun0trn c npLrleteL ro onlelo (0,0) (608' nEptru-n. n rpo ot{!o). oapvouu8 rn VpouuiAI. Eror n Kdtncln c ovoj\0roL o gLc (0,0) r(dLoe uLd oxl\elori otlfu1 rclntlq AlfA, nou flolKll.sL to dngel.o
voLKri anl{ Kolntln AfB. A(E eLvoL:

, f v^*t^ rt = t=a ,c , ,AfB

AArA

, (.. ,,

To 6EdrpooloKJ\iporto eawl ourd Inc

o' npLnroonq. trou etwr- too ue I ro oJ\oxlipoto: ea unoAoyLoouue $ -,1

AIIA x'+r!'

oy* =I_ 6,1.

x"+U'

MTA Lvo! nolJ\onld ouveKr!ErLEiro n66io nou epLKlLe! n Kounttrn

123 |(d n rLlrl tou o^o(lngdiuoroq ElvoL n duri kald liKoc K@ecnlnc KlLorilc orLxd npooovorotr[o!6vnq, Kounilnc c! nourrEpLKIetL ro ont[o {0,0),'E(3), rol eopo0u ro UovodloLo KoKlo cr: X'z+rlz=l eLuE[opcuroLKdq sriroE LCx=ouvt,u=nut, te f0,2n]. E(vor.

O^ '

A^rAX'+'!'

;q

a. ---x a!f
X'*0'

$ -odx+xd!= | l-aut(ouvt)'*ouvt(aut) ldt=

= J . ( n u ' t * o u v ' t ) d t = Jd 0t - [ t ] ; = z r . ' E r o L n {2) otveL I=2n+*. y' nptftlnl: Av n xqln0^n (c) C v o L rne lopqrlqrou erc!6vouoxi|.! -o or. ' roq,rdr eLvoLi[ '" x'*0' x I *rlr? =2nv**, dnouv slvoL o opreu6( rl,v n.pLmpoedJv vipo on6ro ontelo (0,0).

85. f|q moloyLdEt

!e 6uo rp6nous ro oloKtrlipqrd:

(x' )dxr{l n{x' +'!' ) dI,, I xl n +'!'l 6[ou c lvol n nOLUErpoq rou rponeelou ABTIA, nou droypd0erol rord E e r L KQ i o p dE A ( 0 , - 2 ) ,B ( 1 , 0 ) ,r ( 0 . 1 ) , d ( - 2 , 0 ) . , lyoL A0on: ELvoL P(X,U)=Xl o' Tp6noq: n(X'+0' n(X'z*t'z Lq ), Q(X,0)='!l ). 0L ou\irpdo P KoLQ opa<ovroL o[o AIR'lR-{(0,0)] {r6nocnotrloflId ouvKrLK6C), ELwL

zx+ 4 lJ

(x,u)ed. irt, t'o xde

EneL6[ i o X i Ln ( 1 ) ( d L n K q u n U t r n npLKIEtE rn Lv "ofli" (0,0),n rLui rou oloKltpduoroe elvoL n L[Lo Kord uiKoq Kdeonlis KleLoriq Kotnl trnqcr, oerLKdnpooovglolrouavng, nou npLKILeL rnv "om1". eopoileIoLn6v, rov uovodLoLo K0Ktro c1: X'z+U'z=1(1), ! fidpouErpLXdq elr.orloeue X= =ouve,U=nuo, 0:g:2n. EroL avsL:

124 n(x'z+U'z )dx+01 )d{F I xl n(xz+U'z =Q xl n(x'z++'z)dx4rl n(x'z*qrr )d'r= =J louve]nlouv'ze+n!'zl (suve)'+ 'l (nu +n!01n ) de= louv'0+nrze] =[ \.\c. za,-0 /
(0,1

0,.?)

( -nue)+onreouve] n1( -n!)+nu0l nl (ouve d=0. )] do-[ loouve louvol

du8uvpdllov rlnudB T06noc:H Kouniln c eLvoL6voonrov 6Lo6oxr.Kdrv rrdvBT, fA, dA, AB. E[vqr:

q=A_-L.L-A_-r1-r,+r,.r, (1). 'c 'tA ' 'AA 'AB

Bf

H Ell,ooon rou Bf e{.vqu ElLod]orq ELvoL U=l-x.0[ nopo!rpL(6q X=t,0=1-t ue tB:1, tr:o,'APo'

C |_eax-Oo rn l [ i , + (tl t , r (t - r ) , 1 (-t t ) ' l d t = I, u r t ) , ]t ' + ( 1 - t )n .BT

1-t)r n(2t,-2i+ t t= )+ - (1 ) ltd t " . j( 2 t - 1 ) rn ( 2 t , - 2 t + )d " j I t rn ( 2 i ' z - 2 r =l (t'-.- i)
rot r\

a'

ro

rn(zt,-2t-1)dt:l(tz-u.; )1n(2t-zt+1)
ll

d t = 0 + l( 1 - 2 t ) d t [-t - t ' z ] - = 0 .
lile ovdloyo rpdno BpLo(ou! 6rL:

par.Qou=qrnz-*, q Pdx*ad,l=+ pax*oarl=0, -4tn2. 6 6 'fA _ -IA

'EroL (t) 6 i v E LI P d x * Q d U = o . 4

IapayovrLlri

oloxlipdon.

0d - (x*l)4 86. It urotovldct ro olorl{pr t 6 , dnou c ,c (r+l ),{i, k+t},+0, elw! !r.o onlll, KlLodl Kqntlt| rco r6t|'rl[! ro dueao (-1,01 Kd! tYo! osrirll lrFdwrol rql6m. ,\odl: (x+l) U p(x,U)= 0r ouvoprioelq opLcowoL oro , q(x,U)=(x.l)'*0' (x+1)'+O'? 8{Rrn-t(-1,0)}, nouELvoL no^lcrtrd i6noq. ELvoL: ouvxtLKdq ),+,!1] [(x+1 EnL6i [ox0e[n (1) KoLn (oufl0,\n lpLK]\eler rnv oni (-t,0), q rLUilql oloKjupd,uoroc Lvo! n C6Lo Kard uiKoq!!oq onliq KAa[oriqxaunolnc, 8ErLKdnpooovorokouavnq, nou nepr(le{'el Inv oni. 0a0,po6ue lnv (oun|,Incl: {x+1)'1+0'z-t{2), ro0 6xrnopouerg[rEc.{LodFeLc x=-1+oov, U"n!e, 0!0szn.'Eror etvor:

tx*tt'-'l' -9 rrr, 3l= ,,r dr ,

--g+= 6 'c

- (x+1)tuJ46
(x*1)'+'!'

{ x + l) ' + 0 '

rux-tx*r rd,t [ (n!e(-ruo)-o,rvo,jvo)d

-.1 {-nrr"e-ouv"e)o.-J *-- trtl'.-r".

87. ilo unoloyLdl ro fiLtotrrolto 0lo(l6po!o:

6'-o{*xd , z
c x.+(0-2)

? x.+(U-2)

&rou c e{.vqr r cl er,|n #

itq:

+ 9(ht)'? =t.
* (!'-l)t =t. rb'.npo'ue ol7\,

H el[oro! rnq EI]er{nC vr,.iorol: --L

/5\,

\-rl

\Ti

rL n 6ll[& rloLx^t! ro onleao (0,2) dro oloto 6v ooaeowulo! dldpulorc P(x,0)= 2-$ , Q ( x , o ) . x .Isxoel d(6!o: x,+(0-2), x'z+1,[-2)'z

)'z 3 l = - x z + ( u - 2_ 1 9 rrr. dx

126 Erli"6i o t6noqnou rIsoLKJ\et! ouvsludckdr Lox0L n c el.valfioMoflM olvdr n duri ylo K@edltrn altli, (IeroEi n (l), n tui tou olol(trnpd|laroq kcun0r\n rou repLKl[EL ro on!to (0,2). 'EroLoG,Oo0t/ rov xtklo cli (2). Exouue londv: x'?+(U-2)'=t

r=6 r

&{

", 0r nopolerpLkac eELo6oelc rou Kt(troueCwLX=orrvt,0-2-ngt,t E [0,2[] dx=-ngtdt, dl,=ouvtdt. on6re Apon (3) 6tve!: I=j
t"n

c x'zr(U-z)z x"*l+-2)'

-----.L dx+

6,19 $ 1z-g;a;qa,1 ,

(3).

[-nut(-n!t]+ouvtouvtldt"l (n!'?t+ouv'?t)dt=[t] ;'=ar.

66. l5 unoloyrdel, ro fl|'rotn0llo oIorMA o: f=[x.Ot*(x+,]tl, nou c elvdr n xqjt|0rl|| rc lEooltplxrc o[rdioelc X.nultl, 'lFo!vt. t. f+,+],

6-

(G. 8lhanenkoy: "Pmbl-s in ibtn.r.tlcal A||.lysts")

Mq:

cr:

' ! = o w tt, 1 0 , + l l ' ( o Lc , : t 0t,,o w t , lx-nut, lx=-4rr r+,0]1.

H iolntju c 6ev eL!q[ ontri. H c onotlelroL ord rlc onlAc KaUn0lEq: | | .ll I r rl

ELvdL c=cru cr, Ago:

I=[ x'ax.rx+' la,r'I x,cx*(x*{1 }d'!r )d0=r,+1,. I x,dx+(x+r!,

L

(ouvt)'] E{.vor: I r. I x"dx.(x*0' )d,!= dt= | [nuzt(n!t)''(nst*o'rv"t) =

l-

++++

(nu'?touvt-nu'1t-ouv'ztn!t)dt" | I nurtdnut-l n!"tdt*| ouv2tdor.rvt=

=| +
I,-l
tro

-+ . znstouvt t gc* lt =-{ . rLuo. o*op,

x'?dx+(x+o':)d'I=l . l-nr,touvt*{-nut*uvrt)(-nut)ldr-

127

{-nu'-".*nr"r--"'tnrrt)at=-Jo ouvztdouvt= nrr"tat.J Lo, - ar'tanut.J , -u -; -T -z

'po r-{.{.0. =l_+.+_+."i:!l_+,+.

E9. tb molovtdra, lo omrUou =oqwt,,lFalnlt| (qro), - { s * { ' ttdq: Elvcr:

x=dowt

F f lr+l+, 6muc e!vo!rr rqnolr1

x:qouvt
{F1 I Ontt,

'lFo Inrtl

. J -onrt'

'r"o.' t e[-+,o]l ,rour" l. t.to,+lll

q(quvt+npt,, ,. ,o] [-i "r * t. lx-01.o(ouvt-nut), [0,*]

o(nut-ouvt), * .. [+ ,+]

rrt E(w!o(6!q: Ir=l Ix-Uld'lFl o(ouvtnsr)(-q!t)'dt rn .o =l o(ouvt+nut)(-oouvt)dt=-o,l(ouv2t+nptouvt)dt=

-[ l' r

t*!u"o.*1-1 .$ - 4i4 1',=-+ ..-i , n',ztaztl.-"lf l

I.- I lx-{ldlF (onst)'dt I d(ouvt-nut) I dr(suvt-nut)ouvrdt=

rrrr+

128

I l+ouvztdt-?r r r znrtouvtdtl. =o' [' 1-*"trr1*uu't1at*'| [" ---2-' .|o ,, lro

11

*'[+.+
I,-[ l*-u ld{FI
LI r" 'E

tr
I =:r_ xdl

+::.:::

o(n!t-ouvt)(onut)'dt=o'z | (n!t.ouvt-ouv'zt)dt=

12

-+ *,1+
'A9q

yvz :zt -+- tg4 l'. * tc-nr. dtt l - o , l -o u I n u z t dt t! - l l + o e . J+ . . tL J L

-+

-e

,-,-r".r,= . ""fr"'
9-(l-22)d+(X-z)dl+(zx{)dz, (r}, x+r.=o (2) (o>o). 6nou

90. lk unolov!o6t to olo(^rlprd! c e!!q! n roudlr \'{'+z'a'

M(r|: eo 9gol,!e rLc nopotetpuxlq ei,ciJoeLc tnc (o!n0lnq.H (2) 6[veuz.r!-x

ron (i) 6[vL x'l+{'+(0-x)'?=d'+ 2x1+2t|2-2xt-{J2(3). H (r,JvtKn ndgolarpl(cc @o Entrloo 0o rLc Lql !i (3) 8g[oKErdr x-0rz=0. Bpo0le orefic (3), H (3) Vpdordr 3(x-0)'+(x+0)"=2o'. e6rouler 'Eror

x-Fy'!
+
|

oooa, x*!=r2otug+
oouvo+f onpol,rle4 {/Z onus-r,/4oouvo)l (4). lx"-l-(r/* . \' r I
. I /-rirl

0d FpoolEro 6p|,orou 0. eo Fpo0ue nponyouudvoq 6vo on!Loon6 ro onoi.onEpvd n Koqn0ln.Tro 'tFOn (3) 6tvr x= -9- . J.o 'lFOror X=+

/2n

n { fi \ I

{ 2 ) 6 l v e uz = - 1 . N

q n 6r o o l u e t oM / - L , 0 , l t o u n x o l n i l nn p v d \E

rld G0 KqL x- -.L

fr

61 (4) 61y60y-q .)rfT 'r

'

ooure,4 onuo {5)

o- ?

Jrt/T

onue-i/-:- oouve (6).

129 (6)6lveu e'={, t.=^-+=+ rdv (5)KoL T oo i o r n l o rnq Koufll^ns r=|(1$ EqLqdFLq urpLxdq "t*r =) 'EroL o Lr o p o {=

oouw'aonuo),

(rpo(0nreL on6rn (2), qv 0d'"rr), ,=-1/4 qouve, -*-6 @ dx= Ei,wL rrw x, ,l), {:e: {I rLc rLudq .\oure (+ o'uetue)ae +

a o,ue)'ae -! d'r'= ax= + (uo' $t (","e- nue)ae,

' 42=yQ o\t)edl

trzzo az=-1$ olow 'de a .> d'tF ("rrer --l- nue)oe,

'''e)L ^,e)arQ * '-jj lf+ (ue+ ("*e"","l f * ,us*--L true) 'l + ( *"*l + +o,ur',t)-6 t \'s .l L'
-ln '( -1-ouue-nue\+ lde= {!' (a,,e!,5 ","e)l -l on! /J \ / \r3 L ' a'$n ,nr'r't","'o*/5 nu2o)doJ"" #
6

,1

, ..F

ro xooaoT, nou opl(etdl errdc rou (lrrlou cj \2a12 - 1 9f. 6edoo0! !e In goioLorou oeopil_ rou K0rlou c2:.xlN!2=4.lt unoloYlooea xcr Evrdq --:f a+ --x aru. ^ |.oroqrou creen ro enrxoun0llooloKliptlt-u: $ '", xz+o'z x't{'
A0dt:

To X0jpioT LvdLnollqnld ouveKrLKo' (oL ruipo AB ro u8typcuuo Av 06pouue our6 Bdpioou!oov oivopo rou xoolou nou bLoypdetcl !e rov rp6no nou baxvouv rq BaIn, To xoplo vivsroL qlltr' ouvKrLKd, rou 16T EneLEi Loxiiouv6trsc oL unc,06oeLq

qopud(EmL. rou Green,ro 06pnuo eeopiuoroe I

t30

'EXouU on6 tov rolto tou Green:

=# ELw! P(x,o)=;ft , o,r,*,," *$ i*, ffi'

Y2*rlt' x'*{' x'*U' x'?*U'

( 1) .

--:{-ax.--.r-auJA a;*--L6q,.$ f{f*-*)orou=6 'c, -u t '"'

*
: x'"!' x'"!, x,*,!' "z x',tt' -u -!!- 61a---L o=6 cx. --..1L'c, x'z+r!' x'*)l' 6q $, 'c, x'?*rlr' x'.0, 6s a,

[h*or-6 'i '

-t

6x* x o,r,6 '",

-0

dx*---L 66 o

-:+ *. -l 6 '",
x'*,!'

x'*,!'

--:{- 6x* --r- 6q 1r y. ar 6 '",

x'*U, x.*,!'

Ap(ea ^or[6v vo unoloylooutl ro en!l(o!n(J^Lo olo(lipouo:

dL ,c,

-0
x.,,!,

dx_ x du
x2^r2

(rou euo[(6 6ev ELvoL [oo ! un6av Eqdoovn (ol]IIrJJU cr rep[Kj\elEL KoL ro p onue[o0{0,0), g[o onoLo6Ev opa(ovroL q), oL t(or tlvo! cr: xr4r=j,01 rEoqtrrpLKdq eLoriolc rou l(t(lou cr E(voLx=o!vg, U=n!o, !E 0e [0,2n]. 'Apo dx=-nuede, d{Fouvd. 'ttol axouue:

--;h 0", ;ft

=l do= [s]; -2n.

*=J."(+*e' f *"e)ae=J'"(nu,o+ou

'Apo q (1) 6(vEL: l- 0 --:g- dx* ---L t,x'*{"

d0-2n.

x'*o'
n6usvEc

92, k 'eLXgeL oEL o ro[oc tou clreo unopel vo [dre! rlq Uo'p/agr

ct QFallllrotiao, 6nou F-pi*oj,

II

B) I Fe,ds= ((bcro lldivFdxd{, 6rou e-. E(r,qLcvc rrowoloto Lneplx6 'i

6t.owolo oEltc r(rxcto ouao I'lrlq sur6&s. xo. tQi_pi.

(sdp4|,[ dnoKtr tor,,s)

131

Mlln: a) Yfloo6rouus o-r tpi*qj.

i=pi*qj.ot. &or Etvou

- r.-!e - j! i-,.-4 - * J.( # - i$ i * .oti*ti=(,u-?s i. ) T.(,.3r ) )

-.!f, rl. .(3|-+fr)l + i"oti=#

q Fdr=OPdx+Qd! (2) 'EroLo rinoc rou creeni Elvol droJq

-;f,)**, ^6vo (,,v (r) xor(2)6rvel: $r.'*r,r-JJ(;f

$rolfJl"*rara,r,.
divF=-3l.{,# * B)Ervqu
+ ;U divF=ix:: eo4 6Lsl1). EqtU vuouorLKrl lovd6ornc qdnrouavnq o' aw qq onlelo l.l KaIn0trnq c. Eorur ox6uoi(sl= -x1s1i*,11s1j 6lovuoldrLKi {tooon rnq n (s ELvoL Kdllnitrnc ro liKoq rou x6louqC c).

rcuo, E.=# = # 1- t.- l.

/;

,",

dL-

dx Apa E.=E..i= a;

n **t.r=:*i-l* r.
it.=r l{ -oj{ . r'o'

Frn,,ivh. r: .rnr-plr/ r- !! .'\=n!! r . ax ',J'-.J'\4 Z; G ' - G J / _ vd i

(z).rnoucvoc .o .r"",, $4.a,={, ra'.oa,r, f il"a.=$ ir $ f! lo..,r

tou o r,rnoq Green: $c,,<.,r,=jj (f$ - j$ )axau,,
'III r 6 v ur u v ( l ) ( o L ( 2 ) v p d o E r q r : 93. Io 6elx0elOtu 9fe:ds=JJdivfdxd,!.

6nou ono!i e[var to lovodlqao J.FaFJ.Fias,

r--

t-

vLK6ELdvuouo rns xa|rnfluc c. Atot: ' j+z( s)l n 6uovuouorr,rrl i( s)=x( s)i+U(s) nopqutpr,(i Etr[0r 6!('ouon rnq yv(,rsr6 KolnLilnc ro uiKoqs rou r6aournc. ELvqL 6rL: !E flopduerpo

132

,i-jf rrr. npo,

"'

r$ o,=[roi. Ino,-J J . J. os J.

94. lb opldotv r{ olorlnr{trro: c) [ rtx,0,r)ai, tuou t(x,,Lz) (r,ul lld Fdtlrul ouvdprrq. St I rtx,,!,rtai, 6nou i(x,{,2) etvdl !!d alqvuororrKi or,ldrtnon. Yt I rfx,U,rt.ai, 6nou F(x,0,2) ElwL rro orovuororlKil oul/tprnon. foL orLcrpelc nprlrrdbrc (8t('vd i(t)= ro i ncorotdver ln ELdvuolcrltel =x(tll+o(t)i*z(tr{ evdctr8oto! orretou (r(t),'1,(t),2(t)) tnc rc|trrdln( c. r\0q: Etwr dETdx+jd{+ldz.
o ) l F d r . l F ( i d - j d ' ! + k d z ) =F ( ld x ) l + ( lF d { ) J + ( F l dz)k.
Jc J" Jc

-l

otu F=pi.qj.ni. ',qpo B) Ynoetrouue Fd; (pi*aj-Ri)(Td-jd{*[dz ) + Fd;pdx*Qdu+Rdz.

EnouCv(,lc: Fd r- j"Pdx*Qd0+Rdz. J"
l+t

u: F=ci'qi*ni. etvo v) 'Eoro

- -l i

il

F"dr-l P

0 R l=(adz-Rd0)i+(Rdx-pdz)jr(pdr!-Qdx)[. d '! dzl ldX

j iro"= snortu"., tJ"odz-Rdo)1,(J"Rdx-pdz)i, rJ"pau-oaxli.

95. ilo moloyrdotv ro oioKlnpduaro: o) [x0ai, Onouc etvq! n xolntln 1,1oy3, z=0], rc oo0l A=(0,0,0) KsL dpos B=(1,1,0). 9) [i'di, 6nouf=xdx+idlx zdz rol c Etvol n xqn0ln i(t)-ti+t,j+z(,

'33 t [o,r].
lfdl:

o) Ot rogotrerpLk6c {raioerqtnc kqrr0lncElval X.t, 0=t', z=0. 'Apq eq0ooon Inc Koun0lnc elvor i(t)=tT*t'J.ol, 'Exouuo dx=dt, n 6lovuouqrrri dl=(t' )' dt, dz=o.' Aeo:dEdt?+3t,dttroG(1+3t21)dt. Erordvoc:

i*t.Jrat=(l'r"dt)i,(J'3t,dt)J= JxuaFJ'tt'r [ + ] )" [ + ]1.+"+ l.

9) E(tou 1=t, rlrt", z=2 + d"dt, d'lF2tdt, dz-o. IoX|'eL 6t!:

.t

.r

,-lr f"uFl

i rl

x U z l.('ldz-zd!)i+(zdx-xdz)t+(xd'l-'Idx)i=(t,.0-2.ztdt)i+ ldx d0 dzl +(2dt-t. o)i+(utdt-t,attL-ltati**zati*t"ati.

'o*, tJ'-o*,rl-rJiaui-rJ'*aoL" r.r ;i-[ $ ]i= J"F"+ I S ].t.,

-_zi_zi_{t.
96. oesdle qv rl6roEl raurdll c u eEtsr i(t).aouvtl+2nud,
t E[0,2r], lb unololloooovto olorlnpdtElq:

or di'oi,

Ft 6idi.

nod|: 'dti+(2nut) '{tj + dt-2trtdti+2duvtatj.a unoo) Eavor dts(2ouvt)

yrv6uvo IovLooure lo eIoEpLKd i"ai. stvoui"aFl =f(4ouv'tr4ns2t)d+4fdt + i,ailtot.'loo: Zouvt Zayt O l. -2nttdt zouvtdt 0 | |

ll

it

rtat+nl ot=rR1t; Q;'aF-J i"+nt.

otr QFaiJ.lirotiaxaufi). rld i=i o r0noc 8l Elw! vvoc6 fi) 6trottso. ""r, Slol[[t-.lad'Fo, 6r6rL
I ll

KEOAAAIO III

ENIOANEIAKA OAOKNH POMATA

o) E[L0oveLo(d oloxlnpiiuora o' el.6ouC 0plotroq: Yfloedrou! 6rL S eLvo!uLqqnli KoLILa nLodvaLd* tou)R!, ! ELo( u vuotrar!K I /{ l .ooo n F i ( u , u ) = x ( u , u ) 1 , r 1 , ( u , u ) j + z ( ! , u ) {, u ) 4 , ( A c j R ' z l (oL F(X,0,2)eLvoL npcvlrorLKi ouvdpxqon ouvX{q, oprogavn dEnv En!ULd q d v e LS a. H o u v d p r n o (u ,u d, etFn Li(u,u)l=F[x(u,u),0(u,u),2(u,u ]1 ,) vo! ouvXiq,6po xor olo(InOdounoro [. ovoud(ou! firFvrqd o]\o(MrnC rlpoylorlKiq ouv6pqor]C F ndvoornv en[edvrd S |(oL flqro o' el,6ouc oul9otrL(ou!: ro 6Lrl6 oloxlrlpq,sl JJFdS'l JIF(x,U,z)ds

It

tt

JJrFr','rl
'EioL tro!(6v lvoLi

liu'iu ldudu JJ"'JJ'1"r,,,rt

SA

IbgorngiloE rc : l. To F[i(u,u)] ouuBoltcsL Iov rgoyudtlxrl ouvdprnon flounpoKonra! cv orov ttno rns F(X,0,2) 6nou 6fiou ro ro KoL 69dlolue X X{u,u), 0 U(u,u) f i o uz T o z ( u , u ) . 2. To ds ropldr6vE[ ro c[eLpoor6 6uBo66v rnq EnledvLoc S. ElwL dS= =|iu,i r Idudu. 3. 'otdv n rtLedv !o lnq olo(liprronc eLwL (IeLarl, rdre XpnoLlonoL* H . i r o d v L d u r o p e i v q e i v o e r a ! r r e L o r i . o r p o o c r c t o r ' u o u r i st n s e r u e t i -

v.Lcs 6! ev6loo;oeo.

135 otuE KoL ro otuBolo (D. Ihpc[llpnq: 0pL(ou!xoL flLesvELoK6 oioK^io(,rloo' ti6ouc uLoc 6Lovr]otrotLKiq S. To rLeoveLoxd olo(trip!4ra ouvdprnons f=F{x,0,2) ndvo oe uLq rrLqdvLo
tl

I_tf, tf* qL n6 6 r d v u o l oo )o , i<.'rq r n o x e oa nJ . l F d S - J j a l d6 S n ,o u j ' J f d s { n o r t v s L

s95 ! clvoL 6vo cnq006 drdvusla rorn' otrot-o JJ#as elvo! ro enloovLoxd -" Klipolo rnq npoyuoruriq ouvdprnonc a[ ndvo ornv EnLodvelo S).

Ynotroylor6q rov [LwvEldd,v oloxlnpotll&iv o' saDooq

To Enl0ovaLcxd otroK/\nplilorq o LbouC unoloyLcovrqr orqElig: ol Av n elL0dveLo i(u,u)= S oLveroL ue rn olqvuolqrL(iE{looon = x ( u , u ) i + { , ( u , u l i + z ( u , u()u 1,,u ) A ( d c n ' ? ) ,L o x t o L r0roq:

ffi ;.,'i., dudu I JJrtx',r,'.rus=JJrl;(u',r)I

LL I

u).

S 6XeLEi.o(,roq 8) Av n nLqdvErq X.x({,2) KoLA ei.roLn npoBo^n oro enLnedo ouz, r,ox[ro r0noc:

JlF(x,,!,2)ds=JJ Ffx{u, z),{,zlrt *fi*r, asa2

Itl

t2).

Av n enl0dveroS aXeLltooon 0-0(z,X) KqL^ ELvoL n fipoooli rnq oro nane6o 0zx, Loxte! o rrnoc:

2)ds= Flx,0( /1-e1-tL1^ z,x),2) dzdx JJ F{x,'!, JJ

sd Av n eit[edveloS dXaLel(fi,]onz=z(X,U)KoLl tvoL n npogoli tnc oro enlfle6o0X0, LoXoeL o rtnoq:

II_

rtx,,t,,z r 1,'t,, ztx,,r,tl tos= @''1 axa+ J.J JJ

SA

(4).

S tXE! [(lol,,onq(x,qr,z)=0 KoLA |vqL n npo8ol|l V) Av n Err@dvEro rne

136
oTo

EnLn60 oxu, LoxtEL o rinoq:

:@ r,*,,r,,,*=JJ rl*,r,.rr,,p1 JJ
thpdril'|q:

o,o.,,

(s).

Irouq nponyotuvouq rtnouq o[ lepLK6qnqpdyoyol 'Iou nopoooLd<ovtoL ELvq! oovExELq.

I6rdmroc t{,,y enLQovroKdw orrorlnqrtdrovo' eLEouc

IoXtouvor II6j]ev6q LdL6rnrec:

L Av n erLadveLq r4C oIoKtriEroIC S etvoL n cvoron rov tunudrlt(dleL(,lvanLooveLdlv KoLVd S1, Sr, ..., S! {nou 6ev 6xouv eoorepLKd onle{,0),16 te LoxueL o t0noc:

=JJ JJ"' "'JJ ""...*JJ"'

s9rszsu 2. To enLoqveLoKd olo(fulo{r,ud o' eLdouq e[voL ovedornro drl6 rLc mpouEtpLK6c nopoo[doLq Tnc en[edvLoq S. 3. EnLd|1 xo enLeoveLoKd o^oKtrigoruo o' el,6ouq ov6veBL o' 6vd 6L(I6 quraq o;\oKtrtlpoto Lox0ouv ovdlovEqLdLdrnrEC r0iv dLnldrv oloKlnp0udruv. I eon rlui uloc ouvdpqonq f ndvooa lLo enledveldS 0pLoldc: Av S eLvqL n[edveLo rou IR" KoLf(x,U,z) uLc ouvexiqou u[o Kcvovr.x/l vdprnolooLo!6vn S, r6rE ovoldcouu ornv nLedvLo rlti |il(f,s) Ine u6on f ndvofiqv enLedv6lo ouvdpqonq S rov npoyldxLK6 opl0'r6:

= o$ JJrtx,,t,,ztas r,rtr,st
(6nou E(S)eLvoL ro euBod6v rne enLQdveLoc S),

137
naporrlpio Lc - U0o6do rq

l. TLow ufloloyloouu (dvou6vo flLqovELoK6 otroKlipolq o' auouq, rorvilnov rnc oelldoc 135. H Kloyi rou r{,nouEqoptdroL te e9optrovi on6 Tovrp6nonounpLvpdq@L n enLodveLo. 2. [Lo vo (dvoule@puovi (2), oelloo 135,nptllrn n[rou rr)nou r6roLo dor onoLqo{nore 9dveLoS vo ELvoL eog(onogdltrnln npoqrov dlovo X X vo rduvErrnv S o' avq to nolt, on!Lo.TLovo KdvouuE eeoplJoyi !,rvuh&,v (4)|1(0(oe^l6c 135, 136), npanEr onoLooinor rueLo noodltrqtrn rlpoctov d{ovq z'z vo tclvaL r4v ento6vetoS o avo to notri onrou r0nou(3) (olt6o 135), np6nL onoLodinorE !Lo. :mv nEglnroon ueelonop6InIn npoqrov dlovc 0'U vo raUveL rnv rn LqdvELc o dvo to Iloid onuCo. Av lLc Ell,,edvero 6ev LKovoloLel rn ouviKn ouul, 16T rnv (doe ulo6rqLpoi! oe dIIq EnledvLec Sr, Sr, .,., S(, nou lLo rouq vo LKovololE(. rnv ngonyollEvn neplrft(lron o0vgt1Kn, :rnv ourl1ro e[!$cve!qK6 oloKlipolo rdvoiotnv S Lw[ Loog to Cpolouo tov anLqovt-o(rirv olo(lnpoudr0jv ndvoorLq 5r, Sr, ..., Sr. Iqv llplmoon rou r0nou (1), o(dUq xL dv n elLedverq lvoLKILqli. lnopotle w (dvou!eopuoyi
nopobe {.ytEra:

5 voL n nLodvE|' !e 6LqvuolorLr{, rcpqletprKll etl,(rlrn:

t. rib umlovloolro Enlfovlcrd oAoxlrl .o JJ,Fit

ds, 6rcu s e[-

i(u,u)=uouvui+uq!uj+uf , (u,u)e 10,11' [0,2n].

A0oI: ll ll oo Kdvou! .rpopuovi rou r0nou Jl ras=ljrfi(u,u)l iu'iu dudu.Ei.voL: sA rfitu,ul]=,6touv-u*fiu-u ="dt=u. Elvceox6uo i,=ouvui*nuuj+gi, iu=-un!ui+uouvu +p f o: . ' jA r . " r , =lr, t l.!

,, 1., 1., ,, l, lx" ,!, l.lnuu

|l.t TLllz! tJ+t xJllx., nuu I | or:vu

01,

tr(=t tr+ 0, I luo'rvu 1l

'l
jl

ouvu |

lj -unuu

l[=nuui-ouvuj*,( -unuu uouvu I

138

i",i,l=

u6tvl;uT =1i7. Eno!6vr,r 6xoure: "6F

a"a,=J'" o,lo={J"o,j'r r,,, r}orr*"r= JJ,E-*' "=lJ""c,' lJ',a;,"

T - 1rr r l rr.,;ri _"[z l,.-l+ +l

2. ih u|rolovrd( to anrFveuol6 olorMpqr ro willn mq arrodyElqcrou ,6y6\t 2=1f5,

It I=Jjz'zds, 6rou s e[wr s ye 1q "*{":4.

rnq

A60I: H !Lo{,ron rnc flr0dvELoq S elvat z'42F, ve 1342. H rlpogoli qro E[LqdvaLoq S rl|'rl60 0X{ l,wL o 6oKr0lloq lrx'z+{izs4.'Apa: 'EroLo rtrnoc(4) rnq oetrL6oc 135, 6{.v.1:

6"11x,q1e : n1 ' rx,+0,14).

r=JJz,as-llr44[r r'
SA

=fl,*"a''1' /1, x' ,i

V x,*r!.
ELwt 1<p2.4+

(x,+r1iz o'ou= r',+,),Edxd,l,-"z )dxd{. JJ IJ

l.lErooxnlorL(ouue oe llotr[K6q ouvreroy!aveq. 6erou!ex-oouvo,0=pnu0. kqL ose<ar. 1ap32

ro lls'-,t" rcxat=o f'"['o'ooor= ',o'r

A

="("1+l'*=lF ['"*=
= -1 T5 i E
3. l\lo unoloy[o8l ro mlqoveLo.dolorlioruo

.--|--..--_01-_-_'

It (x++lz)ds, 6nou S e [ JJ s vql To rUilo rou EIILrbou X+||Fl rou npdmu ov66oumv ot6vov ylq TO Otro(.ooszsl.

139

Aton:
H Elto(,rn rrc rL06vLcqS elvoL U = 1 - x!,e 0 < z : 1 ,x : 0 , 0 u 0 . H o P g i l npoBoii ^ qq 6nL06vrqcS oro nLna60 oix Lvor ro opgoy6vlo[0,1]'[0,1,] 0o x6voulE eoqptoytl rou rlirlou (3) qq oelL[oC 135. EivoL:

,4,84 ='[o;tr =n.'ew'

(J 1 -) x -,1 4 dxdz= x lJ J F d s:=

= n I l t 1 . z ) d t d z = , IE d x l t 1 * z ) d z =

=n util,. +1= +
4. ib fioloyLoel to en!9dyElox6olorMp4o rcu S e[voL n e|llfdveLo !e eE.'Mt iiol:

6I=JJnu(x'zr{.+z-s)rs,
s

z=5, x'z+f'?=|.

6ao|(oq 0x0 eCvoL o (uKiLX6c oro naneDo x'+ tl npoBolirnc nLqdvLcc (6voutr +U1=1, eopuoyi rou riflou: 0o

( x , u } ] / 1 + z i .d zx i d'r. r= l j F d s l l= F[ x , { , 2
E{'voL z=5. Agdzx=o,z{:0. Ero[ rinoq 6LvEr: nponyo0uevoc o

It

ll

dxdU= I=JJnu(x'z+U'?+5-5)/I;l);U d,!" Jjn! (x'*t" )dx

06rouu oEnolLK6c ouvttovuaveq. U=pn!. MIooxnuorleoule x=polv, 0!P.1, 0.8 2n xol iiffi ELVUL
ll tz'| t\ |

tl

=P. APo:

I= llnu(x'*U')d xd u o= nlu ot' c o)loa d es - ll+ t t u e ' d ej' =f e , f - o u v o ' l i = ,d ,, l Ll, o

140 =n(-ouvl +ouv0 )=n(l-ouvl).

5. ilo uror\oyrosa ro nleov!(r6 ofroxfrlpoyo JJ(f+zlaS, 6nou S s(.voL s ro ntLoqolproz=FiW. AUo4: q' Tp6rcc: 0d Kdvoote e0oouoyi rou rtnou:

zrx,urJ fffi 1x,,r,, Jlras=JJr SA

Elvouz(x,rr)=filifll, r"= -.;;|q.
"

tt

tl

axart
. Apo:

, /1-\2- z /1_x2_tt2 -------i=t / /-r'1+2:+2i, 1+ "z . " --------.:-_tt, " 1_xz_0, l_x,_d,, /1_xz v

z,r"';.==

H npo9o^|l rnq elLodveLoc S q[o nan60 0X0elvoL o xu(l!(6q 'EroL eLwL: x'z++'z=1. fi tt l l F d s'l l= l(1+/-x,-0, )--dxd{, (1).

6{,oKoq

/1'x"'tt"

To otroKliptluo rou Eewapou 6[1116 oloKlipr]uo u6louc elvdL yevLKEuutvo e6oov un6 xo o^oK^dfliuo ouvdplnon n 6EvopL<etoL Kd[d uiKoclou (iklou 0eopo6ue tro![6v qv dKotrou(o X'z+0'z"l. rrlv xopcljv:

A!=l(x,'!)l :R 0' ! x ' ? . U ' ?v: ,. 1 v - =2,3,... 1

l^'l

' E r on Lu) orueu: [[ras=r[ im [(=!.r)aro,e

ii v-ti/ \ '/l-xz-{, ,/

=rimll

, , , r ' ' i r( - : ! -,

r/1-9.

+ l ) p d p d o " lIi ml - r T + t . $
, F+-J, t

.,". _

ae= ^ , . r r -' +
.loI

* \
=2n[-/1( 1-0), + r+L
' lt.rddxnlrcriqoule

11--L'\" I
"v/
. J

*llae=timznlv++@ L

+1]=2n+=3n.
d. r o r u r l s

ouvtetcyrEres.

141 EqrodroLq rnq enledvLoq el.vol X=olvunuu! I' Tp6noc:0L mpouerplK6q T -t nopquroLKiez=ouvu, (u,u)e 10,2n]"10,+]. H 6LovusuqrLKtl V=ntunuu, e lvqu i(u,u )=ouvunuui*nlunluj*or:vuf + {Looonrnq EnLqdveLoq

4 iu.irr= + io=-nuutuui*ouvunluj{t, iu=ouvuouvui*ntuouvuj-quuR =-ouvulu2ui-nuunu,ui-nuuouvuRg (1 li"'i,l=nuu. 0 r0noq ) rnc oelt6oe 135,6lver: ll ll lt tl (1*ouvu jJn!udrdu..J )nrududu= JJ(1*z)dS=JJ Jouvuruududu=
51d^

- t r r lr , 1 -t ,, ,i , r "r r z ,,+ .l d u . l o u v u n u uduld d u u = l r u u d u - ld uI o u v u d o u v u I ll alud'r I Jo )o )D

o u y )]u u l-if u l ' / " I = l J l ' "- s u v t =rn,o*,,-rnlto-J)=r.. '0 .,'t

r td \ zl

jj(xr!*z]as, 6rou s et6. lilounoloylooel ro srLFvEloK6 oroxMoouo s

wL n rtLO6veLo {X--1,X=l,G-i !0=l,z=-l,z=l } (r'tBoC).

n0on:
:0!0ovq u. rnv !6L6rnrq 1 rnq oelt6oc 136, uno6LcLpo[! lnv enL(dNLo S o r L q n L e d v L S ec se vrLorolxc r, Sr,53, S{, 55, 56 !e e(LodoeL z=1,z= ',Erot =-1, 'li=1, e L v o L : U = - 1 ,x = 1 , x = - 1 .

'EXou!E:

It I r'JJ tt ' . . ..jJ Jl(x"r'z)ds=J.J s sr s2 s6

ot JJ dxd0=l tx--,.zros= ),6;0;r ll rx.,t.rra+lax= -JJtx-+-r rt sr

-l lr+- ? ''!l (n tLcDo4rnq F1lodveLoq dx.J (2x.2)dx--x'?.2xl_r-4

Sr eLvqL z= 11.

i **

Tnnos L, oeri6d 21. Tiro< rr< unoof!.Loons rfs o.ri6ds 2r.

142

elJJr*+-ros=JJ rr+ rr,oo;ir-a,r.j', tx+-rra,r,]ax= [J_,

0,"0,.=',n 1_, -,*=l'.,r,-,,*= 1',r";,r'-,r]

52 ELvo! z=-l ).

Avd,\oycov epvdoeo|jleBp{.o(ouu |

sr

JJ=4. JJ=4, JJ=4, Jl=-4.

S,, ss 9.

ll

ll

ll

ll

-: '.:! - )-:+o
.." ' -1

- )r'i L-i_-

i"i_:

'ApoI t(x+'!+z )ds=a-4{4-4+a-a=0. x JJ s

Egsuofdc ru, enrFvelor6v olot^||or90llrv a. [6ouc d) Ynolov[olocet8d6o0 lroc ntg6vcloc To E!Bo66v E uLaqenrg6v|,oc s ue El.odon Fi(u,o) olvEroLond tov
!uno:

,=JJo,=JJ1;".r ld
sA

Av n EnlqdvElo 6xEr ellouon z=z(X,U),r6re !o elgo6dv6(vExoL rov irino:

r=JJds=JJ 4+,i+zidxd'I,
st

lt

(t _

Av n efiLodvlo 6Xe ! etor,lort o(x,U,z)=o, 16r to uBo66v blvtot ofio

w ,=lJ"=lJ lo"I
s6

oro,

qe !d<oc U|.aC B) YnoloVLo!6C erlodverqs Av 6{x,'!,2) LvoLrl n[qovelo(d nuKvdrnro,16! n !d(o nou (otovele-

143
TOL Oe lLO enLqdVeLOs dLVTCL0116rOV rt]no:

'"JJo tx ,,r,,. ras

s
y) >uveroy!6vecrou KEvrpou dl<oc !!oc uAlKilq EnLpdv[oC 0L ouvrerqyuavEe T O U xdvrpou ul LKiq enLedveLoc ldcoe ULoq S dlvowqL oIId TouC t0nouc:

-s x"=Tf Jj 6ds s

j'Jxdds

ll

JJ06ds lJ oas
s

lt -.^ JJzoo5 s

JI"'
s

Av n nwdveLo eLvololoyEvic,rdre oroucnponyo0uevouq rinouqI ouvdpqol 6(x,'!,2) lropq]Eanero!*. d) Pondc o6pdveroc 0L ponac odpdve[oq nL{rdvElcq s oc noosroucdoveq uLoq x, |lrko! z, 6LvovrdL on6 rouqxhouq cvrlotolxo:

yoas,,*=JJrr.-,, r,=JJ r,r,'-." r,= rras, roas JJrr.-,r'

sss
Ilcpc6e aypsro

l. lk unolovldaro !&66v lou ruiloroq qc enledvEloc tou ltopoBoloeL6ote z=-X'z-$,+2, rcu Bp[oxerar ndvo ond ro ertn66o 0x0. Atq: To <nro0Uevo UBd66v dLveldL drd
TOV T0nO:

/1+zi+zi E= dxd{. Jlds=JJ

sd

It

lt -

EtvoLzx=-2x-0+0, z.,=-20. H npornq rLAdvELoq Boli S o[o riTln60 oXU)

* rrn! or:o-reur i r u o d v e r " "n o u l d o r n o n 6 ( l , d , , 2 ) a l a L o 1 d ! . o i _ e

144 Eava! ro xooto A"t(x,0)tRr: x,{rr-.2}. 'Apo: lt 'z E=I o. nolLx6e ouvrroyu6vec)l/1ax'z+4 dxd'lF(u.rooxnuort(ourie
E ," ,/;, -t, =,l" r I l 6 l t-' { r * o ' ) t a { r * 1 0 , 1 = 1le e t l a e 'd p d o -d l i ' ' } * p . t t r r d I = ro
Jo lo .Lu-r)=+25' =-ii '+ {e

2, ltn uoloylool ro qBo66v Inc ogolooC Xr+o.+z'=o".

noq:
El,vdL qn6 rov tono: O(X,U,z)=X'z+r!r+z,-o,. To eqBo66v E 6a,vrc!

e.fJo,=Jl,.6ifrs?aae
eo urolovloou]l ro etBo66v yto ro ono{.o tou dvLj nlloooLolou, l,wL z>0. 'Exot,! lrV=t(x,U)n,: y,rg:.o:, KdL ox"2xr oV:2U,pz=22.,Aoc.

2/x'-+",22 E= dxdr axa,r,_ dxa,F )l 2lzl ll ?64q1 [[ 4 ' 2/o,-y,-1," /o,-x::rtre "
A;+ ti'n ai,*

=t l2 nI , o o t o . o| + ti. -p . oe.-f

-,lo

-p '? [( o ' - p ' ? ] - l d ( o ' 1d I ae [o ]) ;= 't2(o,-e,)ll"= jo

=-2no(-o).2nor.'A po or = 4 n o r . E 3. Iq 9oEoea n oonl copdveuoq Iz r4c olovvo0c erlCve|'oc:

S: Xr{i},+z,=or, tou lxel dtaorrl !6Ca .. ntdt ! pomlo6pdvLoq fi <rtroo!vn Iz otvErot 0116 rov ttlo:

r"=JJ6(x"*,!" )ds (1). s

To !8o66vtnC o@[roCelvou E=4mr. Enet64 [vo! ouoVEv{S I dooLpo qlogeoi UE !d<o m, neio[ dtL n nr0oveLoxii rnq nukv6rnrq elvoL 6.m/4m, 0 L mpalerplKEcetlo6oeLcqc oqo{.poq eLwL x.onueou!, z= t-an!on$,

ll

145 -Crouv0, !e oselar, osesn.ed unotroyloouue ro [LtFvloKd oloKtripolo(1], qooloYi lou rtnoo: !

?dede (o,e Flx(e,0),'1,(o,e),2 )l /(xj*tl+zi )(x;+Ue*zi)-(xoxs+'!000'z0zo) JJFds-JJ

sd

tt

ll

tl.wL: x;+t4+z;"(qouvqouvo)'z+(qouvqnso)2+[a(-nue)],=o,, xi+i+zi=...=

=0'?4!'1rp, XoXO+UqU0+zaz!=...=0, Errot]6voc.

---L I I [ (cnrpouve Iz= ),+(onlenu - 'd | | 6(x,4,,lds= ),],65;,0 dde'l' qno'z

ll

ll

- '- ['- 1"o'n, '*,nsedodo= r'S' . 9] f'"orf"nr,*or=...' ' ' r o J o J , 4roJo

Bl Er|'oylold olorlnpdtaE 9' st6ou(

l. EnLFt eLard olokhpdldro 8' eaoou( 6royuqrru6v ourroptrlocov

0ploudc: Ynoe6roule6t! S E{.voLqLo onfu1koL lel,o, rlpoodv(rlollotlavnnLo{velo* toulR!, rls 6lovuolorlxi eE(droni.i(u,u)=x(u,u)l+0{u,u)t+z(u,u)i,(u,u)eA

(Aen'). Ynodrouue or6po6tu: l=F(1,11,2)-p(x,0,2)i+q(x,U,z)J+R(x,U,z)t, e[.vuL t]Ld dlovuouorlKil orrvdprnon oovexrlc, us n6to oplouo! rnv EnLodvsLo S. H ouvdpxnon F[itu,rt]tir']"t, (u,u)el e(vo, ouvxr,ic, dpootroKtrnp{i, olyn oto ^. ovotdlouu naqEvldr6 _ olod{gqr 0' t6ou( Inc 6rcvootlotr. l(ic ouvdpqoiqF ndvr,r olnv nlgdvLo S |<oL outt6ot(<ouue:

lt- , ft. '1 IJF(x,u,z)ds JJFds ss 'EroL ro 6l1116 oloKligorrc rJJFI;(u,u)1.(i.,i,). toLr6v elvor:

.r;".i ra"au 11 fiia3=,1/i6r,,,

' H erLodleLd utopei !a LlaL
xdL rl.Lof i.

10

146 To npdortuo nou ro 6Lov0o|toro i, iuxiD "+" ovrLororxl ornv nepl,nroon eLvo[ ou6pponor KoLro llp6otuo"-" owLfiolXEL o[nv nep{,rrt{ron nou eLvoL dvrLgOono. il fi oulgolt(ougero Kdoero bLdvuolo o[o onlElo: uovc6loLo i(u,u) rnq n|.lldveLoc S, napax{pnort l: To il?(u,u)] oulgotr.<eL !n otdvuouorLKi ouvdornol nou npo|(lnreL ov fiov xl,nornq I Fdlouue 6nou ro 6rcu ro X X(!,!), 0 U(o,u)(o[ 6llouz xo z(u,u). lboqll1p.lq 2: (m ototTo oulr9otrLK6 dg nqptcldveLro 6lorgopLk6 o[oLx{.o "6Ldvuo!o" EluvlrouorL(d e!Bo66v) c nLpdvLqq S, rou LvoL d3= X[dl6EC Loo! =io,iua,rtu. tLvo! o(dlo rqr, a3"ias, noparipnon 3: (oL: To enLgovr.o|(6 oloktriA,jud B' E[60!Couu0olaerqr

J] s
nqporignon 4:

Pd'!dz+qdzd+RdXd(r.

Av n n!46vLo S eLvol (J\Ldri, tdrs xono(,tonoLoou KoLlouc ouugolL-

ouoic p, p
'd oc.

'd.

('1 p , p ) , o v d l o y o rov lloooovqrol[o!6rnc enuqdver ue

Ihgadloodl 5: Av i elvar. ro Kdeero lovo6Loto dldvuslio xnc nLqdvLoq S oto i(u,u), rdrE Lox0sL o rttnoq:

onlelo

jja;Jfa*

=IIfio, Iloor*.0*or*oro,

0 tlnoc qur6q g'L6oucoE 6vo avo[L@vELo(d oloKlior,rlo urooxnuorl<L

^r)doi ro trpdoruo "+,,"q-orouxuj ot.rv nroirruol ,",;= to rpdo4u6 ,'-" cv.uo.ouxei otrv aepirroor rou -j!I' lrrxr!l -.,

l;"';" I

147 o^oKr\ipnto o ' ei6ouq*. 1o oloKlioouo en!0ovroK6 llfids ovos6(EL poll

II

rou olcvuoFrrKo0no6[,ou F, 610 tltc enlqdvEloq s. tlaEnlrn.rt 5 : loxil 6r L:

JJr,;-Jfr,s s s'
flr,s=-JJas

ov 5* Lvo! n dno! s KoLs' elvoLoL 6uodo[qrnq enlodveloc. Enolav0jq eetLki 6{n (o[ s- n ogvnrLki,16r:

lr-doopor rol urolovlotoo enlTvEroxdlv oloKltpqdEnv (0' l.6ou() 6rowoFrlxrtv outcptioeov eeopotiu rn 6lovuolorLKi ouvdprnon F(x,r!,2)=p(x,U,z)i*q(x,0,2)j* +n(x,r!,2)[.Iox0ouv oI rn6uevoL irrfioL: o) Av n EnLqdveLo i{u,u)=x(u,u)i+(u,u)J. 5 6xeLd[ovuouorLxi.ELdlon + z { u , u ) 1u , e ( u , u ) [ , r d r e L v o r l

pr","r1 ri,,i"roa, ffr+.JJr

(t).

EELoriloLc rlc E[LedvELoq S eLvoLx=X(u,u), {= B) Av oL nqoo!rpLKdc - { , ( u , u ) , z = z ( u , u ) ,u ( u , u ) 4 , r 6 r e e L v o L ;

TT *a1a,l=rll |xr,,ur,u{u,u),2{u,u)J JlPd{dz+Adzdx ffi Jr

5

+ Q L x ( u , u ) ,u),2(u,u)l ,r!(u n:iffi .

tzt.

3{f#]oa, L1!l(u.u).oru,u),2(,.,rt
" ro eoorepox6 rr.v6uevo Fh rD! 6!0vudlolLrdv ouwptideov F. n rpar |mr rxn dulc0inon.

148 Inue[dt:

Etvol iffi=J

n,.,.-r

lau au
I

au
au

^_ l5n ;'

. Avd^oyo opr(ovrqLB{fti}, 3{t*l ".

noFolg|ot: Av Io Erovdouoro fr xou i.r\ Lvor o!6ppo[o,t6t o[ouqronouc (l) (qr (2) eKl6youtE ro npdonlo ovrlppono, tdt EKIdvou! ro "+" ov ecvoL np6onuo "-". y) Av ouw, ouvB,ouvvLvoL Io aLueivovto ouvnulrovo rou uovq6lolou kdoerou olnv slLqdveros drov0ouorocr 6ntro6iov e{,vdL i"ouvoi*ouvBj* +ouvyl xol l"ei+qj+nt, rdre LoxdeL o t0noc:

eouw+oouve+nouw ros JJiuiJf ss

(o r0nocour6q rox|JslovIdgqto ov rc 6r,cvrlouoto fi roL io'd 11 owlppono). ldgoono elvcr,

(3). o-

6l tmv nepa.ftr,,o4 llou ro oovolol eL,,!t n ngoBol{oxo elr{'n60 Oxo tnq nrodvLoq S, t6re LoxoL o rurcC:

jjns=fJr.;-5 o,o+.

(4).

dnoui eLvor, ro Kdoro 6Ldvr.rouo ulq eirLgovuoq S oro onue tlovobLoao Lo r4(x,U,z) KoL t=oioj*tl. el Av z=z(x,0)6lw! n tl,ooon lnc elledvLac S KoLd avoL n ngoooli rnc o[o enlne6ooxu,,rdr Lox0EL o r0floql

It tl r- araz. -+ u+*, llrus= civc,cxrjr:o 6roua llfdg=llr.n llr.i orov 'i ' 'i E t;il t;jl

rp6ro triro eiwu I lpoBoli rrs err,griveeas S oro triie6o O{,2 roL A 6eirepo {iro iBL n rpo8or'i t,ls rrLodveuos S oro rire6o o1z. tivor xo!c i=1i+0j+0k, j=0ir 1j+0h.

dro c-

149

T( II -Q 1 l-P d!= [x,U,z(x,U)]z{+ [ x , 0z , (x,UJ]zx JI Pdldz+qdzd+Rdx ll sA +R ) ll d d ! + l x , 0z , (x,0 -az{,+R) (-Pzi dd(l lJFds=i.lJ
sA
lt-, ll

no! tfi>0, (R=0i+0i+lf)elcr.nvrTplrrlton To rpdotlo "+" owLcnoLXL yovto u rov OrLKd 0z lo6i 6lgv ro Dudvuolq i oxntor{.(el oEeaq nuLdovo nou 1fi.0, 6nlo6r1 6rqv to 6Ld_ To np6onto"-" qvrLc[oLXL olnv rleplnroon yovto ! ro 0erLK6 02. vuolofr oxnuqrlee! ouBtrLo nuL6ovq LvoL Av rl ltooonrnq nLedvlqq x=x(0,2) i 0=0(z,x),I6re Loxli-

(6).

oro eelvq! n t10o90li rnc efiLodveLqc nLr60 002).

-P!/x+Q)dzdx r--u" J[a*'ff

SA

(7).

(ro "+" ov li'0, ro "-" ov fi<o, d {.vaL s oro n npoBoliTnc enL0dvELoq erlLn60 ozx ),
() Av z=z(x,0) LvdLn ELo0Jon rnq EnL06vLoq S KdLA n npoBotri rnc oro enlnebo 0X0, r6re LoXiL o r0noq:

'ria3='ff," z(x,0)t dxdr! r*,,r,, l',0, Jj* s

AvdiovqLox0ouv oL T0noL: tl --

(8).

(x, z) ids=!lJo ,0.z]dqrdz [x(0,2) Jlo '1,,

sd

(9).

, )i d s =lr z),, z ]d z d l Jf ( x , 0z lf [x,,I{x

* r* H .aiood4 rns H eEiooon rns ei,!oL n rpoBor'i EaloL | trooBoli

,-

tl

(lo)'

tns r t \s

150 H exloyi rou npooduou a[ouertnouq(8), (9], (10) e(vouqvd]oyn ue (6), (7), (B), ouri rdv r6r(,,v

2. EnLqEvloril olodapdgcE B' EtboucnpoyFrlr(io ourrsdseov rnv nooylarLKi eupo0ue ouv6grnon P(x,0,2)KoLrnv npooovorotr Lo!6 vn i(!, u)=X rrqdv Lq s, !e 6LovuotqrL(i elooon {u,u)i*,!(u,u)j*z(u,u)1, rre (u,u)!, (A.lR'z). g' ea6ouc 0voudeoute enl0ovLqxd otroKtripqrq uc llpos Uz fiq npovuorLP(X,{r,z)|(oLsuuBola(ouue to or,nt'O Kiq ouvdprnonc olor(tripouo: JJra0az

(u,u rJlP ),{(u,u ),z(u,r: tJ ffiar,o,r Lx

A

II

'EroLtroLn6v eavoL:

u u)l r,,r,(u, ),z(!, 1r,,, Jjro,r,*='JJr ffi,,0, SA

{1r).

To 0exLK6 npdonuo ovrLfior,xLornv [EpLnrosn rlou rq Elovljouoto fr, iu:i,J tvcL o!6ppono KoLro opvnlLK6 ornv nEpLllxoon nou eLvoLdviLppono. Avdr\oyo ool(ovror.ro EnLocvaLord otroKtrnpdlioro B' a[6ouqt,rs npqc zX 'EroL q(X,U,z), KqrX{ rdv npoyldrLKtiv ouvqpr oeov R(X,{r,z), ovrloroLXd,

o"**ff o ),2(u,u )l ffiouo' t*r,,,r,,r,(u,u Jf sd

(u,u *ro,r,='fJ* r,,,1,,y(u,u),2 )l gffia,a, 1, ff SA
Ildmripnor: Ioxr:,[ 6TL I

(12),

(13).

naxa,r oa,ax.JJ JJro<. JJ*,r,"-o'o*-naxa,r. JJra,r,a,.JJ sssss

151 nopotimq: tn( oto eri,nE[o Av n enLedvLd S 6XL eElooon z=z(x,0)KoLn [poBotri oXU e[vq! A, r6re o rifloq (13) ypdeEror:

qr g, o*' JJ* z(x, )ldxdo o ,*,,ro, ,u, Jfr s6

(14).

Av n inLedvelos 6x! l('o{,rnU=U(z,x)xoL ^ CvqL n ngoBoliitnc oro ell{,fle60 ozx, o r[noc (l?) ypdqErol:

dzdx lor*="Jjotr,o(z,x ),zl JJorr,,r,. SA

(1s ).

Av n n[edveloS axELeltoron x:x(0rz) (oL A eit/oL n npogoli qc o[o enlnEdo 0{rz,16ro r0noq(11) ypdqEror:

rrx,,r,,.ra,ro=t dqdz ff Jjr1 (0,2),q,,zl sd

ytverdL6noq H extroyrl rou npooiuou oq o8lL6a150. lnyi@ue

(16 ).

IlapdrnpdoeLc - M.o06erto Lc orov unorrovlo!6 Tov nlqcv rcr6v o^,orlnpogdlrrv

B' et6ouq

l.TLo vo uno.\oyloouu. 6voenL0dvErd(6 otroxlrlpouo B' L6ouq uLoc610duvdpqoic,Kdvou! eeopuovi ouorLKis rov rlnov i !!oq flpoyuoiLKiq (1) 6oc (16) (oe^L6c 147-151). H E(troyi rou Kord^Anlo! xtflou elopTdroLofl6 ro! rp6noflou tpLypdqToL n enrqdvLo {orld In lofllll Tnc etlq,roiq rnc) l(oL cfl6 rn lopei rnc oloKlnpilr6oq ouvdpqonc, 2.H t(loyi rou xordllnlou rtnou dXeLontoolo, yr,orl lvot 6uvordvvo o evo 6L[16otroKtr{pdlro, rou onolouvo E[voL o unoloyLou6q erdoouue flolinlo(oc.

3.>n!LdrvouuE 6t! urn Boioelo E6dr rou-|.ino, -rfJfos=ffffias "oe. ss

152 govELo(6 oloKfulOotro ouftL(ie ouvdpqonc ? !ero9' eaoolc uro( 6Lovt rplnerol o' 6vq enleovloKO olo(li9luo o' eaDouq rnq npoylalrKilq ouv6prnonc Fh, H uErqrponi6!oq ouri 6ev ev6el(vurdLndvro, 6L6r[ Cvor 6uvor6vo unoloytou6c rou nL0ovlcrKot oloxlnpdvaroq o' e[6oucvo unv eLvq[uxpiqeo yvopL(ou! oKouc 6rL: o) >Xerlrd u rI pgFl glC Enltdvaroc . 0 1 r 0 n o r( 1 ) , ( 2 ) , ( 1 1 ) , ( 1 2 ) , ( 1 3 )e e o o l d a o w K q [ n vn e p l n q l o n oL oL qvogtpovtoL noun enLodvelo ELvoL Kleto l (oL rtnoL ouroL oe entqdVELC nou[opLordvovroL ElovuoUorLxi nqpo!Tpr(i llooon). U ULo .01 r0noL(4), (5), (8), (14) E@p!6aovrot finv neplnr|rronnou ttdvo onoLo6ilnorE euolonood^trntrn npoC rov dqovoz z xalvL rnv EnL0dveLCr S o' 6vd u6voon!Lo. Av 6ev roxrlEl ouul, r6rE uflodLoLpot! n ouvoiKn It|v S oe 6lleq [!0dvELeq no! Kdoeulo vo lKovonoLaL rnv ouvi(n. (:t!q n6pLrtdorq rt,lvr0ftrv (4), (5),. (8), (14), n [Looon rnq ErILO6vLdq (vor rnq uopqlcz=z(x,U)). '0[ r0[oL (6), (9), (i6] eoptd(owoL nouorlolo!6vo olnv rrp(flr0xrn otlnoteueeLo napdllnln npoqlov d[ovo X'X teuve[ rnv enlqdveLoS oE 6vo u6voonuelo.Av 6ev [oX0L unobLoLpotlE rnv n ouvei(nouri, TdTE (:rlc llepLnrdjoeLc S oE dlleq enLq{vE[Ec. rov u]nuv (6), (9), (16), n taolron xnc enLqdvLoq el.voL lnc lopQiqX=X(U,Z)). .01 t[[oL (7), (10) (qr (15) eoopld(ovloL nou o!6vo ornv nptnruo! noroEinore EUeLo noOd.\Inln nooqrov dlovo U'U r6lrvr rnv nrqdvaLo S o 6vo !6vo ongELo. Av 6v roxl,Er n ouveiKn ouI|l, r6re ufio6LqLqot:,! (tTLqnpLnTdrLe rnv En L{0dveLo o 6IIq enLedv[eq. rov rin0]v (7), (10), (15), n alooon tn( eflrqdv.Loq.LvoL tnq lopeic {F0(z,x)). ngooillou B) txrrrd us rtv firtroyil . H avovoyi evdqnLecvLo(o0 olo(lnplruoroc B'eidoue o' 6vo enL0(rya[q L6ouq oK6otroKtripolo dn6 rn bLodL{oolo rnq nLr\o loc onolldooEL Ynqrou npoonuou. . )rouq rinouq {3) KoL(4) floueupovt(ErqL ro 6L6vuouo 'i,6ev
rLTd! EllLloyi npooit]ou.

qnou-

153 .:rnv nepLnroo r {n r vr 0 n o r( v1 ) , { 2 ) , ( 1 1 ) , ( 1 2 )K o L{ 1 3 )e o n o l p v o u _ 1....i.. "+,. qv n= --::--: , ev6 gc notpvouleTo npdoluorr-,,ov !c IO rlp6onuo lrurru

li",'r,,
.:qv n p l r r l o orl r d vr 0 r l o v( 5 ) , ( 8 ) , ( 1 4 ) , q v e l v o L : ni- (01^0i.t[) {ouvqi*ouvBi+ouvvl)-ouvv'0, ]Ieplnrtlron rov run0rv(6), (9), (16) ov Lvot: in=(1i -0j-0k )(ouvqi+ouvBj+ouvyli )=suvo>0,

nolpvo0!. to npdcnuo "+,,. Av |wL li=ouvy.o noLpvou!.ro fip6on!0 "-, .:rnv

nolpvouue ro np6onlo"+r. Av LvoLii-ouvq<o, nolpvoullE To np6onlo . >tnv nplfiroon r0rvr[nov (7), (10), (15), ov elvqL: j-ouvy().ouv0>0, ii= (0f*1j*ol) (ouvoi,ouvB 'r+,,. noLpvou!6 ro nodonuo Av el,voujfi=ouvB.0,nol.pvo!!e to

npdortuo

.:rnv np|,nroo rn l , i vr l n o v ( 1 ) , ( 2 ) , ( 1 1 ) , ( 1 2 ) , ( 1 3 ) , 6 r q v n n ! q d v6lo 6lvoL KIeLort KoLTo dLdvuotq i,"i, dxeu popdond to olrrcpLxd fipoq ro rdrpLX6 Tnq EnLedvaLoc, noLpvouua ro [p6on!o "+,,.

y) txrlKd ! rov unoloytotd rr,rv duovuoldtorv fr, i,,i, . Tq arovlJouoTq n, ru.r, unoloyt(ovTqL T0lvTiruv rou !e rn BoieLo ovqedpovroL arn aa^166 22. To dLdvuouo io*iu elvou KdeEro orqv nLS Ei(u,u). oro onleLo odvLo nqgqrilpqq: 'orov qlld uaoo npoe ro Id! dlr uLo nLedvelo ivol npooovorotrLoudvn 6{(,lvvooluedrr ro drdvuous i dxeu rpopd dn6 ro o0rrptK6 npoq ro !orpLKorllq flroov Loq.

napdbE i.y|rarc

1. tb unoloyldcl ro nleovlo(6 o,lo*rno"uo r=jfFai, Onou F=xi*rlj*zl

S

xdL S ei.wL n ErlledveLo ettor,ron i(u,u).uouvui*u4pujr r:-{, !E bLovuouorlKi

154 !e (u,u) [0,1]'[0,n]. To 6lteuq|o i raterf0veml npocrd 6En. l0q: 0o rdvouue eooplovil roo rLrou (l) rnc oel L6os147, 6n^o6i rou rtnour

g;r",,r1 ri,,,iu)auau. f fror--JJi SA

-uouvr:T*unuuj.u{. ttvor.F[i(u,u)] 0(6!0iu=ouvui*nurLj*ol, iu= ELvoL =-unuui.uouvuj*tt.'Apo:

- lnuu * rutrJ:

0l_10

I l1.l luouvu 1ll1

J+l lk=nuul-0uvuJ+ur( - u n ! ul u I l-unuu uouvI

ouvl u * louvu rru l,

u-.It (nu,:i-o':vuj*ui)o,cr,. Erou6voc 6xour I-lJFu5=ll tuouvul-unuuj*ut)

SA rtfrr .rf,,) =Jl{roru,'ayu-,nruouur*uu)audu.Jluududu.l -z *u,olau=l ll I - "l J ro ' o L A A'
I t2 ,lr n2

.t

.tr

1id'=ilzl-T'

2. lb unolovldt ro erLoovero(6 ofo*fio,a|q,d l[id, rqL S e[voLn E|rt'dv.lo4x+20+2"6, IE x$, 040, zr0.
A0dl: o') Tp6noq:4n6 rov tlrno:

6rcui=('!,-2,2)

IL"II (Pouv0+QouvB+Ro0vy )dS (1). ll FdS-Jl ss

=0,usfx-4, f{=2,f z=1, ftTffi

--1- , 6,r"q= frI
r eiwu i,'i,=auui-ovuj+uF,

R=2. H eCouon E(wr P-U,Q=-2, tnc.rlodveLoc etvorf(x,{j,z)=4x+2'!}z-6.

=E'Er-t'-m,

aw

ouvp --?- , ET

ou""= J ,EI
ro 6Ld!uq,q i,,iu dxeu

uc u:0. !!o!;vos orr6opono .o., i,

oood roos tc 6go ,iroc eiuu

155 1-G -22'2)ds (rinor (3), oErlbo2 c 3 * ) . l r o l o r i n o c ( 1 ) 6 t v E L'; [[fdi=l[ ! /21 oloKiipr,Juo Ei,voL enLeoveLox6 o [6ouq. To retruloio q L6oue, eo xpnsrlooioKlipoto fLo vo uno,\oyloouue ro nLqovsLd(6 lt /ir'-Tn

noLioou ro uv E t,ino J J r a s - J J r t x ,+ , z t s :f lr,

F{x,{,2)= +

d x d 0 ( 2 ) .E t v o L :

n1

(,t)-22-2) r, = 4 , t = 2 , f z - : , ' o n o u l eavo! n npoBol rnq

on6 TLcuoE[eq: EfiLpdvLoq 5 oro nLn60 0x$. To xopao A nepLKilcrq! <} ix=0,U:0,2X+U=31 {x=0,0=0,4x+2'!=6I

'rroL -2 o rino(rzr0t".,", )d*d1= A,t-22.2) llras-{f IJ(4,r,-2, + drd,!= ,4 ,l + ,trr

lt tirt'-" l (4 xx -4 s )1 duldx= s J lI t( a 0 - 1 2 - 8 x + a u + 2 ) d x a , l = z l J r tq x*u-s ra du = 2 l l it

A'

rz o tGo = 2 1 ( 3 - 2 x ) d x = + .' A p ol l F d s = + .

er0opuoyrl rou tr3nou: 0') Tp6noc:Kdvouu

{[as=[[r.; ';
E rponvoulavdq Bprl(ouE n i'=(--a , _L \ /2T 'E' 'rpoi.i=o -L *o 2 * 1 = -! ,4r ,ET ,ET ,m

dxd{.
Ii=(0,0,1) oK6lo , -! \. ElvoL ,tZT t + li.[l- -! ,Ef *6L1 s1y6g

ln'k

i . i = t r i - , j . z t t (- L \rt
*

(4,r-22*2). i* 2 j' 1 i\- r .n El / ,21

.ivou

e v s e o p i o o r u e o o ! e 6 i o d o n r n s e r u q , i v e u o sr n v z = 6 - ] r x - 2 0 , r , j r e , /t-,i "; -/t r -)2t\-2)2 -,51. Aad: \21, (1rJ1o, (7).

o,.b:

t5r
**

oJv'-

,6r

oc^-oas

2tJ.

A v l L x d n L o l o i t r et n v t r u n t o r z d r 6 t f v a i o o o n r r E x d l r i l n s

z:6-4x-2(,.

156
'EToL EL v oL :

lfr+JJ + s d Y'r

t+'l'-?z*t (o0!al,rvo nponyoduE oro* )dxd{= !e rnv JJ,or-22+2 a

,Tl

vn nEpLrriron)=+. y') rp6noc: -".m* oo (dvouu Eqopuoy

J[iaS=r[lt-Pzx-Qz!+R)dxd,l,
sd

o[o 6e0reoo npolyou!6vos 6uoqeo Kdvouu efiLlovi rou npoo/ltou !6^oc ro! yrvdlsvo ro Bprlxoue 6rr.: r[aou. ed sxnuorLdoltre fi.t.
-4+2+1+

n=:

,41

i+:

,Ef

i -+ +

tTf

k,

e(voLxou [=01.0J*tI. Apc:fi.t= --L

nf

>0, Erou6v0rq o EnLtrCaouue ro ng6-

E{.vqL P=U, rnq enL0dveLoc elw! z=6-4x-a! Q--2, R-2. H eaooon 'EroL zx='4, zf-z' o nponvo{uEvoc r0noc6LveL: llrFdS= llr (aui-22+2)dxd{,. , '_- , ' ' -'
sd To rIE0loLo 61ntr6otroKlipqlq ro lno^oyloole [ponyougcvorq.
lt I

3. lb uno^ovrdel. to rLeavelor6 t*r,f*"

JJfA, s

&rouF=(x,U,z) r@'

En|tdvlo tnc ota{poc !e sl.q,bl x2.tU2+22=R2. n &,Tpf.Kd

Ator:
a ) Tp6[oc: oEdpo0ue rLe enLodvLq S!, 52 u LodloElq dvraorotxo: z= fil*:F, ,=-tF-x'-|". eo uroloytoouue ro 6Ldvuouo fi. ECvoL: f(X,v,zr-x.'J. 22'R, , 6po ouvq= --L , -!'z+22 lx'z ---L ouvg= , /xt +$'+2, orrr-

- --+ tlvor 2.0 vld rnv enLqdveLo Sr KoL 2.0 vlo r4v Sr. Lnoua/x'z+ttr'z+zz vorq t.irO yLq qvS, rou {.i.0 yLo ntv S,. 'Exouu:

iai,ll io3= r,-r,. lltai=ll

sgrs,

157 h onoloyloouUe ro Ir, 12 !s rn goioLorou r0nou: II. * II (-Pzx-qz,j+R)dxd0. ll Fds=tll

S6

Eretdd F=(x,{,,Z) nooKime! 6rL P:X, Q=0,R=2.O! enLedveLec Sr (oL 52 &vouv qv LbLdnpoBo^4 d olo ontn60 oXU.Eh/o!:

[[a+llf -rAgu -tt ,a,

lr ..

. -4

-)o'*r[fl-4.np,--;--q,la6q'

yR.-x'-,1.

o*0,r,=l[ dxdu. Ervor o(6uo: 'i 4 ,n,_x,_{,

6.,

- -L -nq'+)a,ao. llt s.-llfl[ h,_x,-u2 .--g- a*a,r,. 'l | r 44"_*._t" /R,_xz-v,

i

'Ae", --(-flid3.r[l ';

E
,2n tB

n,_r"_q,

oroq,=z*, [[--L-,j'
.F .

,r,_xz_{,

6*6s=
r .iR

p,-e,1tl =an.l | $dpdo=R,l ot ] ol- ( R , - e , ) - r d ( R , - e , ) = - 2 n n " p 1" to,o nr-!, t o -[ d =4nRs.

neonEtwr JlFds=rrF.ndslj F'nds+rlF.nds=Ir+I,. Bei(oue F') Tp6noq: sssraz 'epo, yourtvoq 6rL fr-f =-L , --! , +). \ t
+2, ttx, 442 t\" ,,lt "z, ^, 4' +zz ..;-_4 , 2, ^ , + t u+ & 2 + 2+ z ' . _-___:__ &' 4!' +2' - Lz-n2.-2

tt I E:;Z:;\ 'troL E.voL ji:l:r" r,)lrf?+1r,;7 ds= JJ,{t-,1,t;7 s, A.r, lf.l

dxd1=(f{x,U,z)=

dxd(F

_ [[ x.-1,.*' cya,r" oro,r"n. dxdr!3znn:. [[ x'+'-n.-x,-,r, [[ :L__ -x'-+' ih'z-x'?-t'? k" l, ii, ;;,, 4'q

..q41g; *or= jj x'+l*' axau. EL\a" xoL t.=llrio'iv as=...= fJ -t-/R'-x'-$' ) i;. 6i
\,

=-'[[ 'v +
i

A'-x' -,t"

dxdu=znR3. Apa ffios=t,,I,"*'. 's'

y') Tp6fioc:H dlovuoporLKi [dpcuroLkielLooonrns oqqlpoqelvoL

i(u,u)=Rouvuouvu i+Rnuuouvuj*Rnuui, eLuort uEu [o,zn] , ,. , [- + + l. iu=(-Rnluouvu,Roovuouvu,0), iu=(-Rouvun!u,-Rnuuntu,Rouvu ).'Apo iu"i)= qrvu*,: =nouvuouvuT* =n' (ouvu ElvdLd(6lo F[i(u,u)] ouvul+n vuj*nurt lr.rou ) +nlpuouvuj+Rqgul. rou ulflou: Oaxdvout/6 eeopt]oyi

r,,,rti",i"oa,. Li JlFas-tJJi 9A
rou ir'iu (n n! nuuowu) EKlavoute ro ng6onuo "+,,, 6LdrLn lplrn ouvLordoo (oL yLd oro x6ro (etvcuouvu>0, elvdLeerLKioro 6vo ntLorloLpLo opvnrLk{ ' / -\ /. \ / .\\

,. (-+,+)

rou ro io'i, xcreuO0veror[poc ro EorpLKd rnq oqol,poc(elvquotdppono i),'Erol 6xouue: dr= [[Fa3=n' ['-l ['/' orurdrl t[[toru',o*'u+nu?uouviu+nu2uouvu)d,dr-R' l
i A 'o "'1/2

( o Ln u u < 0 vL , o t+,9 ".

ue Aeo KoL ruu>0 Y ,Lo \0,+r.

=R3Jd 2du=anR3. )zd1d{ 4. Irb uroloyLdea ro 6nLgcvelo(6 r=JJx'aqaz+x)rldzdx+; ororr4poryo s

6[ou S ELvoLn xullvbglKi Erll06vlo xz+rli'z=o'z, nou neplopl<rol sn6 m sn[(orauo0vero! n6c z=0 KoL z=h. To !ow6Lo(.o dldvuouo i oro e{ulpLk6 rou
o uroloyLoglds tou olorlnpdldros iruve otov c' tpdro.

lr t"'U,=l "',"' I

159

rulav6pou.

noor:
H |(ulLv6pxl1 nlqdvLq exeL 6LdvuoliorL(i nopotrrprKi e{tdion iasuvoi+onuoj+zt ro 616!e 0:g:2n, 0:zah, go unolovLooule (oL rz= vuouon. EtvoL r.,=-(trlllul+oouwJ+uf = 0 i + 0 j +k l. E[voLvvua[d 6rL i=

;s'i" I

:"

'

EXoulE:

'Apo fi=ouvei+nuej+ol. ELvor0(6!0 t=x!i+x'zU,j+x'zzi. ElvoLvvr,rdr66rL I=jrFdS=JlF.nds. eo unotroyLooute IoLndv ro rluro(ooloKliputonou

vo[ nlqovEL(n6 o E[6ouc.ELvoL:

It* - tt. -

0' ; zl d 0 d z = l i,o fJF.ias J= l t x ' , x ' , t , ,) x{' o z u v , n !)0

sI

=ff {c'ouvne+o'ouv'onut v"+ou v'zon r"oeo..".Jn[J'" {or: r:'z0 ) d]dz=

=muJ'nouu.eae=nnon.

5- tto unotovLda ro errLpqvglcr6 olaMorrn lliai, onou i=tezi-tzj.r

: +3d, rtw oro q4tt Etc ETtm&lc erurdveLoc s: 2x+3Ez=12, nou Sptdeto! rro nodnody6m urv oadvov. ioq: E a w LP ( x , i ! , 2 ) = 1 8Q 2( ,X,U,z)=-1 R 0o . Kdro !ovddLoLo 2(,x , U , z ) = 3T 6r.dvuouo i ndvr,r <r[nvEnLe6vELo z= 12'2x-3ttroxntqri.<L o i.q yovi.o!6 rcv dtovo0z*.
* 'Elouue ouu,= 1 .
'Apo

/r+4+zi

i;:1oD!y>o - ttrouivos.-

160 go Kdvou! rou urnou: eeoouoyi

ELvq L: fS fio3=. JJr-0,"-0.r.*ro*0,r. A

,r=-*' 'v")'
H npo0oli qq [LqdveLoqS oto enhe6o oxu eLvoL ro rplYovo 0AB' u 'o*t . nleupriv x=0, '1F0, 0= LodoLc ","

[[;,c.-[[f ': 't' ''.(

f )-r-rzr []).:ula^au-

=lI rr,*.uoro,r=Jf t' 2-2x-30-6+3u)dxd,!= dA

='ln Jx dxd += l(6-2 '|ol' l '
lI '6.,.-

ls-zxtou,lax-

ug ax={ =['rc-zr f

'rrz-:ox.rx,rax= o,u,o

6. It onolov[dEa ro en|'qov.rdx6 otro(tulpq[ oc npo( x0 qc onc 0(x,0,2)=z ornv et('l.gLri 6{n rnc qatpoq ''z.{'z+|'z=1. ioq:

ouv6orn-

'Eoro s1 ro ndvo b xd&@ crd D erll.nE6o z=0 ntuoqolpuo rqe s, ro Kdxo. bldvuolo fi oto onueLo M(X,0,2) Inc rL06veLdq 51 oxnuorl<et !a lovqordLo To Kdgero 6Ldvuolo i ro dLdvuouo I rou d[ow z'z o[LoyoJv(o*. lovobLo(o ( rou dovo 2 z ouglto vtjsInv enLqdvro s, oxnlort(ruE To dldvuoro elvaLo Kt(loq x'z+rr2=1. vlor. H npogol|l rov sr, s2 oro entlE6o Ox{, 'Ero[ eavo L:

*
r -

rr.,^, *=/
L
ii'o

r^

rv
/f;iti+t; [

t"
lfirfi+fi

\ ,/f; | .ir f; j, --------

\.

----{tx'+'),'+z'

?.

rr((,,,2)=x,+,!,,2,-rr. ciuoufi=:
lxz +,t'z+2'z "u z<o (y!d ro rdrd

/x' tt"'t"'1 'Apo o, z>0 (yLo ro tivo nuuoocipuo),cu ii.o

t5t

uar-lf-,fi+uoro1" JJ'**['s,t-n 'f's,.orau=. [[,t*z,r,o 'd 'd a

=zllh-vz-r' dxd{+zl ll oAnj aoldp=l dl-fi-p'z)rdfi-p")'i toLrr J tr ,o
TI -

*l'=z"t3l= =rerl'[-3 1I rr-o,r . '-! J L J lo LJJ

7. 15 unoloyrdea ro [!0qve.qK6 ohoxMrt||ldl

+az)dzO(+(x't ez)ddt, ll tU-x"* lorur*t,l-zx, s tru slrdri efl!|dvero F(u,u).ul+(ur+Zu)J+of, ||e (u,u] [-t,t],[0,2]. A0or:

oKdvoulE Egoeuovi ,ou,,rno, ec*r, JJiai.JJi.ias. 's 'd

i" ('t-x,+z )i+({-2x,*zxz Ij. lx,le, ti. 'Exouue: Oounoloyaooule ro 6Ldvuouo i. i"-1+lzu+ztJ+Ot, ir=o?*O]*rt.'e'npo' ooi"'iu' 12'r*21f* 1-t,j*i. ttuo' ox6roli,.'i,l=l7ifPiG6. - t_,i.. -l i* i.ni

li'i"t

frrw*n

lzunPn "

--'

tI-. 'EroL6Xo0U: ,lF.nds=

5

= ft*-r".r,, ,t,tx!""tl r,r-rr,.r,, [| #

(2u+2,-r,0)dsg

2+zu-uz+2),Iu'1 =lfr,, +2u-2u2+2uo),(u(u'z+2u)eu)l (2u+2,-1,0)ds= s # -llrc +2u+2uu u+2) ds, ro oloKjupr,l/o lzu+z)-l'u| outd eL)+01 jrufh s
T n r o <1 4 , o e l L 6 a1 5 1 . l,l.raoxnrariqoull o rorr ras ouvr..aruavs. rivcr" x.u, 0.u2+2u,z=u. lt

162 o' L6ouq. w! enLeovloK6 'Apo LvoLloo Ue:

- au" *2u+2u0) tzr.zt llLtzu*zt @+Fi

liu'iududFII(su'z+6u+4-2uu)

--

'rs,'*,*-z,,ta,]a,=f ', tro,'*,*tau= $ . f-,[f

OE6pnlra tnc (ttlor,\(,o(Dq { Odrgnga 1oo causst*

q ouvxd Oeopo0ue F=pi*j.ni, nouEl.voL ouvdptnon opLouavn oqv KovovLKrl KoL0povs6vn @epEd nEpLoXi n, (ncn!), ydyouq + , .+ , + oro n. ncpo!e olvexeLS !pLKdC Eorr,r S lLd (treLari npooqvoro,\ Lo!avn rcL

qlnuotlKd letq enLodvLd, rlou neplK^et.Lt*r tn orepednOLoxi 0 KoL 6rL gllLqdvLo ro llovd6Lolo Kdgeto ofiv S bLdvuotrd xoreugrrvetqL npoc ro etorepLK6gepoclou 0 (n rLKd60n nq S e[vor n eq(lrreplKi), rdr LoXteL o EnoUEvoC TUnouC tou Gaussttr*,

-;1 . _e lrouvo*qouvs+nouvy1":ljJ(i Jf )axau

fll( *i - ;$. ,.aB ffna,r,a,'oaxa.-naxau= )axau, sn

Ll q l o g D A q : 0 rinoq (1)nqLpvEr

t).

1 r*

d={(u,u)en'|

o:u:2}. c. Csuss (177?-le55): Iepuq!ds MairuarLrds.

-1:u:1,

* * * H . t r 1 0 d ! . L d s e i v d ! r o o r j v o o ot r r s o r e p e r i s r e p u o x r i s 0 . **** 'H rdu rriros iou Ostroeradsky. d u l B , o u v y i l a L r c 6 L e u s J v o v r ao u v n l i r o r o r o r j x r i o s t o u o r n r .nLadv.!d s rovoouciou oucv,iorctosi.

163 IL(t -

JJFds= JJldivFdxd'ldz

12).

JJJa'"r*oua' JJr.;a'= s0
nsoqripnont:

(3).

>rov trino (3) ro Kdro i ornv rlLqdveLo S tXEL 6u6vuouc l.rovq6loao oqvTLKt nposro Eur01X6 ro! 0, eopdrn eop6

olo|(lipolo o i 8 l6ouq 0 r0noq rou Gauss ouv66eL dvo e(LeoveLoKd ue 6va rpLnl6 oloxtripqo. nopafilpl|on 2: l.lern BoioeLo rou rl]nou rou causs unoloyleou!0KoIon[qoveLoKd olo,(Inp6loro K,\ LordrvenLoovLdiv, eqdoovour6c xclvowdl and ndpdlinlec aloelc flpoq rouq dovEcr(,rv suvrErcylavov ro notr|l oe 6uo onuLq. nopo6Lyloro 1, 2. nqpa[{pqon3: yvL(0rqL 0 rtnoc rou Gauss o KlLdleqenLgdvaLec tdroLeq no! uLEqnapdtrtrntres npoq rouq d{ovc rr,Jvouvreroyuevr,lv vq rLq ouvovro0v oE ou l,6Lclpoile rnv IIploo6Tpo dr(66uo on!Lo. fLo vq vLVEL I yvLKcusn (rrou noLKleleroL S), o orp6q l'leorepednepLoxiQ on6 xnv nLpdvei,o pLox6q rov onolLlv or xiLor6qanle6v6Lec vo rdlvovrqL ro rotr|] oE 6uo on:e KadelLo dn6 tLq Kl.L sueLq flpoqrouq dEoveq. !er:o ofi6 nap6tr,\n^eq fi6q a[LqdveLe, xdvouue Eooplovi ro0 opiuoroq. nogarilpqon4: nLeoveLl4ern BoieeLq rou urllou rou Gauss ulopoiu vo unoloyi.(ou! q(d oloKlnodltoro Ko! trn KlLmdv nLeovLdJv, t,Jq Eis: tor,r n un (lLo[i Ealedv6Lc s, 8opori! 51, rdroLo nou I nledvLd urs xord^trnlnnLedvLo S lJSr vo [vqL KILmi. Ei.vqL r6re:
I( II II JJ=JIJI

II II1I
s susl sr

An6 Tq 6uo relurqi,o oloKlnpriuqro ro np6ro ulloloyicero! 0116 rov rino rou Gauss,To 6 betrpo ElvqL 6uvcn6v vq unotroyL<To! uKotrdjTEpo 0116 6TL To opxLK6 oioKligoruo, 3). {nopd6etyuo

164 np6rool:

( 1), lvoLLoo To nLqovELq(6 oroxi'1poro JIFdSJlPd{dz+Qdxdz+RdxdU ss

o xde KiEtori, rUnUqrLKd UToUn66v trELo EnLedvLo S rou ouv6iou O, (ocnR'), 6rqv ro orivoloQ lvoL oniiq ouvox/lq, undpxouv oL upLKCq [opdyoyor, o rdloq Tov P, Q, R, nou eCvorouvXLe oro 0 KoL LoXiL: .n aR^

II- -

II

divF=; ' ;t +:i =0.

AYrtqrpoF: Av oL ouvqprioEl( P, Q, R eavoLuLq qood ouvExdlq nopoyt oEoQ vLoLueq (0clR3) xqr ro nLeov!oK6 oloxliprlla (1) .LwL Loo! ro un66vvlo Kde xleLori, runtar!xd,\6Lq nrodveLo, i v( P1+qj*Rt)=0. 16r Lox0e L divF=d

napa6e aVuard 1, ib fioloVroe('! tn 9oi8e!o rou ronourou Causs D ro onLoqveldt6 (xFx-0)dxd'J,6nous elvoL n K]\!sri gerlKd AoKr'lpouo Jrx'zd0dz{'?dzd+zz

Iloooovcrollop6q mlgilveLd nou n0lxAea6[ rt oE6pd lepLoxi: 0 = t ( X , U , z ) :0 f l s | , o t q r s l ,0 s z : l l .

Aoon:
.. tP =2x, r n =2U, l D =2(xo-x-,t,t. EtvolP=x',Q={.,R=zz(x'!-x-U), ro ;i Tt ii

edpnUo rou Gallsstox0rL, dpq:

I( t'l

JJx'zd{:az+u':azax.2ztxrr-x-,!)dxdu=lJJI2x-2,r.2(x{-x-0)td
504

=l

'r ,t u, t',-,'_r '!d'! i l;z),=r. J.l.2xdxd'dz=2J"xdxJ J.dz=f'loL

2. ilq unoloyldea ro 61rlFrrerqd oloKAiqdtoll(ri+'Dj+zk)ds, firou -d

e[vq! n e[aqdveLoIr|q q[Lpoi

(rpooovd[ollotEvn ('16 X'1r+'z+z2=R2

!oo

noocro 6Er).

165
Aodl:

.;y -;1/) a x a +'6' ,r*. JJros. a lll '= l t * t . rt a x a q , a ' = JJJI-rr fflo'";o,o+0.=
=r'h' oqotpcq oxravoc R l=3+nR'= +flR'. lJJo*o+or-tror*o.
3. Ilo unoloyLooa rou rtnou rou 6auss ro mlqcvErc6o !s rn 8oi0!a -ix'i+'j'zri ror$ftip t=lltds, 6nou rol s elvol n enrqdvelo uEellouon s x'.{'.2'=o' (o,0).
I0oI:

u= x i , . jl ( 1 ) .' E x o up E r " o,[ .h d i = +x - + Q = o tR , = ,u) dz ) a x a q , a . ,tr{ \ f fd

I

=z',

fr

= 3 x ? , = r 0 ' , = 3 2x ' :o L 0 = { ( x , t , z ) F Ix R' '.:r r : . z r : o , t A . po ;t #

t-II

fLo vo unoloyLoou!e n {l I 6LvL:I=JJFdS= ro reLnA6 JJ.l3tx'z-U'),:))dxdudz.

SO

oloKiipr,rlq o orpoLpLX6C ouvTeToy!6v6C. !rooxnUc!i(ou! e6rouUr: 2=pouvq X=0nUqouv,0=pnUonte,

ELvqL 0.p:o.0:8:2n, 0:e.n, iii##

III ,o Lrolro

=-o'nrr. roo,

r -'lh 3 e , o ' n l o d e l d g lc de 0l= n3 u1 o ao .l u o = l l' : r x . ' , r ' , 2 ' r o x c , 1 l a l,= ll3 1 = 3 . z n t - o;u Lv i o lI f , n o 5 . "=
4. b unoloyldel ro entqoveLdd ol*1,truro [[iai, Onou i-oi.oj*zi

ro! S n dlLgdveld mc rylfc nou Bpl.orerdl fldv0,cn6 ro d!(.x'z+{!'1+2'z.l, n60 0X0 npooavaroltouCvn 016 tdoo [poC ro CEr. l0ol:
H nLqdvlo S 6v elvoL (IeLoEi. oopo!!rnv enledvELo S.: z=0, !E

166 x2{?!1. H nLedvElo SuSr lvor (trLori. 'Apo:

-fl (1). i,e=[[r,i.[[r,s* f[ ft= fl '.' su-s, 6', ii si's,6',

0o unoloylooule to oloK^ng4loro tou 6urdr4c (1). Tro ro ngdrro 9ou ua^o0q olortulpouo !(ovonoLotvroL oL llpo0nooaoELq xou titDu Tou 'A@ Gauss. LvoL:

ll --III|

^lL

tl *s=Ul(fr - iil - #,)*ou"=;11(0.0*1)dxdudz=l'|,dxd'r

lrn0

rrr

To rlaulcLo rplnlo olo(ltprruo noptordvel6noC e[vol ywror6rov 6yKorou 'Apo: (nou oteporl n Lva!nuLoqoLpLo).

EL!\dL o(6!tr

Sr

'ai--- IIoo,o*0. * ,,,nolew( 6[v!: JJae=Jf 5r Trq

g," fr,l= g .
5. tb yl.vg! err|Moauq rou nou rou Gaussii vlo m ou\dplnon F" =(zx-zli+yrgJ-trz1 ro! vLd trlv tllodl ml|6veLo s, rou [Ep!Kl(! rrl oEetd rcprox{0, s. {X:o,X:t,}0tFt,z-0,2-t}. (tl. Balt: Engineering ltathqbtics, ot6o 750)
Abd'l.

ei""' fia3= (1). c,-oz+Rz )dxd'rdz JfJ 90

EXouuEl

= ?# neJ' r',,-,rr,],,r* I, I, J',,*.-o.,** ]'o'] [J' "7' "P,.,,,"lf

' *r To '-,,, 6L6rL ro 6Ldviorota 'H riros rou ostloAradski i

jffrl<,.*"ro*0,r,*=J,1, l:t"+" . qp.4g:r]axaua.=

i, i rxnuo.iqo,u cuareio rovia. rriros tol Oreenoro 1R3.

167

=l a,ll lz.x'-xlax-rlzx4: - 41 | = I
Elvor Loo u

ro 6c0repo . npo rnc (1) utros

6 . 0o 6iEouurdrr xo! ro flp6ro ud^ocdxel lnv l6la rLui 6

To drep6 Q E[voL 6vo op0oy6vlo mpo^]\nienl,nEdo,nou onorJ\LToL on6

nrqdvLc S qr , 5 2 , 5 : , S q , s 5 , 5 6 , u l L o 6 o e Lo cv ! t o r o r . x x o= 1 i x = 0 , G 1 {F0, z=1, z-0. EroL axolU:

r( tr r( tt At., IIt " , . _ I I +jJ U +ll,ll,ll-ll t2t. tPFds= tPF.nds=JJ sl s2sssrsss6 s

s yLo rnv xdoe EnLqdvELo. 0o unoloyLooupE ro Kdrero lovsbtqlo bLdvuolrq 'Apo T L c r n v c n L e d v e !S o r e a v o rf ( x , U , z ) = X - 1 = 0 , ouvo= , ouvB.o,ouvy, *

ll

=0, Lpo i=i. fro rqv err[edvLo S, elvor. i-j, vtLoroLXq. EToLaxoulE:

yr.o rnv nLpdvlq s5 eCvo[

yLotuq enrqdvLc i=t. Enoudvoc s,,5", s6 eavoL i=-i, fr=-i, fr=-t, oIt- tr

ql

-z)i+x'zui-xz)r]ids= [{2x lJF.nds=ll

= l l ( 2 x - z ) dls { 2 . r - z ) fd i udz= l= =l ll (2-z)d{,ld[ r2 l ,],-z0l;d (,2 -l z)dz=

=I 2 z + - | -;.
AvdlovoCXou!s:
I-tl

dz=l I B) llF.nds l l=( - 2 x + z ) dls l= f{ -2.0*z )drll

'vz

lolo

zataz= i -

vt lli'ias=llx'+os= ll"ta,a'.1 || x ' a x ] t z = { .

i, 5r Tx, Il ll -x -x l l, . 0 d s = 0 . 6 ) J lF . n d s = J,l, l d s = (t--

sr

5r

sr

158
)

lJr.;"=JJr-*,,r"= ll-x.1"dxd,!=l || "a*]a,r=-{ sr ss Txo

d'l=o . x .0'zdx ff;.;a'-Jf-"os= JJ se Tx,, ss

oE)

'Apo

fii,n+.+.+-+=+
'EroL

loLndv ro [pdiro !6loq rne (1)

ei,voLLoo

u" +.

06pnt8 rou Stotesi

Oopo0ue tn ouvxiouvdprnon F=pi-qj.n[, nouLvoL op!o!6vn orn dro0, (0.1R"), OLrootts 9dnpLoxi v !!n!qtt(d leaq(cL qnli,npooqvoto
ltolavn, ovoLKri nlqdvLo S nou 6XEL oov o0vopo tn 0TLKd npooovorolL otevn** (t,lq npoqro fi), onli, (lL(fti, ltd {dtn0trn c. yloocrorrgadrL q' rdteoc, oE (dO Sso KoLdrL n F 6xer oLlvxac flopovdrvouq or} lepLKec uelo Inq S. Tdre Loxteto xonoq: (1). ( j: -.31 (.$-ff,)axa,r, ff (;g--3s f 'o,.oo+"a.= )d,!d,. )oax. Av ro Kdeero o[nv enL0dveLo S lovo6Lcao 6[dvuoud fi 6x[ ouvrexovtl! veq (ouvo,ouvB,o!vy rdnocypdeEraL : )***, r6Teo nponyoitravoq

f ,a'.oao*a'=JJl(S-g )**.(#-'3i )o,uo*

' '* c. Stokes (1319-1903): Iptdv66s tiagrldtLrdE.

.(4g)*"1,r

t2) -

[ o v r . r 1 , . : o o p c i6 u " y p " o i s r r g c o c o p e : c r n a o p d r L v n d f s n d p d r n p n r r t , r o u x L ! . i r d L x c r d u r i x o s t n < x o r n j r r s c , u e t p r j r o , , i o t . n xeaari rou vi 6.1s w 3 s r r { a u @exds opwrer! rou. xreu rn gerurrl oop,i ro,: i re, n enLa{irLo *** Bl;ne oeri6a 22.

169 0 rlnoq rou Stokesno[pveL0(6!0 KqL tLC lopetc:

$iai.jj-ti.ios (n f;a;JJ.,"rr.;)
[fri.ir;rs f ia;=
I Fdr=llrotFds

(3).

(4).

(5).

lJ(v\F)ds 9Fdr=

(6).

noporig0dtl: 0 rinoc ror, Stokes ouv66E! 6w EnL(opnr^[o oloKlipoua B' ea6ouc ! avo [LFvLdK6 oloKfulpouo o' i I el6ouq. fbpqr|lmq 2: 0 r0noqrou StokesLoXoeL nou ro o0vopo KoLotnv nEpLnl(,on rnc enL0dvloqs onorle{'roron6 ftdqope( xopLot,( Koln0lec. :rnv nsgtntoonouri ro enL(olnillo oAo(lipouo rou nfthou ld^ouctnq (1) ro llolpvoulc Kad (oun0lov r0iv npooovoroJ\ Loudvov [ou onorlo0v ro oivopolnc S. lil(oq noportprpl 3: H oloKlnpN6o ouvdprnon tou dEurCpou rou r0r|ou(2), yO60rc! ut^ouq ouvd ouvB ouvv aa3

xoL:

siTO',
PQR

lbFolq|at

4:

:xerlxd ! Tov op!o!6 Tou ouv6pout/Loq rnLqdvLoqS KoL rov npooovorolto!6 rou noponegnouU srn oE/\L6o21.

nomdlmol5:
Av n (ountAn c 6lovp&t6rdL Kord Tnv opvnrui popd, 16r dro evd !dloc rurv nponyouuevov rinov lnqlvE! !o npdoltlo "-,,. nopotiloidt 6: l4ETn goioEls rou rinou tou Stokes !Ilopo0! vq unoiovi,oo0!avo enL-

170 qove!oK6 oioKiiEllo I(- * (!e ovoy0rvi o 6vc nLKoun0trLo). :rnv nEd"Irt(,f llods

rrou: uo noo"ourooloour. orl ouri npalrEl ur.oouvdp on f=1r,q,n1,teroro (1). yvuqrdq d rne ouvdprnortq rotid Av K, A, M Elvor oL ouvrErqyr6veq (&t-Qz=K, (1) H lion tou ouorilro6lvL Pz-Rr=n, r6re n Qx-P{-14){:). q[6 rLq (:) lLo roc (:) 6LvL rLe <4ro0uevq P, Q, R. fla R=0 Bplo|(ouu lr, no, ,*ouoi, nou LKovonoLsl rnv (i). Kdge dtrlnouvd0rnon ouvdprnon q(x,|],,2) Lr d r n o x 6 o n F , = F + g r a d q ( x , Ud ,z n) o,u noLl r n v ( 1 ) 6 L v e r qo uLo ovcyKoLo vo Lougo(.pq 6loqopLoLpn ouvdprnon. H LKoviKoL ouvoiiKn vlo ox0L 5). n (1) Elvor diva=o. (nopdbELyuo

nqPd6 LYgsrd roL n enlg6velcs, !s eqlq,|on I 1, 6[vro! n ouvdfinonF=3iti-xzj+{2'z( 'Eovr IIou E[voLn roui rnq Enr{tveloc S, tr ro eE + . c n rounoAn n(.n6o z=2. lh vaver emhlgauon rou rtnou rou Stoles. ("Probl6!es d'Analyselath6Btique" A. Lmoie) A0on:
0o Etolnee[ooutiETov rino

EtwL: 9Fdr-UrotFds.

ij
l,l= rotF= a3 ax ;U I 3|]r-x:

r1

r:; I

l=lz?+x )i*oj*t-z-: tt=fi,

II --tl , x, =0, R = ( - z - 3 )A . pa,JrotFds=rJH d u p = z ? + q fi )s .

SS 0o unotroy{,oouue ro EnLqoveLqK6 olo(lipopq ro! 66uidpou udlouc rnc (1)

tourrlnou: EtvoL z(=x, zr=r). uErn BoiELo JJltas:-JJ(-Pz\-Qzt+R)dxdU. sA

tI- -

Il

'n'" x'1' x'1' *laxa,r. - ')'x-x.Jjfrae=-JJt-r',*)x-00.{-z-3)tdxdu=ll f( f 3 i"

* E[""" i.i.o.

171 ro reIEUroLo 61fitrd A=!{(x,!r)n'z: x'z+0'1:4}, fLo vq ulotroYLoou! ELvoL 06rou!e x=pouvg, ouweroY!6vEq. oloK^ip0ruo o noiLK6q lerooxnuorl<oute 'Apo: (Fpn!. ELvoL 0:ps2, 0<0!2n KqL -!l+*J =p.

,d,L\

pouue-p'o,u'. .:laa,rl l { p(9' *)aolae[[l(r+!_)'--r-. $ ( a . | .) / ) 'o Lro \ i "iu'

,\oyloouuE ro olo(trioolq (DFdr. H Kountln c aXLe(LodoLq x'z+0'z=4, qe z=2. 0L nqpoUETp[K6q LodoeLq c tvoL x=2ouvt, tFzrtttt, z=2,

t [0,2r], ue dx=-zn!tdt, =2ouvtdt, dz=0.'AE|o:

dU=
x'?+r!'z=4

(zouvt)2 (zouvt)+ol {-t znu't-eoru'tlat= - at= 6tdi=r [" ['n t a ' - t3(2nut)(-2nut)I = - j " ( 1 2 n u ' t * a o u v ' t ) a(t4 r '.t * 8 ) d t =4 -1 =n -J Bdt= n, !'tdt-lo = - a l2 t - l ! r t (3). ]'"-8lrll'=-+n-rsn=-zon

efloh10EUon. An6 (2) KoL (3) npoKirrrEL n <ntolJ!v4 2. BEtjf,FtvErnv nptuerro c rou rprydrrol, 0AB rpod\EEolrolr.m, qdaveml oEo oxih!,nou gptoKero! oro fir.s

z={ - ^v E-3o,i.4zj*6xi,vo mrneoo

ro mlKo|nrtllo oloxMpounolovLoeL

* fio;.
* I E;uL I rpoB.Ii lrs .nuodr.uoE oto rin6o ox{,.

172 Aodt: to enlrd!fl0llo oloKlip{,,lou rn Boioe[dtou ttlrqr tou 8c unolov[oorru nou 6_ nlo6velo 6nouS eLvoln rply0rvLKi Stokes.ELvoL I Fdr=llrotFds, vn oc npoq r(oLeLwL npooovoto,\ Lo!6 rnv aeplgerpo tou rgLYdivou xeL o0vooo 6udvr:ouo fi, nou exr (c[e0guvolnpoqrd lrdvo' El,vdL: ro uovo6Lolo
t--I --

roti(x,,rr,z)=l + + + l=-ri+jxl,i.
| -3u'z 42 6x I s axe! eqtouon z"+. H erLpdvela ox0 6LvLro H npoBoli qq oto enLne6o

ll

il

nlupri,v 0o srop!6oouutov tgLvovo 0AB', !E iLodoElq x.0, 0=0, x+0=2. zx=0,2!=1l2, Awt P=-4,Q"-6, R=50, r0no (5) rnc oIL6oc 149,E(vor

[o+'],--ax= ll.otla3-lll-r-o.or+r]+ulaxau=l || c.o,rta,rlax+l E 1'

-rf',"*o',*=,0.'noo f"iairo.
3. tb uroloyrooet gE tn Eo|loELo rou r0nou rou stokes ro EtrLrdunolLo olorligrryo I= I (z+x)'zdx+(zr{)'zd!+z'zdz, 6nouc EavolI xlLonl, tx'zr{'z=|,X+22.2}. 0.t!x6

ngooowtol lq|Cm rqlttl||

Mat: s={(x,'!,2)]R3: 1, H Kq!fliln c EawLro orvogo rqq enLedv6[oq x'1}o'?s ro oloKlipr,,lo!E eeopuoyi rou r0ltourou Stotes. b ulrolovloouue x+22=21. p=(z+x)2 , = { z . t ) 2R i- =ztz.x),ax = E(voL , . iU -0, # =2(z+'!), Q , = z ?u =0. 'Aeo: =0, ;i "0, ;0
t Il

I.0(z*x)idx*(z{)'d{i*z'dz-ll[0-2(z+U)]dudz{[2(z+x)-0]dzdx*[0-0]dx
II

=2ll-(zq!)dudz*(z*x)dzdx+odxd0 (1) s

173 0! rEpqutpLKcq allorioLqtnq KoUn0trnq S aLvq! x:pouv, 0=pqug, z= =t-{oouvg, o4=2n, o:p:1, o unolov[ooutr ro n[qcvaLoK6 olo(ripol.oE,

qs (l), u In BoioeLo 6Eur6oou rou r0rlou(2), rqq oil6os 147. !d,\ouc

p, ;i;ifri =zpnlssuwt.var ;i;i6j = i enu's++ eou"s=+

--lonueouve=o(qL l=i(pro): 03psl, 0!0:2n), Apo: I=2Jl-(znl,ld{dz+(z.x )dzdx+0dxdU= s

=zfJf-('--| -(r-{ -"'o)o]aoae= - *,"e,n,e)3

ii''
--l ll
ttrt"

( p - + o u v + p z a u o l d 6 l2 dn pp =d l p=n.

^,

'l

4. F umrov!4t. ro n!Fv!or6 oro.rrtn fliuS, droos ecvoln ii

nqdv!s tt Erdvrrqgrrril roqrolri eEl,6t: i(u,rl)=(u,{{,)i+2u0j+(u,-u,)l (|}, (u,u) l0,tltl0,ll mr F=roti, 6nouF (rf+z'2) l+fiz$'z)'+(lz+x'1)[. Aod|: rou rulou 0o kdvoulE0apuovi

jj"otdaS= roustokesi F= fdai. eo.ro,t

ll t

=rot6, o nponyo0levo( r0noqvodeeroL JJfdS9rd;.

Sc

0o unoloytoouuE ro oi-

vopoc rnq nLodveLoq S. llponyouldvoq eo Bpouua ro o0vopo rou ouvd^ou T, T ElvoL nouovir.L ro (.|jyoq (u,u), onlood rou T=[0,1],[0,1]. To srivolo rerpdvolvo, u=0, u.0, u=l, u=1. Enotrtuiqro otvop6 ! Ldiolc eu06v rou aT, opleEroL on6rLq aLcrloeLq ll=0, u=ot u=l, u=l. ILvoLyvoord 6rL E ro otvogoc rnc enLqdvaloq 5 ooleroLon6 In ox6onEi(aT) (6nou 'EtoL^o[n6v: =i(u,u) n llot,lon xnc E[Lqdv.Loq). o) fLou-0(or u [0.1],txouuE r n v ( o l n u r n. , , E i 1 o , u 1 t ! 1 u ' , 0 , - u ' ) . rnv Kofillnc,: ts]tl,u1!!{t.u",zu,t-u"). F ) T L ou = 1x o Lu [ 0 , 1 ] , c x o u t E

174 rnv Kourdln ca: i=i(u,0)!!(u'z,0,u'z), Y ) rLo u=0(oL u[o,l], 6xoug 6 ) T L ou = l ( o ! u e [ 0 , 1 ] , 6 x o u ut.t 1 vx o l n r l l n c{: Li(u,1)!4(u,+t,2u,u,-t). 'Aporo o0vopo qq enLqdvloq S tvo[ c=crlJc, UcaUcq. To or:,vopo rou ouv6trou T ( rou rETpoyrivouoABf)geooo0u drl 6layod0eroL Kqrd rn 8rL(i eopd {qopd owi.Setn tnq KLvngolovlo0), onqrov 6EL(xdrv rou Enlo6iKord rn eopd0-A-B-f'0, 16r 6!oqrn u. 0Llypouuo ruiloro 04, ABoLqypdeovroL Koxd tn oeilKi* Oopd,Evdro euo0yooUlo r!|1!o(ord ro 8f, f0 6loypdeovtdL rnv opvnrr(i qo9d.
EiwL yvuot6 6rL 6rov !o oivooo rou T dLoypdqEraL Kord lLo rpoOd, r6rE Kord rnv L6[o oopd ELoyodqror. xo! ro oovo9ornc anL0dvraq,Enolevoc n (oxd rn oerLKi @fld, 0r cr, c! (oL ovt(droLxec!,t Ko![0Anc 6[aypdqrsL AB,0A) ELoypdqowoL r(otd tn SerLKrl oL cr, cr (oL ovrLmolxec eopd, evd) (otd tnv oovnrL(li 0opd. 0o Bpo0uerLc nopouErp!rr,rv T0, 8T) dLoypdeovtoL (tq etro'r,ioLc crt cz, cr, c{. t{r,\, o) 0L no@UErpLX6C Eqlo6oLC I'lq c, ElvoL X.t,0=0,2=-t (V!o ur= t),

u et 1 0 , 1 1 .
rnq cz l v o L Bl 0L nopoterpxdq EE[orloaLc x= 1+t" ! t e [0,1]. e[oroLcr4s cr e l v o L v) 0L mpolErpLKas X-t, ! t e [0,1].

r ! =2 t , z = l - t " U=0, z-t,

z=t2-1,

6 ) 0 L [ d p a l E t p r k de c r o 6 o e Lq qq c { a v a lX = t ' z + l , [ = 2 t , ! te [0,1]. 'Apo

lt

dxoule

-J .l .J =r,-r..rr*r-. rivdL JlFdS=9ddi-l sc

( -r1=l sor

(-1 td , ]t = )] {' Iir.o-r-rtr t r 'r - t t ( - t ) + 0 , ] o + [ 0 ( - t ) +

175 t 'l / -t?)* , = l d a r = l | [ ( 1 * t ' ) 2 t . ( 1 - t ' ) ' ]( 1 + t ' z ) ' * L ( 1 * J( E L v oo LK 6 uI o

'l

(t-t'z)l dt-'(.r.I. + lzr)'z) )+(1+t'z )'z] lztl +l2tl1-t'z ro I3, lr. Avdioyd unoloyleoulE 5. lih unoj\oylogel. rc tll 0o{08[a rou ranou rou stoles ro erlpove!(6 rI- -

&ouF(t,i,t) rol s n mlodvLo oroxrnotrrro ue eELwtz-/14-,lt'' JJia3, s

A0o0:

I . - rPodr. 4".- _ . nganelenottv0rc vo Bpo0! rov ri'ro ,.lrotods= eo eeopu6oouu sc

(t). pr.oouvdptnonr t(p,Q,n), tetouorlote roti=i*i.l=l & r - Q z ) i * ( P z - R x ) i + ( Q x - P u ) k+ =i+i.k A16 r n v ( 1 ) n o o ( t n r E(L g^dgn tnq Yevt+ t\-qz=l, P"-R*=l,Q"-P*=l1 (2). Ynocrougs x{,plc 'Erot (2) P"-1, Qx-P,i,=1. oL 6lvouv:-Qz-1, K6rntoc 6tr R=0!r6rE Rx-R{=0. bavouv npdreq 6ro0opL(dq ELo6oLc oloKtripoion Or,6uo Q=-z+cr**, P: !e =z+c|**. Erar n ipcrn vpdeetoLl a c . - a c . =l c ^ = 0 a c . a Q- a P- t + a ( - z + c r ) ) 1 .t -5f - a(z+cr: + Tf ax::r dx dru dx dqr + c!=x+c+ cr-xt 'ApooL ouvreroyudveq P,

6 EavoL P=2,Q--z+x,R= Q, R rnc ouvdptnonq

=0. [ro[ IoL[6v eLvoL i

rouids= I=llFdS=JJ I zdx+(x-z)dt. ss

c eivor ro o(vopornq enLqdvLoq S,6n^o6i e{.voL H Kqurl0ln o (6(loq x'z+ +02-1, SErLKdnpooovorolLoudvoc. rou (dKlou L0L ropo!rprK6q ELo6oe[C 'Apo: voL X=ouvt,U-nrt, z=0, t 10,2n],
I!.

III

i =n. u= vlt o u v t d t = ou l v ' t d t = l + *! + llFdS=qzdx+(x-z ) do U + l|o L' 1o to

L

+ r*

EilaL .ilaL

divF=div(i+j+k)=0. cr=cr(x '{),

Aod

urripxeu ouvdptnon i,

"&"*

"""..d=1.

c,=c,(x,0).

176 ArdFpo! olorhp[rElxoar0rc!. Yllogftou!6r! s l,vor lrLo Kllsri nlodveLo !a 6uo dusLerlou e[vo[ leLo i Korduilgcro lLo. Eor(,t 0, {0.n") n orepedrepLoxi IIou naptxldq(6!o 6rL: roL on6 qv EnLodveLo S, YloedroutE o) To o0vopo tnc sreg8dcnptoxic 0 rauveroLond uoaeqmpdl]\nlq lpoc IorJC 6{ovecoe 6uo xo nol0 onueLo. T. H 9) H orpdnEproxf0 ngoBdllerdl q[o efitfi60 X00o avq X{,Jplo qro Kutrlv6prKil eflLqdvelo rpoBoliq rou Q enl,n6o oXUu vevarLpc nopdllnJ\Eq llpoc rov dEovo 0z eodflrErolrnq ItEgLoXiC 0 rord t]Lo Kotnitrn c nou xnp((Lrnv anlqdveroS oe 6uo u6gn (ov6,\owLoxtouvy|.o rLq nooFoleq rou Q oro enanoEo 0{,2,ozx). Mrrc nponyo0lavq noo0no06oelc Loxoolvo! r0noL: q) olo(lnfirELk6c r0noc gind:
gradfdxdldz [*t={l'.;o'.{ll sso 6rlou f Cvor lLo npoyuorr.(i ouv$qon f: 0 +lRr ero ornv EnLedveLo S 6Ldv!o!0, B) 0loKl,lpt.rlL.6( tonoc div:

{1 ) .
(or i io lovo6LoCo Kd-

Isr,i= JJr.;"= Jf foin*o,r,o, st)

6nou F LvoL lilo 6rovuq/or[K olvdpqon rO[riv lEroBlnr{jrv (qr i ro 6Lqlo kd8toornv nLedvLo S dLdvuotlo.

t 2 ).
!ow-

y) oloxhp$Lxdc r0noc rot:

'-.r*or,o. fJ;.roe Jff s0

(3).

Rodica rraodafir:

"I4&te@rici

superioare"

(Edit@

Facla 1975). od., aj

177 6) ngarocoloxllp.nudc r0[oc rou Cren:

:c an

'as as=Jfr, r;as= r*,0.$"s]axa{,0. tt'+ Jff Ir*r.rts

(4).

6noue, g l.voLBqu0ir6c ouvoprrloelq 6euu ouvxac lep[(6e nopoydvouc t6poq rdr,ls. e) Aeftcaocotroxlnporuaoc rlhoq rou Gren:

[I0:*

-o{ ara,r,a. flf 1r.t,n-n.t"r1 ll rc*rs.vor;os= )us-

(s).

TLqrLq e Kor g r.oxtouv oL unoe6oELc rou nponyo0uevou x0nou. 'AAleqa(opaloLc gr.d, rov div, rot ordpo0le rnv npoyuorL(rl ouvdprnon e(X,U,z)kol rn 6mvuotlorrK{ o!vdp-non F(p,Q,n).oL 0 KoLor.P, Q, R lvoL uLqeoodouvxdl( nopoylJryLdLlec oro ovolkrdxr,rplo E"n'. ooporrue koL rn uloBlnti orepd nepLoxd OcE. '[orn d, a0 (o! ro oetLKdngooovorol Lou6vo, rulgtLxd leLo n oLduerpoq 'Ecro olvoporou 0, cvrloroLxo. oK6!oI.l(X,U,Z) 6vo otopd ortuto rou 0. T0ryLo d + 0 Lox[ouv or en6uvoL rtnoL:
-. 1) gradr(tl)= 1 n

d-O

a0

ho3

2)

divi(M)= l 1 im d*o l0l a0

.

Srot

3)

roti(M)=t in -! Sa3"F d,o l0l an

(! l0l oulBolLcoule rov 6yxornc orEpEdq npLoxi( 0). fu6 rLq nponyorlevC oxdoeLq npoK0nrL 6TLro ovd6Iro Wooelweopnoi. qfl6rov ttno: 6rL opLCroL '

t,"" *

a'

= 1s.,' + '.' $ 6 r o ui = ( n r . n z , n s )r. i v o eo r r i d| d!' ".=rigri,

* d* lqT,S.i :"1 *,
12

; , . - & - l G - -t& .
axz a.!

az2

178

_-LSai o=,,,n a*olol iir

Ilqpq6E [Ypcrc

l. Av Gd'i,
II II]

drou d elvou 6vd or(oep66l6vuorotou R!, w 6e!x0E[6-

rr: lln.fids-d llJrotndo=o. sn

A6on:

rov oAo(Ine{,rrLK6 ** ot", Jft';"=JJfdivido. oerous olo oe(,ipot!

6eixepo!6loc Gd'i, on6renoox0nteu:
It tlt tlr

oo3 tlll lli'ias= lllorvtd,ir rdrot&-drotitao= lll (o-droti)d0=llldrotido= !, t,t ttt ,t )t,
sn0n0
lll

=-d lllrotiao.'mo l l i . i o s * d l"l o l tUo=0. ns0

2. Av n oundpqol o(x,0,2) etvd! dplovrrlle,vo 6Lx0E( 6tL:

aat

(srao).d0. lle.!9ds=lll (ai "i

l6dt: rino rou Green (0rl[60 177). Bd<oodporiue rov npiEo oAoKInpoELk6 fi ^llt lll

(eLvroqdEU lll (srado)'zdo s roq npo*unre": llo 4 as= lll I t{qlz*q?'qlan= 'J 'A''

,'i

";

voL V'zq.-9-l! + i-l! + Lv =0, qdoovn ouvdpfion Q eavoLopuovL(i), ax'z a0'z a2z
* ** Br;r. oIL6d1a, rino (1a). M L ao u ! . i p r n o n e ( x , { , , 2 ) I t r a ! cplovux'i, ,jtor,3xeu 6eutdpos 4 9 * a ' ? o* a " p - 0 . 802 az2 ax' rriEeos

uepe"ds rcpcrorou< ourexeis rcu

179 3, Ay n ouv{pqq fk,l,z) Aoql: eavor dtrovlrqi, vo oeueecote '6' [[ { as+ dn

(olortrnpuElxdc ttnoc aivyr.o i=is)= E[*, IJ ds4 JI(is )ids. #

(e.,r/or =Jfl""rlrro" i2F0e06@v n ouvdJfJot"ts'"ds)do4llln"odo'o ooo

prnon 6lwr opgovlxil.
{. ^v o! oulEgdto8lc f (ot g E(v!! d0|pyrrlc, lrq 6U(OE( dt!:

ii

as.llg llr lt { as. an -d an

A0or I 'Ero! to 6c0r6oo t0noutou or.n Etvq[V'lf=t'!s=o. u6loctou 6e0tepou Ercr,vo(: eavorun66v.

ij . an

* ,s, * [[r{ o-[[e{ar* fl(r+*.{)". f['q"=[f'4". an g an a,i 3 a'i ai }d

r **

tIt:6o 15' liaoE (4). tsl':6d trr, r0ros (16).

180

AI BT{E' IXFI:EI:

l. ilo urolovld( ro snlFveiord olorMq46 o' 6nous s[w! n 61r!qdve!o 16 6ttml (u,u)e [0,2n]r[0,t].
,\dot I

el6ouc

JJtx'-o"tas, s
(a'0),

i(u,u)-oo!vulouuJ*u[

]"-oi*i.tt. Aoo i,"iu=cogvgJs4rrt-'6p* E[vdtiu=-@ruui+oouvui*oft, .o. Erou6v{,,q + li"'i,l=64uvziFfiT el,vor: du [ 'd o',r6 =u [ 6 ut= 0,('"a,('a,= 'l{I r r . + . r a s s '[i[ r " , - v z r : * o , n s , u ) o oto Joro

-o'iuj;'tul;-zrc,. 2. tt unolovldc ro erwovetc(d "r'*Ur. ,f*l Jf s os, 6noo s e[-

w! n ndp& cupr .n!CvE!orou rdrvouIl * !l - 21 =o trt, 0rzs!, o,B>0 n'z a'z g'z
^|lq: eo (dvolpa 0qgUoviroo rinou:

rtx,u,'las= I.2ffi axau. ll ll rLr,t,ztx,ull s6 H{1)6tvL ,-+ F.V - ,,=+ +, rr={' r -$. 'eoo'
h'z+r'

-iEE
'Aeot I lllx'l+'r'l ds= s
* Tiros (1), oeli6a 135.

181
"| /o"+92

A;at !['"['o.ooor"r llf'At a-a,ef, o!o "a;t I dole"dp=

'i

zo'n,F+z =+EE trr ;'[ + ]'=+,6c'zn +=

3. t& uroloyroger. ro Enlpvlor6 ororMqd! I=lf ffi as, aro,

s sl.vql i(u,u)=uouvul+rlurjqrg, i sr,odvc!o 1r,r1.1o,f1"fo,|1.

idq: ELvaL i,=ouvul+nuuJ+Ot, iu=-unpul*uouvuj*l

nuu o
+ li",fu

lt-l uouvu lllt

=tr;F.,E

u I I - r n u u u o u uI )(u'zn!'zu+uzouv,u+t)-(-uouvuntlutunuu-dvuO

o """' ** ll-l -un!'r

n'ulr =

(1) rnqoetrL6o o l|rnoc q5 . 6 a v e L : t3

,_ ' - tf

t l / t + u - o u v . u + u . n ufi;o .u
L

a'a"=!j.6nd auau=JJuauou.

=t' d uI

u d u I= ul

' l -U ".t , ' I = -T F'. |

4 . lih unoloyroea ro sn.0qyElcd6 olaUor,rro elwt n enrodvELo x'z{1,2+zr=4, zao. Atot:

d

JJfx.+r-rz,)ds, 6nou s
S

rdvouue eooprovrl ,ou',rno, r1x,rl,z(x,o)l Lzffi JJras=JJ

axau. n

Elo&,on rne entedvElas Vpd@rolz=,/E+r:ir.

H troolori d rrs ereo<ireeos S oro iir.6o oxr, eiw, o xurrlxd< 6idros x t + 4 , ,= o z ( n ( r ) r u " z = g o i v e u 1 r + , 1 , r = q r ;l e r o o x n u c t i q o u u e r c t d n u v oe ro_ ILxas olvrerdt!a!s. *

182

'Exouye 2,,-,.+,.+=+ ,/A-x'-t))'

./4-x'-,U'

. 'M n+$V+=

=1 tr;T;T t-x2-tt'z l/

=+. 4-x'z-$'z /4-x2-{2

.n o,f[r,."+,-e."ross

. [[ 1*.-,r,-r1o-r.-*.1] oroa=r[[ **r: tr'+'*t * ' -+ /A-x"-'r' /4-x'-q' ,'-i' "'-i

" l{'(-p6' - * )o'1"e9? aelo+f ='l'"1{' ,o , . /q-o, t J /4-e2

L)o I Lr.\ =sl dsl l-p,/4-p, . -4
,o ,o\ /4-pz t

)ap=

4tol rJ' ] p-o' r-rar+-o'r]= ;'[l'+ (4-r')tdo-o'

=8n[|L+ {4-r')' ;1-*.t.i. l,-[zta-,'t']
to En!0ov!o(6 oror<Ir1e',rtl 5. tg unoroylooel. [Jt0'z'd'x'z*x'U')ds, 6lrz

to! npo(0rre! an6 qv totd tou 6YtrIaoouq rou dt nou s e[wr I nL06vGro (o,r>0}. rou z'=x'?(x'?.nl'?), !e rov Kolrv6pox'z{iz-zo({, Adq: H {t,ooon rnc en[06veLoq atvo[ z,=x,{X,+0,).H rpogoli rns enrpd0X0ELvq[ro x(,JveLoqoto enlnEo pto Tx+n'z: X'z+{'z-2ax30}. x { (X,U) qoployi rou rtnou: eo Kdvoor

EtvoL: dxdu. FLx,{,,2(x,'!)l/1+zi*zi llrds-ll s rx+

, _ *I r'x.+{r. 2,.= _59,/x-+{rAoo: /1,21,+zi,=

1* x"x' ., x'0" =

x'*,I' x"u'

=,px'-t:tllr"+ I
*

=,{tir . Apc:

MEreornlari(our oe roruris owterivaL Tx0={(r,{)n', x2+'r'?lq}.

183

l7 r*'rr"+'r**'{'1 [[tq',"*,"x"*r'u"tas= [[ 1r,r,'-*'

" 'x1!

aaa,o=

= rt.*, ll r*. ael ae=. cx u,pr l -F '{d"' f .. u,.r,, t'.*.,1,'l r'nu.r*".e 1 L {iillil 'o J t*
t$ urolovLooet s' ,tlouc lldT'as, ro ErloqveLord oAo(lip!,uo
Ilou S Aodl:

o-

e(vo! n rugdtrleum err,odvelo tou rlvou .'= 9l (x'?{|,'?), o<29.

.'{

H e[lorion rnc nLOdvcLoC S VpdgEror z=+ 'tx'a!' (1). H roli rou enLnt6o! z=Blt6 rnv (i,)vr,|<i nLgdvlo i,vot o K0(nooKtnre[ xtroc ofldrnv (1), x'zr02=o2 yLo 2-9), eq e{rooU6ooulE rov rtno:

/1*ltr+zl dxdq. llFdsllF[x,u,z(x,0)]

11,161 1=11x,,11en': Xr.,lr:or), zr= x

I(I

=*+,.,=++.ttwLo(6so ./x.+il. t/x.+&.

EXOU!E

Ffl *or= [nm,'"lJ*a,r,'

llerooxntqriqouue oa no^Lk6q ouvrrovldvec. edtoulr x=pouve, U=0n!0. El-

vo., o:es2r, o.o*, ${}*i =0.'r*,

K { i l o u u E1 o ! u r o q x n l d r L d u 6 EivdL o<ss+ , o:p=2cdwe,

184

'/o-lF- dolp?dp= p,paplall4?+t as-/s+_ '|0 ll | _'0

s

*a, .^,nl o' j" ^ EE To, =? l8f ; lt l"=r"?t

oi

2 ^=iro',/a'+e'.

7, lb 6olovlo0ct ro drLwverox6 ororrna+l I=fffxz+z)ds, ftooseaa w! xc uila Inq enrodveroc z=I+2,tlou8p[o(toruectr omv r0lrv6po x'z+ Arrorl: Elvor zx=f, z9-o, '|cd Fi{fi

-,/2. Erou6voq: ((x+'!) (x+2))rZ dxduI

I-ffrxz-ozra+ o(d,e II JJ,**,,r-r," t*{ti Ax,l, 5

x

=a

'" (pouvo+z)dpdJ J'o'ot"r"e-nre)

=u "' to'*r"e*o'ouv+p'nuoouvo+zo'?nue ae)de] f [J' -a (] *""u!,uve*{ nueorvo+{ nre)ao1",'

= -+:q .*'" * -1*"')'"' ",,[+ # ^.

8, tlo unoloyLdEl ro ertqovelox6oforfrloqo llxds, dnouS (vot

ro

qr{uo qq KUI['r6p[Kic En!9ilvaoc z2+x2=4, ltou aoordrrrql x.0, '1F0, x=2, '1F2. Add|:

aII6 ro E1rln6o

tLvo,,z=1i7, ontre z,= , z{,=0. Apo "44-Z ^ j" /4-rz

t

=t/ I' - -1 = V 4-\'z

H rpoBori rrs ereotlver,cs s oro enine6ooxrl, eivou o xuxlLxds 6ioxos

185
= -J= . t npogo^i rou rliriolo(

o0ro0 rnc eflLedve Locqlo an{,n60oXU,

[vq[ 6vq opgoydvLo nou opiaroL 0116 rLq EUoEiC X=0, 0=0, {F2. Apo: X=2,

{l*'=[['3-oror= 'i ;; A-x'

=l ll 2x(4-x')-,dxld.l,=
,olro I ni

=I'o,r t'lorq-*'t= ['-to-r'

=|+l'. |- zG-x, tl l' =ztz,4 =e.
f. ild unoloyrdea ro !8o66vE tn( drrgdvalo( S tr 61!vuo|!Eari ctaot i(u,u)=(u-ulL(u+u)j+uu[, ue (u,!] {(u,u)n'.: u'z{rr'z5l}. (S. Ial ic: .fiatl|.atic.t Analy3i3.) Itdct:

ttvcr e=ll.7,'i" dudrr.Exou!e i"=1i.1j.ui, i,"-ti*tj*u[. s

II

epo:

i,'iJ=l r
=,E"AFi

lr

kl

l-rrul
+lln ,triri
S

(u+u = u l" (u-u)i)j*t + li""i,l=,i{u--uF;Tt[F;Zz

Enoudvocr

=A ,ttli-*z

a"a,.n ll

u'+r'<l

h [ [ pF.z dode= fr*Fv auau=

. ,21^r,21i g

1r =,tr| del + b,*z\rd.to,+z)= !+ lo],''1 , . /, r, ,---:-1,=n

2tt(3''2')'

+ I

tIt 10, llo unolovlo6e(' ro rleovELo<d olo(lrlpqro Jl;dS, 6nouS e(vol ro s qdgc l|tq enlodvLoc rou ultp8olLroo nopo8oloE L6o0ez=Xl, nou KdFro!

186 &nEplxd !16 rov r6lLv6oo lz+o2{'z E|q Er!|6ve|'dq .!rd rov dEoYo z'2. Nat: .or r [!oL n (!t6odql ev6c on|rbu

Av (x,U) ei.,,,ar avoorutornc nrgdvLoc, t6re -4:Iz.

'lpq,

-:: ll+ds=ll ' 's'

I.

II

).

=ll -:+

tI

/t.23*ziaxd{r /1rx,n!,4(dt={n ll : ii h",.t'

Il

npoBoli rne rrLedveLoq s eavoL to xorp LoA=t(X,{i)lRa: x2+U2:o2}. Mcro-

trT oxnuorl(ouu onot(aqouvrerovu6*c)=["[f

J.LioeJ

"J*=

-r]re.r6'a r )1. 1'"'*f,* ao=p;.'Ip6:-r ],*a*.; *rn(0.6.^1

ll. llq uroloyrdsa ro EnlqovE!(rd otorMpq6 (o' etoouct [[ras, O-

ii

ltou F(x,0,2)-2'zxo! S el,w[ ro rlhrd rrtc rulLv6oLxictrlpdveloc x,+f,.4, |touEpaorercrlaroff rw srLn6&.vF0 xcr F{al. Aton: TI IT 0o Kdvouue eopuovi rou trnou llras.lJrIi(u,u)j i.,iu'auau. ou noooSS z=$al

qLodloLC tnc enLqdv Loq !8TplKdq qr.2n!u, ELvcL z=u, X=2ouvu, ! 0 . u . 2 n , 0 : u : U + 1+ 0 : u - . 1 + 2 n ! u H. 6LovlouorLl<i nopoperpL(i eiLooon eivsL i(u, u )=2ouvui+2nuuj*u[ + [- X'*\l'=4

+ i,=-2aqui+2ouvu3+0f, i,=0i.oj*11.

j i rl _| -2nuu Eroudv',rq: ru.ru=l 2ouvu

| =zouvui+zauui+0i =' li,,i,,l=lE E.t o ra x o u ! : Fii(u,u)]=u'? 0 0

0 l= 1l ;t-(dt;ii;6t =2. ElvoLdK6uo:

(1+2ntu)3du=

au=i I 1."' 1"r,.r [[,., [|".",*J,';1'illlil*=-?

187
=-- |

( l+5ntu+l2nu'?un!3u)du=...

't2. tb unoloyrdea ro mLeovelotd olorMqqro a' efoo,rq ff1lta'1ds s qc oootpoc 6nou S elwL ro q4lE qc er!06veLoc x,.i{,+2,=1,rcu gocoxuL r6d orov a6,ys (I. creen:'Integnl calculus') 2="[141
A0q: 0L ropolerpl(ac elLod,oLq r4q o0o(po( CwLX=4!0ouv9, {=ntonUo,z=ouv, koL080fi. To KoLvd onuaao dE !e oaprzn o$olpoq(o! rou krivouLKdvonoLotv to o0orn!o:

-- - -t" -I I

*
=1

t=

'H s[louon z=ouvg, YLc z=. x

, 'noo 0s:}, H 6tov0ouorr.r<i nogolErplKi{t'ooon rnq

6gy516-{

'Apoia=(-nuqle,Ilgouvo,O), oeotgoq ELvoL i(e,O)=(n!6ouvQ,nuenue,ouv).

I ouvgouv0 ouvenup | =-nu'?Oouvql-nuz0nupja(-ns0oovon!,e-n!ouvoouv'zqll=-4g,oouvgi+qy,04ygj-4uoouvei + . i0'i, -4u"eouv'o;;6u'e. ,'oouv'g =firo.4tloo,rv.o =

* ir,iu=l -nuenrro nueouvp 0 io=(ouv8ouvq,ouvequq,-apet l= -n!0

tl

=4u.0 (nu.0*ouv.8 ) =nue,nmr

ros+ rr,-,r,. rr,eouv?0'nuTenuze)4uododr=1," JJ Jf [J.;r-"1 -=

nu'?ooou -[/ade{''4!3ode4lr1'zr[-4ouuel'/'=znf -1- 1a4 -r,1. J, r, t, L6E l
* ritros ( 1) , ocr(,6a 135.
ivl!.,.

** ^, ru=J!uusds' .,i.. .iuo"

t88 13. ib moloyldL to enlcqycLr!6oroKMp{,F JI(q'x'rg''l'? ry,z, ) -lds,

fuou s eavor n ent,|dye ro lou lla!tsc!fus

qt'?+91'z+yz'z=1.

Aliqr 'EcEr,r 51 ro dvo rou EnLII660u ko! S, Io rd ox{i t]Lo6roi, lj\eLUro L6orlq ro. To 6uoourd t!{!oro 6xouvnpoBo^4 mo nLn60 0x{,ro xopto ox'?+8u'?:1 oL eELodEeLq rov en!@vLriw sp s2 tvol o\.rtorolxo z= -1- liVit:6i,,2= 'EroLlvcL: -- ---r-/1-qx'z-B!'z. ,\

r".r.-0.,r"-r.., r-hs"Jf JJ EF@T",iw

o,.ll

d5:

./1,44 dxd'tt/1 +23+zj dd,tt. || z' x'z*9'lU1+v'l o*"*t'rr r, /o'? f Lo rnv Enrqdvelo s, etvoL: ,4.2-ffi =
I=l/t+ dF ---------6262Il .

4(l-o,F-trl.o 7.8'?[t

Y(1-q("-zu") Y(1-ax'?-g!'z)

fr.h&-st/

&'VAIF-Bvfr l1-dx'z-B\b'z
fLo rrlv nl0tvelo 52 e[,vdL:

n,44=@.'e,o,
'F '\4=M
dxd{"

rllrc'x,-o',t"-v'..,ftos"z ^ff ^ i d r ' + 8 0 ' 5 1 ETWFizV

-z
ll ax,li+,<r /1-ox,-W2

[[

4o'0,r,.

Tlo w unoloyl,ooute ro rleurol,o 6!1116 oloKlipq]a odrouue:

tivqL

1-ox2-8,1,2=1,22.

t89

x " ; f o o u ve f ,

E.t v olro ; .- - J - p * ,e c [ 0 , 2 d p onue , [o,t].'A-

'""=f.,.i[,,,#
.
'4r

"'*f I'"'l"#* ooo*=

--l- zn1-11. 1e]l'1zrr+"rr1'=ff I.""J',t.o",-du-o"r;ff

/dt
14, tlq unoloyrds! ro enrqovslqr6 olorrieroltq t=lJx,ds,dnous etvur

n enltdv.lo +-+.+.t
A0on !

q,F,y'ol. (x,u,zio,

& (dvoure qoptrovit -onou JJrU,o,"t "ou IJr{r,,l,.lar. ffi*

glyqL p1x,,!,11,{*f *f -t +

**

* n-*, o*-f, o,.{,. 'roo

"JI"
lt

o2

I .lBz

N$N\
\,/E I

orcl Exoure;r'rso0r rls uoon,i. :1 . C =r p,. "" uctr,osd 1:ap5se9,,!=Bprtuo, Eiva! l.rl:dBp. EreL6i ax2+F{,2=1+ / r \'z / 1 \,

\.6 I
x= I tn po,:ve,+= * tg

pnut 'ia', ilar IJI= -lEE

e.

190

t =ffx'

*,'.........'-.-.-...._,orr8-1r'l '6tBt'Btv-t'ot dxd,tr:+ /o"g',3"\2+y'zq': I ll " x3duldx= "'A

- + '6tr;Fu+u"*li'(p* ).'= + Fs\B\'\"'.

(a' etoouc | 5. Nounor\oylooe f ro eargovE !0<6otroKMrtuo tl= llx' rl+x'as s nlgdveloc 6lrou S lvc[ ro ruigq tnq KUILvEprrilc {Fx'z (1), nouneplo9fGroL cn6 rq fi(rcoo z=0, {t}z=l (21.
(novenloDl!!o Aov6[vo!)

z i6ot: -l 5 rnqrnL(dw&qc EnL6in npoootri 1-x'. 0X06EvogLlEL xr,Jplo, oro enan60 trtv nLodvLq oro enlnElpoodlouua rnv nooBotri ouii. EoXoz. 0o 9po0!E I (l)KoL (2) ItlerqE0 rnv cncioleouuE _.r__.! npoK0nrEL ro U, on6xE !/ n Koln0ln z= -l-x'z, H (duntln qurll rdlvel rov x-1, 1 KoLTovnuLdlovoolo dnuelo 1. EtoLn npodqovq 0z olo onuLo x S Foli rnq e[redvLqc oro rnlnEo nounEpLKItTqL xoz Lwl ro Xopao z=0, z=1-x2, Eqopuoyi rou r![ou: ofl6rLc Kounilec eo Kdvou!

tl,r,z'x1'zl tr@ azav. IItr*,*,'r*=fi ss

+ Ux-zx, ELvqL U-x'z 0z=0. aw L'l7Q -x'l*qf . 'npo, =I;F Kor FLx,U(z,x),zl=

H trpoBoli .ns eruq,ireu"s s oro enitr.6o 0r{, eilo!" ro xoprjo ror,r repe-

rieiercu ord ro ipiyovo oAB, !e qLoddeLs Erel,p6! x=0, l,=0, olleic osxsa, A xou g ixouv quvtetqyudves(c,c-, o!d,!B- 4 .
(0,8) a!rioroLxo.

f *f
'Apa

=r.r"
eivce:

191

I-rx'ta;az= l=lfr5/*4x, dS= ll x'l1,4x'?/1,4x' dxdz= JJx"{ -x,, "

=l ll 5l( l + 4 x ' z )-(x l'z)dx.0, x 5 ( 1 + 4 r z ) d z l d xx=

It

I(

15. lb urolovlooE[ro enL@veutt6 olorMHE

{o't6ou():

I=ll ptx'.tr+2. ) dS,

s
t q rou rrp&rou ov66ou 6nous avo[ to ttriltt rlq enrodvetoc x] t!]. cz 92 y, I|ry cfdvrlv xo! P n dlldfidrl rnc aoxic rrw ot6ruv 0|t6 to Frrouevo nLqro onlato (x,U,z). nE6o tnq drL06veroq A0on: 0[ nopouer0L(6q ELoriroe[q rnq enuo6veuo( etvoux-colvoouvq, =gouvorruq, z=yn!e,0=p:+, O$r+. U=

I(

nopo!rpl(i E[o0,on H dLcvuoumLKi

j+(ynu tvoLi{,e)=(oouvoouvq)i+(BouvonFr) rnq nr9dveroq )1. eo unolotou 6rovuouotoq cutoi elvqL: igrip. 0u ouvrerqvueveq vlooulero 6Ldvuouo

ff(tti

=-o0o,uenue' ffffi

=-Bvouv'eouv'p' nFo' iffi =-ovouu'e'rup'

.r/l BE*+ r,,.7, I' l"t3{8# l'.t*t6#

=oBYouve ouv28ouv2r, + ouv'zonu'ze + n!'0
0o unotroviooluernv cn6c[oon rnc opxic rov d(6vnv on6 ro Eqom6uvo enln60lnq fl1$dvLoq o[o snuelo (X,0,2). H {LorJon rou eonroudvou flLnd6ou oro on!lo (x,0,2) rnq nLqdvLqq S 6lvsroL sn6 rov rino lX + oz

* lll * !f -t=0. H olrdoroon ro! on!lou (0,0,0) cn6 ro qsnr6!vo ntn6o

B,

\,

,,uo.. o- | o'?

.o-r I r .o'.lL.0..a I y'z

E:tr=

B'z

| -

o*

B'

192 'ouv'leout'e + ouv2gnu2e . n!20

o"
II

. 'Eror eop!6(ovroq rov rl,noI

82

y2
IT

l i ( 0 , q )Ili o , i o ldede, J J F ( x , U , ' )J d Js F =

sA

u {ouv.gouv re+Brouv rn!ae+y exo.t- I =lloByouvo usd rlq d mouloELc: [o "nu.e]d O=

6 r7f(2 l =ogv ouvo(drouvroouvro+8nouv'00!re+y'n!'0 d= )dol J" U o lL!

(or'Br+vr ). -osvlz o,,e (ouu"e ) + .Br(ouv.o] I } ] ae.4nqBv {i +" rnr,-e [o'

t7. lh uroAovldel. !o Grrwvcrlr6 olortrlgq!! ffx.as, onous "t*. s
al ro rl6!q mC xulrydpl(llc etlodveldc xr+{,r=i, mu Bploxetdt rctoEo t{,tv C[lntdw z=0 xq! z.l. B) I tr.tdvcrd 1x'z4'1-1,z-0, z=lr.

I\0on: q) 60 (dvouu qsployirou r0nou

Jltr*,,r,.r*= s
-

=JJ F[x(u'u q , LnopdlExpLk cL qo d F q ) , 0 ( u , u ) , 2 ( u , ul ) ] " i u ld u d u 0 .q !q iu s

nlqfvLoq eawl X=ouvu, {Entu, z.ur u uE [0,2n], u [0,1]. H 6rovuotlorLKi nqpqterpLKi laooon lnc fiLodvLoq l'vdL i(u,u)=ouvui*nuuj+uR+

+ i,=-nuui'ouvuj*ot, i,,=0i.0j.tR. eooi""i,= | | *nuuj*ot =r.'nm: + 1i.'i.1-'6d4rayzu*o'

'i

r i il I -tuu

ouvu 0 l-ouvui+ 0 011

"= *",,**.1'[['"",",,a,]u"" [ul - 'o L' JJ,'"-ff ['a, l"ouu.,au= ][*,'* '; ' n,z,l rol,o I J o , . Jo

, 2rr
on6 rLq S qnorIi.IoL B) H eriL0dvLo EnLedvrq 51, 52, 53, !e ELo6oLc qv r L o r o L xX q 2+02=1 z,= 0 , z = 1 . E r o ! L v d L

6u 1c 1 llr'osl l x ' a s) ' lt l x ' a stl* lx'zds B . o'1Ko tt )) i

SSTSZS:

II

II

ro dlUo6uoullxzds-n.o unotrovLoouuE sr
loxlnp6lorq. Elvor:
tI Il Il

II

.i

Il'"=^,11.,'!r',

-'i*z[ cxo,r,=^, lJ..,x'ffi

dxd{=J o Jope'zouv'z8ded8=

r" tL

=+ =1,"1',,*".**'"1'"*".'*J'o,o= e-*,,"]," [# ]:*+ [-!

o!( d u o orot=^,11,,,t E{vo J l x ' a s = . , Jx J',l,t " " ' i
oIoKlipr,uo)-+. ro rponyoiuvo Enoutvoc s=n*{ t{ = } .
IttIt

dxdu.(6u to ro ,E

I-Jlelx,,t,,rtas, 6nou ro EnrooveLoK6 o1o*i,1pryo 18. lla unoloyLoeE( s

qrr6rnv @xi rt,w o[6vov !6xpl ro EglrqrEvo eP(x,0,2) EtvoLn qfi6olqon Ltg:-4=1 (l),o[o ottulo ll(x,{,,z) rc[ s n(ndo rou unpgolo1666q o' B' Y' fiou neplkl{,ErolUero[0 xou unpgoloeloou( e[wL to qrihl(rrnq EnLqdveroe rov eflLr66rrv z=0xor.z=*y (s,B,v.0). (nor\urxve(.o ti8nvd,v 1980)

ArSor: o BpotuErnv Lo0ion eo oflo^oyloouu rnv qn6orqon P(x,U,z).np6rq ELvoL rou eqqrrotrtvou enun66ou oco.uEao M(x,{,2) rou unpoolo!6o0q. yvoor6 6rL 6rov uLoenledvrc 6XErEELsoon 0(x,!i,z)=o,rdre ro eonrdueM(X",0",2.) 6LvETqL ondrov ruvo nLn60 rnq nLedvLoq o[o onuLo rnc

194

2r "n }= r o : ( x - x o ) 0 x ( x " , U , , 2 . ) + ( Y - U " ) 0 { { x " , 0 " , 2 " ) + ( z - 2 . ) 0 2 ( x . , U , ,o v0 , ' A nE0lftrdoi loq et'vor(x-x) 4 rtv-,lt 4 -lz-4 4 =o + II * {I -:4 -

o'

B" \'

-( n: - !: - d \=o *
\a2 Bz y2/

y- -a 2-1=s. -l x* ..1L
02 B" y"

H on6oloon P vdq onuei.on 0, A(X.,U",2.) qll6 6vo Enaneoo AX+B0+TZ+A=

6ivroL on6rov ulno: p(x.,{",2")- Ax"&{-114I . 'apq:

/A2 +s2+t2

P( 0 , 0 , 0 )=

- rI

.X'1 * .{i r(x,0,2)= etvou

o2 9'z

f"- :4 . f,,=:!4 . f_=--. q_ F' v'

A-

1
;'

v'(

0z -1)

EIIo!evoC:

r= JJtrr,,r,,,ro= s
dXd0=Y

-'[[ dx,!

,\;',j,

ff

dxd0

eo

urotrovLoouue rnv npoFoli Tnc E(Ledv[oq dro 6ntne6o oxu. H roU{ rou unEpBoloer6ots Uro EnLn60 z=0i.vo[n 6IlL0n '- .1 (2) (npoK0rrrL ac,: ond -o,9 " + rnv {1) ylo z=0), H roui rou un6pBo^oEr6o0cue ro EIIlrI6o z= ;v elvol n 6]-

195

.I:*s--+-ar*.
o2 r,4 92 + Y

l-+L=#
=1. Hnoogoli

(3)

/so\'z \T/

/s9\'z \T/

tnq [rqdvELoq5 o[o anl,Il6ooxu [vol o trlELnrLK6c doKriiLoq rou 6LnAovo0 oxiuotoq.

0d eopioouue ro xrrpLo torr T[d w ullolovlqouu ro 61ntr6 otroK^ipola gs nodrrou reEpfiluop{,ou koLro elqy6uevo flollonl\ooLdooulE ! 4. oeooori(r-oonug * d * !l =p' J:jJII x-qpouvg, !E rov uerooxntcLou6 o" 9' + 'Aool 1:0'z:ff * tro=-f;. EtvoL oK6!o oser+ ko! lJ =oBp.
l, -: ! !

r = q o s t [['" 4 tr tr

/p,-l

apae-zev a [e ' { "1 e z - 1 1 - 1 6 1 0 : - ' , io l,

.! . !_. ,-. r l-]=ioov". r r -zoov[e]' ),] [z{0,-r i "-e'+ [,( fi -r) 19. tla fioloyLdet [ !6d| rLt4 Encouyfolnd|c fk,0,z]=x"l"c' du,] trrodyElo S roq|rDqi eElut i(u,u)=(uouvu,unuu,u] oqv !E orovuqlrlKil
| -l (u,'r ) .1 0 _ , 'l l1 0 , ; li = 4 .

i0ot: H (nro0levnlton rlli

o uno^ovlooE(. on6 rov xtno:

s 6nou E(S)eLvol ro I8o66v rnc nlqdvELoc S. EtvoL:

E( s ) = l i u x i u l d u d u
A
,l

= fl<r llf(x,,!,, )dS

,(I

(1),

t2).

u),, i u = ( - u n ! u , u o ! v ) E l v o ri u =( o u v u , n !1 !, .0 'Apo:

r p o x J r t e !d r d t n v t r ) , v r c z = f r .

196

?r,ir=l ouw 4yu 1 l-(-uouvu,-u1!rr,uouv2u+un!2u)=(-uolvrr,-un -unuu uouvu 0 I | 'Aoo 'ErcL (2) 6{.ver: n li".i,l=/6'"*'r."1u,,r."" =E u.

I r

tl

r, .\.., . -+ -' t ; a"J' r" a,a"a"= a"-J r,liF + l' + + = ff + J [J'.2 "a"] a *,= "=
elvou xorJIr(x,0,2)as.JJtu"ouv.u*u,nu"ureu) llu,iulduduSA

=tl

( u ' + e u ) 'u 4d u d u " 4 )d luu-rl Z - a ,|: ( u r + u e u l d u = l - | | ( u 3 + u e uu

'o L'o

.+ .1

n [f u' .Z e"a,l= I,li ll"'o-l*'a"l'a ?' 1..t,+li-l LL

=a 4! *(**-t"rl)=* . 'EroLn ( f) 6 r v e rE -L nE"

20. lk unolovlooelro oloxMpqE llh'll+x,l'ft+z)nds, -d
TI-

=+.

6rcu S E[val

n snldvelo u el,a|ol E5-Zx-2{, le r,0,2>0, noo@wrol\Lq|6m on6 ||6d trpocro eEo. A0oI:

(oL zr=-2, z,!=-2, 'Aoo:. R=X+z

trr*.r,,o.'r*0,r,JJioi.lJ
-JJL2xU-2x'+x*(6-2x-20)l dxdrl. , t u o r O = l t r , , t , t . n0 ", :X:3o , ru:3-Xr.
*

x+t=3

H rpoBoli rrs err,ariveucs z = 6 - 2 , t - 2 , )o t to Erire6o or{, 6i!! t'r! uoEjc (y!a z=n), x+d,=3.'lloL e\ixold rporrinter, ro oJloro A (Brdtre,cu z9 rrj!o)

197

' "r,*,r*,.-,x-zur o* lfal= a,r,] a,= llox= J'IJ' f l't*' r,,*-,**r-,

= J ' .r t, (3 -x )a , - = . . .$ = . .-rt.*rr,tr-*t-x(3-x)+6 (3 -x )1 21. lb 6cLx0et 6tr l=Jl'l,zd'ldz+zxdzdx'x{Axd!=i, 6nou S e[vo! n enls
qdvLo rnc wctFq fio [p6ro 6y6oo rov qEdv{rv. xz+r{'2+22=1
I(a

A0or: eq Kdvoule eoolovi rou rinou (2), rnq oIl6oq 147.0L hopduroLxec el[odoELq rnq soolpoc ELvoL z:n!6, G*i/2, X.ouv8ouvo, 0=ouvgn!e, osros{. H 6uovuopotr,ki ndpolerplki rnq ooolpoc eLooon eLvou: i(o,o)= =(ouvOouvo)i+(o0vnuq)j. (nue)[.eo unolovaoouu is'ir. elvou ro 6Ldvrrsuq

iiffi

=-ouu'eoru'r' fffi

=-ouu'0nrt' fffi
l\'1 "+2+z'

=-nreouue. Apo:relro=

.(-ouv2oouvq,-ouv'zgn!g,-nueouve). ro 6Ldvuolq i, ELvqrl oo unoloyLoou! -==4 ----Louuo= 0r ouvrrov, ouvp= , oruv= 4

/x'r+'*z' -zz /xznuz p6vecrou iu'i, Lvq! opvnrLx6q. Enoudvoq ro i xou ig'i, LvoLovrlppoflo 'EroL 'Apo orov rtno (2) rnc o).i.6oc 147, 0q [dpo!! ro npdonlor^iv. aa-

r vor. : I--JJ louvon,:rmu0{-ouv')eouva)+rueouvoouvu(-ouv?8nuq) -tt -nJouv . ouvouvrpouvo'lua( ) I dedo.3 ll ouvr0nl8ouvansqdedoA

II

11a =3| ouv3e4u0d0 t o) | ouvanuada=3 | o u v ' e a ( s u[v

l! 'lz I rlf =3 + 0 - -t l+t = 1 t --+ +. tL zt u

qeltfouv',, -v -l =.'flo u l--

lo

22- trb woloy rooe L(x',,t',"'t f. ro snlooveLo|(6 olorldgnto l l F d S , 6 n o u

It- -

198 xoL S E[vc! n mLgdvLctx'z+r!,=d,,2-0).

noon:
-:L OqunoloyLooutE ro 6Ldvuoto fi. Etvououvo=

/1+2rt+z$

=0,

ouvB-01

i . i =t x , , , l , ' , e " t ( 0 r) ,0 =, ",.

E""u6""q l[Fds=[ff.;ds= f[*as= ff ".'ru54 dxdg= f[dau=(,usorou '6 "o*rou E r'r'"

E ,'i,
oxravoq o)=no'?,

23. tla unotroyrdEtro EnroovElqdofoxmaun jJ[xl*zJ't-U)[]as, onou s S eayoLq ogol9oX'z.,['z+zz=1 r@ero ordvuouc lro !or,!5Loao fi xareuo0ve ro! oro eafiplKdtnc owLpoc). Aton: ll[o nooo!rplKinopdo[oon tnq ood[poq l.vo! n X=ouvqnlo, 0=nuqnuo,z= 'Apo =ouvo, e [0,2n], O [0,[], nopouerpL(i .[LorFntnq n 6LovtouotL(i oootpqc i{o,o)" (ouvqnp0,nwnuo,oov0 eCvoL u 6rr-; iu,ir= ). Ei(oio noox0nre - (ouvqnle,n!qn!e,ouve)n!0= (x,0,2)n!0, En Ldi oso:n + n!6:0, 6nelqr6rL n rpaln ouvlor6oorou 6lov0ouoroq ig,;o (6n^o6in zn!O) elvoL OerrKd ov 'Ero! z>0|(o[ opvnrLKt ov z<0. isrio 6xeurpopd ro dLdvuolo dn6ro eoornpoc ro Elr,rreoLKd xnq 0Lk6 oqolpoq,Enoudvr,rc ro dLovtouoro fi, ig'i. el'EroL voL ou6ppono. o r0[oq (l) qq oe^LDqq 147,6avELl

ioi=-JJi6r'.*1 rru,r,roo* Jf
II =ll (ouvm!6,ouvo,-alqnuo) (ouven!'?0,nuqls':O,tloouvo)dodo=
(I AA II

ouv.onr:,eaeac )dedFJl Jrouv'0a!'e,nuen!'oouv-rlqrl!'zgouv

=l I ouv'qnu'eaeao=l ouv,adal '-'r," n!!odo--" " - T3! ' ro ro ,o-24. ih unoioylo8et ro EnL?oveLot6 oloxMprrt/o:

199
]I I-llzqd{ cr.c mv GFdrglx{ drLtdvero m0 etlerlo6r6o0c:

xl .{.!=r
q'

g' r' (8. Beiran:'Prrobldles D' Analyselbth&ntlrye')

rl,

(o,o,r'r}).

AOq: 'Eod,,Sr, S, oL Enrodveleq ! eEld}'rc z-y

t:-z-= V'- '"' s"

,-r, [dlV Va'B'

E[voL , ovrtororxd. d'!" d0.JJ l ' ll zdx zdxdl'I'+1, (t)' Jlzdx

s5ra2
tr It Il

0L 6uo enlodvres 6xouvnpoFolrl oto enlrcoo 0I0 to xdpto Algr noorF qv ttrIeL'ln4- + g-.1 (npoxontet plKtrLEroL 0|16 dn6 rnv (l) ylq 2.0).
dl 8'!

flo vo unoloyl,ooutrE ro olo(lnpdru<rto lr, 12 0o xtnouonorilooute rov r0ro:

(x,U)l dxd!.'EroL ^olndv dxourer ft,'!,2 llrly,A,zloxo6rJlr

sa

,t

Il

H eElorrnr n c n L o d v e l 6 o tcv E [f ( x , ' I z ) . L

++ +1-1.

H tgt

o!vl-

ox{iroc i elvol: tou |(dgerou 6uqv0ototoc uow6LoLou

22

nFv,

J"-

/6f .tFf{Fr
Vo\ Bn yh

2,

,n

. /4 v-l /-

Vo'

. 4 . " -4 , zx-r - llJ-+

B"

v"

gnoudvr,rc t.tt ---.==---lLyz, /! ,z* L gz,!

'+,,. Etvo! o(6|!:

x. 'Apo ealdvoutret] ,z

rp6ontro

r.=[[,axau., dxdt,. ][_y, IE-E -K. o" B'z V &,

200

[.G1 Ei.vor
'[roL

2z

<0. ApoeriCyoule ro npdoruo

L x,, ! q",-L ,,

"-,,.

trorn6vELvo r: dxd{i-

II.,

f-- -n-----:;T dxdo= r/1-L-L Vo"B'

=z[fr, [- { -E olaaq. iir V a'z Bz

ro rIeurolo 61ntr6 oloKiip{,ilo!e ro lerooxnuol1ouo es unoloyi,ooulE x=oop. =opouve, e p J Apo: I lO,znl, Fopnug.51yqs L0,ll,

^-l . ta ^z,T I r 4ngsY 2(1-f'r' =-o0y2n+ --oov.eli'l (-1)= . I

25. tb uroAoylooet ro ll0cvL(!6 oloxMgr,n d l-llzlds, 6nous [rroL s rnq o0o('poc n e&Eep!(lmrqdverd x'?+o'z+z'z=|.
A0al: '0[ou Xop[<ou!.xnv enledveLo S oe 6uo nLodveLeq 51 rc[ Sr. Sr EtvqL ro nuLoqolpLo nou lpLoxersLndvo on6 ro n[n6o oXUkol 52 To nu[oqqlpLo nou gploKroL KdT0J on6 ro enlneEooXU, !e etLodloeLc ovr{,fioLxq,

-,4 -x, -,tt' jj'ras-Jj'*ae= [ -x,-\t,, z= nt z= . Ero, : r= rxou!e r,.r,. ff ,rae=

ssrs2 eo ulolovaooulr rnv rpi,rn ouvuosjrorou blavriouo[oc i. E{,vqLl => ouvy= -L: f (x,U,z)=X'z+{'z+z'z-1
t/x,+$,+2,

=a "2.

'Eo[rJ z>0 vLs rnv enLedvLo St KcL z<0, yLa rnv enLodveLc Sr. Anlobi i.i'o yuo rnv s, rou i.i.O yLo rnv 52, H npoBoli r(,rv 6!0 nl{ovaLdv o[o erl{'n60 oXUelvol o KUKILKdG 6[oKoex2+02<1. eq unoloyloolura It, Ir, 0o e{rop!6couue rov rino:

201

jJrr,,,r,,. (x,u)l niu+uo*ot KqL dxd!. ,,*. t,=ff ,ros=Jf rioi=' U,u,z ffr s r a SA
d,x :=1,-= 12,l l r,=-llzids=-JJ-/1-x -d U{'.A p o r
szd pulo 'Apo It qKTLvdq c=1. L rov 6vKorou nuLoeolpiou lll1-x'z-0'zdxd{ nqpLor6v ELvoLLso ue
II , II It / 1 - x , - , $ , d x d d r .T o o ^ o K t r i -

{nt'.

r o l n dE v r:vo I= t r+n=+r. Erou

26. lla urorovlde! ro enL0ove6(d olorMft|,o rrc ouvdpqonc F=zi*xi-3{,'z2[oro rp1!o rlc nl96v!oc rou Kultv6got, x'z4'z=42, nou nepL6xerql letc{a rttv Lndoov X=0, 'lFor z=0, z=5. (c. Bermn: "ProblAnes d' Analyselatlgntiqu') AOot:

i.n JeivouI-llFaGll 'd ';

..

I.

nJ

dxdz. ro 616!uotq i. 'Exouoo unotoyLoouu

=+, - 4 ' f \ = 2 x ,f q = 2 v , f z = o . A o do u v q =: = u c : f ( x , U , z ) . x ' 7 + U ' :5 /x'+$'

o,vg= I-

lxz*0,

!,

fz ; -fr - : , l , " r o = f f . f ; . or:vv= E0 n.o u c v o c i . i* =

trfl *"= E-, r=JIid=JI(+.+)

=ll(+ - #)40'o'={[(+.*)*a'=
,^,.-

x, .^) =ilt ,^ ."\n"^,::['l['( o.l *= "/--r,lJ,\ ft:i, t\ /k:F

=1,t#"i,.=1,(+# J,
+sx/dx=7

(16-x'?)-ld(16-x')*

^ tzrrs-x"rlti.l$ 'J"u*=]-+0.
* To dJloro I EjldL i rooBoli dro ftir6o xoz rrs.rLodleLag ! a L r o o p e oy 6 ! u o l o , a l ' [ 0 , t . s xdL ei-

202 27. lh uroloylooea to errsrtl(I6 oloxMpqro F' el6ooc:

T( I =ll xdxz+qdz+xz'zO(dl', s 6nous Etvsl n o[EpLK{ 6{,0rou rulitmoc Irtc oqql.psc DU [!d,x'z{!'z+z'z-1 rou oy66outt v oE6vrJv. l0dt: To 6oo!6vooloKlrlpolro eavdLdepoLoud rorvEnLqovsLo(ivoloKlnpoudrov
II II II

8oxonoLroroLioouue rouc I et6ouc rinouc 14 llxd,ldz, flaxdz,JJxz'oxau. sss

1 5 , 1 6 ,r n q 0 6 l t 6 o q 1 5 1 .E L v o r , :

I,=lJxa+az-ifl ri:F:7 4,dz=(EtvoL i.i>o*, Ar=((U,z)R'., 0,*z,stl KaL .* ri -

oe nolL(6couvrerovlCvc)=+ lerdoxns(rtt4oule | ll /1-l'1gdglde=

=1, -t,

atr-o')-* l-"+t],=+ "+I

IT II

(ue a x a.f = 6d r w o ,1 , " zv ^,-t{x,z)tR : z,sr})= x ,' * JJ Ja x d z g e u g oA = t+ =+. E('loL oK6!o t,=ff )axarr= xz'axau+-fJxtI-x'-,!,
sar
.. II

=l ll o.oouvo(r-0,)ap olu dv so - ld{o pl. - 0 " ) d p =u l nl u + o l i tr; l |o = Io uo J to L J )D

,11 t\ z

,t

.'

+r

*f, * {, errouevurc r=1,*Ir*rr=f,

*
*-

rivau ourc= __L.=4=x,0. /x" +t" +."

lavcL j.n>0, k'n>0,

,epc

i.i=x>0.

203
28. lb unoloyLdl ro enrFvLdril oIoxMHn

ll{rotF)ds, 6nou F-rIi' s (d>O}.

+(x-2xz)j-x'F xo! S Eltol ro nurq(pro xz++r+22=a2, z{

,ldot:

'Apo =*, ElvdL P=0, R=-xU. =0, = -0, Q-x-2x2, *fi # =-rr, ,,4 # =t-rr, =1.Eno!6me -22(0+{ etvor: rotF1 + 1-x+zx 1i* I )i=xii{,j )j+( # #
+(-22)1.& unoloyaooulE ro DLdvuolo fi. t(vou f(x,rr,z).x,+t2+zz-s2 eLvou

g *= tirgrli # = o*6,o, n= ffi W=

-f l*,,1,rt. ruvenoc roti.i--!{x" -,!'"-zz" )= +
"{ l:x"*:,t"-zo.t. Erolr6voq eavoL:

qg -

jj-ti.ios=Jl+ po'-,,',-."t*= r""tira3= fJ

jj :tx',.rr-r-2"' *"*[!id+Ed = #L

ffi

**.

dxdlE(lvor n,: xr+{,rlo, t={ (x,U) } lercoxnlart<our oe

nor\L(6c ouvrroyu.vec rl' ,rr]"['"ffi "' =l'"f["(-."u- - * -o,p-0, ]'66= ),,]"-["t1o,-0.1i 'o
for / o ' 1 - p ' zI

'" =J ro. *, rae= o.

to

29. 'Eow S n |rqdyelo Fl-xr+, (nqdtoto!6aq), nou go|'csrlL 16 vo ond to rarleto F0 xot G{.ro! |rpodvorolloldm old |1600 moc r! 8r,.
' T,iros(5), dEri6o 136.

204
No unolovloL ro snLqovLcKd oloKlipolo

(t - - -(xi+U+2zk)ds. J.l s

Atort:

p:x, Q=U,R= eoeqopudoou! *" 'n" ffiai="fJf-nzx-Qz{+R)dxd{. E[vqr

SA

=22. ELvqL oK6pqzx=-zx, z{=-2+, 'Apo

(1-x,-,r,. x"+2,u,+zzrdxdv=llvx"*2u,".2 )tdxdu=jJzdxd,r Jfrrt+i-,.irri=.JJrr

H npoFoli A rnc nLedvLoc S oro elllne6o2.0 eavoLo (uxILXdqdLoKoC 'EroL X'z+o'zr1. !E larooxntorLoldo flol!xeq ouwrovldvqeLvqL:
tr tzltr

| 'llzara.r. l '[o ' o

pap=zte:i'f zoaode=z[ aef -, 4l=q"4-2". i, J, L z.to

30. ih unolovLoel ro nL0ovELcx6 oloKligrryojjF.;ds, dnou s

=1;q,-12,1+z) KdL S ruilo rou etltfibou 2x+2i+2.6 fio npddEo 6y6oo tt|v dE6vov. Atsil eo unolovlooutE ro Kdgexolovo6LoLo dudvuouo fi. H ll,ooJon rnq e[LQdyvoo[6 vELoq S vpdgEroL z=6-2x-2!. ELvoL 6rL: ltt, rlou 0ploxcrql

i=(

'Exoulr -2,' Apo,fiS7r =2,Eno!6voq zx=-2, z,t= LvoL i={ tz,z, r t.'noo 'rroL6xouue: i.i= tx,t,,-x",x*z l-l t2,2,1)=+ lzx+-zx,+x+z).
tI- | tt I II ,xt6-2x-?\b) j lj tzxv-zx1 tr:Z,<+z1 dxd,))ilJ (rxu-4"x,'raslJF.nds= Tx,l, S S

1 \ \.n=i4 ' ,4;44 ' I "r44t

-z\

-zv

=+ (2xu-2x,-x-2{+6 . .=? . )3dxdu: ,r^r-rr,-r-rr,u)dddx=. IJ l',!'"-'

Tx,!
'4oo 1Ld z=0 nporirteL dtu x+4,=3. n rpoBoli rrs eruqdveuo x { ] ,E a v q L r o o n l e q o d J v o l o r o u r e p u r r e i e r c r . o r d r u s e u -

205 31. lq unoloyloe(ro nrpovldxd oloxMpotrcJli

S IIt

4dr, 6rou s

EavqL

x" t l" + z' -1 to sE Epr,x6 rou eMagoeloodc o'1 6z tz

(d,B,v>o).

Arron:
oq (dvoule eaopuov|l -ou r,:no,f R(x,r1,z;dxdr6+J R[x,U,z(X,U)]dxdu.
sd

qnd to enlfie6ooxuorLqe[LedveLc S Xop{,(eror En[qdvLq sl, s2, !e eELo6oLq owloroLxc:,=r, [-{ Vo'B' -E

, ,=-rr[-{

-E

. H npooo^i ruv
'rl

V0'6'

6 u oE n l e o v r o dr Jo vE n L n . 6 o o x uE i v o L r o x " o t or r r = { f x , + f . n ' , { . {

=-II
Txo

dxd{

dxd,l, + ( - 1 ) l[ _ )t -, rr , r-,v r l /t - a " ,: - : n

vo'9' _2I

nlL./Ei

dxd0

TLovq uno;\oyaoouu To 61flI6 o,\oKlip(llls xdvouue xo letqoxnltqrLuud X=opouve, 0:p:1,0lgt2n, lJl=qgp.Exourre U=opllo,EavoL trordv.

3-

llj oro*3l"ft'"ol,tr-r"

(r-pi)-r eg aolae= arr-o.r= -' r t["oel' a to

)

=-fl teti"tzrr-o.rrtl. $ .
32- th molovldca ro strrFvrat6 olo.Mpo|[

'* JJ.i.;.. s

S (,vor

206 qc 4o[Fq y2+12+22=1, Enlq6vELo mooovlttollordvn qlr6 |r6oq n KtrLoul looc ro 6fo. AtoI: npoqtov d[ovo 0z r6uvLrnv elLqdvLq tnc euolonapdJ\Inln Ene!6d tnv oqotpo(06 6uo onlelo, Xripl(ouue Sr, S, S os 6uo enLedveLe( nLedveLo flou x(,inou e[vo! ro 6uo nuLogolplq plerdLn o0alpoon6 ro enan60 oxu. 'ExoutEl
tr

zl'fids'll zR.ids n ). llz[.;ds-ll

s1, s2 6xouveEloi;,oLc 0L enL0dvelec

It

((

z=,4-x'z-{l-, z='tI- T. ov!(oxorxo

H nooBotri rnq oealpaca[o nlnEboXU

!={(x,U)en': x'1+lr'zsl nou op[(eL ro xopCo }. fuq Lvd[ o k0KloqX2+0'z=1, 'EroL r (.i.0. ylo rnv 52 LvaL 6xouu rnv nlodvalo5, e[vor,1.fr'0, evdr (r0lloq (5), oerL6o149).

tcxa,u| | z[.ias= ll t-oz,-ozr*z ll I -x'+" axc,tr 'i 'i E,

-xz-0'dxd{=lJ -0zv+z)dxd+=-Jl-l1 (-02, 4-x'z-'!1 dxdu. Jj z['ids-JJ
Sz A A ^ ft tI t( II --

TI' A p a ( 1 ) 6 { ' v r ! :I I n l l z [ . i d s - 2 l l / 1 - x 1 -dxd0. U'2

SA

ro 6Lnl6 fro vq unoloyloouu 'Apo: vor 0rp:1, 0:0:2n, J=p.

,2\.,\

'tr=pnu8. oErouu El.x=9ouv,

zl l 'l.l"z : i . i u s ,.o Lro

p f i p , d p l d e = z l -) r-o'tLar-e" 1i, i

*1,

=,i'ri(+) ]'=zrznt [+,'-o',*

33. Ilc ufloloy[dofv
' ELwL I:zk.0i+0j+zk.

(+

rs oloxlno4ltd:

207

"r Jl;e' ol lJ+

ll=(x,0,2)rnc Gnrfdvlqc |tetou S, rE ettddl yr42+zr-o, (o>0t. lt(r|: q) 'Emo fi ro lovolrdto kdeoro ELtvuolro oto onlelo ll rnc nr0dvLoc

"

o JJi'e,n*, i to6r'dvuop o6oE* ev6c *

s. ervoL i.ti i

lit

= + = -I!: =til - /tzI4l_ -6r .a.,Aea: lFt til

er!o6veloq s)r=d4roz-{nor. f[""-"[[ar-or"rrooo" 'l{;a.f r t g E Ir.;at. 'd

r -.El]= l, -Li,i. BtEr,,or lil' lil" tit tit' tit

1 F+,2

. I -l o' F

* lj efl n'-JI+rs={ .rr'.rve!oc s). r*ooo" JJas.{ dt #

={ {lnc, )+nc.

a3.ias v) qlvou *or, Li

.n*, hai-i,fias=i, . ,npo i as-d.

ff-r

Jlrtds"o. s
troxoaroxL rx --- ds:rt lr I tX'.'{,. +2.

?
=

3r
{z ** **

ds-fxi;:

+-.i(

x
-lL a<

i
=ds

x ,r z
x rt

J *l
zl

l=6t.

34. ila ultoroyLoeel ! 6uorgdrouc ro otoxlirqrcr-lJ*arO, o"ou s

n erro6vroX"t1"*..*.
*

([>O ).

II To o,\oxr'ipoua S. lJds 6i,er to e!8a66! r4! eruoriveucs

208 Ioott: 'Edro o') Tpdnoq: 51, 52 o[ n[0dvLC rov 6uonlLoocLpl(,N nouxrdOl(etol n o0ql,po on6 ro enlne6o0X0, ue ero6oeLq dwlqroLxo z=,62:;7:itz,

-E -F:q,. -! *c,r,= z-t *o,r-Jj r1""', r= j *a,r,-r,-r,. Jl JJ

eo xdvouri espuoy4 rou uinoull R(x,0, (x,0)ldxd,t,.oo 2)dxdt=*.lrR Lx,U,.
sd

.IIII

unotroy(oouge rnv tpLrn ouvLsrriloo rou 6[ovOoloroq i. E{.vol f(X,0,2)" xr+ f" *r!'z*2'z-o2 --L xou ouuy= - _+ =+ -+. nopornpoile 6 lfi+ti.fi /x, atrz /o2 i, rL f, 'O yuornv nrpdvlo .0 vro rnv nlrdveLo S, rou S,,6nfo6i1.fi,0 f, yLornv 51 KqL {,fi.o yLq sqy Sr. EroLloLn6v:

',=[[-] r,ru,=-[[ cxa,r xoLr,-[[ a,a,r, [[ -:--!^' 'i,' -! axau='i + to'-r'-r' 6',' Y -fr-F:F
* I-2JJ
I

,Eq:;;'

6xaq=16-11;,41en": xoL uErooxnlorl{ouue x'z++'zso?)

oe nolLKtq ouvrerovu6*cf=z[[ ----.rL d p d s ' - 1 d , J,(d'-p')-rd(o'-p')= 'o 'o to' -e-.

=-[e]" Iz1qr-r',1'-2nl-zo)= 4no.

Mnopo0lE B') Tpdnoc: vc onoelyouue ro XopLou6 rnq r|LodvEloq S, ov

u x p n o L u o n o l. ioo .u ,n uo 'J J r o r o + = J J r [ x ( u , u ) , U { u , u ) , 2 ( L , u ) J ffila,a,

0L mpolsxpLK4c elLodroELc rnq ka!fiilne S eavoLX=oouvgouve, 0:

3{f#.1;: ;:l
=o2nugouvq-ozouvp-}:o:} tneuO{

:o4uuouv , nue zo -o u,ee F ; i , + 1 , e [ 0 , 2 n ] E . tvoL: f -cngoouve oouvoouvo I l-o24u20ouvqn!o+d2ouv2o4u -oouvgnuo -onlenUQ I

elvo! ouve:0, 'Aporo ozouvo CXeL ro npdonlo rou z,

209 6ntro6ielvoL eErLKd rou ndv(.l vLo rq onuLo nlloeolp Lou KoLopvnrlKb y[o ro onlELo Tou K6[6J to Kd6to ornv e[LedveLq S 6[dnllopaLpCou. Efiou6v0jq vuolo iuxiu txe[ eopd s[6 ro eooreoLKd npoq ro e{!JrpL|(6 rnq oqo[pqq.

' EroL tro rndv, r*,,

.-L

j axa,r,ddq= ll Jl a1l,o,n,oouuo 5d
=4qn. o r : v e o q = q lh 0u l le "l z "

II

tI

=ilt' o o u v , r o o l a =e ol ' l eo

',!,

35. 'Eolt,,S n nrqdvEto nou op[Cerdtdn6 rr|v {tqtDr| f(x,0,2)-0. I f ouvrgolrElc ,.!I 10. l" t rar. F etvor, ouvx[q d[0v S (or T lwr I npo0oli f,lc S dto enlnebooXU,vd 6!x0e(6r!: exLmpqydwouc ouvxe[q !

(x,,r,, (x,0, o) JJ,, . )ds= z) lfg 5T

ItST

JI-c! )',(jf )'.(r,-{)'

latl laz I
(flovnlqriu!ooEo/xnc1972 )
I

B ) J ' F ( x , U , z ) . n dF*vf s = l l qdl.

llf

tr

trl

loot:
o ) EL v o ! y v l J r o r 6 6rL: tI

; .) ld u d u ( 1) . li ,, .u l l , r r x , , l , z r la lo s[xr,r,u),0(u,u),r( u
'Eoroi(x,o)=xi+Ui+z(x,0)t nqpqurpLKft e!l,o|,ron rnq enLodn dLoluotorL(i (g vELoC nqpoUdrpouc S Eivcl n enLJ\iouod rnq f{X,U,2)= X,U. H z=z{X,U) j+zr(x,0)R + =0). E(voLr ir=ti*oj+zr(x,0)i, ir=Oi+t

i 1 0
ELvordur,:c z =- !

ril ,> lfx\fv = r'1+2. +zi. z, l=-zri-zri*l( zr, I -T-;,r,=- 'Aoo ir"i, = 1/1* 2,u

i 0 1

f2 fi.

14

210 x,,U U,,z z-)f] = q [ x ( u , u ) , U ( u , u ) . , 2 ( u , u ) ] = 0 [ X , { , , 2 ( X , 0 ) ] : q [(x KqL ElvqL =A{X,0!z)A . pq n (1)6iveL:

x -r' .lJotx,rt,,zlas-JJvtx,U,7) dxd0.

s T 1tz

tr

liz,+r., z

yvuor6dru i= *I- = -==:= 9) ELvqL Y'

lfini.fi

. LLvqrq(6!o vv0ror6 6rr:

ds= i".;u d,rdu4 j--d:l-v:la dxd{,. Apo: lrzt

l l F t x , , r , , , r "'if i a s = l l F:tL x',t{i , + 2r)f,l * r ; 'd ki+f ,lnzz

lf .

r1 E axa4. 6*6, 6I 1 '1

f .)

35. l{ounoloyLoe( ro nrlocvrqd oro*rlonuc t=('trz,rz,xl) JfFas,orou

5

qc rugdtr(boc rol S [vo! n 6[o!eg!xil e|tlodvro z=0, {F0, x:0, X+0+z-l:0 (noverLorisroocooolov[.nc- l6nlarlrd t!4trd 1976) Ato4:
'Efil,J SI 52' 53, Sq

oL enLqdveLq owloroLxo z=0, (J=0, ua ELodue0q

1=0.ElvoL: X=0,X+U+z-

ae-{[ as.[[ ras.[[ Fas= r,.r,.r,.r.. [[;,t=[[ SSTS'S,SA

o) holoYlo!6crou l1=llFds: st
l(- +

Etvq'. Ir=JlFdS-.ll F.nds. 0a unoloy{.oouuE ro 6Ldvuouo fr. To Dudvropoi ('ro enlfiE6o eLvcLKa6To z=0 (ot d'Apo nooq rq 6l,l. i=(0,0,-1). Enoudvr,rc eLvoL: F.;-xU. 'nooCxL eopd xouue:
* ** EivaL f(x ,0,2):z-z(x,{,)=0. t i r o o u o u . r - v q o o n v o , j u r vcrr r j o , u 4 r r .

I(- - II+ -

211

or*r,. Hrpogo^{ t,JJr*,lf *- ff t*,lf li;O;O sr oroenLnefic enLodveroc ax{

Sr 60 oxil, s{.vo! ro xo9(o nou raplkAelato! dn6 lo ipayovo 0AB, rc 'EtoL flleupdiv e(vdr: X"0, G0' X4Fl. aldrelc

',=1,[|,-',-*,*1*--t,t+ fi . J',r'*r'0,=l,-',"-+
gploxou! spydoto drl ttfliA-; At ilqvdloyn
y, oo unoloyloourE * t".[lfoS.l[;.;". fi. E[wr g(x,0,2)'xd+z-l . 'Apo: *"* fr. J Enouavoc eavqL

-', ,.=fl;oa-;

oo unolovlooorc ro 6(twuoyo , ouvg-J- , *"t. 'AF,o: (02+xz+x0).

*.

(1,1,1).'e"ori'L 1

ll . ll . jl * (Uz*xz+1q1frfr+2fi t.=.ll-l- ({z+xz*x,r)ds+ 61611"

-r

.rv

" lJ f
^xv

dxdlF rr-x-0)*x{,1/TIGT turt-*-,r,r-, Jfru.1"**.*utoxar. *x9

LqdveLoq sr oro nl,tte6o 0x0e(vor ro xl,Joao nounep!-

=(n llpoBoliqc

xAaErol dr6 to rpavovo 0AB)-l0Uo(U-{,+x-x,-xUldl,jdx-

=t'19- $ -x,r,-x',r,-x9l dx= j,tu+' _J$Jt*;11_y1_x'11_*1_ $u:]o*= ... =*.

'Ero! troln6v c{,volr-tr+I,+r!+J{.- -}, '

,*".

Triros (4), o.Ii,6d 13s.

212 II [orr: 37. l& urolovrd|. to oloxlioll||d llds mLq nprttt6oerc

zio. o) s l,voLn rllqilveloxz+||2}22=4'z, (Io 6Lavuq! i rcteuotvetol rE 0) s tvo! n Enrtdverdx2+i'?+2'1=42, (lbvenrofllulo oeo@lovl.xtc1983) tc &). Aoon: LvorX-oouvunuu, 0r flopoulpLKee eLori)or.C rnq oQolpoq U=qntunlu,z= =oouvu. Lvsr: i{u,u)= nopouerpLKi ELooon inc oQoLpoc H 6LqvuoloxLKi .oouvunurJ*onuunurj*oouvul. Elvou yvr,nrd6tr. a3-?r'?uaudu.'[xour].: =+ iu,iu-(x,u,z)on!u. i.,iu=c'zouvunr'?uJ+o'znuurtr'?uj+a'?nsuouvu{ ge zto (nu[opolplo) e('vdL u[0,2n] o) Tlo rqv nLqdv[o rnq opoCodq | -1* r .1 iu'iu 6xet d p ot o 6 L d v u o l o ,. . E L v oo ru nuu.o. vlo ue 10,+l 10,+1, [no!6v0lq Lvot onpocro e[o!oLKd rnc ogoLpoq. 0opdond ro ao0]xepLK6 'Erou [poc ro fi. 6xouue: u6ppono tt S

JJoG-llro'o*rnu'"i-o2nur:nu'zui+o'?nuuouvultaud,:=o'il ll- o,:vunu'uaulau '6'

II

.':nr,+

*'ll

,,r.,+ . ,,...+ ,: ouvrLdul' nu'?uau* nuunu'uaular.''o'll ru,o,u,a,lu,=o'lI I l' I l'

* o ' j l n u u d un dl u l ' n u u o u v , a , . o ' i ,I n r u n l 'u ' u a u .Io 'I ]p l ' 'l u - ou* to lo o l,
Jo

,+

,," ,+
!.Lt

"-,+

-o'il-ouuu,l l-iu-*nuzul -!
L. "

to

-o'llulv:;--e | = | or:vudouvu=01.0J-q'zl2n I - -, . | Jo
,0

," ti

| -,.,,2, 1z

=o'nR, avoru [0,2n], u [0,n]* rqv nledv.Lo rnq oqotpsq B) rro oldKlnpn 'Aoc: i, io'iu eivou ou6ppono. Kor ro btovL]ouoro
II II TI

JJoi..lJto'ouvun',',,i.o'4uunu'u3+o'lnuuor:vul)dudu=o'zifJo'lv

213

{'jllnuunu'uauau,o'tflnuuouvuauau-o'1ll. ouvudof onu'?udu*

It

tl

*o'i['"nuuau['nu'ua,*'l -o'i[nuuli filI nuuo,u,o, 'o to toto J,nu'zuuu'

'l,nuucnuu=o'i.0J,nr,'uou*o,jol,nrr,':a'r +ozi[-ouvu] i' lonu'zucu-c'?Itul i .o'l2n I n!jul"=oi-oi-ot.

38. lb unoloyLdc( ro o^orMgqra Jff.;*,

I

o-, s eavo.I mrfdvero:

{I'?rt!|, F0, -x+2), i (vo! ro x6Ero ornv erL9dvclo5 ||ovdraao 616vuouorcu Kqteuo0yerai npocro elrr rc. F-zxl-rUJ*zi.
idq: H rrqdvLo S onoreAato[ qn6 rtc E[!0dveLc 51, SP Se, !e ELoiofc z=0, z"x+z, x'1+{t=1, ovrLoroLxo. Apo:

' t \ ---l-t--l-----

i,

'l'1'z

r,.r,.r,. llF.nds= ll .ll .ll=

'npo,i.i=tzxi-s,l,j*zttt-{t=-z o) E(voL sr: z=0Ko!Goi+oj+{-1)l=-R. Erortvuc Etvol I,=[[i.;os=[[-,ds4 {{ -o*o*=0. -6,

6i

^*

oo uflotroytooug ro 6[dvuogo i. ELvou Fl Sr: z=x+2. ouvo= ffi .tus, =l ----L =0, =-L. ouvB= o,:vy= , _L
Q /t+z'+2f, ,i-- .! {.0j. 11.

"2 s n o r 6 " ,i.. i - z x ( - - 1 \ , 0 , ' / - L \ = -

/1+2i1zi

\ /.2 I

\./z /

L"*!,.

,E

TJros (a), dEri60 135.

214

'Ero" r"=Jft.ilds= *o* t-rr-r'-,,t,t; f[r'**r*+ f. ]/ . 6Jf t' s2 S" xg

It ,za.L ^[']'oe= = JJ r-*-rtoroq,=f' *"eI o(-oor:ve*z)aoae-[ 4 4. . Jo ro L ' xz++z.I

=l (r-.j ouve)o=l oe-{l ouueoe-1e11"-*tnrrli'-r".

y) S3: x'z+0'z.1. eq unolovLoouu ro 6Ldvlo[o fi.Etvo! f(X,U,z)=xr{{r-l

'Apo ouvo=-L -+ tf:+f:+l;

nF6n7 FV

- -;!-

-x, or:vg= ' --!-

'ooo. =0. 'Apc i=xi+l*oR. EroL axoor'F.fi=4"-3g2,

= =,1,, ouuv= -'--" rtFFe" 4F;F

',=Jf r.;*"JJ r,*,-,,r, r*. sr Sa

eq utro^ovlooule ro rEleurol,oolo(]iprrlo !e q EoiOLo rou r0tlou: I( t(

F[i(u,u)l )ds=ll li,,i, lauau. JJF(x,'r,z

SA

0L nogoIetOLKaC eELodoELq tnc nuqdveLqq S! eLvor. X-q9yg,U=nu, z " z, 03es2n, oszsz+X oEzlz+ouve. H oLovuogorLKifiopolerpLK{ eq(ooon rnq

enuodveuoc i(,2).ouvoi+ay6J+7[.'Apo ie=-nsOJ]ouvoj+Ot, i".ol*oJ*tt .+

=+ ;r'i"=

T I -n!0
|

3 rl
ouv0 0 l-ouvol*nsej+ot + |iu,i, =,6rv.e*nu.o -1.

lo

rl

'EroL .;orJJ tvoL r,.fJf rrr""u,,)ds.JI(zouv,e-snu,e)aeaz=

STSSL

=l

a 2 rr t 2 r o u v $

to

ll Lro

(2ouv'?6-3nu'?0)dzld8.l (2+ogv6)(2ouv'9-3n!'?9)dJ Io

-[ (2touve) (2-5ru'zsJae=['"+ae-z{"orueae-ro{"ns,eae-s ["nu,eouueo=

ro ro lo ,o Jo

TJros (a), o.ri6o 135.

215

'z "{ -ouvze)oe-sf 1 + 1e] np,edn!6=8r+o-5 [o];tr+] l'-sf i".zlnue1 -rLry'J"-Bn-1on=-zn.

'Ero[ I- + l ^ = 0 + 2 n - 2 n = 0 , 1. lo[ndv LvcL: l l F . n d 5 = +

tnuzel i"-

39. tt unoloylooca ro Erlqoyld6oror<ribor llFd, dnou

it

F-

.(0tl -0t,2") ro! S slvol to qdlo tnc (ulrvoorriq ariqdvLoq {2+2'z=6'z, rtou nplexro! !raa6 rov n.n66ovxl), x--3. A6ot: ll' - n Enrbi uLo qop!oyi ror-, trinoullFaS-tJlt-Pzr-Qz{,*R)dxd{i. o (dvouu
SA

eloEto rlopdllnln lrgoqtov dqovaz'z talvL lnv nl06v!oo 6uo onlaao ovtcorolxo, o[r,cEnLodvLec 5r, S, !E [LorioL( x(pl(o!uinv en[qdvElc 'EroL6xou!: z.tffj-i,., 2=-$6-Ar.

(-pzx-azu*R)dxd,r, ioi*JJ r Jf s a r ".,-o,r'*ldxdurll

( 1) .

oxu. 0L Ar, ^2 E(vq[oL n0o0o^6c rov nLocveLdv Sl, 52 q[o Enln6o dflou gE opoovd]vLo nleuo6c npo9ol6c out6qLvorL6[ecKoLeavoL to x-0, x=-3, ri yro tnv sr. 0r ouvrErovucvq E ro 6L6vuo!o G5, '!=-5. o ulloAoylooupe

f re L v o u o: uvo=+=0,
h+z'*21

o*O=3

=*,

A+21**22, "

orur=4=

/l+zi-zl

----6i.;i1'0. "56-ot =f '0. ecvou

'Apo ooronpdrro

rr+,,. [Lo ro to nodonto loKfulprrlq ro0 EeurEpou udloucrnq (1) e(trdvouue i qc S" elvot ouvy=f.0 + 6udvuouo ol6dipr,uo nolpvou!ro np6onuo "-u. 'EToL Exouu: I'i=rf,.0. Apo ylo ro 6E0repo

216

r-"*+1-*roxaq1-c2,,-qzern1rxa,1. JJ fJ Jjro+ SATAz

p.Six, q=-{,,R=2, =+ zx=o, EtvqL rsu z=r'sE:[t z!= ffi np6ro olo(triprrlq) *ot .=-66i: + zx=0, z{= ffi
'Apo: loKtriprdlq).

tvro.o

o,tro ro Deftoo

p,*",,. {,*0.{. JJas. fJ 1 ;fi; ..,)o,ou= dr -.,),-,--J1

-r:o-,r,, = -r,r-*. rlo^0,r. rlara,r,=+ Ift-+ l[ [-9 I[ I/36-lt' ora,!= 'l /36-,r', /36-o'
L"L J L'L J

--zl ll 9a+la"= ,_![.'_5

/36_Uz ]

=-z[or[' -Loo= t-' t

-" k6-'!'

rl--/

--2lxI',0.0 (to ot'o*riorro t[' :L-6 h6-01

a,l .l-

loL Loo! !n6dv, 6L6tLn un6ro oloKliptdud ouvdpEnon E('vor nEpLTri koL ro 6pLd rnColoKlip0lonq eavoL ovrloro). 40. lh unotroylooel ro drtoovLd(d olo(^igl4|o:

r,n,9 [[,/n. \ , o ' ll

6nou s EavoL n nLqdvLo l{
lo7 B2 v'

'las. -. ? Y't
(t), z$l xor.n,, n,, nl or
I

, V' . '.' =,

ouvtTcyuEveq rou 6!ovio!q[oe i, Irou K6rsu06vsrctnpos rs 6tr,. (l{. Bali:',Engineering Iathenatics,,)

/\oon:

'LxouJ! i-(n,.a.,n,)

"or

i=/ !

\c?

'Lro' ^oLr6v , !! , :1 ). ro booudvo

3z u2 l

217

yp6oerol: o^oxMpi'lq lJt*Ut*

f' 4 f- 4 jA. oq(dvowE eworroy'l

-ou.r,no,fJFa3-,ff (-pzx-Qz$+R)dxdr. s axt

Elvor.p=A, e4.
a'

n 4.
Yr

B"

(l) 6(ve!

yEffi *,,"
_g_
O"

'o), 8a rdvouue Ei^oyf tou npoorllou. elvqut.f,>o (t \ t1+21+4 r

erllyoole to trp6otuo 0x0 t"+r. H trpoFoli qc erlodvloc s oro a(l,n6o vo! o Ileurtr(6c otoroc t' . t' sl. 'Etor ,\ornOv 6xouu:
c2 82

-pzr-Qz 3I ---:g.+R= a" o.,/r-x, _{2

. 39----=-J9g,8,,/1_X _V

.tr- f - E \. \ d, B,/

Vo2B2VorB2 Brl

x. * u' 1"r,1x. =y'x,* y"u, *r_/ _u. \_1x, . q," 1.,. \d, grl \a, grl \or
ou Br

'o* [[i+ fi ,. ( 1, v\o,nr. l[ / r: . !l \o*+l[o*"r. 'd \a' t

4'{ B'l t'+\o' 92 i'+
flo vc unolovf.oouue ft 6!0 [Cnd olorlnp4lqto rdvougero uetodxnuo-

,l-8pno(oorr, oo.z", rLoud x=qpouvg, ffi

pt+d6tverro euFo66v tnc AII!{4c tr*!3=1.

-oo). Torparo otorMnouel,wt aoo! ro8.'E-

''" ' e'zow'ls roL cxoure: + e'[[idd=y,[1f':af e'dedsde* ,o,o \ 02 Jo8edode-,,f ( #j ,

21a

-""8= +u r[' l['',"*,odpldo+e r{" [['o'*'eaoloe*s{'0,60['"ae*no o t ro I o tjo I Jo ,! '"ouu.ea.=S {'o'aof f; ['o'oo['"nu.ro.-o['o.oo['"0r.*r e J ,o o ,o to to r tz1 '^' rr =r+l4l'l-+-+n,2ol"-*[4"," . u Lrrol . + ro p L"J.Li-+rrrr1,'oBLi-J,l0l; -""8" ). # + - ? -ii-ooi .nopr# (v,sz+v,o,*zo,8,
{t. tb urotovlda ro er|,cvlor6 otorMeqr Jfd.ids,6nou &xli. s
t12j+11'l+2'l)[6rous elvor I aa[po x,{rl,+z,=l npooovcEoArot6vn 0tt6 u6@ Ilpoc ro CEr. lodt:

Androv r0ro rou Gauss txoule: (0+z+22)dxd{dzg0. JIJ

0

lld.fiAs= fJJatvdayaUz: sn

tt.

42. t{a 6e!xoE!6rr ro ErLqrvld6 ororMpq! lli.frds, oroo txi+j. s (oo +z[, e(vor, |r3V mL V slvo! o 6yxoc rnc orepedc ttEoloxic O mv onolo npltrlEl.!n Kllori ent0dveldS. Aion: ELvqL P=X,Q"0, R=2,A116 tov r(lnorou caussCxoule:

-\ ttr . # * ,,.?! lld.nus=lllarvdala,6z= rr.r*r raxa,ra,= llf )axa1,a'4l(.!i

**

II

III

lll ,.

.,

,r"" ,-l= y

+ H! + aixl!'.2,-+*,*2,.

H o u v d p r n o nq ( x , t , z r = [ r z + 2 2 e i v q L r e p r t t i o s r l p o s x , 0 , z x d L r ] d r E p e d r e p r , o x r io e i v c r , o u l u r p u r i o s n p o s r r r v c p x r i t o v c { d v o v . ' A p c r o r p r , nI6 oloxlipoJld eivcu ioo ue un6jv.

It =3Jlldxdodz=3v'
0

{3. k unolovld.. ro erLrvelqd ot.^,f*.

l[fd, s

6nou L(xz"+e{)i.

t1y19*ex1j*1gtz+131{ roa s l.yo! n KleLonldrrqdveldnou dfloxltrc! 016 ro uLopo(plo = /s-qZlt xq! lov xuxllK6 6(oxox'z+{,'so'z(o'o}. loon: go (dvouue Eooppovi rou rtnou rou causs+. ELvo!

a{xz-1ev) = + a(x1{'*e\) * a(u1z-*x') divF= Exouue llias= f[{ai"Faxa,r,ar.

=2,+x,+{,. -,r, a,r,a.. Aoo *' rax rx. JJFas-= JfJ

s0 0o unoloyLoou! ro tolrld o^o(lipoto u !Erdq(n!arLo!6oe o0drpLK6c Eavdr 0E [o,at], ouwroytdvc.e6touue x=oouvOnuo, {Fpn!8t!e, z=oouvo. o 10,;il, 0igso'(dL lJ l=9'rtpo. Agd:

Itt ,n,,+,," F ,+ dl nuedel eLdeo'lo'?nuoaolcolas-l ,Jl(xr-u'1.z'?)dxdtdz=l ll ll

- l e l - f - o u v o l 'l *
-* r ^. ro

t ":+| = z n t o * t+

^5

,.qs

ro eniFvsrdd olorligrrtF: 44. lih unoloyroe0

- / - ., \-1 r=J| i )qd. [rx..rz+rl.tz-a,r,)f-(x.-

(d>0). &rou s E(vc! || lrlodvlo r0C 4olpoc x'?{il'z+Z'z=o'z Alq: 60 Kdvoug (nptoyi tou tonou tou Gauss:
* oL orerLx;s {poihosdoels loxiouv,

220
.^ .o\ +;il- #/dxdlidz.'Exouu P=x'+xz+{r, R=x,Q=z-2x0, i , Jl*s=,lJ(;i fl- ' ffll.D

0tl6r

=2X+2, =-k, Jx-91 ,,1,-

=-2, H otepdnEpLoXi 0 E(voLn:

0={ (X,'lr,z) IRr: X2t\tz*zz;o2 J.

II III 'Apo: r=llFaS=llltzx+z-2x-ztaxauaz=0.

so 45. tb Ulloloylog{. ro enr0oveuor6 or*ltfo,rr|or=ffFad,6nou F etvor. n s i' (Zxzr0l nz)1+(02+ezl ouv4nnon nx)l+(-lz'?+"x+{ 1t xcuS e[vot n lrltplKt Enrqllvelo tou dBouX=0,X.2, [=0, lF2, z-O,z=2. ndqr 0o unoloyaoouu ro en!0ove[c(6 o^o(lipqroue tn Bodelo rou r0routou

Gauss. - i$ - j! )oro,1o.= Ervor r-llia3-fJlar"Faxam=Ul(*i sao

.
IIT

II

III

III

- S zcxcrlcz. dxdldzH oEpd npLoxi 0 eLvoL: ltl l2z+z-82) lll

n=t(xtu,2)e IR'| 03x.2,03162, o:232J,
.l 1 .r..2t az 12 1 t2rr2 'aoo I=-sl axlau=-sl ll lf llzaxlao= J o ll L r ollzazlaxluu--sl tro I J o r J0Lro L - rI

III

=-sl [2x] dG-20[0]"--40. "du=-201

46. l5 unolovldl !6 tov rdrc to! Gaussro 6n|,|or/e@r6olo(Mtflo:

l- ll (xouvc*luvp+zouvy s el,w. n e8irollilrrlodv.La )ds, 6nou tnc ao!s

(a'0). PoCX'1+0'?+2'?=o'z

IT

A0on:
EtvoL yvLsr6 &L:

221 t(*"a (rouvo.qouve*Ro,,vy)ds xa! 6nou llFas=ll ll"S=lll ( "; +;t +# ) dxd0dz, s5s0 q=U,R=z + +ztsJ2 n-{(X,U,z)n!: x2+{2 .CvorP=X, \. E6dr
IIt It

tI--

(I

rlrr."

^ar

Pr=1, Q,p1,

1. Erou oeoLpoc oKr(voq Rz= 6xouu I=JJl(1*1-1)dxdudz=3 Jll dxdqrdz=3t6yKoq 0n

o,'JIIO-=4nO-.

47. ih uroAovroEl ro enL0oveLo(6 oloxrrlpr,rlo l.ffzouvyo, 6nou s [s d{r| mc ogohocx'?+02+z'-l xo! ouvye(vcr n rpatn ouvlvoan grrplxil (6oerou oild rou olnv errodvero S uovoblolou 6lov6ouaroc i (y e[vor, n y!,v[ortouoxnud[(! ro fi ! rov dEowz'z). A0on:
o' TphoC: Xrrpt(oule ulv EnLSdveLo S otLC anl0dvLq Sl, 52, ! EL-

owlo@rxoz='44air, z=-r\:it:ir, odoelq

'EtoL.avol:

I= JJ.ouvvas=f Jzowvas,jjzouvvds=t,*t,.
ELvor ouvv= L tfi+r'1v+ri /x",'tt"z^ (6[ouf(x,{,z)-x24'z+2'?-l ). Enold-

FW -u,c, r.-[[,ouuvos=f[ 's', ''r',z'1 'i7 .l A',

=
It

oro,+ [[ -:ol'" I'l

dxd(r=

Jf

-2

dxdl,= ox6ua: JJ zdxdtE ll /1-x,-$, dxd0.E(voL

I(

ll-

P+;l I,=l[.o,uros= [[ ---" zl iiu /x'* ".2' a',

oroq,= [[ -z: axa,r[[ 4 -' a^a,r= t.,lo ii.t, ,l

Jl-**=ll -r-fi;rT r*ar,= fft-xzFaxau.

It'Apq I=1,+l)=2 dxd0-(H noogoli\u rnc erLedvEloq oro eJJ/1-x'z-U'z
olrp

222 rlLrs6o oxu elvcL o KuKtrLKdq oioKoq x2+U2:1, uErooxnuorlEoute o [olLKdq o u v r E r q y l a v e q ) - 2|1| p / l - p ' ?d p l d e = l d e l - ( 1 - p ' ) : d ( 1 - p ' ? ) =
Jo Lro .1r1 i Jo to ,=fel:'l-+(1-p')' | =+.

noui.i=zouvv+ eorpo0ue rn ouvdprnon i(x,0,2), 16ror-o 8') To6noc: (Pi*Aj*Rt) (0i*0j*ouvyt):zsuvy <+ + + Rolvy=zouvy R=2. Apqi=01+0i+ +zf. EroLo ronoclou causs 6LvL: I (6yxoc dudz= oxrivoc opoLooq r=lli.ius=JJlai"F*a,la.-Jlj ' h '$ " *a,la'= Jllax 'h' n !

r ) = - ! n r 3 =n {. y' ) To6roc: j zouvvas= j z(ouvvRos=f taxc,l,' eLvou r=f J Jzria3= JfzaxdJJl

SSSSSl

l(

t(

tr

tt

tl

-/t-^"-,t, ayar!=zlt-x'1-lt'1 dxd{i={6^anE o' ll tJ zdxd,!= J, /1-x'-,r'dxd,l,ll

S. Ax! Al't dx't,

tI

It-

tI

rp6no )=+ r.
48. Eoflr s !!o rlLodl Ka[6 r!4uord leco m!9ilvro, i 6vo onoro6ainor o[dp6 loydlolo brilvuoto tou ]Rt rql i ro Ki5sto oEnv 46vero s npoc ro 6to. l{s 6[x0[ 6rr: uow6[oaodldvuouo,nou xdreuodveEor

Jlouv(i,i)ds=0. s
A6on: 'Eotr,: 6tu: i={q,0,v) 6voorqoepd 6Ldvusuo ue i]=1. Iox0eu u . n j l u ll n o u v l n r u l+ o u v { n r u , = u . n . It lI ttl llt Lnouavo eq r:vor llouvti,L;ras"lld.fias.+ llldivJdxdudr=lllodxd{dz=0

i':"n

/,\ =0+0+0=0/. + + divi= rug Tzr llvoL fr nploxlle0 rcu rcprxklrc[ 49. 'Eoro 6rL v elval o 6yroqxne oEepE6e

223 sn6 rnv xar6 t!6ud[d leh nlqdyroS rcl ourxl, (ruvg!ouvy eavolE6LEU06vovro ouvnu(to$orou lowldloaou rd6rou oEIv enlo6vrd S 6rav0owEoci (lrou.6ru00vetoirpoc rq dEP). (( ( Ila 6ELXoE(' 6rL: 3v= rvFlznuvy )dS. ll xouvoHl! s ioon: ' Exoule (dr l= (x,U,z fi=(ouvo,ouvB,ouvy) ),'Apo i'i=1ouvo+r!ouvp+:orvy IIenoudvuc: ll (xouvo*rlor:ve'zouwtas= JJF.iasffi JllaivF*auaz=
sstl

rrl

,d,\dldvd.|'i'0

dxd,!dz=3v. || I ( *!r - .:#- * ) axo,r,a.= | | | rr-r. | )dx,&dz=3 JIJ

III

50. llc unoloylooea ro enLocvLo(d ofoxlrtnnoff {xouvo*uv9+zouvv)ds

S 6[ou S ('ttol n fi!|6v|.tr rlou @|'.srdr otrd rr| o](6onxz+ztr'z+z'z-l(I\er{or6ec) mL ouvo,outo,ouvv oL ouwetcyldyec roo r6rou ot'|v s Uorro6r..o(ou 6lov0ou6roc fr (nou rcEuolrvlor npoc m 6tl). Adort:

()x vy ,,-U,z). noo: E I v o ri = ( o u v q , o ! v B , o r r F = l (xouvo-+ouvB+zouvy divFdxdrdz= )ds= Jl J,F.ids+klll ssn I tr.

=jfi( rELuoll . ++ - fi )o,or,o'=Jffr,-'-rroxo,ra,=Jffaxauaz=royK 'ri' ' "^ 'A' n

eu6orjc)3*n J-L n. 1,1= 3/2

o rjrros rou e)LlLiloE!6ois x' ,qz * z" =1 6iverdL ar6 tov !iro: .r2 d2 82 t." e^rEU4,oe!6ds x2+z'r2+zz=e t jvcu o=r, B= -! , r'=r.

v=

={""0''

224 5 t . ila unotoylogelro nLFvutxdoro.Mpngof =llx"amr+tlrrdzdx+z,dd! s dnou s eivol n e&r.pr.dld|n tnc elrwdyLss rou r0!ou o:x:o,0!0sd,0sz:o,

nlon:
Sq

It- - ttI . ceopu6oou! rov r[ro rou Gaussr tLvoL p=x,, J]FdS=llldivFdxd{idz. s0

=*, .3t =ut, + R=2. Q=0,, _a {=zz.

Apo djvF-2(xi!+z). Enolavoq:

r= JfJzrx.+*,roxo+oz=zl, [, [1",'.r-',,,1.*1,'='1, [f,[ + **,.lir]*"

=4, si,r* i.=,J'( (+'u.".)a,r,],.=,J"I $ *a] {, t *") "= tl,

='b"'.o" :r l=z(o'* -) - " '
52. lo unolovlda 16 rn go|loLo rou rdnourou Gauss ro lrtgoverord

olo(liftxro I='d 6nou S eavoL npoocvaEot!o!an Oxlrd ll(o'?x'?+B'zo'z+y,r,)dS,

v4 6rlgilveao tnc ooolpoc x2.{2+22"22. l6on: TLd vd (dvou! eeopuov{ xou t0fiou rou Gauss npdneL vo npoodlopLoouue ouvdornon F, t6touo nou i,fi=orxlrBrur+yrzr, 6nou i El!Lo 6LovuouorLK{ vdL To K66To otnv nredvLoS lovo6lolo 6[dvuo!q. Oo uflolov('oouu ro 6Ldvuoto i. 0c Bpo0le ro Kdero 6r-6vuopo 6 or4v erLqdveLos oto on![o 1,4(x,'!,2). Ei.vo L:

II

6=vi= i- 3f :r * t, ix.!-l

6nou f (x,0,2 E-2Xi+2Uj+22{. )=X,+Ur+2,-4,'Apo Etvou ox6pc 16 )-2R@E= .28 -4. Eroutvuc 5iu6L;= -L =-j xf--j ,f,:-{ rf . ocrdporju rn ouvdorqol F=pi*oi*ni. rtvoL,

ei.oi-*tr (-!'i--! ui,),t)=o.x,.a.v.v,z " + rl x.o],r-n { z=o.x,

+82U,+y,2, + P=2orx,Q=29,r!,R=2vrz, Enou6v0rc: F=(Ao,x)i*(28,|l,)j*(Zy"z){.

225

'a,0, r= l[i'ids#
III

)dxd,rdz= flj,'n**r,"-Jf fr"'+28'z+zv'

=2(o'z+B'?*y'z) ooo(paq o(tavoq 2)= llldxdudz=2(d'z+B'?+v'?){dvxoc 0

=2(d,+F.+y')+ n2'.

ro enrodvclor6 sit. lt ur@lovrd! "t*tl*,"

.$2,1",z1l Adqt: ro! s e(tul n .r|.|6yelo rc EEa6t

oJJfA, at* s
(I-a)'?+(]tl'z+(z-v]'=n'z.

F.

gd(dvou!. Eavorl eooplovii rouronou rouu"".., fflo3= lJJo,"lord0dz.

8n divF. ;i + ;f+ # ',N'a -2x+21+22. *,taaua.. 1 r= [l[ztr"t ..,

ro uetooxnuotlo!6| fLo vo unoloy(oouue ro t9rnl6 olodig{,Juo,(dvouus ' A p o l z,- V ' v l E . LvoL X-o.u,0-B=0 lJl=1.

r.zlllto*u*p.u.v-,ta,ou*, tu*u**tauo,o,* JJf1,,**,,.,o.s*v)la,aua*=zlll I

n' n'

*zl[[ to,g-,tauouaeo*z owaoocor<rIvoc ro*g*v t l[[ araua*z(d+B+y ) (dvroc

n' p1.216+9+y 1{ nn!. o'

9t- b |'otovro&a to arlntrclor6

oLal|b|!:

rat * 10 oroxlipr,ila: u n ouuiprnsn: ,Jl (u+u+v)dud'rdy eivcu un6iv, 6r",ir

ei!a! reor.rtriroos (r,u,v) rar, I oteperirepuoxrl Ir' 3xer,rirtpo ouuuerpics rnv dpri lov c6\,o\,. f(u,u,') 15

226 ,tFz I )dzlx+(2xltt'zzlqd0, 6rou s r Jlxz'aFz+(x s tnfi1a,.!z,

i0dl: rou . 6^eq oL npo(Jlrc06o[q H entodveLoS elvoL KleLglr1KoL r.ox0ouv (dvoutr r0lroi 0q Eocotroviotov rou Gauss. EIIo!6v0jq

eloEil drtqdvelq: (llolurexvlolDnvdv1976)

z=ot.

llfa3= llluinFaxau..
sn =z' ro divi. Etvou P=x22, eo unoloyaooutr ELvor 0-xr0-23,R-zx'ls!':2. ,!! fi =*., .# =U., 6nlo6i dlvF=xznlz+zz. Enouavoq:

roxa,raz. lliaSlll rx,.+,...

sn +22 =o21. MErooxnlorlcouua H orEpd re9loxi 0 e(,voL n {(x,U,z)elRl:x2+r)t2 2.p4y0.EloE o{roLoLK6c ouvlarovuavaq. 06touue x=pouvoouve, 0"pouvgnle, vor 0rq:2[, olpso, ose:+ Kd[ il-O'ouve. :uvn6q:

' "aeouueae ,r'*'-.',ororo,= fIo'o'o*eooarae=["0'oo f 'JJf a' 'fh ' r o ,[+ ,

=lt l-tn,el;.r"= v= ff . T'.*- !f: .'apq

55. ilo uroloyrdel !e tov r0rc tou causs ro ed.0avarar6 olorful9ouo: droo s lvoL n o?d[pox'?r{'z+Z':=l (t} (ro

!.

I=llFdS, 6nont=xri{rj+rtt,

6!6vuqa fi ra[Eooovelor rgoc ro fcrcola6 tnc eq[Fc]. (rbenrErird Tti||o ndvErro[t|llou &ofirovamc 1977) lton:
(tl

oo KdvouuE qopuovi rou r':nou 6nou n ELvoLn JJldivFdxd{idz. JJF.iasso

cepad npLoxinou nepL(leLEroL on6 Tnv nledveldS. ELvc!:

II-.

227

di"i"'(f ) {P

.9

=3x?+3u,+32,-3(x,+{,,+2,).

IT=T II'' II( I- l, Fds= F.nds.,Jl 3(x,,t.*2, )dxdtdz.rlo vo unoloy(oouie Jl ro rplnt6 o^o_ Lligolq gelooxnUorl,(oule oe o0o!pl(6q ouvteloyltvq. 'Eror e6tou! X: .pns9ouvo, {Fpnuonle, z.pouvp. Elvor O:e:Zh,Os9ln,oipjt, lJ j=prnug.,Atn --. -. 'r .doJ"nuuao=s1Ai"l eo: r=3["["['e,o.n!eapueae=3['"a6['o

,0,,

f J,t_*"011=

=s.e-({)rer=f ".
55. lt urolovld( ro n!|ovelord oloxliH&:
IIt r.ff oar, lawz_f axo,.f

firoos e[yd!n eErtolril erlalvro rq, el 4oer6odc 5.#.

l0at:

=r. i

' *' r=fllar"({r-f i.*r)o^aoa'= ll[, o oJ[ ;

c unotrovLooute ro otro(IdprtE! tq godoro rou ttnou rou Gauss.E(_ ftI

.,,

- -;

'var )dxdtdz (o

x=ou, rFBu, z=y|l. 'EroL n o[pe6 nepLoxllQ oleLKova(Etol o!9llovoorllovro

nploxf x" * !f . :: rt\. n cnod o' 9' v1 ,l fLc vo unolovloouue ro toLnl6 oiotdlipuuo (dvoulle rnv ovrLioxddroon: ,Apo:

ornvolEpd nploxiorr uz+u2+ut2 =1. rtvoe ${ffi.oBv.

=+t{ l,f +y'f |IJiXy'+ +

8o unoloyloouu ro np6roolo(liqrlo.

.fr ,fr)"e,ou"o,= IJl( i ; r;a'a,r,a'=-iiJ(fr

E(voL

0r

III

dududl{

228

=[{**[ffif '-li;-7\
i;

r\0"=[[f*l'ro*,,-ft u J-r|';F=F I
,f ,t'"1

-=:lgq.
dj" li:rr::F

Tu, avd! ro Xr,plou rr2+rr2s1, Iilerooxnldrl<oope o rlol|-(tc ouvreroylevsc.

'Ooo, o6rou! u-pouv, u=prm. Etvo! Osprl, O-.e=2n, $fo}ti =r.

f'r

-, Il #=-['r,-o,r-ror,-o,rJ'.ae=-;z1r-p ]zn=+n. ll # /l-u'-u' ,!;s t1-p'

[[[ d; o'acd* -,n. -u'

'eo.

Avdlovoggl,okouge 6rL ro 6E0repo Kor tp(xo olo(liootto aavoL Lod u 4n.

'Erd! eLvoL

{lt*

oF\ -1-*)a*ar,o+"(ry.g. Tt' 6nIo6il

.f,). '*"(+.f
(B' et6ouc) I.JJld, 6-

57. ild unotovioeelro errooverdtdolorliftF

nou F=(x'.,1,t""tV,0t*a2ex+2.22+t2e{+x) xor s e[$d! rl xlcrorll Err06velo: {x'1+{'?-l ,Forz=x+l } (ro bldvuolEi raE.raove&Lngocro 6Er).

(ncve[|,orlhroiovDavou )
/t6oll eo unol\oyloou! ro anr@vLoK6 oloK^l1pouo rn rou x0nou !e BoioeLd It-- I rou Gauss: 6.l.lFdS= r.lJdivFdxdUdz,
5A

nou 0 eLvol n oEepd nploxf trou nepL(lLatcL crl6 rnv Klaloti erlS. E{.wL: 0dvLo q = 1 1 x , 9 , 2n ;e ": x?+02=O 1 ,: z : x l t ). ' EXouU 'Apo P-Xr+(J'zez*'P, R=',+x2e'r+x. ar"f= Q=U'?+z'zex+z, ff

- j$ - $ =

229 IIT tLq vo uno^ovioor,ler0 -z),'Aeo I-lJJ2(X.{,'z)dxdUdz. =?Xr2++22=2lx+

0 ouvtroY!6veq. gerouue oe KUlLvdpLKeq rpLIII6 otroKIipdUquETooxnuorL<ouu 0<zlpouv+l' lJl= x:pouve!t=pn!, z=2. Elvar O:e<h, 0<p<1,0sz:x+1+ =p.'Apo:

de]ds= dz] r=zJfJ Lo',",v0-nus)-zel , h , r^-+-.r*ar,a.=z{'.1 , 0 L l' , of L{'.'""' 'o

=2J" delds= +5 l, [l. Lo'(o,vs-nue)z-o (I *pofue)' " ' t*'errer1 ap] ae' =zf r*eo,uela ] [f [o'
-J'" IJ'f
- 2 . r1 + P o u v g I

dezo'"rue*o'nro+2p!ouvr8+2o3nreouvo+or2prouv0+p3ouv

'L*'eae.zJ'o'aoJ'"nueow 'o'ooJ'"***tJ'o'oof =oJ'o'ooJ""**e.zf

de-r'r' !.odoJ,
oloxAipotia: 58. lh unotoylogelro n[0dvLo(6 6nou 4r*' s
rL /'

t=

] ) rdl S avor Lo t|tc =(2lll|!'t r6xz'?,-2luu-e'/,zl,ze-v +alzouvtl+z n enlocv @L.Er, X'z+i'.+L2=|.

A0on:
oo unolovloouge to o^oKl{pttuo u Tov rtlno tou Gauss. ELvdL: R= + Qr=-2nuU-2'i'ouv0-e0'20, + P\=2nu{i+62':, P=2xn!0*6x2'z Q=-20nur!-ev' AOoPr+qo*p,=922.51o. o =2,Uze-t' + Rz:z{e-{_+2uouvu+322. t2rltzouvl*21

npt0 clvoLn oteped dnou otveu: Sfas-JJlsz'dxdudz, rinoqrou causs

4!2+L'z.1 ). oxi: 0={(X,U,z)lR3:x'z ro rpLntr6 oioKillpolo lerooxnlorleoou oe dpoLpl[Lc vo unotrovaooute

lll

230 z:oouv9.Etvol 0!:2n, e6rou!x=pnlqoover KdqouweraylavC. {Epnt0nug, 'Apo 6xouu: 0$:n, orp:l Kot lJl=P'znlo.

*,] ae+J'"o1"*,',*,0,r'u*= [|,ili"-""oo"nuoao] F"=1,' -ouu,oaouvo)l =r trr:"(1, + I =E I-*# | =iT

IL J JO J L JO

59. Io v(var crcMouontou t0nou rou 6auss vlq q ouvoqdl =(2x-z)l+rtj-xz'?{ roL ylo tnv .[L96yEtqtou r69ounou oplcror 'lFl, z=0, z-1. en(ne6o x=0, X=|, '1F0,
A0al:

('(6 u

'exoru", causs E(vor: 0 uiroq rou (;i .*$ * ,r!! Ijt.*r"llf )axa,J,ar. sn
o l R ! : 0 5 X 5 10 , e ! 5 1 , 0 : z s 1 ) , I a v o Lo K 6 U P"2X-2, 0 ={ ( X , { , 2 ) Q=X,0,R=-X2,.

'Aro

"2, ;i +" rxi-

.# =-2x2. EnolavrK:

. * . * )**,.=i. IIIt* [I.[J.(z.x'-zxz)did',]dx' 0 =1,[l'r'*-'.''r:r,r]o'=J'[J'r,-*'*ro,r,]*=J'tz,r,-,', i*-J'rz.*'-xta

=k*$-ail,"-*-j={ ru.
Iox0el ox6!o 6rL:

eo unoloytoou! ro otro(lipouo:

rou r0urn Boieelo ll(2x-z)fids,

(sEli6o 149). H En!0dlrou (9) vEr.os x(,Jpl,<ToL oe 600 enlpdveLeq. 'EtoL E[.voL: X=|, X=0. trELodEeLq

231

fJrzx-.rfias=t-r ffrr.,-,ror,o'.r-,r ffrr.o-,ro,r,*= JJ.u"ff'0,r,"-" ,n. I+, Tu, "!'

'c .

J l z d r d z =|zd 1q d z = 2 1 , ! l ; [ z ] ; a .
TT (10) 0c unoloyloouuE!o otroK^ipr,.,uq llx,0JTds uE tn BoigELorou runou

Il

rt rr

(0I[60 149). H [r0dverocnoilelrcl 0116 6uo nLodvelrc otla LodoELq 'Apo vrloroLxo |]Fl, {F0. elvoL:

JJx'ofius=t-t Jjx'tax6.*1-1,lJx,oaxcz=l ll x.axla'-l | 0o=-i. I r 0l{ r _ J s r;, i:"

l4E ovd,\ovo oulloyLoti6 6rL JJf Bpao(ouue *..fmas=--!, s
t* r ' E r o L ( 2 )o r v efu n llF.ias=z-{-}= S

(3).

(2) KoL(3) nOoKtnr[ AIId rou r0rourou causs, n Loxoq It _60. tb unoloyLda ro olorMrqro JJrotf.nds,drour"Ji+(x-2xz)J-rrli s rol S e(vo! n nl0dverd |r sEaol|j!4 xr+{rr+zr{r, z$ (oto).
tdol:

- atx::x.t t$P):. o') rp6nos: Etvqr rotF=;=(lLlU )f-(.ij .( a(x:4zt- j$ (- zz{. )i= r* *, rt- ro+)j. I 2zI )t-xt+0j0o ullolovloouue ro bLdvuogo rnc eflLedvELqe i. H eEaor,ron avoL z= 'E1ou1.r6: =6-x\12. ----:L 2"= . :0uquvc uE roue - /o,-x,_{, , ,,,= r 4 /oz_x,-, r0[ouqqC sIL6os 23, dxouuE:

ouuo=@= E:F:F_x --nr /:' r-

"-x,1,. "-x,a,

tra+:V

o'

232 ovdlovd orr.ouvo=*, ouvv=3. 'ooo;=(*,*,f) Bplo(ouuE savul: roL ^olnov 't-

( * . I - 4 ) * ** -.r.;a'=[h.;a.-'[h.r r=ll **-ll =! 'd ,4,.. " ",+ d li.(l u

=l{t"+'-zto'-"-u'rr o'ot' a'ar'= + [[ Ltr1.+1Lls: 'i ,i /o'-x'-v' ,o'-*.-r.
oXU, sLvql o kuxl[K6q6(oxoc: H npoBoli rnq EnlodvLoq S oro ontn66o 'Etou axouue ouvtetoylaveq: !a lerqoxnufiLo!6o noILKds x'!+r!2:o'z.

r-i"' axar,= !e'-?"' o6o] *= r={{ : rx:',r: ['- f [' to'-9' to /o'-x'-'!'
ii lo I

) -9 . l l l | - r t o - - e -o oloe= , o L , o L/ o , - 0 , . / o , - o , Il a l .l cll j to'-o'rr$ - to'-o'1-'la1o'-o"t=

^-L = [ 0 ] ; l ( o u- o ' ) ' - o ' ? ( o ' ! - 0 ' z ) r ] - - 2 f l ( - o ! + o i ) = 0 . B') Trdtro(: (dvoule eqoployi rou l0nou rou Gauss:

(1). JJicS=Jllarvfi+aua' sn
H (1) B6<owac onou ai=iasrou 6nou i=rotf 6tver.;

II

III

axau.ieo. .lJroti.f,cs= lllai vtrotF)

sn 61. e|4oduero oreted Q nou oxruar(Glor. dr6 r|N nprdtpotal tou r0({Fl)'z+z'zil, x'0 ytpo ond rov 6Eovo rlLrci 6(.oxoo z'2. tld 6Lx0e[ 6t!l

* **

(a), TLltroE

oIa6d 148.

Eiv0L div(rotF):o.

233

s n EttrEEplxil e|trfdverorou 0, ! z:0. Jlxz'dxdlFo,6nou s

liiot:
8E|,|po0!e tnv |(lelari nL0dvelo Sr, nou nepLxlol,etol ndvo ord rnv enL9dveLo S KoL Kdr[, ond xlv en[pdvelq Sr, 'Exoule afld tov t0ro !E olLqoon z=0, It at

tl

Gauss: odlrdz+odxdz+xz3dxd0. l.l xz'dxd'!=ll

= x,'uxar,a,fif( * -;g.* )*.scz=r{fi

=0, 6r6rL n ufl6 ro otroklipr,lgo ouvdprnonECvoL neplxrll oq npoq x koL i orpd rtploxi Ql e{'vol orrllerpr(il oC rooc to fi('roo {nz. EnoUdvoC lvor

jJx.'axa'r=o (r).
s)
Etvol 6goq xoL:
II

6i

o-fJ^,'a,a,r,Jf ,.o'*a,r Jl.,o'o*-JJxz3dxd' 's' fl'.'*o*= i'', S; ii

llxz!dxd{Fo. s yr,orn ouvdpqol F-4xi62. t{dv[ve! ercMeeuol rou r0no0tou 6auss

-zltj*2"(

ror rny orpd reploxi o, fiou llprrlaEEo! 016 qv (ulLv6ol$1 (ndvEn0ot|fulo Oeodlovtnlc} nrO6YLcX'?{r2=11 ro! lo en(n6a F0, F3. iiq:

8o Eno,\ntoouue rov rino:

r, F.nds= llJ divFdxdudz. s0

II. -

III

a) 6d urlo^ov{.oouts ro rpLn^6 olo|(Iip|,|lo- El.vqr:

,rr"t - al:391 - + "# . . . .{1!. ax

aU
tat 'Aoo:I I t divrdxd0dz)dxdodz. l,J lll (a-a,!.22

=4_4,!t22.

234 llerooxnlorL<ouuE oe KUI!v6p!(6q ouvreroyudvaq. 06rouuE x=pouv0, 0: =pnpg, 0:pJ2,0 E 0 s z n , 0 a z 1 3 , z:2. El,voL

fiffffi

=o'Enorfvue:

t(I }oxoq,0z= ,r, {a-av+zz a

=l ll ll tq-qPaue -z )P d zP l'd ldo=

=[

f[ [oo'"0'nre.."ot]colce=[ lf (r2e-tze'nroao)de]d0-

-J, lao'-ao'n e. 1 o'I; de=J, {24-32nu0.18)ds=az[]"*32[ouvl;"=

ro enL0ovetoKd o^oK^ipr,)Uo, eooorJ! rlq nLqdvELeC B) 0a unolovLoouu Sr, 5r, Si ! lLotloerc ovr(oroLxo 2"0, z=3, x'z]U'?=4, tCvo[:

lJr.a,JJr.;,,.Jfr.;o,.lJi.;0,=,,.,,.,,(1).
SSTSTS:

I l g o u n o l o v a o oru ol e l,=ffF.ias. Elvol ;"(0,0,-1). Apo i.i--zr.rsl

noudvnc I,=ll -z'as=Jl0,F-I;OdxdrtFo.

Sr ar,t lI) 0o unoj\ovl.ooule ro Iz, ond lov rino:

II

II

{-Pzx-02{+R)dxdU lJ F.nds=rJJ

trr -

tl

t2).

H rplrn olvLqtdoorou 6LdvrJoloroq fi (yro tnv EnLqdv[o f (X)Ujz)=z-3=0), 6Lvero[ofl6 tov rr]no

yout/ To flpoonuo "+,,. Eivol q(6ud zx=0, z{=0. ' A p oq ( 2 ) 6 l v e ! :

,FT6tt"

=t=,

,&ori

'

'epoi.Lt'0.

Erorxle-

235

r.;t= JJ ^?r')=e(Eupo.dv Kdxup,:or Jf JJyo*r* ff *",r=r,.lgqoov t:i.t! ,'.*,, !', air, "r*u,KIou x'z+U'z=2'z)=9n2'z=36n.

III) 0q unoioylsou! ro I3. H KUlLvbpLKi nLqrdveLo dXt6Lovuoportxi nopouerpLKi elo(,ron Ezou v0l+2n 0jz:3, ElvoL io= uej+zR , ua Oa0<2n, =-2nr:si+2ouve3+o{, qK6!c: i,=Oi+Oj*t{. Eavq!

iu"i"

j r I =l -znue
0
|

rl

.+ iu'i" =2. 2ouvs 0 = 2ouvei+zn uo3*0R | 0 tl

'Eror. Enoucvoq fi= l"'1": =o*ei-1pejot. 6xouue: ru'r!

-,a u , , z r,= io 'i,laeaz= ){,o u v o , n) !0 ,0 t+x J l l . ' i of sf9, II A II -2(4nu 'e =rJ ( 2 o u) v,e ouve,nu eo ,0 sJ oJ u v ' ? o -) 8z rd ue 3d ez = ), 2 ' :(1 )2 o d z(= 14
AA

.t6l

( o u v , B - n ! r B ) d 0 d zd =z t5 l l{ouv,e-4u1e)do"

= 1 6 .,z l'lo l u v ' z s dn - l2S su - l, o d o l : a s l l - ' ' e . - , r n u oq l - g- o u v e ll Lio

ln J tL. . t, L " lol r r 'Apo = 4I8 1I rr -L 1-+-11]=48r. l r=48n '11

'Lro"

IT-* n ( 1 ) b t v e r :J J F . n d S = 0 , 3 6 n , 4 8 n = 8 4 n . s

63. 'Eqto 5 Uto snlil Kl|.rE{ mrilvelq ge er[nl dtl qv E|,'rptxi. 'fsro qxdgoi=xi+i*z{ arEavqrou ruxoaou n bLovuoudElKi o||/d.ou I(X,0,2) rlq erlotlv|.oq. I{o unoloyLoa ro otroxliq,uo

'=f[io<'
6 " rr.r.n. nap66orq)

Jnr,'oao=Jrr,'s,ruoau-Jrt-'-'uru.*"=J.""ea*"0-Ja^"s=!!!.1!-"

236 ndol: E i v d LF ( X , U , z ) =

zl
rt'
, a= ---:--fl x , q z + 2 ,) z ,
.L

+z')'? lx'zaI'1

Ftva' F- ------4--l1 * ' t t 1+ 2 2 ,) 2 A P= \b'z*zz-zx'z ' AX

p=----atz")u ,*,..9,
4!2-22' x'z !

E C v c Lo K 6 ! o :

(*,-0,..1'

;u -

aQ

z'z+x'z-2,!'z aR

(r,.,,,.;'
AP '-

,'

'Apo:

AQ AR=0=di vF' .: .-

ALqKplvou!e rLc flpLflrdoeLc: o) H opxn tov oq6vov 6v neOLKILrqL on6 rnv E[LedvLd. Tdre e{0ool6<EToro Tonoqrou Gauss.ElvoL:

(0 cvoL rpLoxirou lEptn orEpd JlFds=JJrdivEdxdrldz=JlJOdxdldz=0 s00

K l e a e x dq Ln 6 r n v 5 ) . B) Eorl,J drL n opxi rrJVq6vov cviKL orn orpEd nEplox 0, T6rE

II.,

(II

(II

P,Q,R (Kqe6 K co ro r # ,

3$, #)

u* slvoL o u v x o Lrq nv Q

(-

oro (0,0,0)). Aporo Eedpnlo rou causs6Ev Eedoov6v elvqr oovExEaq {rqp!6<6roL. >rnv neptnrl,ron duri epyo(6loor 0Jce{ic: oopo[! lLs oQoiod qE6v0i! (oL oKrivq o 1o>0), nou va nepLdxrdL orn ! xdvrpornv qpxi r{,JV 'Eor0r srEpedneploxi 0. Sl n lorepLKri dun rns oqqlpoqouriq. oopo0u rnv rour'1 T Tnq Q ! ro encne6o oXU.oeoiporlr rnv afiLedv6rd >, noo onorEtrelroL qII6 tnv dvoonr0jv anrqdvLrirv S xoL Sr. H: eopLroL oov n 6vuon: (Bldne nporo oxiuo). [oru 0r n arpdnpLoxirou .IES USTUT U I pLKIErlErcL cfld rrq S, Sr (6nlq6non6 rnv:). Tdre dxoule: ':

llioi=llia3'lli"i.llf"3.lliai.llia(.llias
:* ;+ ;:' :i i'-

{1).

fLo r4v K;\eLorinledvLo : KoLrn dEped [EpLoXi0r Loxtel To eedjpnlo rou Gauss, APs:

ioe= a'"io*o,r,o, * JJroio JJf ff t0E

1 2, )

237

( 1 ) K o !( z ) n p o ( t m r . n6 A { 6 L 6 rd Li v i = o ) J J A ; J fi o < =*t
s st

ll FdS=llFdS

I( , :+

-! llFds=ll ':+

:
-

ds. ELvoL 6ur,ic lil

'=(x,+t,+2,J,-o . Apa:

ll ,a4

- llrds Fds=

o, t?

{3).

'tor" Q,n oreped nepLoxi rounplKr[ErqL 0ounolovLoouue.o l[ioi. sl

ondrq oaolpq(0,o).lLq rn oovdprnsn i, rnv enredveLq Sl xout4 oteped 'Apol noroxiQ, ro 0e6pn!o rou Gauss eeop!6(Erqr.

t:*

-rra,a,ra,= -{ .+ rr.r [[;os= [[[ar [ttf {{l ,lr dv o. )a^ara,= \ + / 'ri; "raxa,r,a.= "r ..'

' E r o L ( 3 ) 6 a v E ! : I t - - -. n l l F d S =- 4 r o ' - 4 n . 'ri o' y) n9ar@n:To on!lo (0,0,0) dviKEr otnv enLedveLo S. To odjpnuo rou Gauss rdlL 6ev Eaqp!6<erdl. :fiv np[nr0r[ duri etr yo(6|roore oq tisr oEopotlE 6vqn!LoeoapLo (0tr6n8 dtrEoooxiU leroBlnlll aKrcvod xoL orolrov6vouu 6ToL ro sntElo 0. 'Euo) oro 52 n e0lrEplKi enlodvLc rou ntLoeoL piou KoLsr n ypolrlrooKrosu6vn E[LedveLo. Erou elvoLn dvllon orc: I nLqdvro sius; a6ploxircu nepLK.\LEEL KoL01 n orEpEd c n6 rnv :. T6rELvqL: fi--lt--1-l l F d s = lfld s * l l F d s (l) xo. X+rr+z=C

It- * tlt (2 0) . llFdS=ld l lj v F d x d u d z = lor

238 rr-. ++ ( 1 ) ' ( o( r2 )n p o K J m e L : An6 F d s flFdS (3). J r F d s i l l F d s =,o J (r- r II- -

! [ i o + r '''i r r e L b, : t ' - 6 , .n ( 3 )6 i v [ f[;i 6' :'i

ror.

t (- o unotroyaoob! ro llrds. oeupo0le rnv nl@dveLo S!: X{r+z-o,H .n!-

tl

'Esr(,J 5lU S; lvoLKtrLori. 02 n orpd nprox{ rlou nEpLrleaeL. QdveLa It .-lt--I--ltl T d r l v o L : l l r d s = l l r d s . lrld s = l l l d i v r d x d 0 o +z r; ! -i: r; n2 .l + l l l d i v r d x d ' l d z -rld l l d s - ';': '!i '!; l s

--

"

tr-.

(5).

Itr ul Etvor JJJ dividxd.!dz=3f oKravqc 6)tuLoao!piou lJaxaUaz=:tovxoc 0r ar =:-l f no'=zno,,Eivol oKdpo:
l,

I| (-pz^-02,,.n)dxa,r3 rx+-z roxar=lloaxa+=0. ll ;dS=Jl JJ :i 3'.

li

'EroL (5) 0c""," n Enou6voq 4 {4) 6r".. 's'i [[ia3=znr,-0. [[id3=12"6'= 's't 63 =zn.Eivor6!0rc: t'l[Fd=r ''*=^. 'Ilio5-r !
6-r'^1 d.o

'ooo[[ i
U

i j

6!-2n.

64. l{q ulolovrooa |re tn Borl0loroo ur|rou rou Stokes to elrlrqmllr\Lo ororlllpli! 9 (o+z)dx+( z+x)4+(xr{)dz, dtrouc saval o rdrloc: {x'z+tl,,+z'?=o" x{'[+z=0 }'

* =

Ila rn! ixiOj*"i zx=-t, z[=-1,

.ivc!

P=x, Q:0, l:2.

ILa tnv x+O+z:o.!vcL z:,x-o

239

Aton:
6nou t (r!+z,z+1,x+|). $ratJJ-tr.ias, c s -11 'Eyoupe:

"""=lr .i,L1,,.,n*

'Apo:

ErIou6v0JC To EnLKo!fl0ILo olo(lipr,ttto Lvor Loo tl llrotF.nds=0 . s

ro !n6dv.

55. [o eltoMoeutt ro ocim|n rou Stokes vL! rnv blovuotrrrxi ouvdprnon F=(z,Xz,0) rc! lnv orlgdvelo S ! ettoGrn z.t. H S EXE!odvopo tnv getlxd n9odvctortroU6vn nepauetpo rerpoy6vou ue nleupdc=2 Ko! xdvrooll. .Probl*s -(0,0,1). (G. 8rran: d- Annlyselintltutique.l n0dn: qq enLqdvLqq 0 npoocvorolLou6q oro S (oL rou ouvo9ouTnq QoLvovroL 6Lllav6oxito. q enslnea|joouue rov runo y, for;Jjr0!rds.
o) 0o unoloy|:oou!ro nL(o!no-

lLo otroKtrrlpoto. H Kou[0lnc onore IaroLqn6rq eueuypouuo ruitord AB BT, fA, 8A. 0o gpof!rLq ncpouErpLl(eq {lsdrerq rov uouvpdluorv ourdv
r l n l i d r o v .E L v o L A (1 , - 1 , 1 ) , B ( 1 , 1 , 1 ) ,f ( - 1 , 1 , 1 ), d(-1,-1,1 ).

I ) H A Ba x rn o p o l e r p L (e 6E q r o d o ex lc - 1 = t ( 1 - 1 ) , 0 + 1 - t { 1 + 1 )z , -1= = t ( 1 - l ) i x = l , { = 2 t - 1 , 2 = 1 ,! e t [ 0 , 1 ] . : r o o n u E i . A oo v r r o r o r x en ar l l i qKduo KqL oro onulo B rLli EivoL dx-o, d(r=2dt! dz-o. Avdlot=0 t=1. n vo ov pyoorou! BpLoKouue: I I ) B f : x . - 2 t + 1 ,U = 1 ,z = 1 ,! t 1 0 , 1 . ]t.r o o n u s LB o e { v q !t = 0 K o L t [.voL dz=o. oro on!Lo t-1. ELvoL o(6uodx=-zdt,ct!=o, I I I ) f A : x - - 1 , { = - 2 t + 1 ,2 . 1 , ! t [ 0 , 1 ] . : r o o n u e l o T owLotoLx ni 1. Eavq[: rLui rnq nopouCrpou 0 (qL oro onleLo A n rlui rnc noooudrpoo dz=0. dx=o t d0=-2dt!

240 l Y ) M : X = 2 t - 1 t, - - 1 , z = 1 ,r r t e [0,1]. Iro onpeto d ovrLotolxE( n rLUi rne nopoldrOou 0 xqLoro oluLo A n rLui tnq nctoudrpou 1. Eavq[i dx=2dt,dl,-0, dz-o. H npoBol{rou rerpovrirvou AgTd oro Il{ne6o 0X0ivoL To rETpdyuvo AlErfrA! ue Eqro6oe!q r'),eup6v x= 1, A p o : x--1, 0=l, U=-1,
IITII rD= | -t .t +t =r,+r,+r,+r,. CABBTTAAA

r t v o Lt :r . f rzdx,xzdl*0.=J','r'zat=z1q'=2,

r=2, (-1)1 ( - 2 )d t = 2 I ,=j_ozax-xzal*az=j' [t] .2dt=2 I,= [t] ;=2. J^.axu.al+arJ'1

( -F d F 2 + l - 2+ ) 2+2=4 (r). 9 !o rLeoveLoKd otroKlip0ruo. B) 0d unoloy(ooule EavoL:

'loo
II

--ir il

rovriro: ttt-x)i-li.ztildi.ooeopu6oouuc fJ'otFa3=ll ss

IIas= s
n6Y{,} z{,=0.

v{a Lx ) , Q . 1 , R , 2 =1J, (-Pz(-Qz0+R)dxd'l,.E Pi lx o Lz = 1 =

rou npooovorotrLoUorJ eKl6you! to npdonlo "+,,. Elo!6v0Jq:

,|'|*t FdS=

241 (I It = zdxd,I= dxdl,= ( eu0a66v A(u)+4 + ll ,.| 6xt axv npo(0nrL Enolieuon. n <nrodtevn rf _(2). And(l) xoL (2) JJrotFdS=a s

66. ilq umtov.da ro cnlxounttAlo oloKfipqE l= 6x Uxreu4*rllzdz 6 KaEdtdroc trtc oErlrd ngo@vcrotrlo|r6ulq rcumlfulc c, rou o[o(6FretoL crd rnv rilvero S roo r |regLqlo4ic rE ogortoel6odq z=z-X,{,, ond ro na[e6o z-1. Aton: go unoloy{.ooutrr ro enLKoundlLo oloKlipotq UErn BoieErotou tunorrou
Stokes, Ioxd[ 6ruC LvoLvv0jord 6rL:

f ia; [[*a F.ias.eruo,,

cu.rF=l L + * l+i.oj-x,t. ": "'l

I x's ev nuzI
l*It'Aeo (uJro( (8), l-rlcu rrFnds=Jl-xrknds=

ir i n I

i"t,,'=1 \oEltdo 1a9)-+lJ -Xrdxdu-o (to 6rrt16oJ\oKlipdto avoLu466v,6L6rL n un6

Txo

to oloxlipuuo ouvdprnon f(x,i!).-x: e(voLnep!ftrioq npoq x (oL ro XopLo (0KIL(6q Tx{, 6ntrobi o 6t'o(oq elvoLouuu.rpLKd uc npoe xov dEox'z*U'z.1 vq0 0). 67. ilo urcloyloe( rc rn 0o{0e!arou uJrourou Stokesto lrlrourj^Lo +3xdt-z'dz, 6roil S avoLI sn.tdvLa tou nllooolt(ou olo(ldqaro {D a}dx Ix'z*'+z?=g, zl0) rdl c ro ortvopo trl( s.

Ax{! .ildu

I ipoBori rou i.rpaydlou ABrA oro eiir.6o

ox{,.

242 Aoon i eo Kdvouu Eeqplovll rou r(Jnou OFdr=ll(e,F)nds. EivoL:

cs t,,Il-

rJ"l
a ar 2 a a lr a{, az I -' 3x -Z'zI

oo Bpo0ue ro (d8ro o[nv erL{ldvlo s DLdvuogo fi, H ellooorl rnq enLtvor f (x,{,,2}=x'1rl,'?+2'?-9=0.'Aoq: ouvd= odveLoq

olrvB=

+-=___!_ rtFitrT Fa;-z'

lx'ztu'z+2'z

,FFpq FA4z
r- 4/x" "b'.2'

. E L v q L -

nolrvu,c, ri'iri-itr-+ \
i

j. + n= + lxz atr'z+z'z t
i!" /x'"11'.r'

lx'zai'z+z'z

'ro.$Fa;=[[ri'rrrc'= fi+ 'd laz

i

*.' "1,2

or+[[ 4r*.ii

.r"l

o,ot-

=il -----z- .z4:"t'* axar= [[axq. 2, ii ii, /x'n'".2'

qq flpoBo^iq rnq enledvELoc To oloKlipruo ll dxd! 6aveLro ugo66v Tx'l' I(

s oro Encne6o 0x0, IIou Cvarro t]Bo66v rou K r J k l o ! : x 2 { r 2 = 3 ' ? ( I I p o ( d t l r E r yLo ond rnv eliooonrnc nlqdvloc z=0). To E u 0 q 6 6 vr o u K t K l o u l v o L n 3 2 'Aoo: 6tudx*3rd0-z'zdz-9nt 68. flo enoln0euoe( o nlrloc rou Stotes ylq tn olvdptqonF (zx-{,)i{z'?j-g'zzi rc! yld trtv xoFllln (c) rcu onoxdnrgtcLand rtl qoapo s: 0'16ro Ertr6o z=0. {X'?+o'z+2'?=l.r,l,z:0},
/lild:

oo .notrnedoouue tov rr:no SFci=llcurlF';ds. H xolnirn (c) LvoL o

TJio< ( s) , 06Ii6o 136.

t--Il

243 (d(locr {X'z{!'z=1,2=0}, eLo0belq !e rcpouetgll(Cc X=ouvt, o.nUt, 2.0, tt

0:t:2'I. Elvd[:

'-nqto(nut) '-(n !'t)o]dt= $ iai= $ rzr+r*-,1.'a,l+',a,L" ltz*ut-n!t)(ouvt) =J'n{zouvt-nrt) *J'"+nrt*tor.J""nu,tat--J'"* {-nrt) nuaazt-J'"
nltguv = + l o u u z r-ll'-! ;tl ^
-l"l c u r l F =+ l E c v oo L( 6 u o

=+ = n ( 1 r .

1l

J
+

i
*

I
l=i.

'loo,

-"o,r,lo*= -" [f.,.rr.;os-[[i.;os=[[ioe+ [[o,o*. 1'Il/' o,r,lo,* ['f[''

SSSA

I 2x-u -uz' -0'z I

-F *+r f4 r,47, *.ornuxl'-c * /I' t,U f* or*l[',1 [*.ornur] r--" , L Jo L. I

=z]=" 121.

An6(1)KaL (2) fipo(UnreL Ilqh1oEuon. n anto0levn 59. ilo rdlnoeutl o tonoq rou Stokesyro ro olotdipl,Uol

9 r(0,0,a).
Mol:

(r+)dr+(x-z)da+(0-x)dz,

drou c ly[. n negatEtgoc tou ror,v6vqi-A8f u rcp||dc A(o,0,0),B(0,o,0)

c-48+BT+fA. ELvoL 0[ lorioLc tov r^uo6vAB, Bf, TA ecvoLonlo[olEE[odtrLC Xo X+{,:o! {,+z:o! z+X-o. 0L noOduerplKdq rruv r eup6v Eavo! owastoLxo {X-t,{,=o-ttz=0} } {X4,U-t,z=o-t), {x=t,0=0,z=o-t}, rl t [0,o] * **
**r

T J i o <( 8 ) , d e l i 6 a 1 4 s . A' r6ros, o6ri6a 1a9, dornon(1).

lpooaldtolLdudvn: A B + f .

244 'Apo tP=l .l

6 -AB'Br'rA'a

+l =l l(0-o.t)1-(t-0)t-1),(o-t-t)0ldr+

-l [(o-u-tto*(o-a*ttt+(t-0 ) l)d t, )]l ( d-t1 = (t| [ ( o - r - 0 ) 1 , ( t - o , t ) 0 * ( 0 - r (l a-t-t)dt=l-otl0*L-otli*iotl"=o,-o,,o,= l 1 - c . t - t 1 a t *(l - o + r - r ) d t + ,o /o tn

= 3 o 3 ( 1 ). 0o unolovLoou! rripq ro enL(qUn0ILo olo(Iip0uq u Tn BoieeLq tou rdflouroti Stokes.0o XpnoLlonoLioouue rov DJno(2) (oEl[60168). To enr](n EnLedvelo n60 rou rorydrvou S) axr l|:olJrdn o Xq!+z=o+ X+U+z-o-o. goorju (2). rd ouvo,ouvp,ouvv,rou rtnou
to ro

..:! ---L(6nou ouvc= ELvor F(x,U,z)=x.ar+z-c1= ./fl:f lFi+F,tr+Fi ---j!orug= = -L,

= -.1- , 15

"Fi+i+ri

lr

ouur= L=

.,+i4tv+i lr

-L . ;gy.nr..

jj ( )ax*( x-z )a,r+(rr-x taz= $ z-,r

* ;u + l"=f["=
z-q, x-z {,-x
Tx,

= -L
"

.It-.

lx,

ll hi+i.1 dxd0= ;

"" lx,

T*u)rpuyrirvou ll "5 dxdq=6 JJdx4,:6(ErBo6dv

=6 =3oz \21. iAn6(l) xo! (2) npoKdmL eflotri8euort. I eqro|luvt 70. tlo noln0eu0e{ o r0rroerou Stokesyto rrt ouvdpqond: d-ali-xzj* r0z'z(, yuo qv nlqdrELo s: zz=x'z$'z (rcpdolo!6ee) xar qv (ouxrh c nou eavcl rqtl rou mpo8oloL6ous z-2. !e to {ane6o Ailol: H {|or,ron rnq (our trnqc [po(tnrL qn6 qv E(ordsn rnq fiLedveLoq S,
* H n p o B o l i r o u t o u . r d v o uA B f d r o e r i n e 6 o 0 x { , . i r d L ro rpi.rovo ue ropuods (0,0), (a,0), (0,d).

av Bdloul.lE z=2. L,

'EToL

eLvqL

c: x'z{r2=4. rov rtflo rou Stokes: oeopodu

v . q ' id s . E t v q L : 9odr Jl{ )

(I +,,

ornv nLedvELo S uo0o BpotlE ro KdoEro rnq ElLod vobloio b|dvuolo fr, H eti.or,ron
'O* veLcqS lvqL F(X,0,2)=X'?+0'z-22=0. )

o u v o = - : : - - =- - - - r - ,+i+Fi+F| .#

/Fl+Fi+i /x'1*+z*l'z /Fj+Fi.Fi =:g. Enoucvr,rc fi=-4 T------Ylx'z+rt'z+1z [. ' d ) i e a v o( EroL r o v u v d u e( Lo ou : vio

, ouus=4=4,

j-

'/x'zAl'z+1'z

. )f={# [(z'-x)x-o*(-z-3){-1 + tx"+'.1' r'x'+{r'+ r'

( 'eo"6 aal= ;os-:[[rv.ar [[ x z'*xI.2.: 4JFE 'i '.
E aI,+1, '|x, |F.|

oro"-

=[ ffi
=Ijlt( {#

ry
)'.-]f#

=JI dxd,r,= r.*x )*z*3] [x(

=tx r'ogotric enLedverdc -:laxa,r, sror.ne-

t!=pnle)= odroutl 6lo(oq x'z+U'a1z'z. 60 Ox06LvoLo KU(lLK6q X=pouvo,

d *o)ao]ae= =1,"1,'[,",*1 o'*=J" ( 4 *v'*p3ouv'e* +,*"'), 4 .,] [J'

{,'[# -"r. $ "*"e.$ - Y]",*1",'(touve,+orv'e*e)te=
=f
*

0,4n).s 2rr=20n. hrel1".1o*re-rol;".s lol;'=0'(

TJros (5), dEri6d 136.

246 'Apo {DAd;=20n {1)- 0o unoloy{.oouy rdrporo ErLt(ogndllo oloKlipo-

rov tino rou Stokes,0L nopourpLl(ec uo 9ddi, Xl,rptc E[LCfiisLq rrtq Koc: X'z+U'z-2'1 un0lne eavoL z=2, t [0,2n]. 'Apo: X-2ouvt,tJl-Zmrt, I dd;= I3udx+(-xz)d0*qrr,dz=

l0=f (-12n!rt-Bouv,t)dt= 13'2nut(zouvt)'-2ouyt2\2ttrt)'+znvt.2212)'ldt=l !.,

=l

( 1 z n u ' z t + 8 o u v ' ?.t.) t -2 0 n . .d= <0, noLpvouge oov OrL(i eopd

(EnE!6i;.(-0ouvo-0ouvp+louvy= -!-

tX.+9.+1

rnc (otrfl0trnq c rn gogd(Lvnonc rov 6eL(rdv lorr OoloyLo0). 71. ilo vl.vot flo^/i8uon tou r0mu lou Stokes yld q ouvdprnol F= =(r+0)i+(2x-z)i+(0+z)R, rdvr,r oto rplylro Agr xo orolo (mor6nrouv ro ouweroY!w nlnEfo0116 rnv enLtdve[cS: 3x+al+z=6.

A0on: 0d nclno|]oouu Tovttno: I Fdi=JJrotF.nds (1).

ol Ynoloylou6s rou en[0ovELo(06 o^oKlnpd|ldroq.0o ullotrovlooult To

rotF. [LvoLrotF={ :+--l! li.{ :l-+ " n \ lj\aqr a2l \az axl 'Exouu p=x+q,, R=u+z + R{=r, Qz=-t, pz=g,Rx=o, Q=zx-z, ,A)L 'Apo rotF=(2,0,1). Qr=2,Pr=1, eo urotroyloout/ !o 6tdvuoso i. 'Exouue, -(# f(x,{,2)=3x+2{,+z-6 + ouno. --L3 - -L

/"b

^n\

/^.

hi_fi+fz

,,qtT:T

/t(

-L , guyg-

ltT

6 *o* 1 = J- , 'p.qt ouvy=-!- . tnor6vrac roti.i. .&.r. t14 /1[ ,44 /14

247

rti+ti+t' axor,= fl.tt.ias=ll -L o: ll 1 ll 7 f g ltt E di, nE tf,l di, nt

a,ar,=

(I =7 dxdtFi(eu9o06v rprvd,vou 0Ag)=7.3-21. JJ OAB rou nlrolrlrolrou olorlngdtrdoc: B) YnolovrdudC ti ovrto[oLxn npoc rn oopd tor: i, oetuxrl eogd blovpoqic rnC rcqrdtrnq

c L v oA L-

I +

r +

n . r ; o u p ef

'AB-B' .TA ABTA

.[

.[

- [ = r , - 1 . - r , .e o u n o -

l o y [ o o u ure o I1, Iz, I!. l) To suoiypoguo ruiuo Ag 6XrEErodprq 3X+29=6, z=0. 0L ropogrpL2"0. To onle(oA ror B cvrlolroL'Apo: Xo[v orLqrl!6c t-2 Ka! t.0 rnc noodudroou. x,c e{[o['oLq rou e[vor x-t, G--it+3,

' (-* t-s)-(-*.-:o\ola.= ra;" r,. r-r) t' -rzt-or ll g ,f: L[/t-9 [' 1r-1,*s-r,\ar= _ r z . \ ,r \ . | \ . t.\ I | .! =l (-+t+3)dt:+li I *ttll-r+=r.
II) T0 8f repvdon6ro onIlo B(0,3,0),r(0,0,6). 'Apotxer nqpourpL(6qqLodFLc z-0"t(5-0) + x-0, (r.-3t+3,z= x-0-t(0-0), U-3=t(0-3), .6t. Td ongloI Ko! f ovrloxoLxoov orlc tu6c t=0 Kclrt.l rnq nopop6t o o , : . n p c r , = l t a i - l f t o - r t * s t o . l z , o - G t ) ( - 3 t + 3 ) ' + ( - 3 t +(3 6+ t) 6ltd )t= 'gr t' r.ztr = l ( 1 8 r + 1 8 t + r 8 ) d t .;3 6 lI + 1 8 l t l : = 1 8 + 1 8 = 3 6 . III) To fA negvd ondro ontelol'(0,0,5) Ko! A(2,0,0). 'A9a6x! nopqutprxfe Elrodloelq X-0=t(2-0), U-0=t(0-0),z-6=t(0-6) + X=2t,0-0,2=-6t+5,To onueto T (o! A ovrLo[oLxo0v orrq tL!6( t=0 KoLt.1 rnq nopo! 6 r p o u . ' A p ot:, - l F a i = l [ ( z t * 0 ) ( z t ). ( 4 t , 6 t - 6 ) 0 + ( 0 - G t + d ) ( - 6 t + 6 ) ' ] d t . 'rn
' Tiios (5), o.),i6q136.

2B

=J,

-36[t];-20-35=-16. (4t+36t-36)dt=40 |i I Elo!6v0,q [vol I=Ir+Ir+I!=l+36-16=2l. EroLlor-rl6v n {1)elEmtroL. 72. l{c uroloyrool!G 6uo tp6rouc ro cnlFvEtoxd oloxlipr,F:

II -. I=ll(mtF)nds, 6nou S (vol ro rtha tnc nlg6veroq z=2{x1+0'} (l), u .t.

orzs] ror F+i-xj+'i. r(wr.l.i.o.

(f. CKER: ProblmSolver") "TheCalculus

Afon: H enrodve[o S LvaL ro rpilo rnq

erL06vLoq rou flapa9oloar6o0c, nou gp{,oKelaL uetoE! rov EnL[460v z= 0, 1

z=-T.

a') T96roc: ECvoL:

eo uflotroyLooule ro 6Ldvuolo fi. A116 rnv ('ooot rnc ertodvaLoc rpox0r

nrEL r,-'vo= +./1.2'tzi

t1-16x2+16$,

-:lL.------1! , s,rvc=

/1+16x,-16{, /1+16xr+15U1

1 -;ouvv= . Eno!6voc eavoL i= r'1+16x'?+160'z *## voLi.{.0

. Erer6n 6soc Ea-

yrlvtqu rov dEovo 1o4tf4 ro i oxnuatt(el olBJ\eLo z'z) nL-

-t= Iavouue ro ordvuolo ffi

. EroL Eivdl -;i-

ffi

enoutvr,rq: I=,i [[1ru1i1fi*= I[ :!I3:?---"g t /t+r6x,*t60,

".2 ll r,, = lllI -- t-r'1+16x'+161'z dxd'!=ll (axz*2)dxd'!+ i', /1+16x'+16'!z 4, T i t r o s ( a ) , o l a 6 o 1 3s .

249

(x'-t' )'2]dxd,! ' ll [8x

ox{i ivol o (uKl!K6q 6lo(oc H npo9oli rnq ElLedvLqq S oro enCne6o

xt-ot;*'

ro 6!fi16 olordipluo (dvouraxpion noJ\L. flo vd unoloyt'oou! 'Ero! lo|'rt6v

xtiivouwerdyltv{,iv. egroulex=pouvo,0=pnue. Etvor 0s0s2n,osp:|, lJl=p,

cvor: I1

, , a, t

d0= dodo-1. (8e'o'rv0-2e)del [8p(ouv0]o'*zj U. o r,p

, 1 ,r , t

]ue-['" ' rza ' t2n .['"[9gj o,ue.o,l [9 /+'l'ouu, } ( + ) o u v e a e*i1.oe= " "' j, L , r0 ,o L, \./ ldo=zbJ.

'"-{ =2! tnrel let'"-" .

otroKlior,ld eoaoud<ovtoc ro enleovElox6 8') fofuoc: 0d unolovl.ooule rov riro ror, tao*".' 6toi[[t"o,F)ias.
cS

x rosnfln c e{.valo (dxloq x2+

,u,"-+, ,-+,

eEr,odroe ucx=*ouvo,v.|nue, ,=|, unopouErprKdq

ax=* touvel' ae=-l nredo, dU.+ (n!8)'do={ dz-0. oreszlt. ELvor ouvodo,
c SLovpdoerol Kordtnv Enel6rlro fi axgLeopdrdroLo nou t.fi.0, 1 roun0trn

opvnrlxi gop6.'EroLe[wL: f Fai=$ IUT*J+zltaF

ror.t.\rl.\/rr|t =1,, j' nue,;--iouve(i ouve/-(in!0+/01d8= l* nm(-

l --

. [' ({*.+{*"',)*=-*

tet].=i. [' ae=-{

73. lb unolovrot ro mrFvelord olorftbq!

z=2
I

,"ownrvi oe eJJrot. s
r,*+,=i

x o cz - z ( x , + + , )' .n " j = z < x . + o " l *

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p;a;=I 1zdx{x,-3x+2 )zdl,+odzllfc5-lJ.odoS" ss

Il .

It

= l l a ! t ( - n u t ) - ( o u v ' t - 3 o u v t * 2 ) o u v(t'z ln du t= l t-ouv't+3ouv,t-2ouvt)dt '-ouu..ur"ouu,tat*zf =["{orv2t-o,ru't*zoru'zt-20uvt)dt=l ouv2td.-f

lo l, Jo ld

"ouutat= nult -zf -z1nutli' =zn. | $ l'"h",+o ll'". f,l"' z ,o L . lo L o L Jo

74. lb 6o!x0ea 6rL yld r&e alrli, Aelo xo! rletoEil n[dvao S !old-

c.: l/v.Fds=o. s
Arto[: '[fio Q n6pLoxi nounEpLKtrLroL crr6tnv en[edvElo. AIrd n orpd lov

ft.-.

rou rrno Gauss er**' fffotJffai"ro

edrouue ctrlv {1) 6nouF, i'i drou npoxrLnrer:

(1).

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75. 0e0po0ue tn ouy@rnolf(x,U,z) troutvo! oprou,vnorn oreoclltr6ploxil 0, nou rteolxleaercl ord r|lv r06vELc S. Hf exLouvsxslc !tlrec moovdryou( tdEoc. lhoolrorru 6rL ro lovri6lo(o roaro u6xr! rot 6ut60dC ('tov nr0alylos 6!6vrrouqi rcteu06{ator moc to d(!.

o) ro 6elxoe( *. l[ ,r * f[[;,r**d,.
san n 9) Av or6F tvo! (if),=4f fi) ro! dtv(fif)=lof (2), w 6erx0sa

6rr -.{ ff + ds=8no!,6nous (vcr n nlgilveld tnc ooaoo( a2+!2+22-o2. an (ilqIuqtt rd T!6trorbvrrdtlltou oeooorrovl,rm i90) l0ol:

o) ELvor o.' lj =ttfl;=(S,S,r.{ vvr,sr6

ai r"

'roo, )(orvo,ouu9,-uv).
ax, e az2

fl '^ ,d an ".1[(* d.

g ouv6*.:{ c1!-a'r..e1!)a1a1,0.o'vo* **)"H[[[f 2 / !eu8s,,/ \ /

= lllf.roro,r,o.. n
rA : i - ; i ; i ' i . lI *\'-qr o F ) H ( 1 ) y p d 0 r q( ,

(;i).(;,il.(#;

/.f

\z

/ :f

\2

/ i+ \2

=o' (3) Etvo'[:

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-4f+fl!-+jl+:_:l.

\ ax'z ar!'z az" / 'Eror (2) n vpderor-:

q r + (A ,

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dI * 3ll\=roro

a z r+ a 2 t+ - Q 1 ! 6e =

9"1=6.

252

II 'd

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[[1, '[[ftro'n-no"*rorora.a' t\ ai ail

'u -, c)as trr'

6nou9,9 etvou flr!;rorcdq ouvcpriloLc r|ooovd,youc 6uuE ouvxlcgEpLKCc r6psc r6EEr.K. /!ton: Eopot! rov r0ro rou causs:
';'\

.+ . o ' )oro,ro,= tftf +S tz). 'f[rrouuo+Qouvg+Rouvv)ds d '^ 6 e ) ll /

06!ouue:

jf -s-q r=o

eoj$-sf$
-9 R=e Jz39 !239

-' ). - #. S.# =(**''; -3i.a ff

(3).

-' .(*$ if * "t - .3fr *$ -t * r:r- i: -t -n # )= # ).(,,t

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EivoL oK6!oi

j$ PsuvoaQoovo+Rouvy=e j} ouvv{$ ouvB+v # ouuo-s ff ouvo*,r ouv9-s

-s jl *w=,r(lf ouvo*,!s ouvp+ jfr ouvo* j| ouvv)f: *w)-r(;* ouvo.

=0{ v ? . n) - 9( e 9 . n ) + q 5 - g : r an an A n 6 ( 2 ) , ( 3 ) K o L( 4 ) n p o K u n t e nL ( 1 ) .

{4).

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z. lb unoloyLooea ro Err.xqmolLo or..Meq- Il(x'i'f s

i.z'?f) 'ids, d-

noo S e[vq! I enldlvla rou r00ou (-'19(,1,2!l] m! i to !or,{tla[o Kl$ero ngoc ro 6{t. oIr|v nrihrelc uldvrro|f rou Ktru06Yctor, iim: 'EoroE(x2,i!',z'z). 'Earns1, s' s3, s4, ss, 56 oL C6pec rou krjBou i=-R,6= 1 ' z = 1 'X = - l ' X = 1 ,U = - 1 , E(vou = L-q U=l,ovllololxo. u e e E L o r i r oz =*, fr=-i, fi-1, i=-j, fi-j, vlo rLq nponyoiuevec enLedveleq, ovraoroLxo.l-

+r {r}+ r]+r 6. r5 1JJr;ds{+ 6. llr "r".1[.ll. l!,ll, JI "x,r.. s sr s 2 s r s { s 5 s 6 ",

ro oAoKlnpd,lorq II Ir, ..., 16. eo unoloycoouuE o) Ylotroyrodc rou Ir: ELvoL:

l. l, :,l=*.,.,,,
0 0 -1 |

'o'', -*.i-*.3ros= axa,r' Jfr-0"i.,.Jr,4Effi JJ;,;"=|J,

=[' [' r-+. i.x.j-olrri;oo oxar=[' [' -u.1,r,*.1' [' x'Jdxdut .t . , .1 ., .r .

=-rJ',a'J',,r'au,.iJ',"axJ',or-r1x11,[ l,= $ ]',.:lS ]',r-r

=-z{rrzf:=-{r-{i-or.
rou 13: EavqL: B) Ynoloyrol0c

F,'i=l x, ,r,, z, l=oi-z'i.'r'1. l-r o o l y= (0r-z,i-,!.665 i,;ds=l[ rt*fi*fi 6,162= r,=[f [f ,ei-,'3a.s1
'uz

lr

{ |

-f

n d,r,dz=J, r-.,:-o,lr J_,1,u''io,r,o.= J-,-z,3d0dz' ,J_,

254 . 2t ,; ,t . '.Itl z , | *ff,t . , | __iz+, r-J l d .dzrrl ozl qr'oqi= ,, _ rlrv J t r-tJ , l1 l J | r_.
+ k 2 += 0 i - t j + - T k . KoLto dl,\a oloKtrnpduqro. 14 ovdioyorpdno unotroyL<ovroL