(Spivak M.) Διαφορικός Και Ολοκληρωτικός Λογισμός

Michael Spivak
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e-mail: pek@iesl.forth.gr Kr pek@physics.uch.gr
LRL: hrrp.ns.peLucb.gr
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olvoplrioLrorvdoporotdr0rvolroi ror ritrou. fro ro dopoLotLo tpL6! apL0p6!.a. bK.rLc.
Bropotfr vo oKolouo'ioorips8io 6roQop0nxo[( 6p6foug. MnoponBc!o npoo0iooutLs
np6ro roDqb xor c, noipvovroqrov , + c rL 6nsrrflvu npooedoolrc rov a o flL,r6vlov
spL0p6.nqipvowqq lov d + (b + cI ri vo npooroorrs np(ir( rouq d Kar b. Kor 6neLr(Iro
d8poLoraa + b orov c. nolpvo!'roqrov (o + b) + c. To 8no onvoetnnopoiopnrarou 0n
n'ipoDl'ssl\'ol Fdparoioa, doLfluri Eivurrl np6flt r616rrtronou 0a Kora?privoulo]
I llr A v r . b K o ,, L : v a o r o , o . 3 ' i n o . o p , 0 p u ir. o , "
d+(b+.)=(d+6)+c
Eivaroa$6q6rr I r5r6rllsot]rripoqanql,Ldoonan6ro vo opiooup EstopLord ntv iwoLo
rouaepoioFaroq rpr6vaproldrv: onir;rqourqr,rvoijr
6rLro o + b + coup|]ol,ils'rov opLl]-
p6 o + (6 + c) = (o + b) + c. fLo rtv np6oeort rsooripovopr0p6!flnaLroD\'rar nop6-
loLoL,ov KorKdnoqnproo6rspo no).inloKor,oDiloTro[oi.To oLllpoioa - b + c + d
opi(sroL v0 oiudivEL
(l) {(d+b)+c)+4
'i 2) (a+(b+c))+d.
(
'i (3) a+((b+c)+d),
'i (a) a+(b+(c+d)),
ri (5) ((l+b)+(c+d).
Auro!o opro[6(civor6flaiqTroriornopordvrD opr0uoi civar6IoLiool.Eu.uXriC.
a!r.iro
tslov6q30vxp'rd('rarvoKdro'rpoqEioovi'r',rproflirSL6rttro,lLdri
utropsivorodslrrei
ur6rrtvLSdrtraIl rolj dxouiLs
i6t ovaeipsl.flo,ropd6sqtLo. qipo!!E0'16qr II 6rL
(a+b)+c=d+(b+c)
4 Eoayayl
an' 6noudnsroroldooq 6 or (l) xar (2) ivar i6or. H E6rlra rov (2) rcr (3) ivor rirdn
suvfnaa q( Il, ov ror iooq ;v qoivrarpeqv 'lp6q Ford (npdfir v' uqriooulerov
b + cvanoiifl rov p6lo roDb orTlvIl, l(arrov drov pdl'orouc).O o6ntlq(3)= (4)= (5)
qlro6orKv0owor sniol( ajxo},o.
EivoriooEnpoqovdq 6 opxiva kq1oQiyoDIe oqv Il ylo va ono8iqoDte rtv ro6qro
rov l4 6nQopffrr6vtp6nrov perouEonoioug c0poi(oworndweapro}loi, oLld 6veivar*ar
t6oo eavep6n{irgfivEror vo 5o0i lla loTlni otr666r(i ourof rou rpd rorog lopic va
l(a1aypd\,ouFe KoLro 14oordopoioFola.Mld riron 6ra6rrooiaivorserKri, q),]d 0q
Itvdrcv l8roirpoErinovrlqv Eerd(oF ou),l,oyiqafi6 Ch, qri, ri fispros6repouqqp10-
loljq 0o irav rLioqavnopKriS frartvon6661tl trlEladqroq 61.ovrov 8uvarrivuopor-
ol(irov Fue rutaiugnempoo#vylg ou),l.oyie0116uproFoiear, ..., a,. Aur6 fnopoi}lva
ro oeorprlooupe 6e6ogfvo,a},i.d F ' ourorignoDod'ol,avvo ralanuoloiv UeTrlvorr66alrl
(rol oqiqrrov rd'lo vo ro rdver rcveiq rouldporov pu qopd),Flo lpooa7yrol rprypde-
ror olo II p69l,qlo24.A]16'Eo Kornipo,eaunoodroule rd!'role,Iopiq varo ovoqipout,
6n sivorTvoor(i 10 arorlofqro ouro[ ro! npopblporoqror 0a lpdgoopao0poiopora
lne IopAiE dr + ... ai q8lqqoprivruE yrarI6 iraBt ro,)v rqp!{6oE0rv.
O qprell6q0 6Ir lra r6rdrlft t6oo stllavnri rou 0a qv Karqypdvouloov 6eirepn:
t12) Av acivarororoo6iroropr0t6(,r6rE
a+0=0+a=d.
O oproIdg0 noi(rdvavrioTlqorou8qiop6Loollv rp(q r66rtro rou t(orql.6rcD
Io(l
(13) fu xdoapr0[6a, unriplrivoEapr0p6(,o -d, droroE60r
d+(-o)=(-d)+d=0.
H r6r6rlra 120d 7tprvd !o 6ivrdvqlapaxqprorrx6 yvrirproFo rou apr0poi0, kqr
Kdrrrdrorc,KorF{i}.rgraqpdsoq:n pa,fjrorc
ripaotEorTlvuldprorl 0i6l vo olro6sliorJpc
Kd,ov 6voqqprell6q
rrxovonolsinlv
a+r=a
./lqororov8inorsapLep6 a,Itjt x = 0 (xqrnoFdv{DE
ol)li I ro6q1oro16rlla 6l,ouqrouq
opr0go6q a). H ar664rlouro6loDroluprsFo[6vdnoriiIiroIo neproo6rEpo 0116ro vo
oeorpdsoup 10- d
ro d (or cr' ro 6io d).n qE rs6qroE lr' d),}.al.6ylo,vo npoo66out
xor oro 6io ga).l. 'onoq 6sii0rKorI l.errlotspiqo,r666LErl nouoKolouoi,Ipsrd(owar
(or or rpeler616rrlc6ll - 13]ravo 6rxarc1,ofl0ei oorriI npdBrl:
t61E (-a)+(a+x)=( d)+d=0,

dpq ((-d)+a)+x=0,
dpq 0*x=0,
,ipq r = 0.
'Onoq
8roAaivrqr, ivor9ol,rx6vq oopoilrTlvoeoipotoavUo npd{rlmpdlo,n nlE
,rp6oEoqq:eeopoilro d - b dov lrq oivrllot llq ro a + ( b). Mnopoip16rvo
BpoU! q l,6onlpu(6vofl),6velrodrosov rdvowq( Jrroorpdqr6 BliFmo(Ko6vo olflo-
rolnpivo sr6 rLEIl,12 i l3),6foroI' old ro! stQoviornKavylo rnv sliooq a + x = a.
flo mpii6r7pq:
Av .x+3=5,
t61o (r+3)+(-3)=5+(-i),
ipa r+(3+(-3))=5-3=2,
dpq x+0=2,
dpo ^- 2.
liocre4o!v pdpdlqv8roq6pov,I6vo
A!1.( or),nroppig Fdlpl(&ou,rrsrir61rivar
tdvror6uvarfq.trlvnpriEt, ouqoo( ivorldswo lp6vouvd npoo,roori
Kav6igvo l,600r
L Baorrt;6r6t4tequ.,tv
apfiprtrv5
tta sEiaoorScixvovroq p16(]0ooqrlrp6nornvEdpqoron6rlErSL6rrrEq I1,12Kor13(i

xr an6rrqer6pEvsq r5L6qrqnoue' ovoadpoupE).
MivLpraaK6!arSL6qrdrIq np6oeong rc1,rpdnerv qvo$Epei.Orovq6id(or0iq
ogpoiotolqrpr6! opLep6v 4 6 Kd,c, F6vo6io o0poiororororo, pdqlxov:ro (d + b) + c
l(o1roo + (b + c). Aoaol6qJriropoil0vo rdpoDuc {r d}.).se
ro},r;q rspurr6os( uv fero-
r!
Bdl),o',r,' Sldroqrlmv a, b {o1 c. To 6fl 61a ourd ra oepoioldra sir,olioo. Fooi(ror
(I4) Av a Korb ivor3u6oproroi,r6rs

a+ b= b+ a-
HSl(njroot rlq 146r{er aKon6vo rovioErro t?ov6q 6Tl,ov Korn rpdErlrrqrp6o0orts
ev6qEiyouqapr0pdJv 0a p?iopori,os,sv8sro[ivoq,vfl EoprdroL on6 r! osrp{irov 6ri,o
oprepdJv,orrv npaTparrK6rlra iivor ovE{iprnrr on auriv. rru napd6Eryto, r aqoipsorl
bev6rrouflivrrv l5L6rl1s:ouvriooq a - b + b - d. IlapEpnrnr6vr0rq, ofnopoioor,vo
po'Iliooute116rro a - b ci1ror ioo Fro b - d, {ur civoLt!,61oQ,pov ro 6110o o!aKo}.f-
vou[s n66o o8uvorol Eipaors av 0oororoits orrs r616fl]rq
ll 14,'/rova 61Koro],o?ri-
ooute ro Fripard!uq. Ms rsl,ioqoroLreLdj8r A.7Eppa,pnopoipvo 8iEou[e6rL
a 6 = b o p6voav a = ,. KoL6!oq, EivoroSivarovo ro ano6ilou!f6vo 0116 tlg
Ldr6rrtftq
ll 14 ivar5r6oKrrK6 ro vo Esrdoer npooKrrK{i rr ororxsL6dla},yppLKri
air6301ln{o1 vo npo66r,-1.torEro 0'ita rou 6vtnopiva 6rKolo},o1l]0i an6rLqll 14.
BdDolo, 6roveo 6roupovoedpL ppLKdq aK6!odL6rrrss,ea Eiroorso 0dorvo arrrolo-
yrioouls6],a ra Ditoro p ),nro!6prEq. Kord vovnpiep,o6poqrp6no,I eripor{l
L6r6rlro6IeL!q Kdvn)rErov trol].orlooraoF6.
01 FoolKdC 16r6flt.ss rou ,rol],anl,aal0opoD pol{iqolveuruzdJq 1600ro).i r' oDrdqrnq
np6o0-orlq. ro, 0oxp-Loo-oi\ ro].i ).iyootd; ro rdoo'1 rvoraoooKororo' vdrriq To,c
u sivqrnpo$ovsiq. ('Oros ror oq ororleuir6ldt"?eppo, ro 7r!6fEvorov a Kor, o
ouppo].iqror!s a b, i nroor)"d pe ab.)
(15) Av a. b, KtrrcsivaronorodinoropLopoi, 161
.t lb c)=(a b) c.
(16l At o .naLoro,ooSiror.op.l]Fdq.
rdr.
a I=I .t=.1.
Erionq i + 0.
(Ooivsraliooq nopdqsvo ro vu {aroypripoDperov ro7upLop6 I I 0, uD.dEiloorsurorps-
oF6!oLvoro r{ivouf,}rori bevutrdpxrrp6troqvo rovqnobioup peBdorlflq un6lornq
riir6rlrsq oDrieor rdr6rtrqeo islua! 6iq(L qv uflipIo 6vsqf6vo opreu6q, o 0.)
(17) fro KdeE
opr0p6a + 0, udprL 6vosopre!6qtl rIorcsdrors
a a' a'a L
(I8) Av a {ar b ivorruzaioLapL0!oi,1616
a b=b d.
Mrq irnlof6pDlaro! oEi(L vo DnolpapjriooupE,EivoLrt cpqdvLorqq ouveiqq a + 0
ortv I7. Al]rri n oDvorintEivorwEldjqonopairtrt: oqoLi0 b = 0 Io 6].ouqroueopLo-
Jroiq,6rvuTdpxsrapr0!6g 0 'no! vu rrqvororitlv0 0r= l.AD.6Contploprot6qdxst
uLoort[ovrrKi ouvfn0ruo0 6X6or]]0 rrl 6toiporl.AKpr06q6noqrt flqaipeortopiorlKE
lioo Itq np6oeeotq,dra, Kol rt 6loiporlopi(6rolt Pdor rov no?,Iorlaotaop6:10
oippolo a,/, otuoi!l d , b L.AAonro 0 ' 6svdXsr6wola,ro a,/0sniolq 6v67Er6woLo
I 8raipEon}l0 ivorfltv?d06pLoril.
H !5r6qro 1761sr66()olfov.lKde61,!drrsq. Av a , = o c. 6'v dnril1ovotKoonl(d
6r, b= c rrari ov a=0, 16rKarrod , Kdrroa c EivoL 0, oveqdprTtro
o'16ro noLd
ELooyaytj
qr6 rtv 17oq Eqriq:

'ivoLt(rbxoLc oFos,dva+0.16rrb=c orir6onoSErr$u'rsr
d,h=n,.tnth+n
\o ot D=\o ut c
t'rvdnrflrrtq lT sivar Karro l?ov6! 6rL,ov d b: 0, 16ra = 0 ri b = 0. ilpd/f{rIr.
rdT' a'.(d.b)=0
,ipo (a t . a). b= 0
(Mropsiva oulpci va LoXlcrKarI d = 0 KorI b = 0. Auni I nL0ov61!ra 6vqnoKtsiror

6rav],atE"d: 0 i b = 0'r oru rohloflK{iro "ri" xptorloroL0iraL rdvrorsfsfliv iwo,a
rou "ro 6vori 10fl,io, ri Karrs 6'jo").
H ro]l]Ioioolrri ouvamrdrIq 171ploLtonouiisrouvsl6q1rorit l[ot s(rodroov. Ag
unoeiooL,trt, Ito mpddsryto, 6Il ]tq 6vovopr0p6 x ivor yvoor6noq nq),toErlL
rrlv
( x l ) ( x 2 ): 0 .
'Apo =
T 6 r c 0 ( 1 o i v a r tr= 0 r i x 2 = 0. x I i x = 2.
Ms |]dor rLqoKrd)r6r6rrtrcq nou;lortc ovoadproq r6pa,8evsijrdorcaK6roo8do!vo
dnoijEioL,ls KsLrorld npdlfura. H n6pvrlLdr6rrtro, nou oL,vdldqslflq npdEnqrrlq
np6o0corts {oLrolj no}.Ior}.aolaopoi. eq psrqpdi}.sr ouoLqorLKd
ourlivrrtv Kordoroo!.
(19) Av a. b, {o1. sivaronororSinors op,oroi,r6rs
a.\b-c) o b-o.,.
( aparlpeiore
6rLqn6 KorI ro6rlro(b + c) d=b
ltrt!I8 roXieL d+c a)
:sv nopdSL/f(llq Xplorf6rnroq rlq 19,16po 0a npoo8lopiooDp8
n6r8 oKprp6q
16r' (a b)+b=lb-d)+b=b+(b-s)'
{ip0 a=b+b d'
,ipa a+ d=(b+ b a)+ d= b+ b.
ll(l+l)=6 (l + l),
Mra 66rplEqoppo?ri rqq 19 oDvovrdloarrlv arftoi6'fiol rol] 1ol!p16tono 0 = 0

noudXoulsiSrt Storun6oEl kdr rov oroio tpnor}torolrioogs {r61,oe},ito vorpirpoog
rroan66srEt6 (rnop8irsvdvronio'rc,roi)AL,r6ro Tslovo(6'v oldq6pert{'oovfLdon6
paorKdq
rL_( rSr6rrtrEq,
ov Kor3vro uro6i6ap 6rovro nporoavoadpotls. MEriq Il - I8
p6vo.6svirav 6uvor6vs 6(iooDp praor65s(t, ?rorio apr0p6q 0 spaoviEsrol p6vo6nq
12,Il, nol,dqopoivrrlv np6ogeol,evdro roluprof6q7rorov onoiolr ip dXsrot6ol !
rov no).iarLooroog6. Mc rlv19, I on66srqn
6i!qrar).ri.ov Kqrpropivo !r'tvsivaLrisioq
d 0+d 0=a.(0+0)
=a 0
'Onoq
i1oltLriiil ortp16oei, ro (d . 0) Kflr
0l]16ol civsrolrotdroq (ov npooedoo'rtt
or0 d,ioFair) 611a 0 0. =
MLooDrpd{rtr6d}.)(olv6nerrqq 19ioorqlqs poTteioouv va sqrTriooure
rov Kdnoq
nspioplo{ovdvonouuaq00|]or6vrL 6rr, ro lv6r'vo dio dpvtnK6vaprep6veivoresirK6q
iI
1. Baowigr6r6qrcEnv apfipritv 7
oprell6q.flo va optiooupe,0o oro8EiqoD!rov rro aj]"oyo lotDplojr6 6fl ( d) b=

- (a r). fro vo ro uno8citouuc.s!!fld,vouw 6rL
(-d).6+d.b=[( a)+d].b
=0.6
'E irsroudooq
('ipooefrovroE ro (a b)Kororo660lr61.d6rr( d) b= (tb).Ilspt-
qponpdpo 6rr
( d ) . ( 6 )+ t ( d . b ) l= ( d ) . ( - b ) + ( - a ) . b
=( d).( b)+bl
=( d).0
ro (d. b) r(ororo 6tioU6}.1,

Enolfvoq,ov npoo0dooDtr noipvoup
' ( a)'( b)=d' b'
To 1yov6q6n ro yrv6pvo660opvlffi6v oplojr{irvsivdr otrrlrii, ivol srop6voesuvdnlo
rov Il - 19.M 6]\l,al,6"tLs,sv eE)'oupva LofioDvot It ta; Kat 19,dre o Kavdvdsra n
yw6pevoStiodpvl Kdvaprep6\/pttEEEtPtJEraL
Or Erdeopgouvdrulqitq 19roD sqr'ioaFsoe r6pa, ov Kal eivol vEloQ6pouoeg Kcl
oqpavnxfe, 6ev6eirv$3:rrv rp-oruonri rn6 onfooia oro xdro)-r.(iro0o p,ropoioalrva
dxoupeqvoqdper 6],qaurtqflq ritr6rtTqj(oprord.tqv rpa.panr6rrlro,q 198rxcrol.oTei
ors66v'il,ouqroDsqX.Tppr(ofqproolnforroportq.Ilo nopd8rtFo,evdri1oDpe6& ?I(ievo
l.ivootc qv Eqiooorl
(-t-1)(r-2)=0,
6svInopoill' va nspqrivouprifl 0o Ppo$lr
TlEErs6oqIq{ drorpEE,
oropayovronorlF-
vrl Uopq{. nlo rn0ov6sivol vo oovavrldoopqv i6rq EqisoonorTlvFopei
l-3x+2=0.
I - 3x + 2 = (x
H "nopoyovronoiqorl" l) (x 2) eivorouoloorlrdFlorprni.i tpriot
rfi 19:
(x 1)'(x-2)=x (x-2\+( t\'(x 2\
= x . . r + . r .( - 2 )+ ( - l ) . . r +( - l ) . ( - 2 )
=./+r( 2)+( Dl+2
= I 3 x* 2 .
'Evo
rclsuroionsp66EryfaTro rn ot|'looiornq 19eivorroTyovd(6t1ourli I 16l6q1o
tprtorp'rolEiror ousworrxd Kdoqopri roD 'io],l.orl,aoriiqoDll3apoplxoig op$foie. In
ropdErypo, o ollol,o1lop6g
l3
x24
26
3tz
ivorivoe6ovonflK6E
rp6roq'Ipdaierov eliq loornrov:
13,24=13.Q.10+4)
=13.2.10+13.4
= 26, l0 + 52.
(:IfE16sr ,roq,ro 6fl Isrdxl1tsapc ro 26lro odq oprorepdorov ncpcnrlvo:r_[ol.oroy6,
ivorto i6roFro vo ypdaouF26 . l0). O ro),l.onl.aowop6q 13. 4 = 52lprlorpnoEi xr
qur6qqv 19:
Ercayotyfi
13.4=(r.10+3).4
= 1 . 1 0 . 4+ 3 4
=4 10+12
=4.10+1.10+2
=(4+l).10+2
=5 10+2
Or Ldr6rlrEgIl - 194ou! oulK(purd!'d

o!6poranou6svilar orapdirrllovq io e!,fo-
poors,o),ld oulvd ivorpoT,LKd
61qvovoqsp6pooro qur;r. M ot]rrivrlv ur.orpiq,a
KdvoupE dvuvKord7,o7o rov L8rooirrDv
Il 19avaqfpowoqraL,r6rpovfl Kflrro ov6poro
no! rouqaro8iSovrar oL,v{eq.
(11) (npoosrarproftK6qv6roqrrq rp6o0ortq) d + l b + c ) =( a + b ) + c .
(12) ('YnapErnpoo0ErrKoi raL,ronKoiororriou)
(13) ('YnopErnpoo0rrKoi owiorpoqou) a + ( - a ) =( - a ) + a = 0 .
1I4) (A!nf'ro'rr{6! v6FoErIq rp60'otr)
(I5) (npoo0ro1proflK6qv6toq ro! ro).).anlooLoopo{) a lb c) = (a b) c
(16) ( Ynopqhrol,ian].ooLoonKorirourorlKoi ororx'iou) a I = | a= d,1+ 0
'lir r'Yrop;'tro).).an).uo.uor.(oi I
ovr:orpooo' a x =d 'tt=1,^tna+0.
{ l 8 i l \ \ r l " q r o 6 . r l K o c v o , r o , .noo, ) . ) . o n ) . o 6 . o 'o p o d b- b a.
(19) (EnLFCpL.rrl(6q v6!Lo!) tl (b+ c)= ti b+d c.
Or rpEq l]oorxd(1316rl1cerov oplotlti)vnou orotLavouv,uqopoiv ofl_covro6rnrq.Av
Ku, o, u!1o6rlftE ondvra Efpavi(ovrur om orolxL66rtMflertpaflxd, noi(ouv E6rov1d
p6l,o orov AnLpoorrKoAo-rroF6.OL6Liopopqdqdvro6rlldg, a b (o o rivo, Fsld),irepoq 016 ro! b), ol]vMovrol or\r{i: n a o (;ro1, l t < 3 Kar rl 3 > l ivaLorl(ijq 6io
rporor tLo \ro ypd\yoll rlv iSro np6roorl).or aproloi o yLurouq onoioDqa > 0 i6yovraL
o'r,roi. 'vd K6ivo,oropretoi a Tro roLqonoiouqd < 0 i6?ovroLopvtflxoi. Ev6 iorn6vrt
0cnK6rrtro?ir,rrol va oprorsi r 0dor rrtv < , ivor6'rvor6va cvllor pvouprr 6LqALKo-
oio:Inopot)p vo opiooljrs rnv o < b6roL(ijorEva ortpai\,L6rLo b asivor 08fl(6q. Kar
p{i1,Loro.ivor nro porrKo !q ndpoul oov poo,{ri tlvoLd rt o!l).o?rl 6}irv r0rv tnK6!'
opL0r6v, tro! orirL0ol,i(rro1Ir P. KoLvo 61orun6ooltro6i0q flq dll,( r6r6rrtrsq!e rTl
|]o'iesLorr; P:
(ll0) (N6roqlrtq Tprxor6uorq): rro KdoE liu K(lLp6volia sn6lrs:
flpLoloa roTuL
(i) a: 0,
(ii) o a 0viKerorrt o'r).io./iP,
(iii) o d (lvriKcr
orn oL'iiofi P
(I ll) (Ki0,oi6rlro oq npo!rt! np6o0son):Av
o a Kolo b sivurorrtvP, r6re Koro
a i b rivoLorlv P.
(Ii2) (KlsLor6rt oCnpoirov noiLanioolool'6):Av o a {or o b ivaLorrv P, r6rE
Karoa bsivorornvP.
A!rd( o, rp',q rd,6rrtle(np;norvo oljlrirp(D0oiv!s rolq qriqoprotoiq:
d>b uv oa b 0vriKsr
orrtvP
oo
,i>b sv a>b i a=b'
dO
( o,Lr p<o r d d r i
r+l<l
I+l<2
ivorNoroLdio dh0rvi!, dv{or iipols. ijr ro:: 0o!&0oLiow or!\qroo.ooip< o.nv trporn,(or rs =
l. Baoxiq66r4teEtav aprqptitvg
Elll8d'or,sr6LK6rpo.d1rd > 0 av xor p6voav o d ovlirsrorrlv P.

'OLri
or lvoor66 L6ldllrqi0)v ol,1oorllr(Dv,660o1or10r66q xr cv qoivowor,.ivcr
ouva'rueerov II0 - ll2. frq rtrpd8n1ro.ov d (or b Eivoronorcr6rino1E qprotoi,161'
rol6a dxprodJelio an6 flS:
(i) d-b=0.
(ii) o a- b ovixl orrlou].lori P,
(iii) o -(a - 6) = b a onixsr01! olLlo.]/riP
louqopLopoq ror.rgr5),rg
Xpnoluotror(irvroq 6drocpi,noipvorLpe6rr ro;01er gio
crprprirE
qn6r\l
(i) a=b.
(ii) a> b,
(iii) , < a.
'Evo qn6rlc Etiqrpdq:av o< b, on6$ o
fiitroqnrovdroQ6povolorlEiorpoKunrr
b a rivor orrtv P. 16toiroopao (b + c) - (d + c) eivaroqv P dpoav a< b, 1613
o + c< 6 + c- Oloioq.sq u,ro0iooups 6fl d< bror b < c. T6r
ob-aEivurornvP,
Kur o c - 6 sivarorrtvP,
dpo c - a= lc b) + (b - o)ivoroqv P.
Aur6 8sitvEL6rL,qv a< b Korb< c, r6rEa< c. (Or6io avro'jrlrqa 0. H
I6vl] 6uoKo;iorou iropouord(c' I orc6crqqcivqrofl o,torteitro [uldpflo aq lprioTtrov
opro!6v. To oif0o).o a< 0 olloiveL sE oprolroi.0 > o, ro onoio orllqivr dfl o
0 - a= d aviKrornv P.Oloioqo 6 Eivororlv P, erodvo(,0,16qvII2, o (-d)
(-b) = obovriKer 'Apo
orrtvP ab> 0.
To leyov6q61rab > 0 ov a > 0, b > 0 Ko06qKaLov d < 0, b < 0, dIfl tlo E01oproiri
olvdnsro:d'>0qva+0.'Etor.lororpdlovopIJr!8vrKdrvapr0F6vivorrdwoorr*
rar sL8rx6rpadXoullarro6eiler;va orortoFa no! 0q Fnopoiocvd i.tsulrEp0,rt9oi
orovxor ,oTorov L8lotlilov!ag, sov apKriororxsr{i'6C: I > 0 (aqoriI = lr).
To teToy6!6n -a > 0 ov d < 0, ivorI Pdoqtro pro aworonou0a naiEtonou6aio
p6i.oo ou6 to prp),io.fra '(d6eopr0s6 d, opi(oup lv ordlur', n/i laIrouaoe6qric:
I a. ov a20
-
t a, cv a<0.
nopofltpcior6fl ro al eivorflivra 0flx6,Kr6qov a=0. fra nqpd6rllq,dlou!
-31=t, 7l=7,lt+'/1-t5 =t+vD-yE, rc,lt+r,4 v"0 =v'I0-
1[ - l. fsvLxri.I nroripeo!rpoodyyLstoEororo6rlnore rp6Pl.npanoDdtrvo rdvrF
or6lurognpfc uncrreivo otoxpivoupe6uigopeq reprm6ssrqlorprord,trori or urd?,urq
rrFi: opi:ovrurxr arrdgFirprrrdarLc.
Xpnorgororoit". dlrrjvrrlv 'rpooi}lrotyrdv0
unodri:o,rc f,o no).ionFo!'Trxri
1616qrorov oao^,,tovflriv.
qproFoi(o (or 6. qoufc

mpHv\| fru TuTsioue
ld+bl< dl+ lbl.
orn dEirpn Tiroq rorodrdor:.ivoroloftaEurtr( d v ro <-tpnorJrotroriroL !r dutrcrprstlou!qprg.

rro;r r Tpror!6rrroro! ou!06toL(rorqitnrrrorai6uro np6rooroqvroO.6prro I .dd izuurr lddqrd
t r o ( i t r o ' q i L i : . u \ o i o , b . r o , d n d 6 q r d1 ' o . ' i ^ o ( , d ; . i < .
70 Eoayayf
AaolEEfl Oq EEldooope
4 mprnr6oeq:
(l)
a>0, 6>0'
(2)
d>0. 6<0'
(l)
d<0, b>0'
(4)
d<0, b<0.
tq! npirroot(l)ivorror d + b > 0.Kq110 trpoeovaq.
Orirplpo.ivoL Mdhdraaloup
l a +a l= a + a = l a l + l a l .
3rti.a6ri
o' ourrivrlv repinroo! Lo7in ro6rrlro.
trnv rpi,rtuon(4)dXol]Fa + b< 0, xqr Jdh rolicr ro6rnro:
d+b =-\d+b)=-a+{ b)= la + lbl.
trlv npinroort(2),6troua > 0 {ur 6 < 0, np6mrvu ano8iEoDte
6n
la+ bl<a b.
Mnopo'jtroi.ou6v vq ;(opioouleountv rlv rpinloorl o 8io u,ro-mprnr6osLc.
Av
a + b > 0, 16rr npdnrL
vc cm8eiloupe61l
a+ b=a b,
drl),. b<- b,
nourpogov6qro7r1er, ogoi o b oivqrqplallr{6qrcr o - b0nK6r.Al!6rrtvdii,rl r),.upd,qv
d + b < 0, np;nerv0 onoSei(out 6rL
a- b< a- b,
6rl).. - aS a,
.l oroiotooosv6q roXifr.sooi o o civoroEflKdq Ko.o - a opvlrr16g
:itprdror,
ri).o(.611I rn68erirtrrlq npirr{rolq(3)ivaLdfol, ov Evo},ld6oupma
rdr bxoLeqqptr6doupe rrlv rEpinrool (2).I
Av xor 4 rapardvopioodoi1ravop7q(6!ooc!e ordl!rcq rrEq (voqsrdqouls 6!la-
6ri Ioprord 6rdqopEq ,rsprrr6oN()ivqrgprKdq AopdqI p6vl olvali, ouXvdu,rdptorv
anl,orjotpq #0060r rou Inopo6fsvo tplorpnorioooll. M'ropo6g, ouTr(ekpqrivo,
vo
d6ooqrelra no).[flo oiwolrl on66r{q rou OeopriFoloc t.ourri rlan66erEn
ntld(ELon6
r.lv raporrlpnolorr
tu='/a
(E56.xororound).ornoprD).io.610r, tpdgo!!\,t swooilrI drrr^-4lrrpolovuoi pi(q
rou,{.Aurdro oit0o).o6zerdn'oro!6vo6rov,r> 0.)Mroporip nbpo!a 6ori!61r
( d + b ) : = ( o+ b ) r =d ' 1 +2 a b +b ' )
< dl+ zls .lhl+b1
= l a l : +z l c l l b l + l bl :
=( ol+ 16l):
Ar' arrd ouunpoivoupe 6Tl a* b < lal{ lb ?loti on6t1v i ( I dnercr 1 x ( y,
opKiro xl(qr-yvcivorror ro 6io ll-qpvilnxd n on66rElourorro! npd-ruqroq
aaiverdr
olov ovo?v6oq(np6p).rlfq5).
Aq Kdvou[6Kortro c],urdianaporiprto! yro ro O6pnldrol, f6).(eono60i(oB: ov
eqrdooulrrnpoosKqrdonolobi,rorro]16flq 6io oro60i(rq, p).dnouB6rr
ld+bl= ld + lbl
ov or d |(0Lb67ouvro i6ronp6orlpo(6rl)..rivqrxqror 6io olrxoii xaror 6fo opvnrrKoi),
i
ov o iv0( on6rouq6!0 eivor0, ovd)
la+bl< lal+ bl
avor d ror b 6j(ouvowifum rp6olla.
l. Baowii 6l6rnrti @vaPQPriv ll
u avolem6 onuio,,routo ropolt-rioqpoq

oo olol(ilp6ooull aut6 ro K9d)'oro
o prq ooBapinqpoloiaol To!'$lorliTov
r6po, KoLro o'roionp6nsrvo nEpL)'alpdvoraL
Aao 6rqru,I6oop
lov opL0rld'v. rnv r6r6q1o19,oro6ilo!6 otl6rrlv d- b= b- a
crercrn a = b. H qr6berqndpz( pelnv nalrlo.toilqq
a (l+l)=b rl+l)'
qn' 6no!,oDtnpdvo! 6rLa = b. t our6to oullldpqopqKoto).i/ouU6 on6 qv ro6rnra
'ovroq 0q
n'(l +l)=b {l +l) 6Lorp6vloq {o1ro 6io pdirlpt I+ l eus'r!'Ei6lror'
npanflv dnoqsiyoupe rll 8LoipEon p0. flpdrrLenoiravoq vu napa6tlroius 1611, toliE rou
6r).Lo?ro!orl loq qoprdrar orri ro ov ro-xtr
! I + I 10. To [p6p]nfq 25aluoxc6rdo1i
?ro !q odq ,reioer 6fl KriTlrdroro 5ev pnopi vq o'rod i(Ici ne rbr6qrqIl 19l6vo!
utrri
AaoLi6p(Dq 6rouf' orrt 6rdo'oi t,ui Trqll0, lll, xor ll2, rl ar63eL[1eivutno].r1uttlti:
'Exoup I + I + 0.
i6I 5t6fl I > 0, insror6rLI + I > 0, Ldrx610pa
Auri I rr.uroiq qn66sLll io{Dq evrozlslqvdnovrl6tr eivornopd).o7o vq npooroooi-
'!660 exrillol rle lopF
}lvs qno6eiEoulr 'rpogovinpdllora ltq trrotrpoosxrrKi6!oq
viq !0q Koriordoitq,0a6tKarololioerro yLotiooxo)'o[root t6oo oopopd !e rarortq
t sur6ro (adisro fxolge uno0ao0r 6r ol oproloilaq ivaL1!6pryoovrLxei!vo. Kor

_
6t1or Jl Il2 5vsivorrinoro ncponrivto cn6ocariq6LqtDnoldvsq npoqavtiq, noli lvo-
orfa LdrdTnleqro!aprer{i'v.Oo{rav6!oq Eioxo}.ovo 6r(ato}'o?!ioorJ! oulrivTIv Lrrd0-
on. Avror6).0ruoodivol,te r6q!o (6ouLEiolJlE leDlouqopr0fo6q oro alolio' ro rr tivdl
'Eva peldlo
oL cpLoloiorprptirq.nopairivslldtrlov unpooSr6prolo lipoq auronrou
0LBtio!o$tep6vror orc |tKoodpropoIne ivvoroq torJ apr0!o6. {or !;i(pr 10 r6)'oq0o
d/or,p.lor Kuuocinoi.r,po(i rou;. td
A))ri. cv ltroqi 0o /psrooTcivq cp?aolorJFc Ft
dprglolq.Eivqrio1n6\,ioIlKo/to flopq6'tloSFe Ie t'rKpivtn 6116vrolo]'apoivou!6
oK6ganliproglouqop$po!( llTopoufeooldoo, vo i6!o 6rr. 6no( rt av oproloiv tlrKd
',Iprcoitoupovo 6l()!! rK rirdqreg Il - Il2.
or opr0!oi.ed
To ucya).irpodpoq ar,rourou Ktodiaiot)rilov FLqnpoondoro vo 6o0oLiv ntorrxd
ororleia t,o ro 6rL oL Il - Il2 Eivor npd'/rarr PqoLKdq tdr6ill'q nou eo npdn6L vo Trq
uroeioolllle1lo vq rripouls 1r; d)'l'alvoord( rdt6rrlrsq I(ov oprold)v- Msprrid on6 to
'lpoplifaro (rou rpr.rp{ieoL,v n6q naipvoue di).eq r6t6qr0q T(ov opr0it6v on6 tre
Il ll2r rpoaqdpovror oov noooecTl uoprtpio T!a KpioLLro cp,ilrFanouaooaudvEL'
qv
sivor or Il I 12 roo6!'vogoiv r) rxd f d,ltq! 1616111g rov aprold)v:iwols ea
6oriF6fl ttv eivar ;ror. tlo Er6pvo riQd),oroot odovupisq ruv drorirov ll Il2 8d
yivorivrtsirDg9ovcp6q, a).].dro rqTdlllio ldoo !e to oroio Sropedrvovror ourdqor
oduvquisc devslora).inrstorxor 16(]0siro] a H Kpiorfil rp6oeTrl pooLri r6r6rrllolov
(rltdF ivor poofld l(qr )-emi. o (Ivri0EoI rrq Il - Il2 H ovqKdluvrl
oprord,!nou [E
oL,riqrt,c xpisrptq L66rtra! 0o onarriosr6iI q Soulerrinor-r rdvorpeoTo20 Mdpoq
oL,roirou BLB)"io!. Iro undtrolno rou lot M6pouq 0oqpXioortr vo pldnor'15 Trqrij(pLdq-
mr x{inorunp6o0tn rdr61rl1o. f(o !o llel'Erlioouf xdtr liroro. 0o ltpanr vo tiefioor'Ie
iiro rro npoo|(flKd 1r vvooiBc ldlolrog "oprofoi"
NPOBAHMATA
ro eq'iq:
l. A,ro8eiErc
(i) Av o;r= dIo xdrorovop(e!6(r+ 0.1616x = I
(ru r : l = ( . { /)(r+-v).
(iii) Av rr = ,r. 16r.t = ,r ri r = - ,v
(iv) xJ-,r. = (ir- _f)(.t'+.r_r+ _r:)
. r ' ) ' = ( x l ) ( l r + r ' I + . . .+ . u ' ' + / )
rr + ,yr= (x + /) (xr .y,v rp6roi7tavo10
+ r:). (Yndpxn6voqro).i[rotro-(
12 Eoayoyfi
ro (iv). fviKeuolouroi 0a odq6[16L

l(dvrcDrd,:(prlorForord)vro( n6qvo
mpofoworroridffero .l + /6rovo rivqr rcprll6q.)
'Eoro.x= y.
2. nori eivorro )dooEorylv"olr66erh"'IoDo|.oLoo0ri; Tdre
=
xz xy.
x'-f='Y f'
(x+ yllx yl= ilx y).
x+v= v,
2v=v,
2= l.
3, Ano6oitr
10eqi(:
... d dc
(r, u.
t=;;.ov4cf
. . . . a c a d + b c, q v D , d * U .
(ll, - r'-=-
(iii) (ob) r= a I D-r,ov4 bl0. (fLqvoro rdvf'0!16,rpdrorvo0utno(isrrlv 6L-

6filra tto0opi((lov (db) .)
., a c_ac .-
ttu) -; . i\t b, d + 1,.
7.|A,
.- a tc ad
tvt D,c,d7u.
E J7=E.w
(vi) Av 6.d* 0. 16tc+ = 9av rat urtvocv ad =bc.EEerriore
enicncnare9- 9.
bd'b
4. Bpeils6loq rougopropoDg r1lo rouEonoioug

. (i) 4-x<3-bt.
(ii) 5-.x'<8.
(iii) 5-.t'<-2.
(iv) (.r- l) (x - 3)> 0.(n6reivdreTlK6 ro yLv6rdo6io opr6F6v)
(v) x'1- 2r+ 2> 0.
(vi) x:+x+l>2.
( v i i )x ' - r + 1 0 > 1 6 .
( v i i i )x : + x + l > 0 .
(ix) (x- n) (x + s)(x - 3)> 0.
(x) (x- ir) (r- \t2)> o.
(xi) 2'< 8.
(xii) x+ 3'< 4.
tl
{xiii) -+ -:-: >0
(xiv) :""':> 0
s. A'ro&iir ra lrig:
(i) Av a< 6roLc< d, 16.la+ c< b+ d.
(ii) Av d<r,r6rc-b<-d.
(iii) Avd<6rdrc>d,r6Ea c 0 , r 6 I s o .b<c
(v) Avo< bKarc<0,16.ac> bc.
(vi) Av o > l,16tEd']> o.
1. Baowigr6rdt4teg
mv apdpritv 13
( v i i ) A v 0 < d < l , t 6 r od : < a .

(viii) Av 0 < a < 6, xoL0 3 c < d, 16rEdc< bd.
(ix) Av 0 < a < 6, 16rd: < br.(xprlorponouiotero (viii).)
(r) Av 4 6> 0 l(qrd:< br, 16rs< t (Xplouonoliorro (ix),ovnorpdQo6.)
'6. {a) Aao6tigrE 6fl ov x' = y' (qr o , civqrnEpLrr6q, r6rc r - y.

{b) Ar,odsiErc o1lovx_= y'ror o rcivorriprLo6. rdrr /4.r - y.
(c) Asiiro 6rl ov ,r 0 < x < y.r6..sr' < y'.
(d) Asi6rrdft ov,{ < / Korr rspLrr6e, 1610x' < t'.
?. AnobEiq1E -
61r,ov 0 < a b, r6rE
. _ a-20, XopiEtrlv
np6o0eq rr6eEorl d< b. MLU?viKeuort olrorj to! Ipd-rgqroqtqavi(rTororo
p6\),r$a2 - 22.
1t. Av r(oLor poorKdEL6r6trlrsg
rov ovrooqrorv6(qtl),r60wov p9donrt ou),lol]l Pr{,)v
ErLK6v opLejr6v,Kor! < opiofltKsfsq Poioorante P, froporllc vo ovrrorpd\joutrs
flTaroSrKaoio. Aqu;cdooupe 6r rvrrxcoLoroipot4 Il0 - Il2 pflq
(Pl'10) flo ottorouoSittols
opropoiga Korb, roj(6Er!io, Korl6vo lio, 0ir61|E:
(i) a= b,
(ii) d.< b,
(iii) b < d.
(P' ll) flo onorouo6ri'ror
oproloi! q b, l(arc, ov a < b l<ar6 < c, r6re d < r.
(P'12)fro rulaiouqa, b, Korc,av o< b, 16ro+ c< b+ c.
(P'13)fLs'rutoiolqd, b, rqr c, dv d < b ftL 0 < c, rdlr dc< 6c.
Asi!.re6rLr6reor Il0 - Il2 qroSelKt,l.,owqr
oqvo{,rpipqlo.
9, EKqpdorxoffvq qn6 To r6fevo,fs tou).di(ro1ov
dvo(i7ogLry6rpoorr6).urrle
rrll'iC.
O )\4 + ,11-\6+ \41.
( i t l ( l d +b l - l o l - l a l t l .
( i i i ) l ( l d +b l + l c l - l d + b + c l ) 1 .
{ivl lrr 2 . r y+ y : 1 .
r \til- ,fs-,"nbt.
(") i(lv4
Kueavo
10. EKapdorD ond Ia ,r6!6valopiq an6).urq
rud(, SnKpivowoe,rsplr16otq
drou1prd(Iar.
( i ) l a +a l bl.
(iD (lx l).
(iii) lr lx'1.
(iv) d (o- o).
ll. Bpsirr 6ioug louq opr0po$6r 1o rouqonoior4
(it) x I <8.
(iii) <2.
0vl x- I + x-2 >1.
x- I + lx+ll<2.
xl + lx+ ll< l.
(vii) 'l.t+ll=0.
(!iii) 'ix+21=3
14 Eoayayf
r2. Am6riqr roqtiql

( i ) x y l= l r l ' l y l .
lr - I
(ii) ---- uv i / 0. rO l(oLirrpog rpdtoq 1ro vo To xdtctc 0l,16 civor vo
, | xl
eulrecirfl civorro l-xl .)
{i i i ) _ r ] = : l . o v r + 0 .
lvl t
(iv) lr rl < x + lyl. (d6orpranol,rjoljvlotl on66rh.)
(v) l.rl lyl S x - yl. (Mnopeire voxdvsre prqrohi oivrolnonri6eL(r1,
cv1pd-
'{,rcro npdlforaI rovoooritrp6no.)
("D l(lrl lyl)l< lx yl.lrrori cm6eivor rillson rou(v)J
ouvdnrq
(vii) .r+/+zl< l.r + lyl + lzl. vrolei(rc'r6crotielro6rrttc, ro,ono6siEl0
rovro1lpro!6ooq.
13.O !lo}.rlrpoq on6rore 6rjoapr0poisx xor / ouppol.iqEror
!e mar(a/). Ero\
max( l,3)=max(1,3)=lxormax(-l, 4)= max(-4,-l)= -1. O Frp6cpof
qndrouex ror /ouppoli(crorpemin(x,y).Ano8eilte rirt
mrx{x.rl - _1-
.. x+y-ly xl
mrn(x,-y). ._r_
EidlErsEvovlino yrs ro max(.x,X z) xqr ro min(x,X z), Iptorforor(iJmoq,

lra
nopdbeLrFo,
rilv
max(r,t. z) = nax(amaxcvz).
l{. {a) AnoSilI[6n lol = l- a l. Go ffro 6ivorvap1vpep6eureire penripcro}.},6q
npu16orq. np6ra qnoisiEt[rov rotuprol6yla a>0. fLori fir 6ivqr
npoa0viqlrdo<0J
(b) Ano8eiql 6n 6:d-l' 1,!Ko,f6vo uv a <b. Er6rK6rpo, a'rrur
6fl
l a ls a < l ol .
(c) ro (b) 7u va d6orfu v6oan63el1n
Xpitorro'rorior qS la + b | < id | +
t bl .
'15, AoiBr6rr ov o x |(olo ydEvEivqrKoLor 6io 0, 16r
rri xyi y:) 0, x'*xryf xry:*,ryr*ya)0.
Yrd6$ql: Xplorfonoliorro npdp).tpol.
'16. (a) AEiEIe 6rL
( . r + y ) r= x r + l r 6 v o 6 T o v x 0= i y = 0 ,
(r + /)r= rr + /r p6vo' tov r = 0 ri J,= 0 i x = y
(b) Xplorlororsiorcro [p6p),Ip 15ro vo opeirllr6rE(x+ yl = ]!a+ y!.
(c) BpEirs'!6r(.{+ y)i = r! + /j. Yn66(t: A116 tltv un60ot(x + y)! = x! + I
npdftr vo oioqo1eo06orlvo qno8dqrrrnv r66rlm.x' + 2r1f + 2":l + r' = 0,
trv.ry+ 0. A!t6 otpaivsr6n(t( + y\r = x1y+ xi = xy(x + y).
Oo rp6ner rd)po vq prropgirEvo KdvErFrq Kq].ri np6plVt yro ro ndr
(x + y) " = x' + y" n or ' 3e(1 aepGle1or
oro Ilp6p),rllaI I - 57.
17. (a) Bprirr ryllrKp6rspl6Dvolii1rFrlrcu2x' - 3x + 4. Yn66s(n:(tofr),Ip{i'or10
Irpdyovo',6n),o6ri 7pd{,r
I. BaoxiE t5t6t4tegrcv ap0priv 75
zxt-3x+4=2(x-314)1+;
(b) Bpsileq! tLrp6rpl6ovafli lrpriro'r.{r- lx+ 2l + 4/+ 2.
Bpirerlv llxpdrprt 1lFrirol,.rr+ 4xy+ 5l - 4x- 6x+7.
6uvorri
lt. (a) Y'roodroD[e 6rr b:- 4c> 0.Ano6iqr6 d oropropoi
-b+,ttf-ec -b- vtr - 4c
rKolotoroivxor or 560rnv qiooorl/ + br + c= 0.

(b) Yno0iloupe6tt b:- 4c< 0. Aei(re6 6vurrdptoDv apl0poiinou !o rrovo
norotv ntv x1 + bx + c = 0 mr pdlloru rox r -I] + b, + c > 0 .l/lo rdo x.
Yn66rirl:"IL,p,rilp6or ro rrpd7ovo" ol),odi, lpd\,r xl1 bx1 c=
( x+ b i 2 ) r +;
(c) Xpnottonoriorc yrovo 66o1e
ro noporfliv(,) trdv dl.l,qqrr66(trou6r\qvor
KoLo-v6Evivorkqr or 5io 0, r6rs -xr+ ry+ /r> 0-
(d) 6 x: + dly i y: ) 0 6ravo x xcr o y 6ev
frq norcrlqoprepoiqd ivoro).rioElo
ivaLKaror 6600;
(e) Bprir rrt rrxpdrpt 8uvmri tLllli rou .r: + b.{ + c xar tou arr } bx * c no
d>0.
19.To F7ov6q61ra'> 0 yro KdeopL0lda, ov xor gord(Er ivoL(l)01600
o.or1sLdrdce. rl
olshdJotgr6dorou ppioKeorr],rkdnio{don6 rr( nro orllavrLKdc ovro6qrre. O
npordrtroc6l(iv r(ovsvrsorrirovivqrrl dyrodr{rotou Schwanr:
xly'+ t y' = \[i1T;j.,/-n + yj
(Mla ftd tsvlrrl JropQri Faovi(Erqr oro np6p?,Ifq 2-21.)Or rprqo,rooiqrq ritq
avro6rrlroqSchwanrcu orloypriqoiyrornopuxdro6XoDv ivo p6voKorv6otlleio
ro 6 Eooi(o!,ror oro f'rov66nu4ar - 0 7raxtioeo.
(a) AnoSiErE qv qvro6lnrqrou Schwanz oro8rKv[ovrae rpdrtado
(,;(,:+ r:') O,r + y,:) = ({ yt + xnd' + Orh - xJ)1
(b) Ano6il$ 'tn, av xr = ,/,yrxor .{: = ,lyr./roK'inotovoprel6 ,., r6t tottr ro6rnra
orrlv ovro6rtra rou Schwarz.Aro6silr io i6ro npdlF ov yr = y: = 0 Ae
uno06soute r6pa drr o X Koro /: 6svivcrrcr or SJo0, r<aL 6 6vurdpjter
opr0p6q 2 rdroloq60r.xr= ,ty|xarr, = ,1y,.16."
0<(,1y,- x,)1+ (1/r- xr'
/i1)- 2,1(xfi+ xtl:)+ (.!: + x:r).
= ,l:Cvr:+
X prtorIonor6wqq p6orertv ond6erlrt
ro IIp6p].IIa I 8,oLU,r],I 1rleavL06ltrqE
rou Schwan.
(c) Ano6iqrsqv qvrs6rlra rou Schwarzlpilollotror6rvrogqv 2ry < r:+ I
qurrij p
(n6EP'/aiver
,1, ,. _ y,
r.. -. t - ----.----'
vxr_ f r: vyr_ r yr'
trp6107r0i= I xqr pri trq i= 2.
(d) tuprEpdvqr.o]16*oos[d a,r' qurdqrE.prq aflo6riqeq,6fl r] rs6Tltrdrslir
' t.r.E.: np6rerror ftpi ro! f.ppqvon

soortudtrkoLiH.A. Schwarz(lE4l-t929). Jl' onudv(rri
dlFpoii 6r!!npdtpor{ri Korlr1qbrFi A!iil!o'],(orro!rdxdq6LIt;.raLdrvioo! prrov. vcd,rp6
rou, r&i,lo ude!!q!rk6 L. Sch*.rrz,orlslloli itq oropidqr(r! KardvoAd'!.
16 Etoayayrj
p6!16rov yr = ,,: = 0 ri 6rovunripterivaq apr0l6qI rdtoroqdrorex' = 1n rcr
ApT6rspo,0a FoqQavo6vnol.rj1p{orForpia rpd}Folo ,ro! dlouv oj(6srll1erlq

ovlo6rlreE.Av xo! a 66ooD[n6 dnodilrE fioa oro xeiFvo6ravdposrrl drpo,I
rrpooorrKrirprpriF' aufli ft rpopl.iForaivororsip(,)('I1odrqgolrolrKriorri lrtv
ovdyvoon lra6 ll)'elaq rm6rfloodvn6 orrd6r6$. tq 6lor6n ot aur6v Iov
npo(ioovovafrlloowor KdnotoroLl.6Koror apl0foi, ro 0oorK6rol)! 6Foquivulo
civornolia,rld:ovro rrivor spxrli rcovrdoro b. Kdrro yrivor op{l(i(ov1(ioroy0.
r6rs ro.x + y0o ivolKovflioro ro + y., ro x/oo rivorKovflioro xdr,0,
KoLro liyoro
l/y0. To onlool.o"" rou padviqErqr o' ourdeflf rpordosqu pnopoiooauudortr
v' qvrrKorqorogei p dvoororo6irored),),o?pdjrlo. 'Ojroq,t nopd8ooldt$ Kolo-
srrisLq tprisl ro! rpri(ox6Frxq' ornvq'ivTlorpl.loypoaiq)olrqn0purr6o,E nou
qopp6qowor qld rq oopriparq.
20. AroSEilc 6r\ qv
<|*o' lv v,l. ; '

1dr3
l(.r+y) - (&+ /o) <s,
l ( - Yy ) - ( & - y , ) < 8 .
+21.Ano6i6c6tl, av
l . r _ r'^ t < m t n l _ j _ . r l r q r l v v " t <_ _ l

\ 2 (y o lI l ) , 2 ( 1 . { " 1I )
t6relry ay,| ( e.
(Too$p9oLo "min" opiorlKooro np6p},llla I 3,oD"do nlnoqro! 6ivrqro' Ksivo
ro
rp6pl.npoEevtoq BorlS{iorlt, nporerpdq mpinrosl. H ,rp6rn avro6rrlroorrtv
u'r60eotorroiverqn),oJorora611
l.t-tl< ^ - *, l" ,orcr.

Itt/.|.r I,
t dvaorlp(o1n( dn66erEnq qv JrpdJ1rl
0o t{psrooteirE ovrd6rltu, Koro' dvqd}.),o
otFsio0olporaorirrrl6Lirprl.MLsro),sl]raioorp0ou).iropoior uno06oerq8ivouv
r].npoqopieg ro x - .x0KdLro/- cilolrporpovdg 6t r1v cn6der!10a
f6vo lra L 1ro
lpcrcoreivo 7p<iryerc
ro rJ .r0y0 !c rdrororporo ;orr \o clrpdvroroivrq i \ rur
y ya.)
.22. AnoieiEre6rr, ov
/o * 0 ro1
/
l.},
l y - y o r < m i n t2 . r l x l'l
2 /
17-;1'''
.23. AwrKoruoreiorro poritfdflrd orrtv rp6rool nou orol.ouoi sKApdoere
nou
F
,rcpraTolv
rd r. {,. Kqr}i aL6r;o1c ro oL,lrdpqofqvo ro7ifl:
l.y ,vol<: KoL lx .\1<;

L Baowlgt\ftqrcg uovapr1piw 7?
ta-q<.
tY Ynl
ADr6 ro rrp6pl,tta ei\qr rerprppevo,pe rqv 6woto 6r I l6on tou iftror an6 1,
npoolilora 2l kar 22o166vtopiq r6no (napqrTlp.ia!.f 6! x/y = x ' l/y). To xpi
6110orlpio Eivarvo Ftv ro r{io8r onoaaoior'10160,16ra 6'io 'rpoplisoro ,rp",rs'
vq lpqoqrororrlotrploro ror IIv ravrxop].rl06it3
av n u,ldvrnoriooE8cv[oLd(Er
,24. Alrd 10 np6pl.lpa6eiXveL

6rLro vo roroEro|jF o dvod0polopa6v
napvodoE
''
dlr6i1rrr6o0(.0l ono6Eiqrq XpqdrFonorctv "po0llrorrri nolo,i ov 6vsioooro
s6olKEropdvor psrCrolg aro6i6ne,olld 0dl1Ev' oo1ol.torirejr' ow6 ro II p6p),r]fo,
avooril.),rf1o,no }lelri ro Ked}'orc2, 6nou0o sqqTrloofvor ano8ei<fiClrs erioyoyli.
Aq ouleovrtoouu, tra vo ilaot ooei6,6flIE ar + ... + a" 0ooutpoLiqolFsio
a r + ( o r + ( d r + . . . + (r4+ ( a " -+, d " ) ) ) . J .
'EIo\
p ar+dr+dr or4tpoLi(oupe
ro ar+(ar+4,), !e ar+dr+ar+d. ro
d, + (dl + (ar + ar)),xl,n.
(a) A'ro6iql
6fl
(dr+ ... + ar) + ar+L= ar + ... + aHL
. l-
rnoosLq4KowEroYoYnoro (,
(b) AnoDEiErE
6fl, ov r > *, rdr
(d,+ ...+ or)+ (ar-,+...i a,1= o,1 ...* o,.
Yr.i6rei: XprcUonorisre ro Fpoq (a)]td !u 6o0iq'r66(n a'r6 qv Enolo?4
(c) Esro s(a,,...,al)Kdnorcd0porota'rouollFori(ror dndro dj,..., ar.Aoiqls61r

s(d,,...,ar)= aL+ ...+ dl.
Yn66s4n:npdnErvo ondplouv6io a0poio$qlas(ar,..., ai) KoLs'lar.r , ...,ar)
s(a,,...,oJ = s(o,, ...,a,) + s"(dr*r,-, d1).

Aq uroodooD'r
6fl t rI I6Et "opr0[66"wooit ro 0 i io l, xor 6rr opiqout660
rpdEq+ Kat. ll roDElriE6nonivoxee
+
0 0
I I
E}.dlqr6fl or r6L6qrqIl - 19Lolrlouv6tuE.qv xqr I + I = 0.

KEOA,\AIO APIOMOI AIAOOPONEIAON
:ro KEqd],aLo I lprtorjronoLiour'

rrtliqrt "opl0!16q"
noii Xo),opd,ov xqr aoro),roriKo!
!e rq 0aorKdq rSr6rlrqrov flpr0fd)v.Oc lproalsi ftipo vo 6ro{pivoupEnpooErftLxd
ardpop0 i6I flprp6v.
Or orroi6lEpoLopr0poiEivoror "opLl]poipdrpnolq'!
rr1
H oplLdrStq orlpqoiaotrrriqrrtq
oul),o?riqopr0r6vroviE0ror0rT6.o oiupo).6r1!N(roL,
npo6pi(61qr 0tr6 ro '{naluralnumbers" = qnotroi apfipoi). M1o oivro[t uorili 6nq
11 Il2 8ilvEr6rr oLpsorKdq yro paqr6r6rlrsqrov "apropdJv" 6vll]Iuolv oro N lLo
nopdSL7lo, oL12Kor135v67ouvdvvorooro N Ar' oulri! nt v dno\rrt,ro oriortpa lv flr
noi),aqa6DvatiEq aivor 6poqKorapKsrdoruavnK666rE!'u ro! oli(olv {droro 016)"10,
rprv pIsfliooDte!TolirEpqoD ,oTdq oproprir,.
H mo DoorKrl Ldr6rlrorouNEivarr op,{rirrq "!uhuoflKriq cnfll(Dyric".
YnooiroDte6r,
P(x) ortrLoivEL
6n il r6r6.rtroP roxLlr
]lo Iov qprp6.x.T6rs r opxri rqq loowalrK]iq
snoloTiqsi\roloroluprol6q6.l ov
(l) I P(l)'oz'jn
(2) ov rl P(k) LoXir, 16.0l(orI P(k + l) rori ,
r{trDI P(.x),oj(risr}Lo{d0quorx6opr0f6.
I]apaqpiors6rLI ouv0rir! (2)rorDpi(ror rnv ror .r]q P(l + l) F6vo.!0 rtv un6es-
ol 61,LoxiErr P(kI ov ronLir ,(tlLl'touveiKt (1)oDr6apxi71avo ooaol,ia0r rnv lali
1tlsP(.t)yLd{dosx. I]paltanxd, ov I P(l) rorLlr, 6mrqr61rxqr r P(2)Lorfer{rpr]orto-
noroits rtv (2),orrlvE16rKi nepimoiort = l). Trljpo,aaorjr P(2)ro lsr,drEroL 6n r(oLrt
P(3)Lol'iL(rptoLporoLo'lts 'rrv (2)ofltv 13'xinEpinroork = 2).Eival
aovsp6611,us
(oId7,iitl"onlieoq pqpdr(ov oDro6'rori i5ouq, lropoipEvu qrdoorrr8orolov8inor' opLS-
! o . { i r oI P ( t ) . x i r / , o 6 ) o , , - o u q o p r e l o i , *
Mropi vq 6droerr(o!igpro opoio ErK6voqq ],oyrKriq nou PpioKErflrnioo on6 rn
FohpoxLr(ri Eroyoyri,Fefrov dnLpr't lpolf,i 0l!6ov0p6noDq
dveporoqNo. l, {ivoporoqNo.2, {ivoponoq
No.3, ...
Av or xtloerivptr:roilsr 3o0iI oSlyiovu ldrl(deluorLK6no! oKoiLorovJrnpoolrv6
rou (!ur6v ! ro\roladogftlotrLlrpoqpre!6)l(qrnoip6vopuorrx6orov{iveponoNo. l,
6ivoLoaqiq6n).rKd6l.0ror rivoporoL 0c pdSorvropuorLK6. Av P(.r)ivaro rorDpro!6q
6fl o {ivop0ino(
No.xo td0rro tL!6nKd,r6rsol o6ityieq ro! 66oupe(o l(se6voq vo },6rro
rDorLKd rouroouivslorovn6revo) loc 6ooaori(o'rv 61til orvoi{! (2)roxi , l(aLro 6rr
Einu!ro tDoTlK6orov dvoponoNo. 1 KdvL darfltv (l) aLrt0rv1.To 0r6r0vonopiibcr}Lo
Eivorpro ouoLoorrK6reprt aoppoyri rTtq!floruarrKiqnoyoyiq.Yrdpr6r;vuqltprioll'oq
KarvDnooraK6q r[nos nous{qpd(Lro doporopa r(Dvnp6rovr op(0p6v! ;vov 01T16
r + . + , = ' ( ' 2+ l )
rrs vo qnodEiqoDpE
qur6vrov rino, ropalrtpoipnpdrro6fl rpoaav(ijq
rotisr 1Lo,: L
2. AptAyoi1n'pdputve iit' 19
vrceircupr6pc or\ fte Kdnolor,

o{fporok 6touts
l+ +l=ft(ki+l)
T6ro
t + . . .+ / < +1 t + t 1= { M J ) 1 1 1 1 1
_ r ( k + l ) + 2 r +2
2
k':+3t+2
(k+ l)(k+ 2)
dpo o rliroq LoZLIEL {qr}rq * + L ME Bdor fltvoprri lrq snoTotiq. a|r16ono6L{![L6n o

lnnog rolnst ?ta 6ioue rolq quorKo q apL0fo[( r?.A!16 ro ou.rxsKpL!;vorapddsl?tLo
napoL'ordr(sl dvo Ao1v6|13!'o nou ouppaivroD1vd,rELqilEpooE otaort !s rinorc oov {r
aur6v nou ri61 oro6eildp'. Av KaLrt ur63s1Ert!s enqTori eivor 6u7vd no).Ltoniri K(Ir
dtsort, rt !d0o6oq!E rli. oroio ovaKol.lq0rti.c o rUnoqropop;vErpuorripro.To Ilpop].riuq
ro 5 xaL6 60il\ro'rvu' rTor6rp6no ppioKovro,pepL{oirino, auro{ ro! i6ou(.
H apri rrq po0rtfurlxiq rnoToTrjquopei vo drorunoesi p ivav roo6ivorro rp6no
/ u p : , \ d / ] o u , y r o " L b r d r t r . ' v o : o p 0 . r o i - \ u v d p o n o ," r o , o f r , . r i o d p r o - o q 7 . o \ o
o.aosi 60 fro Foorpqru(rioL,(ifltort. M1unL6a{prpiq drarinoort, rue }.isr 6n a! A iyaL
lLo ouD.ori (i "6rivoio" 6vflqouvii)vL,soc lLoqpolr(6s 6poqJan6 a!o,{ori( opr0fouq
{1, o loriK.. oroA.

(2) o k+ I aviKEroroA,6troroksivaLoroA,
r61s A 0i!,o1ro oi!o].o 6i(dv rov q!o1K6v oproFdiv.[p6nsr va dlLVq{rvep66rr qDri !
rLo npLJ,(qr sivo, roo3ivurLl r'
Sraiinoort o\rnK(orord rr1 ).,y6rpoiunrKi no'r 6d,odr!E
ulrriv on).djqee(opoipro onvo).oA lov 9lorrdjv apr0l'drv.ynou Lx(vonoLoivr!v P(:r).
fra nopdbrTpo,oq unofoou[E6fl A eivor io oLivoio r(DVAUorKrirv opLSr6v n 7ro Iolq
, ,(,+l)
H qn66eLlitnoD36oopEmo nd\rolL o!r6v rov rdno,63s1qs6flro,4 rcpLEIsLrov i. Kar6fl

roL o * + I EivoLoro A , ov o t civor oro A . 'Enrft16rL A oivor ro oivoi,o 6io! rrD!
AuoLKr;jvopr0p6v.3I).., 611o fllrog rolir 7ro 6iouq rouqAUolkorigoproloiq r.
YrdprEr 6por KLfl,}.n lru alortpri lLopqriqq upxriqfltq poortfdn{riq enqTo?iq,nol)
Uold(fl no).r]aLqpoperLKri.Av A sival I1o orl).o7ri on6 quorKo q oplotoLiE,ppLoK6paorE
os rcrpool6 vo troift 6 ro ,4 npdncrva aTelivo E].dlroro ororlcio. :rl\r trpo7tLolLK6rt-
Iq, (ur6q o roXL,plo!6efnopei vq pIVivoLorDor6(F6!'oo fLo 'lepinroort,Id).lo! sL6r{ri
'Evo
6poq. Elorpr,{d otrLolrrx6 oiloio puoLK6vop10!L6v'ivqr I o!},lo./ri A rou 6rv
nrp,61eLKov6\,avpDorf6 up10rL6, rt "{svri o!).}"oyri" ri "rov6 orjvo}.o"', nor oLrlpo),i(ercr
' AvNtrrbr\
0ooo9kirfl.vriiodrldoraivolo.rrq olrroroldlniworrl! l.i;ti,ror6v6oivoio.rqayi!.r(l
norCq!o'x,iorroli.d!nrpLn66mtqrderopoi!rooivo),o.,1,ro!oroairirdLtrn'6]q!oxno!rKolo-
noroivxdnoLdrijr6qr0Pouzvd,nroa6rvsdi.r1l,iidL6nIPrKovonotrirorar6xdroroydrL0F6.dpnro,,l
owo( d A =0.
rnoprvo eivorrDP {oL4i.Loroo!7vdtrtroifls.-iolrr6flI P5A Lotth rct. otroirLNvr
20 Eoayatyti
Ue0.To rv6oLlvo).o 0i!,urUro6ui].o?i A!o1l(6voploud)vno! 6svilsl sioXldrooxolXsio

oqoi 6rv iXL{avf\ro6rorlio.Alni 6!{Dg0ivor{dlrt [6vrliuvolrl rEoipcdr]ovAivol
;vorl Kcv6onvoioauork6vapl8Fd'v. r6rsro A dX0r).dXLoro oror1Dio. Alrri t "3l01l]8rt-
flr.d rpoqoviq" rp6roon,?viDoflioov rl "opXrirrtc {olriq 8rd1oinS"ono6LKv'jsro1 0]16
'Eor0r
rrv opjirirrtr snoloriq oJq
Eiric.Ynoedro'rfe 6r' ro / 66\16116).dtLoro orolZ'io. 3
ro or'voiorov auorK6vflpL0r6v,plrtv l6r6rrlraor t, ...,r 610rva/qvJlpl6{o!,1o1oro A.
npoaavd,(.o 1ovi{r oro B(}Loriov o I 4rovoro A, 16rro A 0o sir rov oprep6I oav
sidlrolo ororlio).Ax6!o, ov 01 l, ..., l6sv qvir(ou!qro A, oiyoupaKoLo *+ I 6v
uvriKcloro A (oi).r6So * i l 0c rjtov c),rilroroororj(siorou A), dpooLl, ...,k + l 61,oL
d6yovri,.ouv oro A. A!16 ono6nK!,iL 6ir ov o kqvriKeL oro r, r6rsKaLo k + I avriKsroro
B. Ercror6tL{d0opL0!6q r ovri{Loro r,6rl., or apretoil,..., r rsvovriKouv oro A tlo
'Apa =
K{ituALorKd opr0ir6,. ?4 0, trououtr}.lpolvL rtv on66Etl.
MroporiueoK6!o va oro8ci_Eoulo ntv op,(i lrtq sno]0ryiqu'r6 rlv apti rrq Koiiq
6Ldiohq(np6p].rtrul0). OnoloSrlnote 0]16rle 6tl0oprdq,prop'i lorr6v va eeoplsioqv
poo^,i ' rdofof ?'a-oL,q p oL\oi;op.0,roiq.
",u
YrdprE,k, dri'l pro popqrisnqTo.i,riq noued''iper6va ovoap08i. M0prKdq qopderpo-
oroorbvra_c va droSEiqorFsIt! P(* + I ) 5EvopKivu uno06ooDrs p6vornv P(.lr),a).]dKaL
rrtvP(1)troo).ouqroufqloLKo[soproFoiqISk.I a!flivrtv rpinroor] ! dts1lolrtv
"opZi rl; riripouqnd7oyiq".Av A ivor6vooJvo).oal]olKd)v oprel'6vKo,
(l) o i uvrtK8l oro A,
(2) o t + I oviKa olo A ov o, l, ...,I ovriroljvoro A,
r6rs 10A sivaLro ori,vo).o 6).ovrov a!ol{6v op16!6v.
Av KdrI spti qq niripouqEnaTo?iqrodEcL roil,nro lalupi on6rrl oL,vlerofivlopnri
rrtqrntl?otif,5v sivolropd ALdolvirrdqq. H an66Erirt aLroi rourpdyroroqaarivsror
orovuvoTvdrorrt,!r rLlo!r66e,irt([p6phpo l]). Epappo.rdq Sivovraroro npoBl,iporo7,
11,20Kut22.
trsvd oriv8cS8rivoL prq onoSciqsrr $ 'no./0rli ivoLoL"ovq6popu(oi opLojroi".fta
napdiiELTI0,o opLl]!6q, | (3laPd(rro,", ropoTo!rLK6") opi(rorouvro 7rv6!'vo6).ovrov
qloLxdrv qpLep(ijv
ro,r siyaLprKp6rpo1ri ioor.or ,l
nt= t.2. ....(n t).n.
Aur6ro EXqpdaoutE
ot)olr]p6rpfl
oq sEiq:
(1) ll= l,
(2) 't= n tn ))1.
Aurri L1op{priroDoprotori,cpaavi(rrrt oTdortovriFeoa
oro rl xar oro (,1 l)l pEa\'ov
ooqri1p6no,L5o!Lx6 ta ono6siqEq ! sno}o7ri.To IIp6B].1!o23avsxsaaiflrd)vEL dvov
opLor6roLroaqeivcLi6! yvoor6q,o?,idrou lropi vo 6o0si'no oivropaoavovnbpotL-
xijg opLop6q6noq6siIvLour6ro rp6Bllj1o,o ovo6poFr(6q opLop6g EivarnpflTlorrKd
qrapdirlrog?ra!Lo auortpi an66LErt rov 0o01{6v16rodr(Dv roDoproIou.
'E!d(
oprof6g.nouio(096EvEivar7vooldq,Elod?sr KrdvovELllploroouppoiLop6 no! 0a
rov XpttoLUoroLoutts
ou!ct6q.Av!i vo TpdqouIs
a + . . .+ a , ,
0 o r l r o U o n o r o i r - . o , v r 0 D : r o 7 p d " , r 0: < o , o y p d p " ,t - '
f"
4-t
n
\4 ol.;.o]o/ro.u' L. -o oooo!0 ror 0peurilno' no.p!o.ur
Z ' o' /BoriEo' eiIovro,
;= r, Z,...,a. 'rroLl
2. Apr1yoi6n96pava6riw 21
+ nt,,|,
)i-1121...+r= ^
.!l
olr ro?p'iFtattuvilfl ortvouoiorirorovqrdve'!e tov opr0f6Z ixqr
tnFr6vol-pc
oJI6onolo8irols (qTd).),I).o
pnopeiva owrxoraoruoei o[ppo),o(.Kt6(ottdro r r0lqtKdl):
( . n ( ,+
? l)
.4" z'
t- ni+I)
!'2
( --lu+ l)
*
tpcro(6!0oreivqv cva6poprrd
I-ruva opioo,Fc!o Z a 0xpr0drq. opropd.
rtr Ia=c.
-
(2)
In=!n*",
ADd p6voor 0qutuor6q ltc lrootlronriq olorlpdlnroe 0a sndlsvov1600noli os ritol
:rtv npriqq,lptouono$ivrol 8rdqopEE
aKpipero. nopal).a-r;q
ouroi rou outpohqoi
KorKovvoq6varoodvIar rqv qvdyKnvo 8droer(drorEql1riorq.
To ouu0oLo
f"
;=l
7rqn0pd6cr'tpo.
LivqrivoqrpoQovnc lpitao(tpqoriqrou
a t + a 1 +q + o . + o a +. . . + a " ,
i qKpL0doropa
rou
i"*J,
?, :1
Or q8uvofieet{dveuor(6vopr0p6vnooavaro},6valeorqv oprl outoi tou xegc},oior.r,
oponajowdlrv ydprav oreKreivoulr our610orjollpo 610oivo),oro)voKspcio!
. . . ,- 2 , - 1 , 0 , l , 2 , . . .
Aur6 ro oJvo).oouppoll(l0lp Z (0116 rrt fppavrxi trflJt "Zahl", apreu6q).
Al!61l(
6L6nt1e ll - Il2, s6voI l7 60v1o16e1oto Z.
noipvoupe 6vq ax6lo lyoi,rlcpo oioqta oproFiv, av oopriooupe& r.'ri"&s.n/n
oKpoiov(jrr , + 0). Auoi or opr0toi ldyoEar prtroiopr0Foi,roL rc oivo),o6).ovrov
pnr6v opr0r6voDfpolt(eror!0 Q (sr6 ro "quotients"= nrll.iKo).t our6ro oiortgq
apr0l6v 6lq or ll ll2 Lol[ouv.MncivoLuoorov nrpool6vo ou!,repdvolp 611or
" r5r6qTe(rov opr0[6v",noupe].errloape pucpredg),Enrotipelsq oro KAd].oroI , avoqd-
povTaroKprp{i6 6' our610oivo},o,ro Q. Yrdpj(er6[oq pla oxdlraFyolirpt oDD,oIi
opr0ll(lvon]v onoioqapId(oworor 1616rlrg I I - I 12 ro oDvolo610)v10)vnpBTlorr-
x6v opl0l6v, nououF9oli(eturll R. Or rpc rorrxoiaprouoincprdXouv sKde016 rouE
prlloi( oprelmu! rar d),l.ooEaplopoiE (rouq dpprFouqtrpr0toi6g)rou ndprordvowor !s
22 ErcayaTl
dmrpa6rxo6rxdViq{o' o t r<o1oV2 sivorKol016{0nopo6i}larqdpprlrovupL0pd'v. H

or66rEr1 6rr o n silor dpplloq &! EivorEixo],I 0o qqrp6ooulto).6(],lpo10 Ksed-
).arolo ror lor MCpor,q oe,Iu oro8uql m roi TorlLtov6loq.To 6rr o /2 eiva'rippqtoq.
'E),ltvq.(AQoito Il!0016p1o
B60ora, Eivornol$oJIL6, xorriravTvoor6orouqqpraiouq
0djpnloono68rKviL 6Il dvqroooK).dg opeo]{bvro !piyo!o, I tt},8updg [ixoue I, exr
urrorivoL,os ur1(oDq V2, lev rivqr xnhh ro 6rL oL op-toio( (Iov lerdosl oDr6ro
np6pinta.)H onjdrlylDooi(ercroe prprxdqmpcrtpiorq 1to tou( rpuolrorlq oprogor4-
Kdoquorx6E qpr0pds, lpda1orirorl lopqri 2* lla xdnorovol(6poro l, i al)'16eorrl
popqri2t + I ?ro(drorov oKparo t(oDr6 ro "npoqovdq"npdlFootto8rl(vlislol eirolo
I enalor]ri(np6p).tl1o 8)).Or aDorKoiopr0toi qq uoperiq 2kl6towar ipflor duloi rqe
toperig2ft + I},d7o!'ro(rprttoi.nopanlpoi|'l6Tl {iprroropropo( dlouvdpno rsrpri}ova,
xcr neprrroicprOpoi dlorv rcprrri rrpd?ovo:
(1k)t=4k1=2'Qkl)'
( 2 k+ l ) : = 4 f t : + 4 * + I = 2 ' l 2 k 1+ 2 k )+ I
'Ererqr
6rr rq:0jsrKor10 qvtiorporpo: cv o a: eivcrriprLo!Idls o 11ivordprroqov o r?:
sivortrprft6e,16ro, ivaLrspLrr6e. H on66(rt6fl o V2 Eivqrdppltoqeivorrdiporo),J
anLi. Yro8drouF&roV2sivqLplr6q Et).a6i,uroirol|l861rurdp:(ouv spLopoi
QUoLxoi
p Karq {6roroL6010
lp\1
t!t - 2.
\q/
Mnopoitr vq uro06oo!,u6ir or p Korg 6rvilouv rcorv6 (?r;ti 0o fttopor,oaFe

610rpdtn va
6rdrp6oourE
ll ror,s
6i.ou rorvo[q 6rorp&eE nprvopziooup).
T6pa dzoule
Dlo
61r o p:e(vor riprroq,ero;rvoqo p,rpit6r va ilar dprroq'InIoEi,

Aur6 ano8rfvrlr
p = 2i1lo r.dnorov
elorx6 apr0p6k. T61e
AD16oroasrKvieL 6ir o g'ivqrdprroq,dpaKoro qivqrdptroE.Efto!6vogorp xoLq sivor

{ar ot 6io dprLor,npdtBanouavrr$doxer uEro 61l or p l(or g 6svdXouvxorv66lqrpq.
Aurt rlovdaoonoulrr],rlp6vr rtv or66rtrl.
'E7er
olsooio va xcro),ripoup oxprp6en Fd66si1v&aud I ond8Erlrl. Ano6i(qp6rt
6svundpxerpnr6eupr0f6qx dloro( 661exr = 2. Aut6qo rotuprot6qlKepd(srormo
oiwolro fr ro va roife 61l o V2 sivdrrippitrog.Ilopdtnpiot[ 6FoE6tr I lpisrl rou
ouIB6),ou V2 npoilrogdler qv imph rd,rorouoproloi (o,ioo6irotrippnrou)rouonoiou
ro rrpiitovo0ivar2. Asvlilou! ano6iqr 6rr undplrrrorcqqpr0F6q l(orlropoft vo
oaeDra0.0ordroouls 6rr,npoqro rrop6v,ulo16rolq on66Lhivord6tiltt4. Kdo4,I654n
o arr6 ro ord&o 0d npenvs pooi(rqroTlqIl - I12 (116p6vgr6r6qrqroDR nou
6xour0avoedptsqoi or Il - Il2 roriouv rar 1la ro Q o i6rcqoxprp6qrolupro!6E0a
66erj{v6rr undpxra!o( plr6Eqpl8gdq jrororpriyovo2, Korour66noq(ipouf 6vroISr.
-
(Xlter6voup611o ovliolpoqoqau).),o?loll6( 6v8ou?,isr n ard6slti po( 6T16sv
undpj(er plr6q p
oprpdf rrpriyovo2 6v propi ro vo 6i6ouJrs
vo t(pTlo1po,ro1lT0i 6rr
6vundplr'!poT qrLK6q apL0l6quersrpd,ovo 2, yrori rl sft66stqrt
1pitoluoroilos xr6q
an6rLqIl - Il2 xor lro aK6Iar66rnrq lapoxrrlpLsrrKirot' Q, 6r! {dt opr0jr6q oro Q
ypriqrorp./gla oK6polougpxqr q.)
Au l rl out(Kprpitno6uvo9ioorov Kordl.ol6poqr0)vdrorrilov lov npqTldflxrirv
0opropoioepiporava 6rop0o0i
oproptirv, ov npoo06role lro xorvoipllo616 tto itouvd
ro;(upi(ru1qv$noph trporovrx6v p(6v7ra rouq0uxoDg qpropoig.To vo xotoqJloo-
2. Apr9poi6og6pavattiv 23
!s 6poqo' ;va r6rorofirpo. 6vivororlrcoroorl xd eu:(riproro oriryqor a xd lKovo-

norlrrK6 6v0o E6pqp ofl Kdesapret6q4cr pro r - oofli pi(a, ov o , ivordpnoq.
AK6!s lrl ov L,roedroto (dlr rdroLo,6Ev0o pnopooopvo aro6iqou!6 ntv Sroph sv6q
opt0poi.{nou va LKavonorei rIv.{:+ .r+ I = 0 (tv6npd,IoTl dplsr),trqra6evqdpouts
,r6qvq TpdqrouF rI 160l tl( ciiooorlqouvopliorr{,rv,1 oord}vpr(6v(Korlriiloro,
qnodflKlnsrdr 6rr I ).ioi) 6vlnopEivo ]pag16io' oulti q loperi)-Kar p60oro,Evea
Fropoioojrevd uroeioot)le6tr 6).eror Eetod)orq atouv160rl, ari our66evroj(ir(Io
nopdtr?lo,d$,rndptsropL0[6q x mu vo rxovororoilrtv xr+ I = 0).tqv npo?lonx6rn-
Ta.o!fli I Kafti0uvol 6vivorxor no).iqno6olucri. Or rro lpriorpq u,ro6i|nqyro rrlv
rErdrrlronou8rolopi(srio R on6lo Q,I mo nLeolu(liav6r_EI yrovo 6ruK
pLvrorioD.rirl
L6Ldtl1o,60viplovrat ar6 fil ltliq rov up10p6vl(qr l6vo. f1o vo to],iriooutrrrrq
Ldr6rrtr( ro! trpa7taflr6vopLordvpaeLitpu, 0q rpdmrvo lE),efliooD!0 K,i rdpan{ivor
ondrouqnpfltjrflrlKoiq opLetoLiq.:dl,r6ro 6rl!io,rpi,!srv' oplioouteI0 rq 616),10
roD
qncrpooflxoii.o?roro6.o',?xsKp'rivo l'0 q FaorK'liwora ortv oroio ortpi(Erqro onr-
poorL(ri,:iotLop6q- iLCouvop1rioK.
NPOBAHMATA
l. A,roS8iqre
r0 sno?ritrirou{ eliq dnouq.
(i) l'+... . r ) ( n +l ) ( 2 r + l )
(ii) li + + r r = ( l + . . .+ , ) r .
2. Bpeirc
a!,ov
ritrotLqro
(it lt- l!.1!5 ... r2n l)

Zt2t
tiii 2{2i Ir:=l:-3: r5j 1...+(2r-lr:.
Y,r66rin: norooX6on ilouv ou{q orrupqords.r{

! ro I + 2 + I + ... + 2, Korjr
r o l r + 2 r + 3 : + . . .+ ( 2 r ) : ;
J.Av0aIa,.o sroyFrK6co,vrcl'oLir'Ir/opi(fraLo,rdrrv
,(r- l)...(, *+l)

r/ kl(n-*)|-
= (i r. re*'i t*qr ,d,Kri

npift('oilro!, 0r= r.)
rp6iouoinouovopiooul
i ) )=
(a) Aro6eiilE6rr
J], 'n,
/n1rl I
r* r r*-r/;1r/'
(H cn6SsrErl 6svarorlirntsiptrq enaTolri(.)
Alrri rl o-ldonoSnyEioro or6lou0o o7tlro, ,.voor6oov ro "rpilovo rou
Pascal" dvqqoprolG noudcvppiorlsrndvooEfra ondllq nLlpq rivor ro
rioporouo oro ndv,J,oLo 6,ov,p,,6s.*") *,'iq (
ruv drioopLopriv * .
; )'
t + I'oor6qopr6!6qornv, + I-oorriocLpd.
24 Eroayayrj
I
ll
t2l
r33l
t4641
l5l0t0 51
(b) Ioponlp8ia.6T16)'0rorapropoiororpi,ovorou Pascal

eivorauorKoiapro[oi.
xpro+onouiote ro !6poq(a)r,o va onodeiqre

p' *orrr,i 0", o (i)
"i"o,
rdvro eDorK6qapr0r6q.(O?"6K),nprl
r qn66sle{ ooE 0o nprrsr,xad xdrolov
o trd pold sro lpilovo tou Pascal.)
rp6no,vo ouvo\riEror
I n\
(c) A6ore plo ,lrl a'r66aqrrrou 6o o eivcr Qr]or{6eap10r6E,6ei:ryovroq6rl
I o .J
ivcrm 'r},i0osrorvoDv6?"ov
on6k aKprp6q o*paiouE,J.ou(d06QopdloDq
I ft .l
dro)dloqreon6tougl,..., a.
rl
rd) Aro8cirfb '6rovr,!rxder6pqro":Av oKor6civorflxaioLopreBoi
rcorrcivdr
6v0EquorK6Eqpreu6E,dft
/ d \
( d| 6 ) ' ' " + t/ r \ /r\ - -
I l d "b + l 2 l a ' ' b + . . . + \ n _ i a b " + b '
=Ti')"","
-\tl
G) Aro6i{r
6r,
,,, i li)=i1)*...+{n
\n]
)=r..
'C /r\ ,r\ /n\ rn\
(ii) 2i(-r)
t-/-(01-[ | / r ...rlnl-0.
t'r I lil=[1] l1]' -,"
,i'r I (i)-(l)+(1), =:-'
'l
a . ( a r A n o s c i r r1c\ 6 nJilll
kt\l-kt
l\ ' f '| l t
Yn6Seqn:
Eeopl6or
ro 5m!ofrK6e{i}pn|'to
oro
(l+r)'(l+x)'.
' *, T I 1l'=l" ).
,0, o",r* 1\Kl \t /
s. (a) Aro8siqrsll3 noyor(oro , drr
11.1,'1...1.'=1_Il
2. Apr9po{
6La96pav
et\riv 25
ov r + I (ov.= I, o unol,o-rrst6q rou oepoiofaro(npoqcvrirq 6evnapouod(er

r(ovivo'rp6pl,rlto).
(b) Aro8iqrsoDr6ro ono16lEoro oErowoqS = I + r+ ... * r", nol.lvorl.uod(o-
yraEauriv rlv Eioocl pr, Korl.fvovrog rrq 6fo 6rodrorq oe rpoe S.
16. O ru,roq'yraro I'z + ... * n'l ncipvercrror petov eqiq rp6no. EKrvriF
0,16rov rDro
(k+ l)r - kr= 3r'z+3k+ l.
Av ypd'lroulr
aDdvrov riro Tlot= l,..., rror npoo06ooup,
mipvoDls
2r-lr=3.1,+3.1+l
33 2.t=3.2'1+3.2+l
(n+Dr-'r=1.,,+1.,+l
( n +l ) r - I = 3 [ , + . . .+ , 1 + 3 t l+ . . .+ , ] + ,
'L1or rc +{
unopoitsvo Fpoircro ) rrcv pcqeivcrri6rlTvosr6!o ) I (ro oroio0o
uo
1,oopo,:oop" ppa'plnop6poro
rp6no). xploqronorai#ounirq s60o6o
va pp8irs
ra"Jf,up"
1lo
(i) lr+ ...+ rr
(ii) 1"+ ...+,'
III
'-'
t-2 2.3 ,.(r+l)
1 5 7^+l
--
(iv) -,r:-;' | =;:' .. l , .
t'2 2'J D'lD t)'1
r?. Xpnoruo,rorriorr rt rieo8oroL npo9liFaro! 61,c vo 6cilcrc6n ro kpypriocrcL
I
ndvlc orrl ropq{
-+
p'f
1 1o'1 so' r * Cnr, ): .-.
I
(Or66Korlp6rgrroEqExapdorq
ivor
J *=1,'+',
t i,= ',,+1,,+1n
I p = 1,,+ 1,,+1,'
tn' tn'tn
l.*'-'r'
a52rl0
r,6+ r]1,+1,._I,,
J l,=
d62t2t2
r,,+ r,,+1,,_lo:1lo
t l,= 12 2642
*-,
26 Etooyuyrj
T 1'=1,,11,.11,,
821724t2
1,, 11,,
x q2lt59l0
,2rt.2rl
t *! frl
l0
+_:r!+:r,
2 410
,t+ n,
120
n:
t u m =l , ' , 1 1 , m 1 1 , ,
ll 2 6
r,'11or-1,,11,
2
Ioparlpsiore 6rLoLorvtrsoldqorl 3Ei1Ep1't orrilt ivaLrdvror0 . xaL6rLprti

rrtvrpirt ooi],t or;Livdf0qrou , r,cln-ltn86vLxoiq e]orr6vovrar{ordl2
ol,vrE?,or6q
p4pr vo qrdoolls ro r'ri ro ,. Or ouweleordEos 6iq.0Kr6qan6flq 6io np6r9,
ori),qlordqoDvldl),ov rutoior, urriplr6loe 6rrtv rpuyjroflK6rwo(dnoto ei6oq
rinou ro vu rov ppEireeo Fnopo[o6va 0opqoi av6rElnoh] to1Uprie61oil]0ttolq.
Airro Ilp6p].r1fo26-17ylo flt ouv6tEra Katro liLoq qq roropiae.)
8. Ar{)6liEIL
6fl {n0.ouoL\6- flpr0F6,rivo i tip,tng1 n161',o.
9.AnoSEiqrc6,dvivooivo].oAauorK6vopr0p6vnEprd1tro,0,xolnepldxrr
6ro1errprdlEiro k, r6rs ro A reprfj{EL opt0troienor eivatI r'.
6loDqrouq$LrorxoLlq
qr6
10. AnoSsiqftrrlv opxi trls taellortKiq Ela.r(Dyiq ntv aplri rlq {d'iq 61dr(1q!q.
11. Anodsiqrsrlv opxrirrtqn).ipouqe'roTolriqqr6 rl oDuiq aprri lrtc 0ra?0i?riq. Yn6-
6nql: Av 1()A npr67eL ro I Kurro A trcprrlcLro lr + I 610rrspLd1Er ra l, ..., ,,
ooopsiorero 6rlvo),oB 6iov rov k ?,oru onoioor l, ...,* ppioxovrcL
6)'oLoro A.
12.(a) Av o d civorpll6g KaLo b dpptloq, eilor o a+ b ovoyKooflKd
dpptroq;Tr
dpplror:
flv Koro lr Koro b EivoL
Tivell1r
(b) Av o a civar prtr6q{ar o b eivardpptrog.eivoLo db ovuTKooltKd dppnroq;
(npoootil)
(c) Yn{iplropr0p6q 1rlfioroq(iorso drvo ei!'urrippnro(.al)d o a'va eivorpitl6g;
(d) YnriptoDv6iodpptror qpreuoi 10)vonoitD!rorioporotaKorloyLv6l8vovoi\ot
KoLor 6io ptloi;
*13. (a) ArodEiEr6r! oLJ:,.,6, xq' \,6eil,al dpprtro,.Yr65s(n: 1Lovo 5oL,r6\,'crov
!5, yLancpriSeLTpc, 1p1o,foro,6iorro ys./ov6q 6rLrri0ecrdporoqeivotr1g
ropa{q3rri 3r + I i 3, + 2.rrari 6vnpvdcral]ri rlan6SE(lKoL'/roIov V4i
(b) Arosoi(rc6rr o,iDxc,i[ eivortipprltor.
Ano6iEr
6tL
(a) o rD + v6 eiwr ripplros.
(b) o \6 vt !6 rivoLnppltoq.
1 5 .(a) Anossiii6Tl.qv r=p+ y!;nou optar o qsivflrptroi, Korm eivoL dloc
quorKoqqpL0u6q. plroiq
r6rs -r'= d + bVqtro Kdnorotlq a KoLr-
(b) Anodeilrsniorq6r,(! - ',GY = Ns.
"
* 1 6 .(a) Ano8EiEr 6rr. av ,r ror,r sivor auorKoicpropoirut n'lr'{2,T6m
(n + 2n)t/(n+ n)1>2 6iqr!, oK6Fo,6rl
(n).2nJ'1^-. n1
\n r n)'
2. Apt9poi5rutp6pov
e66v 27
(b) Ano6siErro i6lq onors).6olorulrs 6).rqflq qvro6Trlrqoweorpolldvec.

(c) AnoSeiere
6r, ovr/n< \f1,68 \)n6 t i\oc dD.oqprlr6eopr0u6e
rrTr's
n/n<n'/n'<J2.
'17. oaivrroroom6 drr fieivcL ripprltoqcprotdqdra!oeuoLK6(op10[6e,E v 0ivqrro
!
r.pd?ovoxdnoro!dl,iou elrorKoiaproloi,.Av Korlnopoils vd 1pnoljlorTooiooutL
rr d0o6orounpoplil'oroq l3 oEorolo8inors06LKrinrpi'rr{rorl,66veivaraav0p6sl(
rov npor6pov6rL6ou).3inndwo, KoLr on668(! yro TrlTllKri116pinroor onorrsi
KdnoLeqnp6o0ereqn?,tpoqopisq.'EvoqauorK6qdpLot6.,pLil{unpt;)rctd
Eivortr8ivarovaTpdvoutp = abyLo$uorxol(opr0r'oiqd Kdr6, EKr6E ov o dvoE an'
oDrofqivorp Koro diioq I nionq,0oourqov]ioouls?rouxoiio6rLo I drveivor
np{i}roqdpr0!6q.Mpr(oinp6rorupr0loiorrl osrpdivqroL2,3,5,7,ll, 13,17,19.A\'
o r > l aveivqrnp6ro(,r6re, = 06,6rouor a Korbeivorxqror6io < r' q\' o ari o b
6cvLivornp6ror.pnopoiF.u' ro! i6rorp6ro !o rov 7pd!,or,!toor ]rr6pcvo or,vc/i.
(ovroEI qut6vro! tp6,Too,Io&rxwouFs 6tr o ,7pdeotoroa llv{ifvorp(irr(Dv. rro
rap66.j'Na,28= 4, 1 = 2 2 7.
(a) Msrorpavrar)1d ro srrrsipr o o' aroqpi an6ls(lrtf0 rL{pt ro1orl. (Ei\ro'
oi'/oupo,6rLxd0sloyrK6q!a0rt!onK6(0o 3X6rov ro nupdruroour6srLXsip!-
!o, pd).lov6po( '/rori 0a patrp6I'q!t6v '16(volo ErorDn6oEL
duolrtpd.)
irar'
'Eva
o!E),Ldj8g0li.roilpo
1rorolq ol(poiol,g,rou 3e!,0a10oroSeiiolue66,pqq)dol
6n au1]irl mpotoworoirtd! ivqrUols6Lni,o!'6v,rdpobtsurri\rl 1I orpdrov
ropol6vlov. Etor, 1lo mp{i6ft'/fo,o 28 6! Fnopi,rordvo lporp8ioov ?rv6Fvo
np6rovo avoeon6ro0i onoiouqvo eivoro 3. oirs l'ropi vo lpoeei I d!a! rp6,ro
rou vq nprdzL ro 2 r6volro qopd(ed'npn r6pu vq crTrri6.le ro 6rr avnrrpd\yo-
Fe orov I vo sivoUrpd'toq).
(b) Xptorponordivrq! al)r6ro y7ov6q,ono6iETe 6n o 1fi eivarrippnroq,exr6qov
, = rr,-flo Kdnoro!,q!,o1K6 0pr0f6m.
(c) Ano8siqrs nroycvrxritirr o it eivcLripplroq,exr6qcv n = ,z'.
(d) ^3! l'nopoqrvo K),iooufE rn oDqirrlorltLo rouqrp6rolq aprofo[qxopiqva
outnprkipoLrle riv 6pop9l an6Setnrou EuK),i6rl 7ruro 6Tlundpi(olvdntF
pornp.i,rorqpr0foi.Ano6liLnorr 6Lvrropoiv |c r fldpto,v jrdvofl.^Lpoof,\'or
ro d.ieoc npd,roroprotoipL.A. A. .-., p, 0sop{i,vroq rov p, A ... p,+ I.
r8. (a) Anoaeiqre 6rL.ov o r rrovonori rrtv
-r"+d, id' r+. iao=0'
/ r o r d r o r o r a( K d p o r odu. ; . . . d 0r o u o r r i v a r d p p r t r o ( . ! ( r o , o r o r L r v o r
ordporog {frori o!t6 yovr{[clroIlp6pingo I?J
(b) AnoSaila 6n o yD + fi eivarripplroq.Yn66LEr1i Ssxrvciorsuno],o/i(o!raq
rL; rpdirLq6 6rvd,rcLq
a' Torror flproFoi.
t9. Ano66iqt61lv ovro6rnrolou Befnoulli: Av, > - I, T6rs
(l+i)'>l+nr.
frari aur6iv0rlsrpLIdvo 0YIl > 0;
d,, d:. a,,... opi{Emr('; eiri{:
20. H aroioueiotou Fibonacci
ar=l'
dr= l'
a,= a" + a" .'I.'fIn>3
rl o{oioloio,nor)qpXi(er
ALrrri t rolrel, 1,2,l,5,8,...,ovoKo}.uaortKr
an6.ovFibonacci
(1175 1250), !s apoplridvqrp6p],rpoorrrK6rc Kouvdho. O Fibonacci
undosle
6rLdvu
28 Ercayayi
opxr{6qsuldplKoDv0l, tJvt8vvouac;vflKdrvo[p7ro (EDriplKoDd,r6vro lrivo, Kor6rr

lsrd an6 8DorrivEqKdoKarvoipyroqutdprourn8pL9p6rav 6uoLfl.To n),i0oqd, rov
(su?upLdjv noD1wroiwoL ro 11-0016privaivaLa, r + (l" r, yroli 6vu(sL,ydpLKouvEIL6v
'/wrfrqryLaKdequ7dpr no'JTwielKerov rpoitlorip!,o Urivo,rqr oK6fqrdoe(uldpr
rorTew{fuxe rpLvErlo o' dvo{i}.}.o(surdpr.ro n}.'i0orrot' sv6roqE-
prlvsqsivn rd,poEori
pdvrovororsl.'otdlov ro'r aaopo'jvoDflivrr)v o'.o).ou6ioci\rolar' o).riocl0oiriolsuro
'Otd.o(
un{ipxfloKdroKL;vaq Fibonacci
noL,'K6i3&dvodvruTo. rrtv &ryrnoid Frbo-
/ l + \ 6 \ " / r- v 5 \ "
\-: i \, /
.,,6
'Ero(
rp6rosor660rin(ro! cl(r).n{flKoiouroi r[rou nopoljold(sroloro I]p6pl,i][o2]-15.
rApopitFal- lsr ' /d apd/F4..
21. H ov,outlr0 .u' Schqarz F,a)Lv'{LLot
\'"- rr /t _\ .' \ L r /r / \ '
A6orslpErqono6ilLq
auIrls,avd),o?Es
npoqrq rpeLqanobiEsq
roL,IIpoplitoroq
1-19.
22. To anord).soloroD praorpovrrKTi
IlpoFiirroroqI 7 6,rEr rlixrior:Av a]....,a, > 0,
o, r _:!:.
(a) rrari 1016rour66rflv di = . = di Ynoedroup 6n 6Evivor6),aro a;ioo, dg

no6ll3d' + dr.Av dvnKardorrioo'rtr Kd'ro a KqLro drpe(4 + d)/2. Tr yiverorpc
rov aprojr'tnKd doo A"- la ... I a,) Ir: Tr yivlrur!c rov "ycotcrpr(6
r{60" G"= i/ at. ... d,; f lari, ov erqvoldpoup ouri q 6ro6rxqoio op,(8r;e
eopdq re).rKdoro8LKvioupe 6rL G, < A,; (No pla rEpinl0)on,6,10r eivol{alri
doxnq ro vo 66osrfLo lrnx'l otr66'l(it ps ralori, Ko06qKl 6vadrDno
,nxrprlI0.)
H orflol6nol olrtv rpoitTorjrLsvrt
or63elrouvldrororvd!e lrov dlh Eviroed-
poloo 0n66c1Et.
ro T./o!,6q
(b) X pnorporor(b\,ftq 6i, C, < A,yLo, = 2, ono8EiEre,
pEnoloyrioro
k.61t G"< A"^t\tr
n= 2t.
(c) rro r'r1oior, ;oro 2'' > l?.Eaap!6orEro (b)!poqorolq 2'opr0!o[q
a , ...,a",!+:t:
611C, < A,.

]10vq 0no6iqs1
23. Aivouls6vuvavoSpoFrK6
oprop6rou o":
at= u,
Aroaeiqrc,ll3no?0yi,6rr
('1")'= a" '
(Mnv rpoona0iocrr vo ,.dvcTcrr rproloi{pcrc: tplo,Foro,cior.cno}u7ioto r i

sna?o]]ioro r?,6Ir Korsrq 6io toqi.)
2. Apr9poilnrprjpavniritt 29
24. Aa ljrofooup6rLor r6r6qreqIl xqr 14eivor-/\'rrod(7rorouq$uorxon(qpLlor]i.

oil-ii 6rr o roi.lon),oor(!o!6;6ev6Ir nor6slqerp0ci.T6r fnopoilc !o d{irooup
i\flr ofodpotrro oprd,i6ro, rorl0nloorqofoio; cilq:
1. b= b,
( a + 1 ) .b = a . b + b .
Anoosilrerq qiEGt iit o',pd no! ooqnporEivorul)l
s Ib+ c)= a b+d c (Xprtoruoror0io'. -.,1?o/rioro d).
a,t=a,
a. 6 = ,. a(86).rqr{hpoa,ro6i(a1 qv r6pirro6n 6 = l).
25. :' ou16ro x9di,qro ap-lioojrell[ roDqquorxoiqoproloi( xqr ortd-or7derdooFroe
louq npaTlqflroiq oprofoiq.fro vtr Nknisoulo olorrtpd ou i rn drodrxooio0a
rpLsq6Fqorqv dvoo?.6xlrlpotrKp6 Frp).io(6irero MdpoEv). Kovfvaqdvdrrr
Koro$dprvu pperdvo!tp6ro 7rqva erdoErorouq,rpa?la Koiqoproroig)topir va
nEpdoErldoo o,r' alrri! qv 6LoErrooio. q),ki ov aIroipsTouqnpollorlxonqapr0-
poiq oov 8oopdvoug, r6!e ll]IopoilL !u dpioorrrE lou( Quorrori(ap!0poiqoav rouq
rpoTpqrrxoiqqprolotE1!q lopqiq I, t + I, I + I + l, K),r. 'OlitI ot]oioourorlro!
rpoPLitoroqppioxIororo va 6iEoutr6ft undp-tr 6vogo!oltp6q po0rt!flrrK66
rp6-
noqIa vo nolpro "K).r.".
'Evo
(a) oivo),o,4 rpqTUoflrdvopr0g6vl,67EroL rlq1oyrK6ov
(l)o I ovrixcr oro A.
(2)o k + I o\'ltxroro A. qv o k o!4ft1 dro ,4-
Ano6i6r
drr
(i) ro R civa'noyorT'x6.
(ii) ro o'ivo).orov orrxrivrpaT|lcrrrtirv
apLopri'!
oilar rq7o?rK6.
npoylonxdlvqpL!6!rou 6vivorioortr oivar
(iii) ro o'lvoforov 0erLKdJv
(iv) ro oivolo rov eelrK6vrpa?gor1K6r, oprF6vro! &v rivsLiooLp5 3v

3r!dr,rq/o?lxo.
(v) ov ro A rqt ro I ivol sndlo-fL{d,16 10 sivoio Crov npoTlar1K6v
opL0p6v no! ov4Ko'rvxoroto A xcr oro SeivotoriolE enc7cryrx6.
'Evsi
(b) npolpqnK6qopr0p6q ,60 ).aleroreuarx6eopr0,r6eov o r] (vriKero fttd,
(i) Ano6ci(1s6rr o I ivorau6rx6sopr0p6q.

(ii) Ano6iEr.61L.ovo kEivorAUorx{tgapr0p6(.
rd10xaro t + I 6ivorq!orx66
opr0!6q.
26. YrdpXtrpro @na(oKsqoLtd, ro! ouviorqror0JI6rpLqraood).ou6Fsr o}6Ksvrpolq
KpiKoL,frome1rlldvoL Ko'rdqoivouoo6rdjrrpo,
o 6vocrdvors'rovdtr"),o nspootfvoL
'fvoq
ldou 6c ilo rodoo).o{tXr d Ir. KpiKoq dr6 rrf (opuqi rt(
c'rLTpd'rTaL.
oroiPa6vo nspdosro{i),}.ofliaoolo un6rov 6povs lrlv rono0rnoirrivoo0jIKp6-
rpoKpiKo.flo nopdoeryUo, ov ojlrp6tepogKpiKoE olov 20ndooo).oKor
leroKrvrloei
o ol6ooSn6lvoqolov 1o,.6. o rpixoglnopioJt61ov2t)vo ronooErrleei enionq
orov 30 ndv0rqr61ov dl).o (piKo.Ano6i6rr6fl I 6h oroi9oTo! a rpixov lropEi
vo IsroKrvrloEi
orov 30 ,rdoool-opE2"-l KrvrioorsKor6Xrht616pE;.
.27. Kdnolonav0nrorrlFro A irov lrspiqovo 7rq rouq I? !6vrpouqKoen-rlrdq rou oro
Uoonpqnxd. H mpdboortrdpal),,o xd06EpSolo6toio oto6rx6Teijra6no! 7llord
ablvovro rap6vKoLor I?, Kd06ldioq nousiXDpfl).d6oq oe KdrorodruooisuorirorJ
vu ro avoKoivovoKcrcp6ooq!a nopqrriro. T6loronpdlpo8Evsil nor6oD[0si,Urq
KorKavieKdotltfliq 6vilo !,r' 6vr!, roL,ro )d0rt ort 6ou7,Ld rou. Aur6 8s\r
:...
30 Eoayayfi
Eoriparv6fl 5Evullllplov ldon. Ms ro ndpoolo rov sr6v, orrl 6oul'eui rou trdo
p6lousrou rtriporoe Eit pposirou)d:(rorovvoldeoq 0116 dXloDEouva66lgougtou.
Aur6ro l.dooE i1eovoqep0si oe6l.oDq Kqotlrlre6Kr6qqr6 rov ap6ooe
ioDqdl,?'oDq
EvEugp6Fsvo, tro vo lro6loeodvru16vroporTrlosq. Mw porpoio1por,,lri, toTlripo
evlqiorlr([s 6vovrroKdnrlKaoTly1rf, an66110Ilovtrofliulo,(dnolovr.oX, tlou
il.n4s vo lo\.1porornoi sro !6loqrou &oljq. Oftv6po6oDr66v61tvs,oXrrlprrlv
eK6iKloli rou oro r),6uiolo16$paroD&006.(Eu1oplori0lKo rtv srioK\ri tou e66
ndpono),S)ift, (0116 u]r|iplel Kifl noD061,(l)
vo 6oCr0r. Toul.dlrorov 6voq0'16odq
Slpooiuos )d0oqorordlEsparo onoio!plxoidl.l"oloroTFipo ro ovKd1"u\yov). Tr
ouvfpl qv r6pevllpovri;
**28. Aao[ ppsirsTrlvordvrnor] oro np69],nto 2?, e(edore ro eliq: KdosFdloeroD
TriroroEi6n ri6pEour6 noDoX rotupiselK.Enop6voc, n66t 6ii.oori roDlropsi
vo d)'ke riroro;
!t
MEPOX
@EMEAIA
ttqv,l &anflivE&t I dnow
6a o AnqoryrofAoftolt'iSaapl.zinl
pEptdaDv14 ,oa6nl&, u 6la9
ptdepp\vEld awtl?itt duwTaat
681/
'lyfiat EooeE'v'i'
dnip Ka or na moqpq pzha
niva amvAnEopntdAapI!6 6Eror4-
piEouv rrt Eno'CaC tougtfiva odl
aDvtIEn,d .ri,pt ttKpdt^pq4 Ffa-
),i6pn @t/tt,wl awoimDnifprot,
ElrEawphowat at fEa$e$ic
EwoEE I o' a,de tuo u@'efirJ.t I rca-
peqia,i fraoi(owar ot tuoptlrytu
Eounort 681' dEoSt[lqKav pt y1/,it1ld
dpt0pvK6tp6tto.
AvtttlEod o' aft, rrd naqi8Erypa,
svrtKztro qEtiptwa noDat'u9tpap6
moniva, KatFn no Egnimrl
Srcpaivlo\w fnebe&ta&6 ro
0Etip11!d, i o\oo,irc$ 6o6iryn p' dai,
lropi kdp\9el Kad Kd,totov
w lp,iito
aavpa Ka],iPdt4 fo ltlv AtotpooflK\
Avd1uo4. Aevq.vE rapi v' dwtKalir{a
qv ahqL1i nu rwaTan oqv aptew-
' xtt tst rdLr,,xpovd vd*aoqoLba
i,'av rpafpafl&i opto& qc ouaiac
qCauvEtstdtTaKa qENofl121NoEttfpioo
roD18t8,KEtlirEstt4rydptttEpa
dvaKoiwodrd dnorql,topatu tur o!)Jofol6v
lau onv afdtqtd lou gLo
Datge$ rcv oltoloEiIdpa $fth
rarlottp4 ottiqo+
KEOAAAIO 'YNAPTH>EI'
Xopi( ofp(po).io,I nro olltqvrLrri.6woLos o),6x),lporo po0r qnKd ivoLauli 1Iq

ouvdprrtolq- o d?,ouE o166vrou( k)d6ougrov origpovtovgc0lpcrrrri:voLotrcplti-
'IooC
olqano6rKv6ovror ro K0wprx6cvn(rilrovodpouvol. ],ou6vvo lilv Kn),oloir
sv
pd06r6rr rt dwou trlq ouvdplrlonE oivarno).LjlvrKi. Ihoovdvvo oo! ovoKougiorL rl
eiaTtorl 6rL,npoqro mpdv, a ,repropLoro6trsos ouvoprrlorE sv6qr()16r8rKoidrroL,
al(6paxr ouri rt Fr(priK)doI olvoprrioov,nopoDord(Er opKrdpy{ih norKr?,ialro vo
rpo0itcr 1tv npooolri pqqyro rdprooo xqrp6.ApIrKd 6v0o 66ooutExov oit 6vqv
ouorrlp6oprop6.frq tv dlpq,6vo(rporqlapxrrK6(opr6[6e0o llae6do3{rrl 6L'var6rtro
vo ou(rlrriooulrl.arerdIrq ouvqprios(, ro1 o n0prlpd\rr dwola qE
rn 61oro0l1lroi
ouvriprilotg,6noqqv ovfl),qppdvowor orllo0rtpolucoi.Apy6cpa,0allt iooup{oLo
ou(ll1iooulro 'Ilovc|Lrlfq rou sillpovou poollorr(o$ opropoi.Aq oplioou!lol-
'I6v ll0 rov 0'(61.0l,00:
,ror$firnror oprrMo!: tuvdpfi]ol eivar 6vaq rov6voq rou onr'(ov(a, l(q06vqv0r!6

rrirorougrpolpoaxolqaprofoiE,oExdnorcv'il,l,ovrpqrusllK6qpr0p6.
To en6llvonopq66(lorq olvopriaov divowarylo vc elal{oouv Korvo vrq0joouv
cut6vrov oprog6,o onoioq,oFo),otouldvoq,Ld(rsrx'irorg6LuKprviorq.
napdSrypa 1: O Kov6vqq roL'q,rrxovi(Er
xdoeop$!6 oro rrp{i-rov6
rou.
napdSrypa2: O rcov6voq Kdoeapr0!6,rolovqpr0l6
rou o,rerKovi(sr
y- )' + 3 / + 5
- |
ndpdS,tTtld
3: O Kqv6voq
ro! cJlorlcovilEr c * l, - 1 orovopL0I6
{{i0opLep6
-cc,-+ 3 c +5
|
4: O rovdvoqnoliorerxovi(srKdeopr0p6rou rKovonori
IldptiSEtypa rrlv - I 7 < x <
r./3orovcpr0g6x:.
EdpdSeryla 5: O xovdvoq rou owroro(tio Kdeopr0l6a rov qpre!60, ov o a ivoL
dppnro;.xqrrov opr0l6 I, ov o a EivqrpIr6E.
Ilspd'arps 6: O '(ov6voqno', onrrovi(r
rovopr0t62 oro 5,
t6
rovoplulor / oro-.
rovcpruuo orord.
lJ
rovaprold- oro28
3 4 Oep .n
x r r r x d 0 e x2+, 1 7 r, r i l 7 , r il 6 i n , o r o v o p L 01t '66o v o y s i v a l q q f o p qoi r+ b \ r $ 4 , 6

oroO.
napdSerwd7: O rov6vqqnoL,qnrl.ovi(, Kdoeoprr6torov ap,ottdr'+.x. (AL,r6q o
rov6v0'q sEopldTaL 06pu,o dr6 rlvsK).orri ro'raptopoD:{, orrtv ouoia dliodri nepLTpdgol,
!e dnELpeq ro n),riooq 6loaoprrlxiqorvoplrio'rE,urftlLo K{iE opr0!6.r.)
Ilapd'Lypa 8: O rov6voqnouonslKo\riqr KdoopL0r6zoro nliieosI('rvvleiov 7 olo
3EKa6L(6 qvdntLlyuo ror'z. o\rour6Ei\,ornsnpoo!6\'oq opL0p6q, KoLoro - ir o! urdpXouv
{itrflpovllio 7 oro 6{03r{6ovdnr!?tarou z.
Yndpxr Kd.rnolr0d npnsvo eivorrisi0Je r.r0op6poTdon our{ira nopoS8i?lltro: Mro
ol]vdprrtortivol ororooEirorsKov6vasno! onErKovi(L apLorolqo' xd,rolorr({il,}.orq
aprofonq, 6jartr6voivaqxa\'6vflqnolrpropeivo ropqoloesi! dvovo).tt0p1K6 rino. oJrE
(K6ro on6 rro olLor6popqt ouveiKt nouvo 6qopr6(Eror oe 6l,ouqrouqoplolouqoir8
EhaLovuyKooflKri iva; {qv6vaqtroueo8iq, i KdnoLoC d,,ioc,tLropEils vo aop!6oEr0 orlv
npdirt (Ka!6voq,7Lu ropddsr'/rLo. 6svErp0lnoi oitslKoviEct o Kov6va;8rov z). Eriolq,
tnopsi o Kov6vo!!,o Itlpuirinrl {riroro'i( oproloiq Kal a{6po, vq !r't! eivoL6d{pdE oc
noLo!!oxpr06qopLorLoiq aopp6E'rar rl orvdprlol (npoona0eiors, .rronopd60ryfo, !o
Srdmo.rljocr' o\rrt ouvripqortrou napaSsiypqros 6 qapp6(sroL olov u ). To o[vo].or0rv
opLeldJyororig onoioLrq opiErrarI1oouvdprtol LirraLro,?,)-io op!otorltq ouvdplrtottq.
IIprv noipol,trinorr d,,].0]Lonq duvaprio61q. xp8lu(6poorE nEL76vr(Dq KdnoLo oup
!oiro!6. Ae6ol'dvo! 6tr o a!r6 ro lllp),io eoI'idp ouxvd?tc oL,vapiri oE rq (oqv npqyfq-
Trr6qls 5'v ea uJ.ioori!0{o, 1Lorlnordl,?,o), xperaE6laor ivov Kard},it},orp6no}rq
v{rovofL{i(olrLr rle ouvoprio8rq, Kl1L rLo voavoqEp6paors o ot]rfr yEvrKd. H ouqeroud\rt
npoKn{rloivorvu outpoiiqoL,lcllfl olvdprlo! p 6va7pduto.fro trpoqovoi( }.oyouq, ro
pdlpa 'f' (function= oL,vripltor)ivoLro EtrrKporiofipo, xo6ror6vloc irol xor r(1"s ".
t
"n " npo$flvsiq L,no\yriqro!s ql"id xoLrd6s?pd!tlo({o0d)(KoronoloSinors).o7rK6 o{p0o-
Lo)loq rdvr,xopigvo ano(lsiolror rol t(t "x". "y", ot,r.orl1ur{iro ?p{illLtlroolvioq
/ptoLponoLoLlvroL 10 !o o![foiioorv oprFoD!. Av / slvollLlaouvdprtor],16ro apto-
!6! oro! onoio arLKovi(eL I /10! op,ep6 x, 6ul0oii(1o1! f(r) flur6ro oilpoio
ijLopdklq L'/ ro! r " {oLo!vri0o(ld7'r{rLr1!rp'i 'te / oio x . ouo1K6ivoL,av oup|]ol,i
(o!rs tL,r'olvdplrlort!' -r. voiLo),iio'rterdnoLodl).oTp,irtuoavoi[PoIo yLurov sprep6
(rr(1on6i!.a v6rLprt,ov xar rdno)qr6r6iponrt,snLlori eo FropoLlos vo sivd' ro'f",
5ivowdqlnq ro oirLpoiox (f )).:rfe L6vorrLs 6n ro oilpoio / (.y) d1'l iwo,a l6vo r1ox
oro nE6ioopropo,lrlq f yLoro dl],o r, to 6ilt0oio / (r )6\ opi(Eror.
Av oL,ppoliooul,. rLqowopflio',q rov [npo8EryfdrrDv I 8 !s /,s, n, r s, d.a.. Kar-v,
T6rEpnopoipe!o iovt'7pli\to!!sror( opr.j[o[qro!; oq s!]i{:
(tl - I. ?'tl K'i0Ex.

"f(.x)
(2) 3Ll) = .:-,r * ,lru xuorr
(r) ,lc)=- -, j i,irr(0eFc+1. L
{4) il\r:.r Y
' l r oK d exr r ; l o l U
Mt l7a:t<!
0.t1v.rdpprtroq
(5)
3. Euvaprrloaq35
(6) d(.r)=
.. ^.-n.36
16. r32. l/.-.n-.xoL \= r, bV2Fro,boToQ.
(7) d^(r)= i'+ x, YLoKde

spLet6.
,, ov oKprF6q
, \yrlqio7 reovi(ovraroro 6Ko6rK6
avdmuypo
roD.r
(8) .v(r)=
- z, ov dftrpo
Vlqio 7 EFqavi(ovrarotu 6sxa6rr6ovdnrll,pa ror ,{.
ADroi or oprogoiDno6lKvJouv rll ouvrlorslarq6ro6l(0oionou oroloDolfs 11ovo
prc
opioqupe ouvripqol / Eivarro f(r) yrq Kdooprep6x olo ft6io
taq l.dv]1016
op ojroi1rt: /. i noporlt:iorc6rLEivoror.prpiqro i6rour ro vo rqEno,v roL6civorro
I (d)?,o KdOc aptF6a. flro /(b) yLoKdecqprerd6. xln.).Irrv npdql.Kd'rorcqol"vrFri
oelc,ivo1ovrrds.O opro!6q(l) eq propono vo Tpoqsiorl6q
(r) f(x) = x1,
ssrtv 61suKp1v1or1xrl
spdorl"y!oKd06.x"vowoiror.Bporo,yrorov oprop6(4)n r6vn
8uvarrioivrrton ivorI
( ) t ( x )= t ( ' ' t1<x<rl3'
dI6posr6suvi0oq611dvdqoplol6eodvrov
11",-I I.. , y . 6 .1
Yrvslorvo nEprxoneromv
r1'1= l1-l
M 6l,Lo1,6lut, dv 5v itEpropioot)pro MSio op$yoti, eeapoitr 6fl dltorEleint aft6 oD
rouEaprepole yrd rcue olroioug o optopde i)p iwon.
&v sivor 66oKol.ovtr roh0aior6 roDqaK6louoDqrorupropo[q ylo rK ouvop iorE
nou oplorll(0v ,ro jlovo:
f ( x + t ) = / ( x ) + 2 x +|
c(x)= l(.r)avxr+ 3.r+ 5 = o
ilx+ |= r\xl+ 2^+ I cv- r/ 1x:T - r'
r (.r+ /) = s(,) ovyplr6q'
a/4\=41!j'
d,(x)=.(l/(r) + ll
,$=0,
"(1)=-"
3 6 Otpi),to
Av I nopdcloartt(s(a)) ooqqoivelolrapdioyl 16rEel\,dr{trl o s(d)ivaL6voq

ap,ouosoo\ro).ouq rouqdiLou;,dporo / (s(d )) 6xs'6wora.KorpdLroro,/ (r (a ) = s (a )
7Lo{doEd. flarii EivoLeuKoio,Itrd ur6 trd rp(ijrnfqrLd,vo 8ltukprviooupE Krdlitq,
ropqordocq0116
0{6rll l!1ono).irr.oxq rrtv /(s{a). H napdoroorl
.i(,(r(d(0,tr(+
))),
rori rj'.o)u l' I'i?nunopovri:
600Korvs ford(', rpopspri,unol,o?i(ror
(/G(d(a,(y( ))))))
= r(r(s(0(0,(0)))))
- r(rG(d(t))
= 11r(s(r6)))
= 1(1(l))
= f(t)
=t
oro r;),oqou'roirou K,pdidio!
Td trpd'Iorpo0).ripara 6og,rpoop;pouv KLdD.t EdsKlsr'l
ndvoo' 0r.,t6vrov oupFoiLop6.
H ouvdpqort ro! opiqsraro.rtv (1) sivor6vo pd),iov sriLK6ropd8cl?tLo l'roq noii
orou8oicqx).rior1qol]voprrio8ov,.ovnohovuprKdrv qr,voprrior0Jv.
MLUouvriprnoTt f
iiTelor ro),DorDlrxi6urdplrldilov undpirouvnpo,AolLroiopL8[oiq], ...,a, rdlolordJorE
l(t)=o^'*o" x" ' + ...+ a1x'+ dtx+ un, rLoKdEx
(6rflv ! {.{) ypdq0roL o ouri rn ropai, ouvri0(Dq L,roedroupeoLorrlp'i61r a"+0). H
Fd/Loflt EL,vort rou.rpe !l-!16vrK6 otrvrteori idTsroL o posF6qri; | ?Lonopd6Ery[q,
ro).urD!'irLlKri
ouvdprnot fr f(.{) = 5x' + - r rTsr
I37.{' 6.
I Bu0t'6
oL ouvoplriosqnouopi{ovrsrorLq(2)Kqr(3)ovrl(ou\r03 uraKdnoqll8lo).urspIKldsr1
6u\roplrioeov, rrqprr6qouvoprioEE our6rsivarol ouvoprriosl;rIq [opqriqp./q610rorp
Kol g ivarroluovD[rx6qouvsprriosq(KqLr] g 8ev,raipvelnovrori, fltv rL[i 0). Or plriq
ouvapfliorq, fc l! osLpdro!q, eivaL $dLiov 0$1Kd nopoSsitparoan6 prdvaK6!a;reIdin-
repitKidot olvapriosov, ro,r ivorarlori,orepsq qn6opxrdqon6rLqot!opIrl631qro'l
ovoadportxov 6rrv apri roDKafliaiouKorpsi'r6lror oc 0d8o(oro\rAn6LpoolK6 AoTr
ojr6.Ta uK6iou0a, ivaLnupo6'iTuura ouvilprriooovolroi ro! Ei6oL,q:
.ri .rr* ,rsinrr
", . =----r------:.......-
(e) r(r,
(10) (.{) = sin(i').

( l l ) (x) = sinGin(.{1)).
, 7i /,,i . n r . . n , s i{n\ . i n r , , . i " ( ! ! - ) ' n * ' " ' \ )
Mnor6rpr1ripro,6' ovopornosir0 iooq,lnopoipvqosopriooultor).iqliroreqouvopfli-

oLC.LdrxdKrirLr0poroupTriparo oav rlv (12)rH andvllol tivor 6T1lnopoifo vo rLq
xolaoireudcoups on6 pprK;qan),6qotrvaplriosrq xploruonord,wqopLoldvouq anl,oi-c
rp6nour1lo va q ouv6Dd(oL,ls. fro vo KorooKcldoolfe (9)-(12)xpLo(6
rLS6uv0pflio'q
JraoropjtrK{irt\,(ToDronni ouvdprrlorl,1, ?urrltv onoiaI(r) = r, KaLrlt (ouvdprrtort
tfrr6vou' sin.noL) r'tIrprlltq sin(r)oro xotr/vd?pda8rotnroonid sinjr.MspLKoi on6louq
rT,oorl-u\rKoiqTpo'orq ro' ; o'oro' c' q v6tolorrf 6' vaplioLrc vu
?Lo ropd!o,t-,\dfq
our'0prioLq,dv01o, E,iq: "c
Av, ra. c fi\ur 6io oLfoprfo-Lq. lropor,rcvo opioo,,rc,,a{a \otp/r} o vooqol
/ g. no ).fv-!orro d0po'olq 'u! /rorg. t,L.rtIoortro
3. XuvapijoeLg37
(f+ s)(x)= r(r)+ s(x).

tl!r6sr 6rr oilqovq ! rLr ouppdoerg noutj{oDpeurceEnioEr, ro nESioopLotLoJrrtq
t+ g anorleiloron 6],4Iq i{-rrarq onoio10((,r) + g(.r,6IEr fwora,6Il-, ro oDvo}.o
ro,,'x ror' ovriKo'rv
ro' a.o rD6iooprorLoLl
rrtr f{dr ro ne6ioopropoirrtqs. Av A KoLA
ir,orrlxdio orivo).o.161cu' A a I (6ropd(rar (,4 roti BDri q rotri rov A KoLBrt
o'rppoLi(ouf'ro o'jvo],or0J!'r no! ouiKou!{oLoro ,4 {qr oro B qur6qo ouppoz,rop6q
pdq
cn.rodnlr vo,pouor,irlflc6ioopropour/i gr - 4r610 op ot-o'/ nLdio oproto B.
:ro i6ro'rvs!tq,opi(o!t0 ro lv6pevo1 gxcLro q],ixo -(ri,/g) rov fKar gfo
(.t.g) (') = t(x) . ?(x )
{I n')
'B '1,", s(r)
Ax6rq. a! sEivsrfLq ouldprrq KsrcdvssqpLep6q.
opiEoufspraKaLvoip?ro
o',vdp to!
c g tr
(c s)(Ti= c s(r)
Aurrisivorrro E13r'('i 'ri.?nroortro'] oul0ol,rofLoi t s. av o']raovi oour" 6rLro 6s]'po).o
c nopLordvEr KoLrrt ouvdprlortf!c f(x) = c. lLo r;rota oL,vdprrtol, noL,noip!'0irrlv iSro
q
flrri ?ra6io' roL,q op,0.,oiqr. )..yfrororoocpiorvriprrldt.
Tone6ioopropo[rtqf.ssivorrons6.op.fa m6.op.a, KaLio ne6io oprotoirrq c g
ei!'drar).d,!ro m6io oproronrtsa. Atr6rrt! dilll r).sL,p,i, ro rc6ioopropoirrr //s Eivqr
tdllov ro).[n].oKo tnopsivo lpoe0in. opfn n. op.s a {x:g(x)+ 0},6noLi ro oijrFo}.o
ir:s(x) + 0l oDppo].iEL ro oirol.o rov apr0f6vx yur rouf oroio'rqs(-r)+ 0. rs!r'.d, ro
'EroL
ir:...] oDspol,i(81 ro o[volo 6),ov r0J\rxTro roL,(onoioui rqiJel r] (...0. rr
l-{:x'+3< Ill oufporiqour ro oivo).o 61,10! r0rv oplofdrv x f' x'<8, 3rlo6i
li(:x'+ 3 < lll: ix:.r< 21.Kaedva on oD.dro oiftsolo 0o lnopoio' xdll,lorava
ypoQifs XpioTtroL,/novrori orl 06ortro! x. :Dvl0iqovrorSrdQopsq nopolloydqouron
rou oufpollopo,i,rol,6EvorqrloLlvL6roirploL,(riqol. Kaefvaqfnopivs pavrf\yEr 6rL
ro {x> 0 : xr< 8} outFo),iq0r ro o[vol,o .ov osflKrij!op1our]jv ro! o ([po! rouqeir,ol
irLKp6rspoqon68:0ornopo{oop, mo rrKd,voro sKapdoolrL6 oov{x:x> 0 Kalx'< 81.
IIqppnrr6vroq,our6ro oivol,oeivorroiSLo!0 ro o!vo).o{x | 0 < x< 21.Yrdplfl dllrl
fLqnopa],i'oyi,Lt6rEpo6LoD?iq al)d nol'l Kol\'ri.To orjvo).o{1,3,2,4j,?la mpd8srllo,
'ipr6xsroKprp6q rouqr6oopLq oprofoiql, 2, 3 Kel4 o'rtpo).i(srrrsniorleils {n I x = I ri
x=3ir=2ir=41
MepLKdnpd,taro yro ro d0po16!a,ro y1r,6}vo,Kol ro iqli'.o ouvaprlos'D! 0ivorrpo-
Aavsiqouvdrrq ovrioroLtov r8roflirrDvrou a0poi6taro!, ro! ylvotdvo! Kor ro\i nit).iKo!
o p r e u ; v .L a n a p { i b c r y L-r:fvl .a r o } . i c i K o } . ot o 6 c r i . f : d r
\ f + g ) +h = + G + h ) .
H on66Lqlivo!Iopoxrrlpro xri 7ra 6r,EqoX66!nq anodeilerg ro6qto; yero(ti6L1o
olvoprioov npdr0lva 8iEouuc 611{)16ioolvopflioErqitouv ro i6ronc8ioopropori,
KaLrtv i6Lo1turi?roKd00opr0r6oro ns6iooproroi. fla rap{i6sr1!o,ltovo 6siEolrL6
611
(1+ g) +,,r = f+ (s+ r), nopdrrtpoiF6rL,flvEaop!6oou}l'rov opLo}6Kororu8io I .rl,
= (r+sxx)+ ,(x)
t(f+s)+ nl(.r)
= t(, + s(.{)l+ r(,r)
38 Oep,n
tf- k+ l)l(x)= f(r) + ls+ r)(x)

= f(x)= ts(x)+ nG)1,
{o, n Lo6rrtror(Dv[f(ir) + s(r)] + ,(x) {o1 {r) + ts(x) +,'I(.r)l eivcrAto t6L6rqtorov
ap,ordrv.: oufli\'rt! or66sLqtI,o6rtro rtdv6ions6i{Dvopropoi 8evalqqaportflouadrq
?roriivarrpoqaviq,dr6 rl orLrrli roti 0 opjtiooup voTpdqorFe quiis rt! eiLodocLqro
n06ioopro[oi rtq (f+ s) + ,'rxoe6! Kolrr]sf+ G + /r) sivqrnpoqo!6qro r. op.In n.
op.ga n. op.,. fpdQourr.aLl6ro).o1lKd, f + g +,|r yLoflt! (I- g) + lr = I+ (-q+ lr),
oKpl0dr( 6noqKdlopl<oL yLoopLolLoi(.
Eilor ro iSrosuKoiova qno6eiloupe 6n {rr's) ,'r= f (s r), KaL(lufi I orvdprlo'l
or'rlloiii'rarfc 1 -q r.OrLo61trrt+g=s+iKolf s=s fp q oetpdloui.ii!!
n0po!o,d(ouv Kafrd SroKo).is.
Xprtouonord)waq ILqnpdloLq+ . . i . lnopoi[s r(iipflvfl Kqpdoout8 r! orvdprr]ot
tnou opioltxEoIlv (9)o{r!'
/ // /,.n
".n
l srnil sln sm
Eivol6|0(oa9fqorL6E!lnopoutE vo sxqpdooDFe rl orivdprlot(I0)rL o'ir6vrovrp6tro

XpaaE6$(o1s ).ou6vdva!diio rp6no.rravq otrv6ud(ouus ouvoprriouq. ADr6qo o!v8!o-
0!6;, rt oiv0oort8io ouvopflios(d!,
EivorreirKdo nLoonou6qioq.
oulsprrioE\.opi(ouFs
Ar fxaL s ivaLrL,,/(liq rLo\rio 6uv{iprl6rtt " g, rrt 6riv00oilrov
(1" sx-Y)=
tu(r)
ro nsEioopLopoLi rtq f'g eivurro {r : x oro rc6io opropoirrlq s Ksr s(r) oro rs6io
opro[oufl]q 4. To oippo],o(f " sDo,rxvdSropd(sroL dKD(].os s'. A! o!.rlrproi !s irt
qpdol (l oi\,0oit1(0!I xoLg' iIL ro r),ova{qto rlg ouvroriqq,{roqoi6g,un{ipxcL
c , r u :\ . o ; ] o i r o 1 r , o \ i r f f a n n ) , L , / o ] . ! . t p qo, I U o o ' 0 ,' .r d p { , r . o / . i, r ' { o d I L o u
{ir,6!!oqon?xl]ort( rrt( f . g perI v g . f, Kolourdqor 8io 6rvnp;r0rvo ou?Idovrflr. Tro'ri
ouvriooq 60voivariooq npdyfflrr,onoLo6iroi ox56v(euTdpr f KuLs Kro! 6Lo].61st orrt!
riifrt. 0a oo_csnLFpqr6oer 0!16 nou i6r (6o{rtL{iq1g, qq noLlft,f= / /I.oLg=sin)
I]poIoi)v' opirioErE vo raipvrran6q6poqv trpdE1r1s oLivorolq,orrriloup ,c 31].ti,-
oou[E61rI oLlvo0olixrrtrpoocroLprolr.ril
(f's)"h=I"G"h)
FeI " s " , . Mnopoi-

(Kflr I fln66rqtivqr lErprpfivtl aDrriI ouvdprr01 ouFpo)"i(erur
p16pava ?pdvoutsrrqouvopTriosq (10),(11),(12)oq popqri
( 1 0 ) f = s i no ( 1 r ) ,
(11) I= sin o sin o (1 1).
/+ sin" (1.sin)
( 1 2 ) 1 = G i n. s i n ). s i n. ( s i n s i n ) . ( 1 . t ( s i ns i n ) . ( 1 . 4 ) , i " . (
1+sin
Yndp/ELfvfl npdttLonotiio0rqd1slri6t liver ouaiq.Av KaLauri rt lal]o6oqTpaaiqrov

ot)vopfltorL,v sro{q}.inr3rrrt (3ori' rouqnoil Ko0upd,dEvEiva!ofTEoivropt oils
Eitpltor]. To prl(p6Tpo 6vopo^/rs f! {x) = sin(r') 7roKd6st, aoivsrat
Irt dLrvdprrl6rt
8t)oruxd)q 6fl oivurq ouvdpqol fpE (r) = sin(xr)?ro xd00-l,. H ovd?q 6ivrtLt6rtq
ou.o'j rou o66Erou oproroLlrirov qqvprlsld, {oL SLoK6oro tp6!lo. ol,Id Kolrd ],o?lKri
o' r-!'to't d,L u'iotroo I I i rvrr,]aô6o(i.npo: ro rop6v.o ,o7L,por-po: , rToL,ioro:
".
3. Luvapr\ottq 39
olrrtv rt! fllri sivorKdrl6l1v
x - si'r(r')
(61a0diEraL (1oxndnaro sin(.rr)i on).6q(LxBdioqsin(.r:),r.uIId 6evsivaLKa06]'oL,SrBoaF

iiq avdposoroueoDflpoqeiq6L6o{r,x6v0r0iiov AnsrpoorLKoi Ao?rofoi t oul6 ro
PLlliio0oov,(roirrivev po0!6osdes,oq.{o10o pr'd[ETro olvriprr]orl(.r) = sin(xl),.
(tl
AK6!anLo6lFoqririqsivoLr'toLivtulol l(ttouvdprrloitsin(il),. :1o 6vofo rrlq flxpip5tor
nori oDrivrrl! mprypogli,rou,tro vo qxpr0ol'otriooupe,
d'\,Ottlprtortloro,riooDus ouyti
n ivov flpr0p6ue u1oouv{iprtol ol}.d eivcr t6oo 9oLKi,Iou sosif 1l1eav6v va rlv
'Onoq
!ro0srri60r yLl1npooonrq tpriot. Ko, os {d00 oitpool] tt lptotf6rllra eivot
rdvro ro {ivlrpo. Ksrour6ro KpLflipro eivore[].oyo600!a drdqopofrxpdiolr{d t$rove-
Krilara ilsvnpo{oiofvoi-j/Iuol.[ptorooro{d.dainproLrpneEi o]7l!orl. s{r6qavXplor
lonoriooute srd nLoo{pLFi nEpL'/pqqri. r1o ncpriierypc.11 oL,vriprrlol:r+ rr' ivot
uprprop' ^' r 1 opdoq0ourofoLo,r, ot.a.v-rri--
"
f !s (x) = .{ + tr ro {d0Ex
r -r + tr, 6r'1i..rl or,vdplrtort
/ _.{ + t', 3!}...rr1olvdpt1o1fge f(r) = ;r { rr po rd6ut.

'oroq
ijpoq 0o 6oipe,-rLqnol"i6g oitpo!flKiq ,wolq nou olri(ovlol pc ouvoprliorg,o
A r . . p o o r \ o q\ o T r o p o -l r r , r a o ' p p o ) . , o u o r of,. , ' f o r i ? f rr o ' \ - .
oq ftirpo 4orip8 Kdvsr pro opxrd ErnsroFdvtteE8p8ivrtortroJ\ro'ivapfltoov-rrq vq
oSlTt(]oupeorlv qvqodrplol ro! opioFo! paq.Opioo[s rn ouvdprlol odv;vov ftav6-
vsD.a).rd 6vrivo, xo06iou qavporr 6wooi[e. Av porioourL(rr outFoi\rtl ov nopaBou'
p ' u ' , " r , , r r f t o r u : 6 r v f i v a . r a e o /o ' f i r o / o v s a o L , , r0"v o ' . r i I , p [ r r l o ' l - i v o ro r ; l o q
ooT'i(l ri ov dZn o!'oli0sro xdnoro pdooq.Mro Ilo 0!0166rl( uvripprtoTlort tp{ot qq
id(rt! 0i0v6!0q, sivar oir ol
f(r) = xl
4 x ) = x r + 3 ; { +3 3 ( x +1 )
Ei'tt\ro6'tdAl 'nAoperrKoiKsv6v9.
ov F' ,!o! Kov6va ovvoorpe
rLqodrtyiEg
rou 6ivovroL
-pooo,opropo
ro' nxr napo;.c
o,I{i.0i;oL'.r.
or
tro ov
(t=r'
r i x ) =r ' + l ; { + 3 - 3 ( x +l )
vo opi(ouv rlv iSro oDvriprrtol. fr' flLrr6ro ),6to, lro ouvdpfitol opi(eior Jrtpl{dqAopd(
oq\,(('/60l' ovdFeooaoprepoiq Suoluxdrqr),6i! (oriol D.rirldjvEL(116rtq dvnpprio',q
no! 6Lolur60t{ov evovriovro'r l((ov6vo', p6vo cnL6iivarqK6sqno o6pLorit.
Yrdpu', Ild0olo ;vaq rKovonoLrflK6qrp6roqTLo vo opioolFe r,( ouvoprlioLq, ali16(
6rv 0n uoivo! rrord orov K6ro vo KpL {dpolrLs rov tlptrr6 toq op1ott6.Aild 6voq
lKovonolnnK6qoprop6q6vyivelor nord !o {drooKel]ao.sipe ro vc ppioKoulooDvdrvupa
.rro
7Lui;EELqnoL,sivqr oooaei!. o oproFoqrov onoio ddlrnxav rdlKd or porlAorrKoi nt
(oL,vdpqol' ivoLdvo 6topao rapd6L7jra ro! rp6ro! fs rov onoio oL6roroet{rKiq r6d6g
Elsiil0lKov os alortpd lal]rtrorrrd. H 6(l)('r{ ep6qor't nou 0d rpEtrEvd K,ivsrKdro,oq
lLo fLo olvripfitort 6v sivor (Ti sivaLKov6vqq;,ri (TL EivuLotr6ort)'oliii (Ti rpir1 va
iipo ,,rosro ol]vdprtort r1vl]dio vo Edporl1 n{ivrc 7r' q!iri!;),. H andvqol o olrrlv rlv
r8;,rliuia ep6qot 0ivar siKoin 7ra xd0s oprofo -r npirL Kovriqvo E6pErrov qpLep6
I(xI fropoiu. vo ao\rrooroifs ;vov nivoKa6no! va ovaTpdqowL 6),sor nhpoqopieq
7rl1q ouvdpqol t(,r) = 'r:
nou ori 0rir Kovi!va 6,111
40 Oep ra
r(.r)
I I
_I I
2 4
4
2
2
Arv ivarKovqvdyKnva 6rord(ou|rsro0qopr0!o6qo' dvqvriivoko(ro oltoiotrpoKlrxd

ed'rava8uvarodv 6lopva rougqvoqdpout Awi yrqdvqv va*qp6io ori ),s(
6],ouE).
(tu?dpLa
!nopoipva e0oprloouf0 opr0p6v
(1. l) (- I, l r.{2.41.(-2. 4).In.n'). \\f2. 2)....
noud).olo(i ar),6qarotslorivdvaoivolo*. fra vq 9poil ro (l) naipvoltrstov 606rpo
opre!60116ro(6uydprro! oavrp6ro ororlio6IrrovI yrqvaFpo6IE10f(r)roipvoDla
rov6Eirpoop(8pdon6rc q!fdF rroD aovrp6ro oroqeiod1nrov r. EivoLoavva L4l6rr
Frq ouvdplrloil0a lnopodovq op1o1ioov Iro ou),lo,ri ond (EDldploopr0$6v.fu
nopd8srlpo, ntv eEri(sul,),oti (nounpdlroxprp6e5 (t1I)
ov laq d8Lvov
t= l(1,7),(3,?),(5,3),(4,8),(8,4)1,
r6rE t(l) = 7, /(3) 7, /(5) = 3, .r(l) = 8, /(8) = I rct or l, l, 4, 5, E ivaror !6vor
=
aprol.toioro ,re6iooproFi rtq t. Av (3iooDrrt oDlrofi
{(I,i), (1,7),(2,5),(1,8),(8,a)1,
/=
16rf(3)=7, /(2)=5, /(E)=4 orld ivaraSivorov anoeooioour av /(l) = 7 ri
=
/( I ) 8.M dIIq l6tra, !u suvripntot6EvInopEivo opLoreioovt1tulcio oul),o1i ott6
(euydproapr0f6v ,rpd,rEr
vo onoK),siooop rilv n0cv6rrtrqnouIqoviolll(o' oul1ivlylv
rcpinroon.O6rtyoqaol0dlor olov Ei( opropri.
tuvdprrtolivoLpLooul,).oy{
on6(eLln oprol{irvIrrlveier6r6rnrq:ov(a, b) roL(a,c)
ivorKor m 6io orrl ouL),oyri,r6rs b= c p' d?"},ol.6yraI ou),?,oyi60vrpamr vo
rcprdl(Er
6io 6LuqopeTrxd(EiTrlIr ro i6rorpdJroororxrio.
Allr6q ivor o np6roEIoE r).iplq op16t6q xol nopololdFr 10 oliFo,roD 0o

axoLo0oip ndwo Io vo opiooDFs orou6oi6
visq6worse.Auroi or oploloi ivoLr6so
oIFvrLKoi (loDldlrorovdoo ro ooprildro)6ore eivorouor66eg vo !6poupndrrooE
6loupoloKl'tpopdvorrE or1 6rd0eo{ga6rcr vo roue6lat.pivoqre an6 fl o16},rq,fl6
srhnpqlrx66 raporrlp{or6 l(ar116rEprorooroKie fr' oui60a rporlliroryl
cpftviC.
1,t\t oPItMOt,I awots nouopi(ercr 0c ypdqerorl nodrrpo ypdrllaro, xor o opro!6E
0oorore),ian6ll6voqrou qqopronl nqpdlpaeo.
YflipIfl 6vo(otdlo oproFq (nouoqv ouoioop((r6f,onpdll'lolaraur6lpova)nou
llnopo6l rd)paw ddrooupouollpri.
. To kir iou.todvi(owt 166ovtvdli'towoL(brntrltivo (cnyl',1! vuiovrdci dn, 1! ioAidaTfd,io

(?,4)6d diloLro i6'o (qo! !e ro (4,2).Ilpo,boroniuee666n rp6ff,ro, voopidoll]3r! duvdprro!! rr
poi 0.'d ro! 6tder qrivor kq6v, dwoLorou rrion E60! irsL opLndi.To 6rrmoTutvs (dy I trropo!! 6Fo(
voopLoroiv (or d!r6 /v.rdr o dvdrqpdpqla a@t).oq ro! *ewloiou,yLoiou! 6rlonrorou!.
3. Xuvapriloery4\
Av / 6ivar!1o ollvdprrtot,ro rs6io opr6Fo'i

rl( / Eivarro stvol,o6I(Dvrov d ylo ra
onoiourdprLxdrorob rtroro 60r.o (d, 6) v' oviKcrornv /. Av ro a eivororo 'i6io
oprspo$rTtEt, nEraL 0JI6rov oprop6nte oDv{iprrlote6fl undplr,npdyporL,6voq
pw,ntit apr9p6c, b rdroLoqdiorero (a, 6) v ovrit(tornv /. Aur6 ro rovoSrK6b
ow0o].i(ror!E /(a).
M our6v.rovop1oF6 Ar{ioo[sdrov oror6 tqe: ro olpovflK6ororlioas UlooDvdprn-
oI sivar6rLT10{dosop1!6.{oro n6ioopLopoirTlqopiqEroL dvoqopr8}6e/(x). MropDi
vo oro8dvsoT86rLqldoous6tootpio6roufLoSroroennKrl 6woloovrlKotaordhron6
pra oaoipeotxo06).oulrponrooii. Mroponfsvq osq npooqipoDlls buo],6.r1a
napt]o
puiq.np6ro-rp6ro,ov Karor ouvopfliorg
opiontKovoavoull.oydq(euldJv, Evoo( suno-
6il linam \'r oxiarorE.rtouvripn)oloa! dvdvxov6vo.Trerrs, o$reo 3n(o0rlflx6q
o$ro lunLx6Eoprof6q6iverrov rSovrK6
rp6irotlo v' ovtlproniqoutg'rLqouvaprri
oerq.O
Ko],irepoqrp6noEivarvo ol8d(oD[eolrildro d],].d}1 our6Fa( lprd(ror6vo0],6-
NPOBAHMATA
r. o6roul0/(x) = I i(l + x).Bpsir
ro:
(i) /(/(x)) (1l0 no,'i.{6rs1 dwo,o 0'116)
(ii) /l="1
(iii) /(cx)
(iv) /(x + r)
Q) faJ= f(Y)
/(c.x) = /(x); Yr6-
.xrdroroq(bo1E
(vi) rru rorouqsproloiqc undplLdvsqopLp6q
50rql:Yrdprouvroli nproo6rpoL on 6oouq0o eavroq6oqor ll rrv rpri)rn
(vii) rra roroiq dproloiq c ivoLolriero6rL /(cx) = /(,r) Tro 6'iostaaoprl{o'lq

qpretoiqr;
2, Odrouteg(.{)= xr, xor
ov r prrT6q
{0,
,lx)=
J .lr 0v r oppnroq.
\
(i) rLd rordyeivd' ILy) < y;
(ii) rfi rordyeivo' lLy) < sty);
(iii)no6 iva1.os(l(z)) n(z);
(iv) rl'i riord,r eiva's(,r) < rir;
(v) rrd noLd EivaL 8GG)) = sG);
3. Bpirero r6ioopLotoirov oDvoprioeov
roDopiqovrolr0 roDqeEiqniroDe:
(D J'(r) = \,,'l=,.
(ii) /(x)=v l vr x2.
(iii) /(x) = ' . +-l^
(iv) /(x) = v!-7+ vG - r.
(v) f(i=.Lt x+ \!Q- 2.
42 Otp ,o
4. o6roupts(x) = .(I. P(r) = 2'' ror s(r) = sin'r' Bp(ftro ox6looea.t Kdo'
npinlooilI ondwrtoriooq0o rpfnrvq sivordvaqap!0/ld6.
(0 (s " P)Cv).
(ii) (s " sxy).
(iii) (s " P , r)(0+(s " P)(t).
(iv) r(tr).
5. ErgpdorsKooegrd an6lrE ouvcprioeqnolrqro)ou0oivgdoolov S' P, s' lpilorlo-
'
nordrvraq f6vo rq + , , xu o (Tro ntrpdbt, lo, I qndvtlorl olo (i)rivor P s) tt
KdoenspinrootI qndvqoi ooq0onparsr vu sivqtlfi ooviprlotl.
(i) /(x) = 2rn'.
(ii) /(x) = sin2'
(iii) /(x) = sinx:
{ivl r lrl = nn:x l0uJrnecill olr ro .in ,{ civorlro oivrulon ror (sinr)1'
(u) i(I) - -o
2:. (Erlp.ituor': a" ,dvroonFoivEr d""ur'lnlorirBoorrro0crlitor
,
) r o r il o r d f Y p d o c r u r r r o a n / d o u v a
( \ L ) / ( , ) = s r n l r ' +r - ) ,
(vii) ./{/) = sinGinGin(2')))
(viii) /(a) = 2'ft + sin(d':) + 25'tuN-)'
or'noluovllrKiq ouvoplliosre, rn!6i ivorro)'u or).6q,enogtv0ic ajTplotE,noi(ouv
p6lo
dvavnpovoproxr! ortgnEpr6o6rpeE Pd.arcE rov ouvoo locov Tu en6Fvd6io ttpo'
.ubYroia, toL\, xqr soq KoooSnToiv Io va oroijti6[Ie q rlo
P.rlpmuDnolpot+i(oovlv
orlpawrrieororle(drisqr6r6q1;q roug
6. (a) Av nr,...,x" ivor8ragopeTtKoi aproloi,pprirelra 'lo)'uovuurxli ouvdpqorl ,
- I nouvoeivorI oro -x'xor0o1oxrlroi* t Yr66srqrl:To]rv6gvo
Psoloi,
6),ovrov (x - r,) ro i+ i, ivdt0 oro .{ravj * /. (Al]16ro lv6pevo sut.leoq
oL'spo).i(erar ps
il
['our6vno! roi(erlo I
onoL,looiFpo).oI noi(rrov i6rop6io1lord1lv6}1evo
(b) Bpirr rdlpo prq roi,uovuprxriouvdprrlol / oogpoi ' I rfroro 6ot

= q,6'rou 4,, ...,o" eivqt6oot;vorapregoi.(Oorparervo lplorpo'Torli-
"f(-r,) (a).O dnoEnou0ofliperl'4rut (nnoq
oerenq ouvapr'loers /, qtr6ro Fdpoq
ncpet0o),ietou Laeransc'.)
7.G) Aro6eilr6tLfa K{ioro),u0rvuutKi ouvdpllon /. '(sr xdor opt0!6 a, un'ip-
:(ouv Fra no).uov![1Kriouvdpqol . Kr dvos opL0l6g b, aloL d'oI
f(x)=(x- a)g(x)+ b'tla KdeEr. (H t6dooivorvu Srsrpioe. 10 t(.r) p0
(x- d). ld1pr vo !ivLoov un6)olno pro oloospd. fta ropd8Erllo, o
3 t.r.E.: o rodnoi lpd,rrii olrri! lti 6dpeor! enq o A-flioooio!(6i Eiur oq! oudio o /mdldq 60!!
arolrs! EtiIllL( Tuvrdrdxi n(dtio. u6vornourd)"do6orpaqq,rai{suroFdtl'ri Kto6rorpsio!6!d
rrBaori$!! lof lO6no tou onp(9io aqv iorrioon !. dur6! lu ddo!! rpldrporcLonvlilr
3. |uvaptlloerq 43
2x+2
I
6izvr6Tl.rr-3x+I=(x lxx:+x 2) t. M,aouolnp{o,r6ELLt 7i!c-
1orlrenoto)7ri oro Pq0p6 tq /.)
(b) Ano6iEr 6rr a! = 0, r6re /(r) = (x d)s(r)1lo Kdno'ano).uov'rprK'i
"r(a)
ouvdptildl& (To ovlidtporpo :ivor nporpcvdg.)
(c) Ano6.iq.6rLav/ eivoLlLo nollovrirrr(riouvdpqol poopoir.16rr! /i1r
ro roll, r pi(0q,6q),.,urdpxoDv ro noli r)ap,efois UE/1a) = 0.
(d) AiErs6n 1rdKdor tndp/Llro nol,uovuurKri ouvdprnonoooUoir [ r piqs(.
Av o ]1Eivaldplro( Pp.i1elra noID{DvuUrKri ol,v{iprlorlBoolou,] nouva grl!
Ej(erpi(sq,ror uv o , ivsrnprrr6qFprirspla nouvo 4eL !6vo piq pi(o.
E. fla roLoigupLpqiq o, b, c, l(qrdt ouvdprlorl
^.. at+b
rtr)
rxavono'Eilnv /(/(x))= x ?d {d0e .r:
9. (a) Av A ivqr 6vo oivolo npalplrr6v opr0lrhv,opi(oute lro ouvdprnol c. o(
Eiiq:
i l. uv .xoroA
-"' ( 0, sv r SLvcivororo A.
Bpirsl(qpdsers tro trq C..r, C,", xcr C- A,ol]vaplrioor iov Cr KorCr. (To
oiupoi,oA a , opioll(s o' our6ro xqdioro,olldro d).),a6io pnopivo ooe
0ivaL{itv(Do1q. M,ropoilcvd ro opiooulr[oq eqriq:
=
/4 U B { x i { aviKsloro ,a i x ov,ixrqro , L
R - A = I x I x oro R d),l.d6X1oro A l).
(b) YrogirouFdrr / oivorlra orvdprlo! drora d,ole/(r) = 0 ]i I ]Ls Kdor
Anodriqrdrr u'rdpXer dvoonvoioA dtoro 6sI / = C,\.
(c) îErc61r / = /: ov Kor!6vo a\, t = ci yrq 'dnoroo,ivol,oA.
10.(a) fro nora6ouvoplrioq/ undpzr g r;roro 60r / =giYn66ar-
lro ouv{iprrlorl
iI Mropcitc0iporovq orov idrrr o ourrlv rnv rp'i,r to q ov avflxordolidou
trcro (onvriprlolDIc io (0pr0p6q'-
(b) rra no,6E ouvopt'iorE f unrip)(ftFLqouldpqorls drolo 6orc / = lrg;
+(c) rra no';6o',vapfliorg 6 ro1c snopoijr0vo ppoiplro ouvdprlort.r rdrorq6o1E
(x(t))l+ b(0'(0+ c(r)=0
1c xrioccpLogdr;
+(d) otfqoL,vgriKsq
rp6rfl vo LKavonoloiv
orouvoprrioEq
a Karb 6ors vu Drdplr
proouvdpqortx rdroro60rg
d(r).r(r)+r(r)=0
tro 6).ouqrou! opLotoiqt;[6orq rdrols(ouvopllisL!
0a undplouvi
ll. (a) Yro0iroufo6rr H Eivor!,a ouv,iprlorlKorr Eivar6vqqqproliiqrdroLoq
60r
44 Olilw
H(tl(/)) = /. Bp8ilto
H\H(H(...(H(j)...)
(b) To i6rosp{irrla ov qvrrKorooniooull[ ro 80r ro 81.

(c) To iSroepdlrruaav ff( HLv)) = HtJ).
'(d) Bpirc ouvdpllo! dr"ro'o d'orH(fl(r)) = H(.{) yro rcd0ropro& x. xor
rro
H(l) = 36, fl(2) = ,r/3, fl(13) = 47. Ii(36) = 36, H('ttl)= ni3, H(47)= 47.
(Mtv rposnaotorrvo (),tloreD o( npoefl(r} undp1ouv no),i6qouvoplriorc
H tlE H(Hlx)) = H(x). Or np6o&rr( ouv0{Kq yld litv I/ u,roli0ror6fl oos
uno6erxviouv rov rp6noyLovo FpeiKtrrdi).rh H).
'(e) BpirE ouvdprlor H rdroro6ore H(E(r)) = Ii(x)
!'a lta Kdoex, rar '/(l) = 7,
I 1 ( l 7 ) =l 8
12. MLoduvdprroq/ LdlIaL6prtoav/(.x) = /( .x),Kolrarrlri ov /(x) = - f(-x).
f1o ,ropd6s1^/!a. ! tlvordpflaov/(-x)=rri /(r)= xlri,f(x)=cosx,v6it /
0ivo,nep,tlli ot' /(x) = / i /(x) = sinx
(a) E(sldcrov rt / * g eivurdprro,:rrprrri. ri rirora qn' ft 6 o avoyxasnKd,
olre doopl( np1nt6@rq nounoipvoutsov6Loldqouts rnv / dprrariffprrni,
xorrt gdpno i mprrri. (MnopeilE 1la euKol.io
vo Kodo'r rLqonavlriorg sor
o dvot,2X 2 nivo(a.)
{b) Kdvrro i6ro7ra tv / g.
(c) To i6ro7rorlv / " g.
(d) Ano;si6r6rr xdoEdpttqolvdprton fT pdQruf(x) = g( lx l).l1q dnrpq ro
r).io( ouvqprrioEq s.
*l3. (a) Ano8ier 6tl rdoeolvdprlon f !e r8iooplopo ro R ypdaglor/ = E + O,
6rou I Etivqr dplro Korrl O nprrfli.
(b) Arobcit6flq!16( o rp6noqypoAriq qq / Eivor!ovo6rx6g. (AvrpooroioI
vd r.dvrc ro tipoq (b)np6ra,(),ivovraqD 0r(rpoEtxdr O.60ppicnr0ov6ran
Korrl lio! 10! (a).)
14. Av / civorototo6rirol8oL,vdprlo!,opi(ouptrLoKorvoipyLo ouvripllol l/ Uc
f l(x) = f (x) . Av / rars ivoL
ouvoprrioErs,
opi(oute6uo xaLvoJp,
lqouvoprri-
oerq,max(/, g) roLmjn(/. g). s
max(/, gX.{)= ma(/(x), s(.r)),
min(/, gX.{)= nin(/(x),g(})).
Bpilerroi(Qpoo! 1ovnax(/. s)xoL min(/,s)! rr Eorlolo qq I l.
15,(a) AiEr.6tL / = max(/,0) + min(f, 0).Aur6qo sr6rK66Ipd,roe lpo9rieqs t
ivarEqr prrrKdlpri ouoe or o'Jvapnioncnax(/,0) xor min(/,0)i.dlovrcr ro
0eflx6l(drro qpqflK6 pfpoe1rtsf.
(b) Mrq ouvdprnon/ ),"1.rortrl-{pvrFrh{ov /(x) > 0 yn rdesr. A'to6Eih6
xdoroL,vdpqsrlJ WdLq|iarf = C n,6noun gKor tI, eivorpl-apvrlnKdq,
jrr d'rtlpol,qrp6rouq.(O rcuvl0rolivoq rp6noqDsfvor C=max(/,0) KaL
1?= - nin(/,0).) Yn66ELh:Kdoaprdpd(oiyoupo ypdqioroov dlopopd660
/rl-op\,"ltr{6voprdlr0ly
Fr dnLrpouq Tpdnouq.
*16. Yro8dloupr&r rKovonoLsi rnv /(-x + y) = /(-{) + /Ly) Ia Kdox Kor/.
I /
6n /(x, + ...+ x,)= f(x) + ...+ f(\,).
{a) Aro6iEr
(b) Aro6ei{re6tr undplr6vostrp10fdq c rdroloq66r /(x) = cx ra xdop4fti
opr0!6.r (o' ould ro olgio 6vnposnaoip vo norlleriroro ?n ro / (x) 6rqv
o rEivordppnroE). Yn660lit:np6ro oxsqrittror6npi,rErva EivorToc.Td'pa
aro60i(t61r /(x) = cx, rp(irra6rovo x eivareldrr6q qpr0p6q, lr8rd6rovo.x
3. Luvoptiloeq 45
ivolaKdporoq.llrd6ravo.xivarodvriorpoQoqev6coKpqiou,xq\#l-og,7r
rd8c plr6,{.
*t7.Av /(x) = 0?ro{dosx,rdlsrl / l'.ovonorsi
rrv /A+ t)= lIx)+ fj)rt(l
KdxKar/,Ko06gxorrt.v fQ y)= f(x) /(y) yraKdo.xKary.Aquno06-
6o'rFsr6po6rr rl / LKovorori oDrdqrq8uoolaosrq,o).)d6tLro /(x)6vivoL
ndvro0. Aro6cilr06rr /(.{) = xyra Kde-{,oq q'iql
(a) Ano8siEr 6n /(l)= I
(b' A'ro6Eil,re dtL /tl) = , qv o .{ civorpqr6g.
G) Ano6siqts6Il/(x) > 0ov.r> 0.(Aur6ro xollrin .ivor mqp6, ol).,i ov rpoo6-
tors rl( "erl,oooqrxiq"nqpoqpiorqnououv66e'rqv to rpop).iloro g1o1e),u-
roia E6orredi.ora,0a6;prr' vo rlivr.)
(d) Ano8'iqre 61' f(4> fbtrsvx>y.
(e) Ano8iqr 6rr /(x) = xTro,cdo x. Yn66LEI: XptorFororeiore ro yc.rov6q
6
avripeou oe6io'tt1oior6cprojroigurdplL6\,of pl16g opr0l6q-
*18.floLdqofprp6qouvorl Koqrpirn vo rKavotrororjv or /, g, , , ror k ilor 6ore f(x )gLy)
= /r(.{)kcv)yLa (dr x Koryi
*19.(a) A,roSEilr 6116rvurdptolv ouvopfli6rE / KargFpLoqr6rLqeEiqL3r6rlre6:
li) f(x)+ s0)= xYl.rrrdOexrcrY
(ii) /({) 80) = x+ YTroxdOsrrcLY
Yn66rEr:npoonooior v(l ndprxdnoEqn),rlpoqopi.e yro {tv / ri tv I
SivowoqoyrexprpivqntfE o1o.r ror /.
(b) Bpirouvsprrlor6 f ror g tdtutq66r /(x + .y)= g(xy)?raKdoe.x'rory.
.20.(a) BpeilEfro ouviiprtot f, 6'trom66pi,r.ro,o 6 6tE ll!) - f(x)l< ly x .
(b) Yno061ou!s 61r fg)- flx)<U x)r7ra xdx Kary. (frari qur6ontqivr
6! | fU) - f(x) < Cv x):). A,ro6i6r0 6rLrt t ivaLoru0piouvdprror.
Yr66s(l: Xopioraro Euiolrud[x, y] oc, ioo laprt.
21.AroiiErsi 6drorovrurqpdSsllFo 71oKooavat, on6rolq oK6lou0ou( roXUpropo 6:
(a) f " l c +t ) = I . c + f . h
(b) G + h ) of = s o f + h " f .
ll
(d) =L= i"{l)

22. (a) YnoirolF6ns=r' /. Ano6iEr 6 av/(x)= f(J/),16r8 E(x\= s0).
(b) Avriorpoqo,oq unooiooup 6rr f Kars sivaL6Joouvaplioq drolq 601
c\x) = e0) 6ro1e/(x) = /Cy).Ano8iqr 6n I = lJo / ?rordnoloouvdplrl-
ot .i?.Yn66erqlrAvirrs ndpdvo rpoo,lo0iosrsva opiorEro l(z) 6ravro z
ivaLrlq lopa{q z = /(.{) (oufli sivorro !6vo z rou ruq 'v6rqqfpouv)KoLvo
1p1or;Lorouloere rLqunoodsergyrqvo 6iqer 6tlo optopd(sog6sv0qolvavd-
orEtn66rq.
Yroodorcdflr'J " c= L i'ror I(r) - r. ArodriqrE6n
(a) av x+ y,l,i.tglx)* gbt).
(b) Kri0qprell66btpd0orarb = /(a).rra rdtrolovoprep6a.
+24.(a) Yno06roup 6rr g eivorprooovdprlol perrlv rd|o111i61\g(x) + gU/)Evx + y.
Ano6iqr 6fl undfierJl'aouvripqorl/ lEroru6o13t " g= I
(b) Yno0ero'rlte drr / ivqrlro ouv{ipqot riroro 6ole (d0opr0l6gbva tpdqErar
6 = /(a) ro rdaorovopr0r6d. AnoSeiire6rr L,ndprr prosuvdpqsrlsdroro
'6arcf'c=1.
46 Ocp n
'25, BFire tLa auv{iprTlsl f rdrolo 60r I f = 1-rraxdnolog, ol'}'d rrou tlot vo IIv
"
urdplrouvdpqonr! / " l, = 1.
'26, YrodrolFE 6fl / og- I xor r" r- L Aro6cilrE6rr c- r. Y'rd6crqr: Xpnoruo-
roleioff ro ysyov6qdn I o$v0toi ivorltpoordrprotrKri.
27. (a) YroodroDls 6n /(r)=x+l Yriptouv ouvopntorEg rdrorq 6stc
aoo=o,f
(b) Yno06roupe
6rLrl / ivoLoroopioovdprrtsrt. grslU8l
frq roldEouvoprlio(e
foo=o"f
(c) Y'rooirouF6n/. s= g.f 'tt(IdLqr1.eawo.prioeq& Aeiqre6nrt /ivqrrl
rouloflKrioDvdprnol /(x) = .x.
2E.(a) OiloolrsF ro oivo),o61.ovt0)voovopnioov g[ rrr6iooprolof ro R. AnodEiEr,
Xptorlonord,vros nq + *ar' 6nog opiorylKov s' aur6ro keedlolo,6116lqor
r66rnrqll-19 eKr6qqr6 rtv 17rsliouv oro F, 6rrousov 0 (ar I nqipvoup 1lq
uvriorortcEoraerpdg ouvapnioErg.
(b) Aei(1361rI 176vrotir.
*(c) AsillE 6n or II0-II2 6evpnopofvvo roL6ouv.M d)'la L67ra,6siil 6116ev
nndplsroDltrolriPan6ouvoprrloLq oro F, r6roro6orcorIl0-Il2 vd lolfouvTl0
rlv P (Apxei,ror 0o otrlororliorlc rpdllorc, vd oopriore ldvo oDvoprri-
' d016noueivirr0 Err6eon6 6uo6rlpio,ro xoror ro
4.)
(d) Yno06roup 6rLopi(oDF / < gva ol|loiva 6rL/(x) < g(.r)ro Kdor. nordq
0,16ILEI'10- I'll (roDnpopllllorog l-8) 6:douv r6po:
(c) Avf <s,tivar6. f <h.s;Ei\it f "h<s"h;
3. Iuvapttjoer; 47
I]APAPTHI'IA. AIATETAf MENA ZEYf H

'OlL
p6\'o orov oprop6 qq olvdplrtort(, ui).d {o, 6s d).}.opdpl ot]roUrou Fr|]liolr, 0i1
xpcrdorri vo lpttoLponoLriooL,ls rfv ;vvoro ro! 8rdrrro?BavoL, (ELl7ouq qvrldELpfvov.Oq
16po E v17ol|L86.loerrdtrorovopLop6.o,j1edro!p' u!ap;p'r N ooqi!sro nords16r6rtrsq
unori0'roL 6n 4sr ivo dLorErqypivoleLrToq. H povo8lKi r616rrtrdno(, eo snarrrioouts,
61olundrv'L r,0 ru,{6 rp6no ro orL.ro ijroirorpflo (s(1oq (d, b) 0{i'rpcm !'d {oeopi(eIar
an6 ra d xar b, {fl06q Korond r! os,pd fs rrlv onoia dnovlur:
0v (a. b) = (c, d), r6rE d = cda, b = d
Mnopor-1! vo XsrprorouUE rtl Srorrro?trivo(cin nro iKolo. a! onidJrs16d?ouUero
(d,
b) )/opiqva ro opioollLKaruroorliooulerl poo,xi L6L6rtraoavaqioll1 oaorjol]rri I
Lbr6rlr{r ei|oL 10 p6vo nprilpa nou dLsr otlooio oro aralsro-rAdva(JtI. &v !n{ip)i
ool]op6( 1610! ! uvlou7oitE llu ro l i\,ol (6T1tvrpdTlsrL{6rlro, fvo Elarera?tavo
!'1,1o(. Alroi no! ,{ovonoro,lvr(lLan otlli rl oaol 36v xpELd(raLva 8roBdoouv
To 'rr6io1no al)lo! ro,r o,rl'lotor nupdprriporoqdrI,ivroLo' sxivo',qrorq ovolvd,

or4 rou dn,0u aro0ovooivdlsra a! ro 6,oreroJ,r!tr'o (u,ln 6evoprororiv!s ridirolovrp6ro
dr6Ld,orequfi I BqoLNriLdr6rrro va tivr odrprtpo. AEt un{iprL),610_( vo nproproroifs
os 6rarsro-/pfw gsiTt flpll]ld)v ri|oL ro i8ro ),07rl(6,Ksr ro idLoortpovflx6, vo iXolpe
broe6('rptrtv dwora sv6i 31orEru1[d!orr (Dito!; onorof6inors 6io !aer]rorr{d,v uwr{r-
fd!o!. Auro oruair,LoIL o oprot6q !n( 0d ripcnr !q nepr6lrg6vo 6!vors( r.oLvdq6'
dlolq roLr(Ki.daol,;rov laotpaflK6v. H fovadrKriiv!oro ro! ararEpvri61.6q11(rTsproX,C
rov rro0!furL{6! eivoLorrri rou oL,!6iou,{l11rtl drarsrotlfvo (A1.r,l(6noqKarKdo' rr 610
pq0l[qrLKdr)!nopo[!'v( opLoro[v o 0!16 ro nlaioro dva 8rorsroTlivo terl?oq0a Eivor
rEiLl(dKdnoLo!dllo! sr6rKoonvoi.o.
T o o u l o i o { a . 6 i , n o u n p r i x a r o 3 i o o r o L x e i ad { a L 6 , s i l u r p r a n p o a u v r t q
npd,rrt
cnJ.o7ri,oitd6Ev pas xdvstoa! opr6!6qro! (a. b). ?Ldri6EvL,ndptEr rp6noc!o xo6opiooL)
'Evflq
fs on6 ro la. bl 1016ord ro a, b 0vvooils 60! npd,rooroLxcio. nro 'l,nr3oe6poq
'rnovrlaro! ei!dr ro pdi).of ewL,noolaK6olrfoio:
i { a } i,a ,b l } .
A!16 ro o[!oio dxcL6io ororXsio,noDsilriL Kor rft 8uo oivo].o 10 ivo orortio Eivarro
oivoLo lal. nou mprdTa ;vo p6ro ororrEio ro a, ro d).1o 'ivor ro owoi.o Ia. bl. Ooo
rupriiero rr ecivercr.0a opi6o!!s 6ur' (d, b)our610 oivoio. H ar.rol6yrtoil duriq lrtq
cnLiori! SivelsL(In6 ro e6prtla roL oKoioLroriolLiooq fsrd rov opr6tr6 o oprof6g
6oulsieL,x{rLijs! (fdptsr ouoraollKrlrinoft r0.lo no! !' o_(i(n!o noips.
( a ,b ): i i a j .l d .b l l .
ompHN{ Av (a, b) = (c, d), rdr a = cdaL b = d.
^ttorrEH H uno0so! olfoivr 611
tldl, {d,bji : {{cl,Ic,djl.

T6puro i{al, {d.6lirEpLfrEr n'iprprb;6uo oro,rsio,ro {al xcLro {a,6i xurroaeivoLro
!ovo81{d KoLv6 ororrrio ow6v r(D\ 8uo orollsiorvrou l[a]. ia b]1.O[oioS,ro c sirqrro
Iovod,{6 tt0Lt'6
ororriolov sLioorolx'irD,rrou{[c], {c,djl. Apad = c. EnodvoqiTou[s
iial, {a.6ll = {laj.{a,dl},
vtl d0iiolll86iL b = d Boisisrvo 8raKpirour'2 nspll16oLq.
{or (Inotdvr
4E @eyelw
Ileph@ort I. t = a. t' duriv qv rpif,togn,[a b] = {o}, dpato o6vofo{[d]], [q D]l

fXr6.rlv rpa rqnr6flltd p6vo&o ororXEio, to {a}. To 1610
iper.r va loXiEtmr }a ro
It!}, ta dll, dpa[a d] = {o},rcDqldvcr 6tr d= a = t.
fiepb@o4 2. b+ a.2' o,unlvqv Epinrootl, ro b avtlrcrordrcm orcr18toroo [a],
{a b}} ulM 4r oro O?.o,E,!o$vo6np6rrw ury6r6rr io 6 cvrlra or rd[oro ororl{o
roo[{d},[4 d]] al,]d6Xrolo d],lo.AD16Fop{vqouFpo{vd Fdvoavio badr oro{4
dl, oL"ld6Ir orc {d} dpo, = d lt b= d,s},l'db+ d dN b= d,l
KE@AAAIO fPAOIKEE NAPA>TA'EI'
Av qvoQdper iouq rpalpollxo6qapreto q o' 6vsvpoeruo K6, ivorno).irnr0av6va

o1ltarLsri, I),siorqaolvsi6rtra,oro tiuq),6rou I LK6vo lloq Euoeiaq /psirliq. A).ld
no),[1I1onlgotrdsivor6rL,oile 0o ono8oKrtdqr oile 0o o'!ei68r!o rlorepvrsrioufli u]
volrlKrirx6vo1ovnpolForrcd)v apre!6v.H qEotrxpll(liD &ai60lq, 0o1o! rlrpi\rrvo
pprtvsiosr npordoer(nouaqopoivroue opr0fonC Fsq pori0l0ouflie pnopsi
rl( 01l(6voq,
qK6IoKoLvq rou uro6si(er!0e66ouq 7rovo nq ano8ei66r. Av KoroLr6r6rnrrSrov npoTlro-
rrr6v opL0p6v nou!sLelioopeoro lo MfpoE6Evqori(owor $roirepasr6dvo?sofcrpLK6
o:(ri[a,Fl0ldroropFrtvio 0o Foeporlriornorno1o20 MdpoE.
Eivorn1oovo vo oc6ivoLi6l lvoori I Korspopdvrl F0o6oqpe trl! oroio Se0ipoip
rilvuoicsovLKdvo r0rvrpq-rlarLK6voprolri'v,prrlv onoia,6llo6i, oxdBE'rpa7palr-
x6 apre!6 avlrolorloilo 6vo orlpioploq Eueioq. fro vo ro xrivoupaur6 (IXrlpo I)
6ra)dlougc, ruIqio, 6vootfio rou ro psqli(oupc0, n ivo orlpioord 6!d 1ou,nouro!
8ivoujrro 6vofo l. To olpionouppioxsror6io eopdemo for.plliorq 6slrdovopdlrroL 2.
ro ollio rro!onelrdooror ro I od ro 0, o),}.d0pi6rroror' oprorpri rou0,ovold(lqr
-1, \;n. Nf o'r qv d< b, rdTcro orucionouovnororrrisro o
iv rtv rorooirrlon,
0piox8rorot' oprolopd10! orlliounouuwrororlioro b. Mnopoife016!0 vo oz6rii-
soupprroiq opr0Bo6E,6noq ro -, r rov npoea\.rirp6no.tutneoq 0eopiToL 664'!dvo
6 Karollipprroropropoif Kdnorovrp6'ro rorprd(ouvo'our6ro oXi [o, 610rd]o1e Kdoe
npotporrx6sapr0!66va rnopoivo otSroorsioov 6vooruio ndvoorrlv uoEio. Aon0o
qoloheoip Korro]'J p nlv 01110),6, IoI ouriq rrlq Dn60eonq, oqoi ouri n fd0o6oq
<o1e6iao1qr ttovopr0ptiv, o|(on6Irvo Iptorlliosr dovpropd006og
ofto|(l,eLsrrK6 onF
K6vlolqddnorovoalpntdvovL6edv, xar 01o,ro6iEe1cFoe6r,0arEoprivlqran' al)1dIq
oriparo (ovKorourvdealpr orponoLo$!e 6vootri!o yLovo unoSeiqoDtE ri vo Porl0rioou-
fe vo ?iverrqrovotlrliptaqn66rEq). EnErSriuuri n ycoperprKrirx6vomi(sLdvsveqilo-
vro, ov {o1 pi) ouor66rl,pd),o,6rav ll},dpe}ro opr0poiE0o lpiloLpororoLllo oL,Ivdrlv
lsofsrprKriopololio - 61016vqqqpL0p6q 1,61firppr{6e{popdq {or o4lrlo.Kcr10 R
olXvdonoKol.iror n npalt alKi ue[a.
Oop10[d(ld - b liXr]r(aqnliplrlviq ]tsoouriE rrlqTsofrrpr{iq nxoloq:sr!,0r rl
ar66rcoil rou aott6 to b, to Frikoqrou u0itpaplourlritsroq rou dlr ro d o0! ro dvq
dKporou xcr ro boqv to ril'lo. Aur6oruqivr -Jrava 6rsiEEoulle 6vompd6L7go noL,rl
oulvrj rou epgrivrol6Lxaro),o7ei tdrora 6rK!iavqqopdo aur6 61110 sivolo rov
opr0tdvx rou rxcvorcronvr1v l,r - a | < e Fop6i vq ooplosi6ov ro s0r,o).orov
--*ffi*-q onFiov nouI or'iorqoi rouqoft6ro o ivorpLrp6lepldn6e . Aur6 to oivo),oolpio!
' eivcrro <Suiotlporon6 ro a - oro o + s, nourrprlpdoeraLKdroov ro ori\'oio rov
:fip2 orteiov nouowrororloiv or qpreloriex [d <.x< d+ (:7r1!d2).
Ta oivo).oqpr0p6vnoua!'lrolorroiv o drqonirorapaqvi(ovrqr 1600or,tvdnou0a
06).0!0\rod:(o!psr6rxdov6pa&7l'ourd.To ofvol,oI-r : a < -{< ,lsutpoii(rar !c(d,
b )xor )dleror10avortr66rd6otpa0116 ro ao1ot Aur6Eo orifpotrro!6qrpoKqlsipi0oLa
{dnolenap6qlfiorK, oQo610 (d, b) IplorirororirorKoroov orll0o}.os!'6q(oitou,.
apr0p6v,d,),d an610 oDpqpa(6tva eivormivrooaa6q(ri propiixola vo ?ivroaqiq)
10ov tLldfs tro dvo(ito( i lu dva6rdorTtpq. XtteLd)orE6rL,qv d > b, T6rs(a, b ) = 0,
10 rev6 dSvolo 6rlv rpdh 6!(llgndvroruro06rou!0(Kor10 6tlldlvoupa!' ci[dorc
50 Otyiin
nos, o!o! o!oqipouu avo8LdofitiLo(o, b ), o op10[q dir,oLt1(p6rcpoqan6

npooeKrLKoi)
t__......i+
, u\D,rr6driolr!0(d.6) ro [i.ror6
;rrortsdta.bl
ro orlvoio ir : d < -y< b l or,f poillcraL tlg [a, b] KoLi;?o.ar ro xLsrdl6 Erddiruo an6
ro a oro b. :l]viooq Kpord!6 our6 ro oippol,o ./ra rrv npinroor a < b, rspLKdq6!oq
qop;; Zplolponolira1Kor 6ra! a = 6. O oUvrtorofdvoq rp6noqansrK6vro!_( rov 6rooflt'
frdrov (a, b) KarId, b] divroLoro txiifo 3 SsSopfvou611Kflvvaorripap lolx6 pq0!6
cKpiPELu( d8vl]a lnopoios vo L,noaLKvir rt aLoqopdovdpEoo oro 8uoarqorripala,6xouv
uoortoi 8Ldqopsqot]pBdoErq. To tj{ri[o ] dirvLroL rdnoio (dmrps' ILoorri{oro. To
o i v o f o i . { : r > a I o u [ p o ) . i q I s! re l d , ) , e u ; rr o o i ! o ] . o l x : , { > d I p 0 [ d . - ) r q
o J y o ) . f(l - , o ) K f l r ( - , d l o p i l o v r f l L u sr o v i 6 r or p 6 n o .t r o o r p e i o q u r 6r p 6 , r E r ! qo o r
anrLr0ivoltLllt! Ka0rpopfvt npoLdonoilorl:ra oippo],o - xoL - - , ov roL ou\,riooq
11flPri(ovrcr(dnapo, Kq' (nitv dnElpo,,6zo!vpra EwoLst viordoutlpol.L{ri 6evuflipreL
opL0|6q(-' no! vo r{qvonoLsirl! - > a yLari).ouqrorg cpr0ponqa. Ko66q ro otUpo).o
! NaL F, ea slqsvi(olror os lLdqopestrsp,ordorLq.6d si\ro,ndvll1onopoittlo !o opi-
(o!f' rl Zprio! roui rs rdroro rp6no rboft va flloqp6loor8 !6vo oe opr0roiq. To oivolo
R 61,ovr(d! npulloflK6v aproldjv orDpiftL p rt osrprirou ouv (6rdoriuq', KoLpeprK6q
pop6qo!p0oLi(6raL!E ( e, -)
A\6!a le7fliirpo 0v6ro9;povqtr6 rl F60o6oorcdi{rolq dpL0fdi!,nopolordlsr ?,o !a(
fro l6l]oSoqoXs8ioortq(EU-/r;v un6 aprofoiq. AL)Ii I iiLa8rKfloio, no! lropsi vd oqq ivor
snion;-/\oofli. onu'rci fva (oiorllLo ouvrEraTp\,(,)vD, 6io su0sieqrou rdlvowsr Kd0Era.
fLo vo 6Lu{pivoufsaL,r6q rLqt]oieq.liueop!(dv.ro {ii ord r\ !ra, Kat Katw;'pntpodEora
rtr dit '1. (Mra nLonE('i opoioTio. 6n(Dqo (np6ro;), {oL o (68LlrrporD dovsq,iooq eivoL
trp01u16rcpton6 ).o,,rKri{ttrovrt,olid or nspLo06rEpoL 'ivOpsJnoL {pord!s.o 0r0rio ro'rq,i
roll{iltroro!' ror( lLol]ponivoKai rou(. trr rov 13rorp6ro. on6rs or 6por (oprE6vrroe,Kor
(KaroK6plaoq' sivor nro nopaorarLKoi.):s |(q0iva (ln6 rou;6io dEovEqpnopoijr \'a
,it1a a ,llonoosrioor,tLr)rolrq npaTlarLxoiq apLe[oig. pnopoupeoI{'Jq(qr !,q poqlioolF m
ort}lsia ro! opr(6vr1o! diovn !E (sLr7r((l,0). io ij orFeio ro! {o1dK6p!qo! dio\'o Fe
, r ; f ( 0 . b ) . i r o , , o r L t I n pt r a v d i o o l o \ u ! . I o t t f . o ' o , o i p o , o : o , \ U I u / t . \ u f .
!fl itsL ro 6vo!a (0,0). Kd0otpio (ir.6) or'6Ld('rdr r6pd.jnorqoro lriuo4, arol d,6rc
!d BpioKcrqLortv ,iopuqi rou opgoTovio! ro! onoiou o, dD.'( rpcL_c {oplaaq ixolv 1o
ovarur{r (0. 0). (o, 0), Ko, (0. b ). oL opL0}'oid rul b ld?ovror rt nporn Ku \ 6[r:pn
ot|r:fi:ttpivn , e,t.iarcqq ro! ortfsio! nou ](a0opi(isL! at)Ioviov1p6ro.
AL,lo nou Bsg evdraqdpsL rpoJ,rdrrKd,0urt0rirt. ci\,or vo 0poittt lLro td0o6o ?rl1 ro
ol.dr{i{o!F ouvopflio0re.Aao[ [Lo oulriprnor] 6sv silor linor d].).oon6 lru oL,lio?ri
i'!r(lp,rir! ono opl0poui. rrnopoi!' va ols8rdoouls pra ouvdprlot oiEaLriiowflqKa06vs
tlno ro i8l?rl rli oLvdpri]ortq.To oXrilo nou naipvoupp our6\'rov rp6no ].iyroL!
lpaarxri napddloorlotq ollvdprtotq. M diitl 1.6y1l1, rt lpoqLr{rirupdolaol ltq / npri
Zcr 61,a ro anfsio nou ovlroroLzoi,v oE qsin (.r, /(i()). Aeou or nEprooorpeq ot,vapri
o'rq nEprdjaour dnELptlro nlieoq qEirrt,rt oxsSiooitproqypflaLKriq mpdorflolq npoFr6ne-
Iu. - u . o ; . )u . o r f v r p d q I . n o ] ) . d qo L o p - ' 1 " r , ,i 7 o ' L 7 p o , p i \ i ,r 0 p o o o -
"rnuto "77".p
oLino! oxoSdEovrurnoi[ EDKoia.
Asv npo(alEi KopirrfKrith, ro yEyov6q611oLor).oior.pEs ou,oprios\, or orooepr!
or,\rrpflioc'q /(x)= c, itouv rLq sriouol'pas ,,poprxaqnopoordo8l!. Eilur c[Kolo vo
ijLorLottloere6rL t /poqrKri tropdoroot rl( oulripqorlr /(x ): c ei\ro, tlo EUeEia
nopdliltl uc ro! op1lovflo riiova. oc or6oroort c ulT' oL'rd! (tx{pa 5).
oL olvopniodrq /(x): d ilo'rv K, o'rds no).i an]';; rpoalKdqnflpaodoa_( EUesiq
n o ! n ' p f i \ E o n 6 r o ( 0 , 0 ) , 6 n o q o r o : , r i i ! ( l 6 . M L ( lf l n 6 6 ' E o t r l o L ir o ! 7 t o v 6 r o su o s
I n o i a K v i E rr o : t i p o 7 :
'L6ird.{
Kdnoroa ; p r e ! 6 q6 7 r i o o q! 0 , K o LI t s L r o E i u n o u n s p v d L a r 6 r r v o p r i O . r o , )
ovrlororlri oro (0. 0), KoLan6 ro otfsio A . noL,avrrolorxsi oro (.r,c;{). Evo olrrio ,4',
!E npdrl o!!r'r(1l$;v!,v, eu ovrixsr orrtv I flv ro lpqa\o A'B'O eilcL 6rroro uc ro
1pi10voA3O, Stiodri av
4. fparpti; rupaordoa; 57
A'B'- AB
.-'
oB' oB
o .d ot]rdourlloi!cru,.plFdrg 6rov10,1'owrolorri oro (su1dprLy,cJ).8rt)...6rovro /'
ppioKErur orrt ?pa9rKinap{ioroolrtq /. rLo rrt! or6d6rirunoedsapE oLonrtpd 6ir c > 0.
pnopoipotoq oprerdsu{oio \rojacrproronlc {or rLgdlirq rEprnrdjosrg. O apre!6;c, no!
uerpdrro i61o rov n).Eup6v roiv rpr]tbvo\rno! srao!i(o!r{'r olrv qr66srqf,ldyraL
r;io? rrs sueeids. KoLyraxdesu0Eio ropd],l,rtlrt!' ourriv).tr06rr fxrLrtv i6Lrtr Kiiol c.
T^ , rXripluuro' XOtor.ronoriouuf df\ Fnooo' .- oir, ,o '" utot rio, ' t oi r. ro ro
,.
00opriooL,ss runLKion65sLqt. npay!oflKd,?rovo6d,ooL,|0lLlo ouorlprlo116dErit eoirqv
ovaTKoio vo Kd!ouuE !tl1nopi{poot nou3e!situ6rs{r06)"ouiroLtLor ys aKoioueioouIr.
H auoqpri on68LhonoLao'inarcrpor(l1rt\nououvSrorl00iusrpr{fs{ar a).TppLK6c
avloLc(ea anqrrouotrp6ru an 6i,olLo npolparrKian66srirt($ o{pr0drq iirarurortLa\.!
' r o 0 i o . . l o ' o i , ' u o t p , ' o! r o , " o L i s , s v r o o r / o , \ ! f o . y , ( " K p r , rrnpoo n o 6 r " ' -
npflTUuflKo[( opr!o[q.Er16!on o!16,8oiro! ovu.,,xdio vs !E],rliooupc rIV E, nESofs-
rpiq oro i6roPdeoq noL,oKoneioLu'va lsiorriooL,rrs rL_( LA,6ntrE! rov rpsluolrK6! apre-
tuir!.BtpoLsI ].erro!priq svdnrler rtq erLns8o[s'rpiflq civali\,oopol6rorosdro.o).].dos
Ka[rd'Itpitrr0roldevrpootrorleir(lr ?ro rt pEi6ri] rou flnsLpoorrKoi ].oTr6troi. OuiiprloF
ra70oprprKd orri[aro oov poieELo orr 6Loio0r]oi ror,qoKoroi;
,/-
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lono,oilE
loq ((or yLo ra nproo6rpu
'trireijooavro oL,vo],o
r6vo
rortrurr{d)
6i,ovrov qsL,16v
Eivur {006).o
npa?paflK6v
lKuvono,rtrLK6
Foi ro
10 vq
apr0r6v.Ko1vo .,plooUl qsu0si;
opiooul ro
,.'
r6taaa,J
Jl ou\r{dtroLqoLl!o).sq!}6v,no! 'rcprlflppdvot)v, ovdtEoooc rii).o,ro 6[vo].o{(r, cx)ri
n o o / u o . { o - o r , 0 u 6 - . f ' o \ o , { o 5 r o o o L , / r r i , - ' l v - 1 v - 7 v 1 - d n c r u o <or"' .c ,or;uJ.r 1 ,
fE 6irt rr Sotr 1r! tol8rpio( nor 8,6arfliKorLs ljr() ).i{cLo,rperdlEroL 6va;aK6poopF
op6q.A! (a. b) xaL(c, d) EivoL616or[eia rou smn63ori,6r]... (Li,dpLa npsyF(rLK6v
aplef{i,v.opir.oulr8 osvor6orqoqrov ((l, 6) xaL(c, d) ro
trtjla E li-,1-,b d).

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Av ro Kivrtrpo71 o!r6v rov opro!66Evoq sivarAuvp6, ro:7rilo 8 6iver1r(on(lpoilrtrrq
retTiosr! p' our6v rov oprotL6r(('rooKet)doflp orl ys(Dlsrpiu!u( ro nue(1y6pE1o
Or6ptpa*.
Enrorpiaovr{rq }Ld{i}.h u,o aopdoro druno1'or[rpL'.6!o( orriFa,6svsivarSuoKo),o
!q 6oL1!s(:xita 9) 6rLrt ?poaL{i tropdoroo!rrtq olvdpqortq f(r) = cr + d eivaLpro
er,{Jcio
JrEKiiol c, noDnEpvdr an6 ro olfsio (0, d). r, qL,r6io i61o or owoprriosLq
=
/(.y) cx + d t ayolrsrypopp'Kiq duvopilidsL(. Anld(l(ol]d,;eivqr,oLypot4nrd(ol]voprri
oa( ttQovi(owoLorxvd,Koreu np6nr vr!doril8{sr0 dv8rotL' dur6qTo n6!s!o6ivarlv{r
run,x6trp6BitForol, onoiour't ).ior Lo?rKd3'v nopol]ord(r KsrLd6uoKo).iu. Av 6dq
3o0oL,\6[0 8ro{E{pLp6vq or,1ia(a, b) xor (c, d), tspirefi] ypo!!rKi olvdpfltor no! !
tpaalKrirrlq nopdotuottrepvdsr on6ra (a, b) Kar(c, d). Aur6toolLrvopi fs ro vo noiro
6rr /(o)=b'rq' _i(c)=d.Avr / sivorrlq ropariqf(r) = ax + f, 16rorpireLvo
dd+ P= b'
d c+ P : . t '
d = (d- b)i(c
enolLdlorq a)KolB=, t(d b)i\c- a))d,dpa
/"(dYb] d
=h o b \ . o . o_-(\ a, D.
! 0 diorpono!0v0/yoo.n!iooaxpoFdh or,DDion. o' oriv o opLold,orn pior]ro!dr i.r:aru

[': uKir(
6fl or rrr-opurr{oidp,0foiitor! rriporo\rxripiio.rro rrrr ipo. ird,oi.ri0rr ft, i:v fnopoi[! 1ootro\ril-
oourr o'drrrj! rrvoeriDptdrr 0! ntiuvu ij4rilr oui,v rov oprdlLd !..nLeridin.. Er \(dtr!\frvL
o:i ulro io Ir{p,j on[!io.
52 Otp n
ivovriro roDtnop.irevoonol\,Tlovioers E0Ko].a XprlorlorouirwdgrI qopei orllsioD-

*Liorts' (6irEro np6plruo 6).
OlorKd,ouri n ),rjoiivot8ulofli p6voov d * c'orypa$rK6q rqpoordosqrov ypuptLK6v
olvoprrisovqvrLsrorloivf6vo o' r(Eiveq 1q leigq,roD6veivarfiopdL),rl),Eqprov
rolaK6puqodEovq.Ol l(qroKdpuqEE uoEiC6vivorypoqr{{ nopdoroorlrdtr{is suvdp-
qolE rpa-ffanxd,il fpo9rl(]inopdoraol!ra( ouv(iptlon(6v!'rope(,1016 vo rEpriXsl
I'io dloeop.nxdoruiondvoorlv i6toKato|(t6puQt. Aur6ro oqrrripootoEivordllsooon6
rov opro[6 rylqoDvdprlorlg- 660olllia ndvo ortv i6raKoraKdpuetuoioavnolor-
j(oiv 6e (ajn rts popqrig(4 b) xor (4 c) (or, rE opropoi,plo ouvdprlol Evpropeivo
nopLilflro (d, b) KoL10(a, c) av b + c. Avliorpopo,ov dvaoivo).oonpiovo{o idrE8o
iXer rilv rEl6rrlrovo Fnv lndplolv 6io altio 10l)orilv i6lo Kalordpugil,r{jr sivor
oiyoupontpaqrKriropdoraorl{diroloeouvriprrlolE.'Erolrarrp6ro2o0vo},a61
l0 6vivarypaerKde rapoordo0qouvopT|ioe{Dv, Korla r},EUraio
2 EivorropornpsiorE
6r ro r6roproivqrI ypaqrxi napdolsorlpucouvdprtonqnouron6iooprotof rlq 6v
civ0roldK)tpo to R oQoiI'cpr\tqrqrol.6puorc 6svrcpriyouvrcvivo olpcio rot
H an).o$orplouvdpritoil,ffli tr6 tpolprl(iE,sivoLidos n ouvdpttoil /(,t) = x'. nv
oxe6ldoourrrsprK{ion6.o qs'in q6 /,6rl),., Fsprxddn6 ro (qyl 1lls Fopaie(-{,xr)
roipvoDlelro sLK6vo oovKralrrl oro txita IL
Avivar666Ko),o vo niorrovoDrdoagdrr 61,qrq (rilll (x,xr) ppioxovrarrdvoas
pLoKafai,l.iloovKl qufli olo Xlilo 12'oDlliI Kqpri],l sivalT!'0)6111o0vrapqpoti.
M 6rEotdvoro dfl tLo ypoqrxi nopdorooyl 6svivarmpd dvoo1i6ro,rdvos Zopri,
errsyEvo(ornvrcpinroorl!cq) ll rt {ivr,eivor6ioxo}.ovo 6loru,ro0i 6vop{i}rruo rn5
popeiq ('Eror ivororrv npq.ruaflK6rtrqrl tpoerxi nqpdouon;,,dror 60r vq dj(r
(dnoro vdtls. 'OIr. dvootd6roSrvrivot r,ori ftparyat^d odor6 Trori q TpuIF'i dtcl
,rdXog. IItrp' 61.ooL,Iri,urdpXouv Foloro onoidpropri l(oviqva 046r:tro
r{inorosp(,)fli
nopdoslttro. n6qsiole pdporor6t1!T pdaLri nopdorooit6vlold(r g' dvo0,16ro6t;Ero
oro tlito l3; EivoreliKolova &irs. KLoK6Fovo ono&iqsrs,6rr rt TpqprKri rapdorflorl
6rvtropi voJroiqr! ro (a) yraridv0 <,{ < y Tdrcxr ( ,vr,dpc1 'yparptxri noprioraol
t/iw lA od',rperevo eivqrvrt),6rpooro -vor' 6,rr oTo.r. KdTlnou6 o'rlloivn oro (a).Eivo'
1t
.r_
\l'
(b)
\l/I.__ (.)
,xitln 12
4. fparpLrEq
rapamrioer653
rnorlq fuKoôvo ocrrc.oxroro,ovroq !ro no,i aKprFiypuqL,fli napooroori. oxrSrd(ovroq

Stlo8ri nor)d qe'in (a xr), 6rr rl ypcqrri nopdoroorl6vrriropeivo drsr ivq !Tdlo
( iSrluo'6noEsro (b)i praqovio' 6i!(0qoro (c).rrq vq onoSeiEoDpe 6poqal,rorlqrouq
roruprol-roris,
rpsLd(sror vo tro,jp
rp6ro ll yqhporrK6 tp6no, rr swoorip 6rovl.6pe6rr
fuoDvdp ton6svd1el(ni6IpaDiqovioD o016q
or r66E
np#i(ouv {6t (dnor6qon6rq
0ol1e).r66rq
6woLeE ro0 AJrslpoorlroiAo}loforj. Tr)"rKd,0q nrutouFs va rLqopiooups
auornpd,vro rsroqi 6roq SlooKbdor ,rpooroodrvroeva opiasrowdqnq dvvore,Kol
lsrd va cEsr{iore
roDq opro}o6e ooqxplrrKd. Apy6rpo,0o a1orrIv uKqrpio vo 6D'/Kpi
vrs rou{ opropoDE ooq I auro 6 oroDco,roioug6upa6vrl6ov01 tohporlroi. Av rl
o['/l.pldqivo1snvoiKri,
ooaq],6(0o ooqoqi(ouvolllopillriplol
Or ouvopriasle/(x) = x', yrorolq 6rdqopoug quorroiqqprpoiEr, M.rowoLpprxfg
Aopdq Kol 6Dvapd6q 36vot1e. Mropoijrs vo ouyKpivoutrs]I1oiKo).ofle tpa$rKderolq
rapoordo8lq, av ors8doou!ilollde poEi,610r(oro :rifo 14.
triya t4
Or ouvoprTiorq oivotn8rKdq!6vo npun6oeqrov ,!oll]ovDurKtirv

6rjvojrnE ouvoprliss
ov, rou 6(ovovrrtv IpdvroriroDqoro nportlo,jFvor.sqd}.olo.:ro t:(rilo i5 61oupe
onE6L6or6io ouyxsKpqdvsq no],uovutLKdE
ouvoprrio0q,0v6 oro tlipo 16npoonqooitLg
vq 66oourefto lsvrKrirK6vorrq ypoarKiE
nopdoroonE rng no)'uovtuLKrlq ouvdprnolc
txita t5
54 Oep ,w
flt)= a,x'+ a, 'x"-r{ ...* ao,

qrlv rrspirrrool rrouo" > 0.
(b)
hird 16
fvrKd, n Tpaerxri nopdoroon q6 f ga 61 rc nolJ n - | copuqdqr r{ oror}.ri6eqr

(o.opuqriDirur voott!.io oav ro (r, /(.x)) oro [IriFa 16,vdrffiorM6sr ivordlu oruio
oov to Cl,,/(/)). To ttl,ieoe 1(,v rcopuq6vKft rov rcorLdoo)vInopi orrlv 'ipa, fanK6fltra
vo Eivor nol.i pl(pr5cpo (o1 suvapdisrq8i!ulrl(, rd rrqpd8ryta,iloov io rcld Fla
rod.d6o).Av Korl,ropoipeedxoi,ovc 6rcrunrivorF rdrorouqrolUproFoiq,6v0o poq
rcpdorxovan6roF!o1.6vo 66ooDFs gd1pr
ano6eiEre va rprdooupe oro MdpoE lll (on6rr1
olryg{ nor or rolupdqpd0o6o110lJ lou Mpouq a ivotoq luioeor{pa6,or oroSet(eLg 0o
ivorrol 6Ko]'q).
To fj(ipo 17 mprypdesrrrg lpogrriq nopcordoerq pepu6v prlrd)vouvoprrioeov. Or
pl|l;C ouvopniolqqr9oviqouvor6!a |rEloLurptnorr0.ia on6fl6 nol,uor1)Frrd(ouvoplli-
4wd 17
4. fpaqwig tapaofuoeq 55
orq,o},]d rl oulrrcpqopri rooe oval.ieror eniortesirol,a ov jrropoil8 vo lptorporolrl-

oourrnv rapdyo'ro,ro poorK6epyol.rioroo 3ouMipouE.
nol.ME Ev8toAipouoEq ypoQrKq ropoardosq KmooKsudqowor ov (ouy{d.}.ioouusDTlE
lpaqlKfE 'ropasrdsq ouvopflioorv roD fuoup ri6rl re),rrlo!. lpoalni nopdoroorlro'l
H
tliporog 18onorl,ilor4 olol(lTipou 0116 ueieE. H ouvdpqon / ! oDrnvrrlv ?poQr-
ri fiopdo1oorllx0vodoleing
,rt;l (_r),,.
/l\
r(- nrl=t
'\ l
rr"',
f(x)= t, l x l> l ,
(al ivo!TpopFrKri sEKdosrdorrpo[1/(" + l), l/,] r(o1[ l/n, l/(,+ l)]. (oapr0!6q
0 6evrp6r(rororo llEiio oprolorirlq /.) BEPorq, fropi Kaviq vq ypd\'!6vovoxplFi
16'10T la ro /(x), 6rovro x eivororo [/(r + I), l/,] ouni ivorplq Ka],i doKrtoTl rdvo
orrl Ipion rov ypotrllK6v oDvqp1loo)v, l(alsm6e on' our6 0a sag nsiosr6Tl plo rx6vo
a4t(6r600 j(i]'Eq ].fqrq.
Eival Eri6I6 6uvor6!,{ropiooule, p' dvcvro?uirro oal6 rp6no, plq ouvdpnton rrouvo
rapouodql or(p!06qauniv qv !616.1110, 6ll,o6i va ralavrd'vrar dn6lpqaopiq Kovrd
oro 0, lprlorpnol6vroq rrl ouvrip1rlq sine.trc Keqdlaro 15 0o lllefliooup su.ri .rrt
suvdpqon Fl,snop6pEq,Koe6qror Tlt LrglpnonN rad lto rrtv (ipa, ivorEuKol.6rpo vs
plsrpororiooDl6 rI fdlprlotl o loipq 'I!o flq yoviq.H ypo{prKiirlopdmaonqe suvdp-
4tulat8
56 Oep
"n
txitld 19
qdte sineaoiverdroro trri po l9 (':j(oDpe

s].r,iq'rtv '(Iipo,(ootov opr(6vflod6ovaaror
6orEn lpaarKrirqpdoraq va eivorKaop6cprl'I FdlpitoI o rad,Kt6(0,16.16 ortpa-
wrKdqloenlorrxqqq r6r6rt1q, 6trto np6oEto n).soviKrrl[o drr foq ond,ldoocran6
rdroLEo "ay6d.
ACtrtpouFsr6porrouvdprnorl/(.y) = sinl,/.r.B),6nerern ypoqrKri nqpdoraq q( /
mo lj0lfa 20.(rro voqolpoqioer ourrirnT paqLKil napdorqsrleq 0oleiofl vo napaq pi-
lll
ll
f(x) = | ''- ' 9 0 I+ n 0
90 90+ 360
^{nx = I I
, ''' ')
no, 210+ 3$ 210+ 120
Iapqrlpiorc ,T0)(, 6rav ro -xivorrsyd?'o,on6r6ro l,/x eivorprKp6,ro /(x) EivoL

cniolqtrKp66rovrorciva."noliopqflK6'.6r).aSri.orqvTo.rluivorpcldlo
apvt1tK6x, nril.lro /(r) sivorKovrdoro 0,qv Kar/(r) < 0.
MLo v8roqpoDso nopallq,i oulils rlq o'rvoprtorl( sivdl I /(x) = xsin th H
ypaqr(rimpdorodt ourri(rnqouvriprnone 6rfl oxe8rtrorei
np6rErpo oro lxitq 21.Aqo$
ro sin l/x ro),olr6vsrordnnpqaop;qKovr{ioro 0,!roEirou I Korrou- I , I ouv,ipqsrt
f(x) = xsinl,/.yro),ovr(i'vrar
dneLpeqqoptefroi rouxKorlon -.(. H oDl1mprqopd rlq
tti]ta 20
4. fpagxig rapatrlizEtg 57
trip2l
yposrxriEnopdorooqqylo r peydl.arl nol.i opvrllrxdEivoliroLf 6ioKotr o vo avol,u0i.

AQoi ro sin I ^ rrl,nord{rro 0, v(i)ro r fvrar 610ror mo pe,dtro, 6evundptfl rdr ror.)
vd toE )dfl fl 0o Kdvsl10T 1v6pvo. Eiyar6uvor6vvo ro eqoKplp6ooutq a],}.doDr6iva1
dllo (irnpo rou Kd],6rpo 'i'vol vo ro avopd),l.oulE .rraro M6poqIIL rlo ,rir\s 22
8ivoup Korrn ypoqrKri rapdorsor rrlq /(x) = x'?sin1/x
fr at,!deflE glrvaprioflqfc dnrrpt ro).dvrooIcivoreovcp66rLn ypoArKindpd6tosrl
tLitld 22
5 8 Ory ra
6c! dXLxotrio).ni6ovo eivornpotloflxd (oKprpriq,.To x().rlr8ponol, unopoirvq

xdvoutrc civorvo SeiloutcdvoKolfdrr llg xqr v oQioou!xv610{otpdfl Kovldoro 0
(noucivorro svSLoeipov Ko!!drt. KoLpdLrdrq.ivoreiKo?,ovo Fpoutrsro),i nroo,riaq
ouldprioLqnoL,I ypq{0r(tltot'qncprioraolvopt1o106Ld(EroL
$t odpiBero'. tut, tropoti-
fe !q 6rqKpivor,F q ?poQ(K6q ropqordofiE It)v
^ I \'. .Y<l I x'. r<l
/r.r1-i 2. ro' 3(r-
. Y >I 1 2, r .l
ftdpdl6vo av EExrorlFrdnorooilpaol svdioTt I uuI]ivno! ZpilouoroLiootE7Lrr{t
avortrdKarKisror{iiiruori}'ora(trrito 23).
To Tr).curaio
Iflq nopd8fl1lro
0ivorlLo ouvdprlsrtnoU! ]por0rxrirrtqnopdorooti\,or
qSivarovvo olsaroori.KarldlLoro !' dvqvno),i0cotqrrK6rp6no:
0. ov .{ dpprlro_c
l. s! .Yptrds.
'...r"1r.
:/ita 2l
Ixtittd21
H Tpoarxi napdorooqrrtq f npinrvorprdtrdnerpoonilsio orov opr(dvrlod{ovo

Kqod'qKurdmrpd olFia ndv(Do pro ueEiorqpdunT,rlorov op(6vrro diora, o),ld
6r! npdtrsr\'o ncpr6'laxatrd qtr' oDrdeTl( 0u0irgor6r)-rtpt. :ro llifq 24 D).6n1
ltv crx6\,oror, divouvouviooq oro Bro).iayro rn ypopiKi rnq rqpdorool. rro vo
E6topioouyEro dno pdpn rlq yp prKriqnapdsrqotq. or xouKiiqrh,or mo nDl(vri
ioro0ritu6veE 6rilv l)0ionou qwrororX8iorol)edpptrot)q,y.(Yndptcr Piporogra
|ra0rlFanxi a1rLol.67totoL,rriirrlEoilBoolq, a),).dpooi(croL6r 'rroirIds 6woreq,
ror, r'odtovror ora npopLlloro 20-5Kor20-6.)
Or rSrorrp6rnreq rou rteevi(ovrer oe !prKdgouvoprrior(sivert6oo l.x!oTt](iq.
nourivor nKolovq {EXdoou|]e tprxdarld rs ,Troon}.d,Kal mo oruqv rd. unoonvo-
Lo rou ,Iln65ou,t!or,3cvrivar-IpoqrKdqnspoordorcouvoprlioo\'.To onoriiqr6rspo
rop{i8fi7fo on 6).0 si\,or o niKto6. O Kix}.o6Fc rivrpo (a b) {or oririvo.>0
nrprdxn, Eoproto[,d],q roorucio(x,,y)nou rlo,rdorqoirorca ro (o,b)sivs,iorlFs.
O KUx),os unorEi,iroLrnotivos (:tiro 25)an 610ra oru0io(r, -v)re
r ir a r _r , y 1 , : , ,
rr
('r-a)1+(-v-b)r=rr'
O rixro!u3xirrpo ro (0.0)|(srqKrivaI, o onoiog0ropriroroutvrixdn oqvo xnpiioc)no;
rt! orxotivrro!,).r'lrToL
o yot'sdeio; tuKlot.
'Evaq
orv6i or)/tr!ri; rou |ri,r),ouivorrl alln'yt. A! i opi(sroroqv 10 oivoio rov
trouro .idporotdrov qnoorios6vroui ondl[o dooFdvo
orlFeiorv oiltsio sivoLoro0Ep6.
( 'Orovm 6io oltciq rquli(ovroL, noipvoD[s dvavruK),o.) Av.7roruro],ia,outQoviooD[e
trita 2t To6uoortlsio vo eilor ro (-c,0/ rdr rofc,0), xoLoqvcioporota ro! onooldosovndpoL,|r
4. f patprci6
mpaouioeq 59
ro 2d(oropd]ovrdE2on),oDor61
Kdrroroog
0irol,oyrolofq), y) ppior(ror
16rro (_x, rdvo
onlv 6),1$yTl
av Karjr6voav
,/t" Fit iT + yF-if +V = z'
,i
v 4 , . - " r ' +u 2a-Jtx ;t1-
+ )?= 4a1 4al0;3TV
x1+ 2cx+ c'1 + x1-2cxl c,Iy,
'i
a?x- all= ts \lG- c),+ f
ri
c'1x'- zcxa'1+ al = a1@1 2cx i c1I y1)
(c1- d')tt1 dy= a1k1 a1)

]i
, t--- ,= l
Aurri I a1dorlTpriqrorr1o on)d
:+:= t,
6rioo, = \, a' c' (aeo6np6nerooqdlevo 6lgt66oDp a > c, 6mrcr 6rr o2 c,) 0).
Bl.inrerrlv erK6vorloq d).),,\fiqoro Ijarira 26.H 6ll.s1\ndrvEr rov oplq6vnodova
610\,/= 0, dp06rav
trips 26
dEovo6rovr = 0, EI)"oEi
'(qrrov KaroK6puqo
J_= I v=tb
H Dflp0ohiopi(ETorovdl.oyo,Jr6vonou orrarroijrrl aragopdrov 8io arooflioo)vvo

ivsroraopri.Ala),4owoSr(orndl.rrd 6tpia (- c, 0) Kar(c, 0), Koloov orooprior6oroon
1020,noipvoDle, ocv onvoiKqyrov' ovriKsrlo (.{,/) orrlvumppo}.rj, qv
trtu ' ct' Y' - u$=if ' 1'- tza,
rl onoioroipverrnvor1.oi6.pn
jroparl
_+_-!=1
60 oep ,n
t' qurriv1!!]!pim0)6n 6uoq,npdnr npoqqv6qva 6ul6Eo!Fc > n, or6re ar cr < 0.

Av b = Vcr dr, 16rro (.r,y) Fpior(ETqr
ndv0)o1r)v!,reppo),rl
ov Kors6voov
* a-'
H rK6vo ritErpoivErororo t ifo 27.AnorIeirqr0l!65io rotpdrlo, llori rl 6roQopdrov
anoorioovro! (a y) ( (c,
0,16ro c, 0) Kor 0) noipvsrar!s 6tiobuvotde 61ordqeq.H
=
uroppol.ir6fvsrrov oprq6wrodqovq6rav/ 0, on6ts r = + d, d),l.d6svrdlvsL
nou0svd
rov x0roK6pDqo dEovo.
napouo,dEsl 0v6roadpov ro vo ouyKpivoDpe Pripo 23)qv unppo],ipr d = b = \,4
rolq lpaalKi 'ropdorooTlrrlq o'rvdp totlq /(x)= l /x. To 61riForoqoivowot6polo,Kor
ra 56l)o{vo}.orpoyporrKd roDri(owor,apKsiva Kdvolt[1oorpoariyovioq45u(np6P],I-
tXira 27 po 23).
tr4pa 28
[poaov{i)q,l(qpiaorpogriro! mn66o!6vivorrKowlvo pratopq6or 6vovniKlo ri

lro 6l],LvIoE ypaelri Jrop{ioroort
Kdnoroq ouvriprnonE.nqp6lo aur6,I U}.6r!dul6v
rov onou6ai0rv otnpdr(Dv
teolrsrpr{rhv yivdr vo avalo8i6q }t}drnouvaprioov. Or
yrq napdSsrypo,
).],iryrq, qflrij(vovrolon6rlq ypoQrKdqropoordoq660ouvoprriosov,
rnq
-a<x<a
f@=b,tT-G76.
eG)= h'-t 1,ldr, - a < x < a.
YndploDv,Fdpolo,nol)d d)'lo (ailt ouvoprioovrE rnv i8lo oKprp6Er56qro. ru
InopoiuEva rdpoupE
nopd8sryto,
. r aJ1=G6, 0<x<a
I b'[-t t"/"\, a<.x<0,
. 7a'lt-G77t, .0<x<d
8\x)= \ _
\b^lt Gra)). d<.r<0.
Oo Fropo oof e'dorqvq 6rql6Eoup
(b'fr G \'
.r(x)= {
I b'[-t txrd), x d p p r l r o-Ed,< i < d ,
4. fpagwiq trapamdoeq 61
t prl16c,, - a< x< a

fb.rI--G-O.
s\x)= I _
lb,Jr d/d,), x dpplrog,- d <.rS a.
A .d 61,oourdro d]'Ia (ilt nepdlouvqvoyxasitrdnopdloT6ouvoprrloel( rou tq6oiv
6drKl Kei.
frofilv6po, ivqr66oKotrovo 66ooDtE Flo an68srqn, !i aK6pq KqrplaaxptFi
o!to[
ororirrrDol rou Jlpdtgqroq-Av Koloivot ll0av6 va;lt " .,5r1 spttiosr
va 6n'(piv1
flq oDvaprior(nou i:(ouveuolol.oyLKd( lpaqrrdq ropqor{io4, or' q1,166
,roDdXouv
oeriorKrqypoQrxaq mpaordoflq, iooq 6oE ivar no)'i 66oKol o vo 6urun6ote 6vo).ollKd
oprol6 rov "i,olxd'v" ouvcpnioeov.O po04rorrr6q op1of6eawriq rrlq 6wouc 6vEivot
pdpoqowo6lou FlBLiou0q tropo$sevq 00)pl0si
ro66louaiKolo vo 5o0i,xor |'ly(i),o
ocv gtc 6rc6rxooic pe6ra0olrKdq on6rr0rpqva mpd)'l.oup6?'0Kornproodlpq ouvi-
xqnoued'rprnr vo rxqvonorei pLu<tro,rrrirouvdprnort.Kse6E0o opiqoDle8rdaopE
tdtougsuloi Keg, 0ofuoulo tv uxqlpiovdavopolltootit ov 4ouuenpaYlonr'txarqed'
prvo onopov6ooupE rLeolvoprliosKnouqEi(ouvto Xoparqprotd (lo-rrl(a(' H ord'
vrnol 6uoruld'!,eo avorndvror(6j(D,ri o1r)vKol,rjrpln0pinroorl,dvq8ltrQu]oKnK6
NPOBAHMATA
10 o6vo).od),ovrov x nouu(avonoroiv
l. Asi(I o uro Eueio lte m6 rdro ouveriKq.
Eniolq ovopdorKdeoivoLo,Xpyloqronor6vtqg rov 6uuFoi.rol61loro 8lonrilrorq
(opeplK6q '1sprm6osE 0qlprooreilxor ro aiFFo).oU ).
(i) lx-31<1.
(ii) lx-31<1.
(iii) lr-dl<s.
(iv) l x : - l < 1').
Ivt
' -> .
l+rr 5
I
(vi) . < a (66o1s jro andvqort ouvsptrioer rou o. 6tcrpivovrsq 6td$opeq
neprn160eq).
( v i i )- x r +l > 2 .
(viii)(x+ lxx lxx- 2)> 0.
2. Yrdp1ralaq,!oli tp{orpogtp6nognepLlpcrprlg tovoilliovrou K].eroloi8roolripo-
roq[d, b] (6nouuno0&ouf6,0)e ou\n0oq,6rLd< b).
(a) Osopoior rpfto ro 8dorua [0, 6], yu b> 0. Acilt 6n ov x Eivororo [0, b],
16x= tb ?u KdnoloI IE 0 < r< l. [oLdI oruooialou opteto$li|I()16ivor
ro rlsooioortrEiorou [0, b];
(b) T6paono6ih61rov ro x ivaroro [d, b],16rei = (l - 0a + lbT roxdnorcI
I0<.<1.
Yr66rh: H 6l(Qpoolaurrllpriqroret{orteur6qv poperid + (b - d). 11016
sivqr10 jraoovIou Lq 6l; not6 ivoLto orllEio rolj ppioKerqrolo l/3 qq
qr6ofloi)6 rou a ar6 ro 6;
(c) AiEl.,o!,$olp6eo6,&r av 0 < tS l,16tm(l r)o+ 16ivorcto [4 b].
(d) Tq orlFia tou dvorf,rorSnorriForoq (a, b)tivarauldtfilopqiE(l - r)a+ rb
1l00<l<1.
3. :Z6rdorro d$volodlov rlrv olttio)v(-x,y) no! rxovonotoiv lrEnl6 Kdroouverixq.
62 Oep ta
(tr\ nsproo6cp0e n0prrr6orq

ro otipoooq0osivsrivo opxrd
peldl.oroFjrdnrc!
c]Ilnd6o!.61rtdvolro 6!0eiqi Kapr),I.)
(i) .r> y.
(ii) x+ d>/+ b.
(iii) y<xl.
(iv) y< xr.
( v ) l x _ v l <L
(vi) li+yl < l.
(vii) O x + / riv0r0ripqroq.
..^l
1 u t t t tu - " t v 0 lq K c p o L o q .
(ix) (x l)r+(y-2):<1.
(.{) x'< y < x'.
{. ll6rdorro orivo),o (,{,/) rou rrovorororivEtriqouv0ixq
6),ovrov onueiov
( i ) l x l+ y l = t
(iD l"l y=t.
(iii) r ll=/-ll.
(i\') I xl =. J,- l l.
(v) x:+ yI= 0.
(vi) .xY= 0
(vii) .rr 2r+ y:= q.
5. !'tSrdore (.r,/) ,rou(rovonoroiv

10oivo),o6).ovrov onFiov lrq6iiq oL'voixg:
(i') ;- .=1.
(iii) x= l_yl.
(iv) .r = sin_v.
Yn66srEI:dv
svd,Id(oulsrq r xdry, or onovlriorq
o'iqivori6I yvoold6.
6. (a) A8iqr6rr rt ruooionoumpvdron6ro (a, 6) Kor6j(erK],io! r, eivoLq ]paqrni
ropdordol 1116 orl\rdpntole/(,{)= rr(r- a) + b. Aurdqo 1Unoe, }voor6g
oov r1(!opqri olpio!-K].iorlgrivqrrol.{ nro 61p1oroq ot6 r1r roo6rjvcpl
6Kqpoot/(x) = r,.r + (b .nd).Eilaraldooqqsvp6on6q gopQioitFiou-
Kliotq 6rLn diol ivqlrr, r(u 6r rt qrri qq / oro deivqrb.
(b) rro d + c,6iBrs6rrrtu&idroDnpvder qn6ro (d,6) Kor(c,d)ivoLt lpaqrrrl
noprioraolrrlqouvriprloitc
_ a1+t.
1"1= 9-9_1x
(c) 11613o, ?poptKdq ro)v/(r) = r
,taprordoers + b xor g(r) = n\+ b' Ei\al
!oeiq
napd),),I1,E:
7. (a) fto onorolooi'roroprotorlq,4, B, xar C,I roue,4 ror I 67r laur6lpovq0,
diEr6n to o6voi,o 6i.0)vrov (a /) ro! rxqvonorofvqv ,4x + 8/ + C = 0
ivurlro eu0eia(nL0ov6vrolax6pued-Yn66srh:E(erdorrpdiro,116r n oj(6-
oI nepllpdo8rlro Ksrqx6puqn ueio.
(b) A\rriorpopa,6iErs6rr Kdeeuoio, outncpr).oJrFovopiv(D!
KarTovKorox6pu-
qov, Inopeivq ftprlpaqei oovro oivo),o6l.ovrov (-x,/) ro! LKovonoLoJ! pLq
oX6o!rtq lopQiqA.r+ Bt+ C= 0.
4. fpaquiq mpaordoctg63
8. (a) Ano8irE
6rLor ?paar{denapooldsgrs
r{Dvouvopfllosov
f(x)= ,'x+ b'
c(xJ= nx+ c'
ivarKdosrsE -
ov ,,? = l, unoloyiqovruq ro rsrp{iyorvo rorvftx6v rov 'r}.su-
priivro'rrprl6vou610:it'ifo 29.(frari aDrrir edr{i mpimool,6rou or er.roeieq
rapvoworont! flpjti rrD\r o6v(Dv,Eivq'ro i6roKol.i iL6rrt Y'vr{rinEpirloorj
lb) AnoSeiEr 6rr or 6{0 'r60isc
nouanolelorlvrolon6 6),aro (x, -/) rou rl(qvo,
troLoLlvflq ouveiKeq
A x + B Y +C = 0 ,
A'x+ B'Y+C'=0'
tivot rdosregqv Kqr!6vo o\ AA'+ BB'= 0.
9. (a) AnoSEiqrE, rprortonol6vrocro []p6F],ttd ll9,6rL
+ y,; + 1x,+ y,y< vtl+;i+
1/_1', vt-+J'J.
(b) Ano8EiEr
6rr
vG -,t +0.,- r'J,<\,{t=i-G jF+\/G =tlG -ttl
Ep!!v[ors a!fliv rrlv ot,o6qrd ysrDlIprKd (pLTovLKri
(ovotrd(sror avro6rt-
r0,). n6rs rol[fl ./vri6L0
0uo6rtra;
10. :Xs6rd6r rp6Xiiorrg tpflALKfqnopoordoLq rov ouvqpflioovnou oKoloueorjr,,
PpioKowoq aprEri ortrLsio
]Lo vu nripers prd{ol,ri r6doro! n6qivoLnpiriou. (Eivol
pdpoqrou rpoF),iparo(vo ,rdpsr'lrov qn6aaort7rdro n6oasitroLra (opxrd,.ro
spornifdtorou 06roupe nLo({iroiaxoL,voxotr6vq 6iEoDv 6Tl).i7rt6l.;v! Eivorourv,i
mo orttrovrl.,(ti
0'16cKorolrd6q !povopdvo\r olJreiov.)
I
(l) ,r (x) = x + OLouppoivEr 1lo .rKovrdoro 0, xqr 7ro!sld?,ax; IIoi ppiore,
ror rl tpsqrKi napdolaorto3 otaol !E rr ypoqLKinapd6ra6rt fltq rourorrKiq
oDvriprlolq;fraIi apKsivo 060rpriooufp6vo0rLKri
r opjtrrdj
I
(it
( i i i ) / ( ; r )= . r ' +l .
I
7
11,IIEprtpd\uie rn yvrKri
LK6\ro ritq TpoqrKiqnopdoroorqrrtc / a\r
(i) r / 'iv0Ldprlo.
(ii) rl / ivoLmplft,i.
(iii) rl / i\,aLpl-apvrlrLri.
(iv) /(x) : /(r + d) ?la {des x. (Mis ouv{iprnof ! arriv qv r6rdTrtrfl
}d}sra1
,!pro6rl|'n
Is rpio8od.)
12.trdrdorTlsoDvflprios( (Yndplsr6voqil(o).ot
"fG)=i6 1,,rn=l,2,3,4.
rp6noEvs ro Kdvre. ptortonol6vrrrEro lrrifo 14.Mqv Eetvdrs,6r'0rE, 6n rr i/x
wooll8 rl! d?,,l.,i,?-ooli pi(a ro'r x 6.a!' o D ivoLdprLoq.
Od'rpiTeor6po vo
orllorii)o8Ia61 undplrlra olpovrlKriSroaopdovdFsooorrl ?paqlxi nopdorool
6rflvo ,a i\,ordpnoEkoL6rovo rr Eivflrnsprrr6(.)
13,(a) :r5,dorrrv /(i) = xl {oLrrv /(x) = x?.
(b) tr5rd6rrrlv /(x) = lsiul Korqv /(x) = sinjx. (Yrripilerpro olscvrrxrj
Sroqopd ovd}loooflq lpuQl{iEnopoordorg, noL,6sv yLorilv djpqva
Jrnopoiuo
64 @ep'n
utv mprlpritlroutEouornpri.&ir qv gnopir!u qv avarohi\rEr ro ppoe(a)

;ivErorsovdv6Eri!.)
14.nspryprivrsrI TpoprKriroprioroonTrlqI FEq porieeloq( rpoqrKriE nopriorool(
li) s(x)= f(x) + c.

(ii) s(.{)= /(.x + c).(Eivaralxo},ovq rdvl},'i0oqe66.)
lliil g{,rj
(lv, iJi]-{11
= Jtcr}. '{epL'r1d,o,s
{a,aKpiv'lc.( c- 0,c> 0.c<0.)
(v) s(.r)= /(l/.{).
(vi) s(-{)= /( l.rl).
(vii) s(x)= l/(x) l.
(viii) s(-{)= max(/,0).
(ir) s(-{)= min(/.0).
(x) s(x) = nax(t, l).
15.tt66l(is1rrt lpoerKlinopdmoq rng t(x) = ar'+ bx+ c. YI666GI:Xptorp-
nol[iorsTlqr065ouE rounpoor'itoroql-18.
16,Yno06rouI0drr10 A KorC6vrivorrol is600pn6iv.deiBr 61rro o6vol.o
6Lovrov
(/, /) nourrqvolrorcfv llv EEiooorl
lf.l+Bx+cr'1+Dy+E=o
ivqri ropqool,'i, 'i dll.rvrlri uffpFol.ri(ri n0av6vro 9).Y,r66(t:H npinroon
C= 0 eivorouorooflxd ro np6pl,Itu 15,KorI rcpin(Dsl,4 = 0 rivararl6q lra
lrrpri ropo)'lql|i.
OEopeisr l(lpo Eloprold EnDpuld)orre A Kor, xorro 660
0rT,'(i,i opvnr"(iri ro ivo 0rftKiiKo,to d).}.o apqrLKii.
17,To onppolo[x] rqpLoldvsrrov lEyolirpocxapororoD eivor < -r. Tror
t2.ll = t2l = 2.t-0.91= - I rai [- 1.2]= - 2.Xr88rdsr rr( lpoqrKdqnopqsrds6r{
rov rcpdKriro) ouvcprioeov. (Eivor6),eq10),6v6logdpouo06, ror opKrCq
on' o!#e
0arpaovi(ovrar oulvdoedl.l,onpopLipora.)
(i) /(.x)= txl.
(ii) /(x)=x-[x].
1iii1 lrrr- r,-x- [x].
(iv) tG)=trl+lFx-kl.
rtl
(v) /(r) =
[-l
(v')f(")=ih-
tl8. tx6lds1E rrqolvoprlio8r(:
(i) /(-{) = {xl, 6tto!{r} opi(outErlv ordoroot rou xod iov tt},norCsrpo
aK6poro.
(ii) /tx) = I2xl.
{iii) /(x) = lrl + tl2xl.

(iv) /(r) - {arl.
(v) /k) = {rl+,{2rl +a{4.x}.

no),XrouvaprlioE
,mprypdeo!,rolUeodot ro 6Ko6!x6qvdnlulpav6qopr0lo6.Av
ror 6v0odtoupq 6Dvariirlravo mprlpd{,oDlssuorrlpriro d,Tlpo
6sxa6rKd
vrlqia
4. fpdrltKic 1rdpa6lioi:rE 65
IdXpl ro KrAd).aro22.I bLoroollrri ougov{l.!\i! 1lo ro rirerpo6e{a31xd VrtQio.

np;n01va op{si lLo vo awomldt eerEoro er6Fvo rp60Lrua,Kor06 diLo no! 0o
lpavrorof!,nprv (1116 10 KcAd).oro 22. yn&pXt\pra oodqerqppo ono ro {inapa
SsKadrtr{i \urtaia,rou npdr0r!orrtv6reuxpr!ioo!tLE:,c,iB
6eKs6rK6Eqprep6qro! Kara-
l"riyroepraalDoiio on69, Eivariooq!0;vovdl,Io,ro! T3).sL6vL ofLoq),uol6u on6
0 (lt.x.,|.23999...= 1.24000...).
Oo rprtoll'onolorjtl8
trdvrooulrivnouri.rLoe9.
*19. Ilprypdvft,600mo xa).dpropeir,rlq ypaqrKdq napoordosqrorvrupaKdroouvop-
nios(Dv. (tuvriooq6ou(rrd! {a06),ol]71odvo'rl,iprEorirq.)
(i) /(x) = o ,rpd'Ioqapr0!6qqro 6K05LK6 ovdnruytoroDx.
f..) /{\) o 6rLircpo, opre!6q oro 5c{o61,{6avdrr'y/o ro' l.
(iii) /(x) = ro rrri0oErorvT oto 6eKsdrx6 ovdrruylorou.r,ov a!r6qo op,orq 0ivo,
nEropaopdvo(, 0).1,16q
0.
(iv) /(r) :0 ovro rTl,isoq rov 7 oro 6s{oErK6ovdllu?pqrou xivornenspaorivo.
q),?,16qL
(v) /(r) = o oprep6snoDnoipvourr ov ovrr'(a.aoriaoure6).1110 rylqio xon
6eKo6rKon avondlFarosro! .{ nou dprovrorprdro np6ro 7 (ov L,rdpxou!
rirord) ! 0.
(vi) /(r) = 0 ov ro I 6!pqovi(.aL Koe6louoro 6xo61{6 ovdtrr!7loIoDx, KoL,
ov ro I elqoviqeraLrra np6rt qopd6rrt r-ooq 0d6rl.
*20.Odrours
0, qv x dpprlroq
_ I
/((l=l I p
0 r tr 0- , o r o r p q s v q ? o l o
\g q
('E!o Ktdopop.4r l6ysrorovriyoyoav p xdr q rivol oKiporoL no! 6evalou! Korv6
iLorpfrl Xqrq > 0).:ns6rdorrrt ypoQLK]i napdo.oonrte / 600nLo(q).dpnopeil
(f!v qpaSrdosft oro j(opri esopsior0
orrtvIUXI or'ttrsio rp6ro xol]eprtroriq
opropouq
trg = 2, lrrd auroG! g = 3, K),n.).
21.(a) To olfsio orl I poqrrrinopdoroonrrtq /(r) : .rreivoLourdrrq ropqriq(a rr).
Ano6rillfdn \d0crdlo,oorlufioonfyL.ct:oo' *,J - *F"'" h.
"l'"' "-
:tilo JA rrlv ypdquoiropdoroor rtq s(.{) = - (B),6,rs
ro :rripo 30.)
a.
(b) P= (o, B) roLpraop(6vrra6ueio
A\r5o0idvodl]|Lsio .4., ?poqLKri
nopdo.aot
qq s(x) = z,8sitrs d.r ro civoio 6lov rov onfEiov(.r,r) noDroonr:xouv
on6
ro P Ka1rnv .L 0ivo1n ?poprKrinqpdoloot praqouldpllortq fltq lopQriq
f(r)= ax'+ bx+ c
+22.(a) Acilf86rLto l'tpd,0r!oqq on6oraotqrou(c,
d)an6ro (x,mx)rivor
r'(,?]'+t)+r( 2nd 2 c )+ d l + c | .
Xprlortonorrijvroq ro np6pLrtro l-18 ?,o vo JlpoirE rov E)"dxroroan ouroiq
rouqopropois,6eiEr 6rLI o'r6oroortro'r(c,d) on6rrt ?poerl(rlmpdolsot ritq
/ ( x ) = n x s i v o rc n a l l y E + t .
BpirE qv qn6olaor 1ou (c, d) 0'16 flt 7poal{i nopdoiqol qq
f(x)= nx+ b lA,tdIE\ouflivrtv rpinrooTloro ldpoq(a).)
*23.(a) Xplorponor6wosro p60],rro22,SEiqr
6fl oLop,0poix'{ory'ro! SsizvouIs
oro:ri!0 318ivovrar0]16rlq
:/4]ra ll 'J2 'J2

66 Otpitrn
.ll
, v=
Vri+ V)-_y.
(b) Asiils6flrooivoio6).ovrov(r-y)ps(.{1i!'2)'(,ylr\,t)'=leirqrroi6r
= L
10oL,\oiooiof Iov (.r,y) yLuro ojToio.rJ
4. fpaeft;t MpaorioEti 67
IIAPAPTHMA.TIOAIKE':YNTETATMENE'
: qur6ro Keitdl.lllo.oriunEprap6ptlornv 6t1vvi] unripisfdvo 6va(rp6noqrtl oropri'
!o!rr oitpio 6r() sr n06o, ! (JII opLJr6v.:!tv npfly[r1rLK61!ra, undptoL,!noi;.oi
SroipoprrlKoi rp6nor,nolro ro0;vaq3I!rcu?Ei;vaSroaopslLK6 (orlollIo orrvlr&lpr6!o!'.
or ouvri0srq ouvrroy!6vg v6qolpEiou,l.o].or,!roL Koprsorovd( ol,lreroTffve!.on6rov
fdl.io la0ttnrLK6l(sLpLL6oo$o RenDescartes (1596-1650). o onoioi npdrroq rlorilott
rtv r&q rou olloritLoroqolvrEro4ilov. ts troilii n'prn16o',q,sit'dr n,o |Joi,l:6vrt
6Lod?oL,fE no],r{aqowrcroltLalrq,oi onoisqomlKovi(ovror oro:ji'ita l. tro ottLrio P
, ) " ^ o r ' v o ,t t o r l o o . otou ^ o I ' t \ 'o p l r l
o r r o l o r T o i L L r q t r o / , { i ,\o" r u 7 p i v " , , 0
r(,rvi1i6!ov O pdlprro P, (oLd rivqrI 70r!iopioii ro! op1(o!rio!{i(orror(oLrrl( tli]tioi
on6lo O oro P. Arifli r.ro\iu !'rpLirst'ir o' rloipsq. 'iIE oco{rivLd(K'qdid,o l5),oil,i(
KqrorLg6uonEprnr6osr( 3rv rivoLEs{doapoopLordvrt. fro nopd3011!o, irrrprbvra;ot
poipe;.olfeid orit 6cE1d n).6'rpd rou opr(ovrioridiovu lnop'i vo dtouvd: 0 rt 0 = 360.
Enn),lov.t d eivorlEli0rqaooaiq oro O. Eno[dvo_c, EilcLovfllK(Iiov(1anoriioo!!
KdnoLo oKrivano! 8Ldplrqr un6 rlv op1i, qv e ol]pe!o owroroLzoipeirs fovodLli6
(siloq (r d)os {{tot ortu'io trouteId(ouu'.
An6 fitv dl),I. 6vurdpjtsr{ovdvorpdBlr!o va ovflorortrioolrL ivrl lovadrK6or!sio
or l(d0leulog(r,9).MdL16ro, UnopoiloK6Uo KaLvo ovrLorolXriooul8 avu6rtlL8io oro (a
8) 6rov r> 0, oiBqovo fe ror rp6ro ror rroSeLxr[EroL oro rTiit,o 2. Erotdvoq.areL
ndworcv6l!o vo pr).d$ ?1oll.rodllEio UEnoll{iq 6lvrcro?trv0e(r, P),,od6!o Korflv
!trdp1ErKdtroro oodaslo610,rtL dtL ?ro(!rq noLrKdq o!vrro1t;v0q'4006\ro(or oiou.
Ei!'olaovsp6.on6ro txipa I (Kor10:ti!o 2) 6rL1()ort[siopr noirK6qourEr(7p6\'Eq
(r. d| lcr Kuprfo.uv:g o' v-rruTpivr.g r r.1 r no' 6ifor-u ,r-d.rg(]7'or ;
: r\oL rootlrcio! iol.ue! olvirdrrriv.(
: t r{(1.rioq! ro 611rio
!. noiLxa! i = .cosd.I= rsind.
Awrorp6aoq,ov iva ol[Eio 6)/EL K(prEoLflvd; (.r,,v).r6rs 01(onorsodi
ou\'rEraT!6ve;
norLan6nt no).r\i,o' \ u -otl:\ | , {r d) .\svo'oroir- ;
r- t rl'
rarq = y/x. t\ :t+ l).
Tripo,dolo 6rL / Eivarlra ol]vdprrtort. T6rE,#?ovrai io Tpri9qturit6 / 6 iioirx6q
ourrloTl6vq, evloor5uE rl oLiilo/ri o].ovrov oluriov P ts troiLKdc orlrErottiv8! (r, ,)
no! r{dvoro,o[vIt]v e6iooortr= /(d). MEdiio ).6?ra.ro ?p{iprptlrrtq f o' noirK6q
ol]vftro?rlvcr6i\,orro oulolo 6kDvrov ortrsiorvrLcnol,LK1j( ouvrruyuivE; (/(d). d).dE!
npdrorvo 6o0siLSroirspt papLirtra o1olETov6s6rLeopoip(ri]'t (/(u). P)!e !o /(0)
npdrro.o ovriosortnpoqro (ei'll (r. /(.r))orl o'r!tero!6vl.rpoqrnin(Ipdorootqq /:
Eiv(ranldrq06faouppdoos vs opEiror ro . oqvI np6rl noiLK,iolwero/pa!t {oLI ,
o0\r8irept.
H y p o , p r \rio p i o o a t , 1 , / a " t r o ; , { , ,o ' r , , o i p i L c , . ' L p , / p d q l ^' u' / u o r r ' t l
ypflqLKinopdoraorrlq eiioools r= /(9)'. r1o ndpdblr7rlo, oq lroodooLlse 6t | /
eivorlra oraeEpri 6u!dpi! 6! f (0) = a rta oJ.trd A. H rpdqrKinopdoroor]rt r sliooott;
r= ( sivoron).6sdvoq{iKloe ps Kav.poo 1(d,o,(Tivoa (txilo l). A!16 ro n(1pd6LlrL(
o{Lo}pdQri, tLKdriDrlo\r3poo$rt1p6no, ro t8lov6q6Ttor noirK;; oursra?pdvc;pdil,ov
an).ororoivro npdyjraro os nprnr6oLq no! nepLKl,ioL,v olpts!pia o( npoqritv opzrtO.
H lpflqLKrinapdoroolritq EEioootqr= d iEirlEraLoio trripo 4. H nqler{irpdrL}Lri
o v r . o r o L Z Ldi ]o, fq r L q , , , , i , d 0 . r v i 1 6 o ^ ' r o p . L t o
f ,.- u,-
8< 0.
Tdioq,osopsiols rrt lpuprKinapdoroort fltqsEiooorqr= cos9. To:xi[q 5(a)6i7vr
ro ripoq no! ovrlorolji'i oro 0 < d < 90,[pd os !oipq].To txipa 5(b)SsixvEL ro !6poq
nouo!'rrorolrci61090< d < 180(8dr r < 0).Mnopsirsvo El.a?iIs 6fl DE!npoori0'\'rrlr
v6oortleiaov d > 180i d < 0. EivorciKoio va nEpL?pd\ioup tradoio'
rrtv i6raTpaqLKri
68 @epiAn
I
I
I
i
I
/i
,iw5
ttita I
ortIs rr( KoproravdEouvrro}!6vc(rov orlNi(Dv.
Eq 6oovor m),rKd6
olvrlc1tdvq
roD
fl Xoior,olfiou rouypor0itoro(rrovonoroivnl.
. r= cosd,
I = rcosg,
or Koprorovaqouwrro-rudvq
ro'r rKavonorcrlv
rnv Eiooorl
x:+i=x
riirLo (np6pl,rltd3-16).(Avtrorp6grog,
rloroiq nrprypder;vov eivcrler<doapo
6rr,erivot
Kop1EoLav6q su}1erqlpdvoetv6golleiou rKovororo6v qv.{r + f = x,16tqur6ppioK-
ror ndvosro ypdqllo 1!( Eiooslgr= cosd).
NPOBAHMATA
l. Av 6[0 orl]Eio6louvnohKdgoDtrelo?livE(i , 4 ) Kor(4 , 4 ), 6EiEi
6iLI o,6ora6rl
d leroqi rouq6iv1or orrdq otdort
d1= \1 + 41 - 2rt4cos(ot - q\.
Ilord I l8ol8rprKrirng olpooioi
2. Ilprtpriryr10 l6vrKiilqpoxnlprorrxdqq tpoqrrllc nopdoroolqqq / o0 rohxdg
ouwErqylavq, qv
(i) rl / ivardpflo.
(ii) rl / .ivor reprrlri.
(iii) /(d) = /(d + 180)(or uoipc).
3. tt6rdo1etreTpoglrdempasrdsaqrov mo KdroErodroeov:
(i) r= asin9.
(ii) r= asec9.(Yn66rqrlr Eivorro),rian).i.,
(iii) r= cos2r,Kd,rl rirrl
(iY) r= cos3r.
1v; r= lcos2dl.
(vi) r= lcos30l.
1. Bprrie clroioere yro fl6 Koprcsrovdg ouvrrrolF;vecrov onfEi(,)vt0rv lpo0rK6v
ncpcordoeo:v (i),(ii) xcr (iii) rou l]poplriloros 3.
4. fpuEx$ rapaodoe4 69
5. (a) xls6dor rq 1paelrll nopdo.acrl roDrdpdlott,oit r: | - sine.

(b) AEiEre6n dDni atrotl,Eietriq Kal qv lpoqrrcrirapdotool TrlE
r= I - sind.
(c) Ae(te dn pnopaiva neptlpcAeiat6 qv eliooorl
t+f:\FT7-v
xcr or:pnepdvecrlcrpopsi rnicng lo 1tprlpogsiror ffI6 nlv Elooorl
("+f+Y\t=i'+f
6. tXe8dorErq tpaelKrapa6rdo6 !ov etopivov4rodroEov:
(i) r=l-0,5sin0.
(n) r=l-2sind.
(iii) r= 2 + cosd.
7. (a) trE6rdo rn lpoetni ropda.a('l lou l4l'{oro,
l:2atcas20.
O) Bpeirpia Eioo6! tro fl! Kopronvt{ tou aDwIo$rsvg.
(c) Aifts ifl tlur I oDll'oti 6lov lov onFiov P roD llllpatog 6 noD.rctrvo-
ltolodvq ol6orl 44 = d':.
(d) qpoano0eiqrs.vapowC\rErs10 olila rov KapirDl6v.ov oroiov ra 6nPidP
txor.ororofv qv effoool d 4= b, 61lrlvb ) a' rct 6rw b 1 u'z.
KEOAAAIO OPIA
H 6v!,oroxouopio'Jei!,qroroodinolErl mo oltovrLKri,KoriooqI ]I1o8DoKoho ()16-

{}.rtporov AneLpoon{6 Ao-rrof6.Xr61oqouroi ro! KsQo?,aiouEivoro oprot6qrov opiov,
0a qcxr|rioo'rtL
6prDSt1o lLu ax6soqopiir' 6vov60r(1100rr{6 opLop6oDr6'iou ea opi-
ooule,8cvcivorrt ).dqrt(6plo' o).).drt iworo lLosouvdprtotqnoL,rsivLo KdnoLo6pro.
H suv{ip'rror/ reivsLoro 6proI Kovrdoro a,ovtnopoipvflaapoD}'0

ro /(-{) 600Kovrd
8dl,oupe
oto I orcurlwcg ro ,rvo EivoL
opKerdxovrdoro, olld 6XLioo pEro, d.
An6 IlC;81oDvapr{orqno! olrSldoaFsoro lrrifo l, !6vo oLnp61'ErprEl5ivouvoro
I xovri 6r() d. apaqpiors611,av Korlog(d) 6cvopi(srdr,,.orro,l(a) Eilsropropdvo
(pl.d0oqrp6roD,ral6rxfll rd),r 61l rt g {o1n I rivolv oro / xo\rli oro o. Aur6 lLori,
orov oprop6paq,onoKlioop pTlrdrrlv ovd?Krt vo sq6fioo'r!' rrtv rlri rnSo',vdpntorlc
o1o a qpKEiro /(.r) va sivurKovrdoro I rLo x xovrd oro d, al,ld 6tt ioo le n a.
yLaqv ruri /(a), oLheKoveEroursro spdrrrtpa
Arldrs, lsv s!6rdesp6JroorE ov ro /(a)
opiqsror.
jr
txitld 1
'Evoq 'ô vo on',{ovioouf rov ,oxuproF66r, rt rEivLoro / Kovrdoro

|]ol.L{6trp6,ror /
a, nopdt.oLan6 lLo !d0o6o olcSiaartqol'vopflioov nou 6evovaqdp0rtK'oro Krad],aLo
4. :rjtaovo r' auri rr t;0o3o, (rDlpaaiqou!06rjosuoeiq, nol] Ka0errdnoprordvorro R. }t0
P6].r on6;vo orl!0io.x rrq fLos, oro f(x) rrts dl).rts. Iro tlito 2 6ivo!!LErro rdrolo
ErK6va-t103io SlaaopEflKdC 6uvuprrtosE.
Aq eeopioouFgrdJpo|ro oL,uiprlort / nol, rt lpoa,Ki rnq napdoraortlord(er t' ourriv
oro :xril'o 3. Aq uno0;oourrorL (rrdF ro /(x) vo opioKr.ol xovrd oro l, aCron$ rdoa
oro ovorlr6 6L{ior ro, nou dtoure ox8rdor610:ripo 3. Aur6 s_Eaoaol,iqEror flv
5. Opu 7!
oeopioou![6vo rouqoproloJqr oro6rdolruqA rou t:tiparoq 3.(l'qur610 6rdTpstlo

6Ld),iEote ro le1q),frpo6rd6tltio nou5o!),i0r'0o InopoiootEawi yL' qur6vo 5loi,6-
EoL'tonoro8ri,!or fLKp6t0po Etdorntanounspdi(srro a.) Av 6ro),6toujrc
dvalLKp6ftpo
8rdolrtpqr'(tlrigo 4) 0o,rpamL,oD\algoe, vo 8rqld(oru6vapr(p6rpoA', q d 600
p((p6 l(r av ndpolpem ovor:f6 6rdo{rlfqr, !no1l01ar 6n rdvro 0o L'ndpXLxdroro
ovol1166LdmlpoA noueo6orrlEir.
Mro mp6fora onrlx{ epttr,iosivdr8uvtrniIe pdol q lpaerxri nopdolool qq /,
d,id o' ouriv rlv napriorol to 6rdoqFo, ,rpirl va qe6rc6ri dlo\, (oroK6puqo
dlova,roLro oivoio A orovopr(6vnoriiovo.To 7qov6q6rLro /(,t) ovircLoro r6ruv
10I ivoLoro A , orlpcivar6ir to p6poq 1rtqTpa9rxiqfiapdoroonqrou ppior<.rdr
ndv{0an6
10A nt pLd1Erqr oro 't0rpio ro! nspLKlEiroLon6rLqoprq6vnqueEiEqnouncpvdve an6ro
:101 L d(pc ro! 8-ou?rpivrr10lrlpo 5(a)6'10!dloupc3ra)disLxordl),I),o6rdorlld A, !e ro
( b ) / ( r ) =x ' o7rilq 5(b),6no! ro A ivornol6 lelilo.
fro va qop!6oouU rov oplot6 toe or rdnolo orr?KKpLfdq ouvdpllorl.qq ndpoulE
rnv /(i) = rsin i/r (tt'igo qe
6). nap' 6Lo 'Toun oul,Tepreopd f xovrd olo 0 ivqr
oi),6roq, ivorqqvp6,tou)dlorov 6uro0rlnxd,6rr rl / .ei\,loro 0 xov(i oro 0 '.or
piporser,ri(oup 6n o opr6p6qpqq0a paqnrpdvcrvq erdooutEoro i6roor'tripoofa.
lIlv rpillIoot tro! eltd(oujr8, 1600ro a 660KoLro l roDopLotoisivor0, dponpooro-
oo[Jrcvu 60[!6 ov ro /(x) = xsii l/x propi vd dp0eL 6oo od],ouleKovrdoro 0 ov
anqrflisori!,ro r vq ivorop(TdKovrdoTo0, o).id t 0. flo vo livouFnto oull({p1Fd-
vor.oEl]ro0dooulr
611odloursro xsinl/.x6e0,T60100!
ro noii 0116lo0. A!16orlpoiver
m
6Tr0diorus
-,0f."'i"f.*'
I
1,,ro o!'vonrlrd,xsinl/xl < t0- Aur616pq
cildrEixo).o.
AQoi
sin- < l, yrqxdoci + 0,

,Xor.'g
l"'r"! | i l . r l . 7 t q* d O .c{1 0 .
A!,16otloiver 6rLov lr I ( ror x* 0,r6relxslnll<rl.p'ariolo.7lo.ro.rsint/.x

' rl
ondxer),ry6repocr6l un ro 0 opKei ro x voardXeL
LLt6rspoon6 on' ro 0, Korx * 0.
k)
tz4pa6
5.'OPtu 77
-_ZK- esoprioorip
drai6Eap
f6vo touqapLopoiq
ro ps?oirjrepo
x oxoS,dorrtluA roulTiuoroq 3 (I ou1610iLdlpo[la
8Ldortpqnoll SoulsiEreo pnopol)ootLc ovri 7r' oD16vo 61oft-
--.-.,,//\\\ EoripE onorolinorslLtKp6rpo 6rdorlFonollrpLdlsr10 d.) Av 6roiiEoupE ivo pwp6r0po
..--r,'// \\\ 6rdoilpo3'(:tripo 4) es npinn,6uvieoq, ivn
vo bra).iou|r8 frKp6lEpo,4'. oild 60()
prKp6{r ov ftipouBEro olorXroir{iornta B, rrori0etc[ 61t ndwo eo tlndpx3l Kdnoro
( a l/ ( r ) = . ovoLrr68rdorrtpaA noueo 6oul'ir.
Mro rapororaorrrKi sprnt!'ciasivot SuvoIliFs l]dolt rrl TpaqrK{napdoruotl.rlq /.
oi),{i o ourrivrnv nopdorool ro SrriofltpoB rpdn', v( otSraorEiorov KoloK6pugo
dlovq.{o, ro o[vo],oA orov op1(6utodqovs.To ]'/0!65 6rr ro /(x) ovri{'Loro 3 6rav
ro x eivororo ,4. olgciver6rr lo !ipoq flt( lpoqLKriq nqpdoroorl!rotr PpioKslor ndv0J (1116
ro ,4 nprfrroloro n(Dpio noutrprx].sitrolon6!rq opr(6vnsq el]eioq no! ncpvdv on6 ro
di(pqro! B o!7Kpivrerolrriuo 5(a)6noudxou[E510].6!0, Kor{ii}.rl).o
6rdoqpo A. f' ro
:10
(b)/lt = xl otrifo 5(b).6nouro A eivaLroii f''/riio.
flo vo Qapjr6ooups rov oprof6 Uflqoe Kdnoroou?KcKplldqouvdprlo'],oq ndpouls
rtv / (:{) = xsin l/J (txi}o 6). nup' 6l.0 roLirl dulrptaopdllq / Kolr{i oro 0 ival
al,ioxort, ivoLauvcp6.rouidtrorov 6ro,o0rtrrKd, 6rr I / rivLoro 0 {ovrd o1o0 xar
pdq
lli0oLoe).ri(oruodrLo opLo!6q ed laq srLrpfver va qrdool]ll8oro iStooufn6pqopu.
:qf repin.oortrou Eqsld(outs. 1i)60 1(ra 60l)Korro I rou oploloi eilcl 0. dponpoono-
eoUpE vo 6o!pr ov 10 /(x) = .rsin l/.( fropri va dp0EL 6(J0ofloll Kovtti oro 0 ov
onaLiriooL,ps ro x vo riral opdrdKovrd 0.oro o).ld + 0. fro vd TiloL,ftnLoot?KKprfi-
vol.uqunoOioolpe 6rLOalou[cro.rsinl/.roe on6orocnro rol't,.1c,I6ro 0.AL,i6o1lrivn
6r 0el,o!!E
fr<'s;l<r-1,
I
ri, no orvonn{d, l,ysinl/x < Aaoi
A!16 rtbposivaLElrKoto.
m
I
sin x + 0,
< l. a Kde
aUollLE
I I
xsin I < l.tl,7LtKdeEx+0
A!16orpoivr6Truv .r < I xnL:r+ o,rote ,r;;nI 4 ."l p' aLl'oro7ra,ro rsin 1/.r
a n d x s irr T o l e p oo n o o n ' r o 0 o p r s i 1 0 x v o a n i t s t ) . r l o r t p oa n 6 o n l o 0 , K q r , {+ 0
t0
t/ita 6
72 Oryilta
Acvu'rdpxcr tiflolu ro L6roircpo oror cpr0gri,l"rivor10i6roEixo).ovot|ooroalioouirE orr

l/{x) 0l<l a r l d r qq m r l d r v t ol(i i < I . , * 0 . I q v r p a Y l o r r r 6 r n raov.
Bipoqrororov8rlnorr 0errx6opropd, unopoifeva K'ivo'rtr0 ro I /(r) - 0 I < e aIl6q
q r l r 6 l r olfx l < , x * 0 .
fLorrt ouvdprnonf(r) = x?sinl/x (txito 7)pLd(ELoKdpqrro pavp66rLTl / ttvor
sro 0 Kovrdoto 0. Av,Tlo mpdEr1llo,0.oul8
1,"'"ll.m'
16rr oiyoupaapxEivo qnclrrlooup
l.rl<] rqr x+0, Turi on qut6 dnftor6fl
lx:|<,r-xcrenoprlx,:g
jl< t,',<fr<rl-.
,,,;"
tziw 7
(Oalnopo6oap0 vd nei]IougKdrrqK6paxq),irepo,xorvq snripd\yougs lx < l/VlO rcr

x + 0, dJd 6rv unripj(fl rdroro ouyr(.kpql6lTurio oro vq eipoor6600/vrar orKovoft|(6'
10por.) fvrKri.ov s > 0, Yravq 9sFarooofp 6tL
x ] s i n - l< e ,
ap(ivq ororrioouto 6rr

lxl<Korr#0,
apkivo ivorr = I . Av }1066o0siiva nouivorFsld,61poo,t6 | (eqptopoio, ov rol fl
(prrpd, e ivoroDfli noufa6 v6raedpouv), 16r6evoprci vo (ItiooulE Ix | ( e,oi'youpo
6poqopKsiva (trrlooups ]-{l < I, xar x + 0.
Eov rpiro ,rdpd6ctlFq, 0q rjipgu/ rrl or,vdptrlol /txt= r,li sin I/.{ {LIriFa 8}.
npo{eLlivorvo xrivoutlc ro IV|,rIsin I/r I < .lroporl! vo anornloovlr
lxl<e']xcr;r*0,
ave S l, rl lx I (t {il?sppaoaivsroror ooq}.
Ti),oq,oq eqrdooulE q duvdprtorl/(.x) = sin l/.x (trifo 9).fr' oufl1q ouvdpn]ort
,nta I 6evrolrirr 6r n f reiv.l oro 0 Kovrdoto 0. ADr6rso6uvqreipero vo ro6pe6116evro16er
5. Opn 73
ttitld 9
++ Io rdeeqpr0!6 > 0,.6rrfroporipvo Kdvou! ro /(,r) - 0 | < ,61oL6.rowoq ,{ opKrd

u,{pd l.or + 0. fra vfl ro a'ro66iEour6 our6,8sv;tow nspdvq ppo6r' avo > 0 }lo.o
onoion ouloriq l/{.r) 0 | < s vo prlv4aoaa?,i(sro1, 600pLKp6 xr ov onoll4ooLue vo
ro \ Korro r - uucx{ivcr6cv/ropoiucvu cruaon pipurot I
"i\fl, orr /rrr
I
600fr{p6 Krov qtrriooulcvo 0ir,o1 ro Ix | 7rqri,av A 0ivoronoro6inors61do1rt!o noD
rEpLdXr ro 0, L,ndplrK{inoroqopr0u6!x= li(90 + 360r) ,rouDpiox6rola' u!r6 ro
6LdorntaKor?roro onoio6,routs/(x) = L
To idrosrrr8iprro jrnopivq rploLponorreei{ttiso l0) tLs va SEiqour 611n / 6v
riveroE,rdvlvdlapre!6rovfli oro 0 fro va 36i6our's o116trprnsrvq ppo{p0,?roo,!o1o6i
rolerdrpu Soopdvo I, K{inolov opL0r6 > 0 r6rorov 6arsn l/(x) 1l<evdt4v1o1nel,
- |
rlooprpo ,,1or oncLrrloo, ti to F:vo, ,o .r H .n;\oli 6o,-ifl rrqonorovSirorc
opl8sdl 6rl),obri,
600prKp6Krav (rtrioou!6 vo eivcLro lx,6evrropoipevcelcoeai.i-
oouFE 61l l/(.{) I <- O l6lor sivoL, 6rr os Kdo5 iorruq,4 nounspratEr.o0,
\dnoror = I rsOI 160rro o,Toro8rdortFa.
L,rtipXU riro,ouou
J lx) = t'
x. = 1i(270+ 360,r)6' 0r,16ro 8rdorTlpo,
KuraK6!aKd,roro rdrolo6o1E
f6)= r.
A].loroirdorruuan6/- Fdlp,l i tScv,rnoo.i
voncpd/nxorro- i \or Tot. flooi:,)
ot'vo).,Kd
ro, t,iKoccivoru6voI opo5cvlnopoffc\u dXoL,!c
rl-l rrc.rcrrolpow
I tl'1,
onorcSinorsK10voivorro 1.
To qaLv6tvo roLrmprypdqL I /(x) = sin l/x Kovri oro 0 tropi vo sgqovroreip
nolto q rp6noD(.Av ocopriooup
rl odvdprtorl
0v r dppnros
/(rr {0.
I r. 0vx prlroq,
r6re,6roro
Krovivorro
a,I / 6evlrivr
oKovdlovcpr0u6
/ xovrdoroa. IlpdTlLctL,6ev
Otp ,n
F,roooiF ! or K { i v o
f c' r o f l x ) | < . r o o o K o v r { i K r u v o d p o l u e r o x o r o d . y r o t i o c
rdr dr{iolluq}npoon6ro o unriptouvoprolo(x p /(r) = 0, Ka06S xal or aproloi.r lr'
f l x ) = L o r 6 r c0 ot p E r o q d F o lo0r s / l < - \ s r r o r ' t 6 1 p o lvl o
-/l( o.
Mrc ev6rurpdpouoc rapc),),qyri qurir q( 6up,rpLqop'ig ropouoLd(lqr fE flt ouvdprlorl
ro! Pldnroro lrifa I ll
,, -, - J .r, ov r p1td6
/ '"' - t 0, ov .t rippqroq,
H oofrep,aopdquoi( 1116 oUvdprrorlq sivar(avriosflt' qn' o'rr4vrrlqs(x) = sin l/r:

ri\'roro 0 6rovro.x reiv$ oro 0. dlid 6vor,rK),ivsr o Kov;vavopr0!6d, ov o + 0. Mr
6.rr dlrr 6r,8ev0d npdn.rvq EuoKotreureir vq neioerrov Eour6osq 6rr auld ivqr
otri0ro.
Ie ovflSrqoro),ril131rq ouvopdosq no! s(srdooFsoq rdpq, nou im! pdi,l.o!
ra0oLofr(iq.0o 66rdoo![e rdpa Feplrdq q,T6IrEo,r],oiorpEE
orJvopriore.
Av /(r) = c, 16rn / rivroro c Kovr{ioToa,1 i rdoaprefda. Kor!{ii,rora,?ravo
riTl l/(r) - cl < 6v)tpuiqemr
0pal(lr0oip xqvvq ffpropiooufro.x xowd oro d rl
ou!liKnrKqvonolilor olj16tq1o (&illa l2).
tqv.Lqepd nopotr).oyri,60l(,]/ I ouvdpqol ,rouqoiveftr sro llita 13:
I( t. x<0
I. x>0.
Av a>0. 1616rl / reivfl oro I Kov(i oro a: 'rpaytaflKd,yro vo PsBoro0o'i! 6r'
lt{.{)- ll< , oi}oupoivqropKer6va orarrrioourelx- ol< a, oeoricr.rr6olpaivcr
6Tl
i o<r,
dpa f(r)=1. Otoro.o!, 6<0, r6i I f reivroro -l Kovrdoro 6: 1ro vq
6tr | /(x) - (- l) i < ,op,crivoqrlnioouFlr- bl<
ciuogcl.iooupe 6.T;Los,dnos
FropeireiKoi.dvo Eldylls.l / 6fl $ivr o Kovvovdpro|rti(ovrd sro 0.
H olvdprrlq /(x) = x slifisror eriro).o.
npoqov6qrl/ civr oro d xov(i dlo o: yro
vo popor{Dooip61l |/t.r)-a|<e sev;roupe naprivo (r1{ooupel.r al<e.
H ouvdprrlorl"f(x) = x' amrri Kdnoqnproo6rEpl 6oul0rd.fta vo Seiqoup6 6tl I /
reiveroro cl rovd oro a, ,rpd,isr
vo opo Fedvavrp6ro 1a vc elcogo).ioouge r1v
l-v:-a:l<e
H llopqlovroroirloil qoi\,otqrvq un6sl1ar'to)Jd: 061ou!
l.r al l.r+ol<c.
Ilpo0qvdqo napdyowaqlx + a iva1ould( lroD0a poeEl[lolplrioLnpopr.iporq.A16
rrlv d).1,r1
r).eupd,6svuldpXsr ).6Toevo Krivolpe10 |x + a | drcirepcpLxp6o1611orryti
no! 6q Ppoils f,{tno,oeljriTgo1o q rgdErou ]x f c ,0c e{pooreoe xo},66pd!o.frd
rapri6er]go, cv l-r+ol< 1,000,000rdr 6ev 0o IdvEL 'ropd vo o'rolfliooo!
lx - a l < : 1,000,000.
Etolevoq,yrov' qptiooull,oeqrlrrioouFrlv lr a l ( I (rdoe
d).i.oq01lx6q opr0!69,6roqopflr6q qn6rov l, 0q lcq e(urqpetoioero i6roxa].d).iooq
ou16vo lospqtiosrdtl to x 6eveivoLno).i!syd),o,Korenop6voq ijrr ro lr + a I lev eivat
nol! tLld).o.To |Ip60],Ipol-12{qr I !1600l ,rouKdvape nrondvo6Eilvouv6n
l . r l- l a l< l x - o l < t ,
rip0
lxl< t+ lai,
x+a < lxl{ a <2la +1.
5. Qpw 75
p6vorov np6o0Eronoproproto .{
Td)poxprflq6poors a <si(2 d + 1). M d}.}.o
o! l, o m;n{r.- I. rd!, lr, a L.

\ to +tl
oLrorrd, qrl6q ei (2ld | + l) ra prKp6
ro min(I,ei (2 a + l)) eaivoL .
AKprB6;ro i6Lordxvqopo0q65iifl 6n, sv /(.() = rr, r6reTt/ reiveroro arxovrdoro
a.IIpdTtqn,
0 \ ,l x - o l <
"*' '' "'t'"
r tfruirr ;D+t"t-i'
H on6detital,roi rou ro,{L,pLotoi 0o 6iEEr
ondnof npo6pxmr
olj16qo ropdEcvoq
nopo-
v o / o o - f qA r l r a l t . r o - " l r I al l. no;.v,,;
x l ) : a x ) . a ' ,< l . r r + a x +idl:

<(l+ d )r+ d (l+ a )+ 0ll
I x - d l . l x r+ d x + d l l
(l + al)l+ a (l + a )+ la l=8.
(r + a l ' + a l ( r+ l o ) + l d l
'Hpo
rt orlliri vo l]rTo?partioolFs 6ri o16 rrg roil6g (qnoSsiEL+, nou 56oops?ra
6Ldaopq 6pro.oirE fio 6svirov npallurlK'i and6',_El. To ld6os 5sv ppioKeraL orouq
ou).].o}loforlg pag,o),)doiov opLo!6poq.Av o 3oK1taoflK6c oplo!6etrol)66oqp7rart
oLvonLroq 't_ovovo'Ir6,c' rnr\piofr:.o SoKruoor.{Lj. Facop,oFo:/ra ro oprorivor
nol[ nsp,oo6rcpo rp0ir6(.Aur6qo oprof6q,onloforora,6vivarap{rrd oKpr0i(.rrovq
c ri cv o , , p t p f i' .o.
X o r l 6 , u o , r o ,on,ool nr o 6 r r L rA, r r r r r s r \ c o o ) o L , o o , p f c r ; c l r\oop\ L
/(x) Kovrdoro I (on6riro.sr, ov otroiver ro(Kov1d,)(onorr(ijwoq,lox va silrnlopKDrd
l(ovrdoro a(60()xovrdxLav unorior(L 6rLsir,orro iropxrd,rovrd).nopd rq Err{pioetq
oro\roprop6pqs.0onp6nE' vo q'oedvsorE (erni(ou!)6T1o, (ono6'i(6rED Aosrila! roL,Id-
rrolov opftrd ncrofl{dq.flo vo 6drool]F r(droLou rino! sn666(r, ovoTKooni{o}r' ortv
rpd(I vo nrvoriooup8 rov npd1!on{6opro!6.EivoL6uvqr6vva qrdoou!o ourdvrov
oprof6o6rdpopq ordSru,noulo Koedvova Srsu(p,viEL {dnoLuoooqi qpdot rou napori-
v01.Aq apXiooups, trq praoK6faqopd,I0 rov SoKrloofl{6oprotL6:
H ouvdprror / ouy{?,ivEr610oproI rovrd 6to {l, ov lropoirE va qdpoDtrr
ro f(x)
600l(ovrdoi?,ou[E
oro I a,rorrrirvroe
ro x vo sivolop{sri xovldoro,oD.{i6Xrioo tr
, r)r. l o l ir T oKr d \ o / o
H r p u l r r - n D ia r 0,rdvro\oprord.nrar\oontLrdoo',rLoll.rovo
a6poDrs ro /(x) Ko\rrdoro I ouoilErt'd kdvoupErol/(.r) I rrKp6.{o,6foLo}ruro r
H oLvflprtol / o,7K;ivL,o.,, of,o I \ov,o o-o a. ov urTopoiu,to {dvol,/rj-o

-
/(:r) ll 600 prKp60t ours ororr6r,rqs10 .r - a I vo ivorap{rd ![Kp6.I.or
H 6cLi-fpl.rTroo' otaorL\ri.o).).nyiiror t0 otuLrdooulcdTr.ro \0 {o\orFr ro

l/(x)-/ (600prKp6 e6l"oL,!8,oTlpoi\,fl
va KdvoDp,t
rc f(x) 1l<E?la{dosr>0
ro! propivo loq 5o0Ei:
H ouvdprrtorl
/ ou1l(],iv6r
oro 6prol xovrdorod, l1\r]1ordosopre!6 > 0 pnopoDfs
va Kdvo!!to "fG) tl<' anurr6vroqro .r d vo EivorqpKrd!LKp6,Kor
76 Ot:p ,n
Yn{ipla (drL ro KoLV6 os 6iEqrq oro8ieLq yrq6pla nou6d'6or'.flo Kdecopr0f6 > 0

FpiKa[s K{inorov dilo eeflK6 opL0p6, oq noLipe o-,l1ti]v L3161rtro drL o!'x*d Kor
,r tll <,, 16r /(.{)-I < .rro r! olvdlll-q "f(x) = xsinl/x ([ o = 0, I = 0),o
dpLef6q r rlrovoKpLEi'q ro r ?la.rt! /(r) = V rlsinl/r,rlrcvelcve=l,Koriravlov
r > l I o 1 r 1 \ r / ( r ) = r r r i r o ! o ! 1 { p 6 r c p o e o n 6 r o u q l K o l a0 / (+2 l ) .f v l x dr,r o p i v a
Frt!'civoL{(1061,0! aovEp6n6q va Dpoits rov aprep6d-,7ra[oop6vo, alid ivoLrl
oL'vo{q r a | < 6 roL,s{apdqsr]1600rLKp6npdnL vo ivorro (qpxId,Frl(p6:
H ouvriptlol t ourKli\ro,6106proI xovrdoro d, ov 71addes > 0 Dn{ip,rEr Kdnoro
, t > 0 r i r o L o6 0 1 6 , 7 r K ad00 x, o! r al(d rcr x+s,r6rc lf(') ll<8.
A!r6c sivar tehxd o opL6rr6(nou 6a ',1o0srioo!p. Ou Kdvolpp6vo pro rrpLl46u]
alioTrt, orlN bvovroq6rr prTopoirsvo Kqpdoours ro ( l.{ a < 6 KaLx + a, iioorr
KoLd!orolo<x 0l<d'.
H ouriprtort / 6oTx,,ivsr
6106prolxovrd oro flov:?rilK{i0sE> 0 undprL
xdnoLot > 0
rlroro60r', rlo Kdos
x. ov0 < x d <6.rdro l/(x) ll<.
'Ao
A!r6q o oplolL6rrivur1600onto\'lrK6q(or!d,i,?orr o'16 KoLrfpu, pooi-
0o Kdvol,rr
(ro,1]' a!r6v) nou8Evirrs KurLd).ni6o vu npotrDprioErsrLondpo,ov 6Evrov Edper. Ev
ovdlKrt.anoornoiorerov. oov noinpalAur6,rouldiSorov,ivoL{o).irpoon6ro !,qrov
6rorun6vrE iovesopdvqo! ro (dversaur6.Eiooor8{orobr{oofdlor!d 6i!,0r8}.o\reoolrd-
veqcroleiierq.Mro xc).ridoKlo! oro vo 6iv3l' o0rori6orosclqcq,6i\,o1va omvoidple
6irq rLq<oro8cii0lr,y1a6plorou 8itoorrc oq16pa,Sivovraq rpoyronK6q anoSiqErqTra ro
Koedvu. Aur6 onorfti !o ?pdv6rEro\r ooor6 oprojr6ro[ rr ono8rxv'iEror, xar rinoro
'Orov
nopordvrD 6trt rl o),tEppr{ri8ou).ord dtLri6rt?iv'r. anodsrrvire6rLrt / drf
61,;K).n . oro / \o\'ruoro d. pc0a.uo,r- dfl ypflq.rrouordrq\ op\'tof ro, opLo.roi:
Av 6srivoru).riool0
6n
?raxdors>0 t]rdpta KrinoLo
r>0 r;ro1od)oIs.1lo
Kdos-x,ov 0< x d < r,
rdrE l(x) | <E,
rndptEt KdnanE> 0liroro drorrLu rdds, > 0, undplrr.iroro jr nourKovonoLsi

rr\'0< l;r a <da).ld67r tv l(t) tl<E.
'Eror,
1Lo!fl 6siioLu06rr n our{iprlort "f(x) = sin1/:r8svol]KiivLoro 0 Kovrdoro 0,
n a . p v 'o2, / L- , I ' " ' p ' - ' . ' o l , q r d 0 ,o . 0 ' r o p i , - d a o r o . r / c 0 l l ; - 0 r l o
aild ozL lsin 1/:{ 0 <t oD?xKpLtno, iva.xrlq lopariqli (90+ .160r),6nouro ,
sivoL1600!cld).od6r ti(90 + 160r)< d'.
f.'Jru,ro,pfl,rproo'!c-rtXprtotro' oprouoiro, opio ura(o' \dpr'lort(.{parlofl/.
rr't oL,vdprtortiroL,qoivsraLoro :rri!fl 14 6\,olvoor6 nopddsrTru,oLid on6 ro nlo
tA. o!.r0ppnro;.0\< |
"" '.'.-_ llq. o\\ pqovsiuTo.0.,{.t
(OUpr0irs6rLro p./q i.iysrarov{i7oyoov or p xflr q sivflroKdparor
nou6'v i.loL,v{olv6
6Lnrp6rr
GK16q ro! 1) Kor q > 0.)
fLo KdosflpL0l6a, fs 0 < a< l, I ouvdprrtort/ IiveLoro 0 aro n. flo !c ro
otodEiEo!pE.
rToipvortLrr')toioapr0!6 > 0. Eoro r avoqquorK6;opr0f6(r6oof7dLoq
60r'1ir<s nopalrporipE 6rLorf6! orqpLopoi x yluroli onoiousIt /(x) 0l<eo
propon6cru flv roXDI, rivaror:
5.'Opn 77
7 I o-ar r dpplro.;
'
11.'=? ^6/',"
-
lf if
I I 2 I 3 I 2 3 4 I n-l
7TT44t55s ; ,
(Av o o Eivqrptr6(. t61eo o 0o lropo$ot vq ivor6vqqon' ourofsrouqapr0torl(.)'Ooo
roiloi xr qv rivaLouro(ot opr0poi,ro r),tlOogroug0s EivoLonoo6ilnornnpoopdvo.
EnoEvoe,or'6).o!qouoiq tooEoproloiq, xdnoroecivaro rllor6orpoeolov o 6r]lo6ri,
n lp/q a l li.!.rot .Liqroro /ro K{inorop/q ovdlleoao' aDrorrqrors opr0FoiE.(Av o a
ouppaivr drE oopoilp6vorq rUCqlplq - a I
vo ivqravqqqr' quioi( rou! opr0poig,
lrq p/q 6d,iorpe oav6.frcd. cv 0 ( lx- al( d,
* a.) Aurivlnvlrrp6lcprl arr6oloorl
1613o.r 66vEivoravqq0n6iouq
lnl
1"
Kqrnopav3)qrl /(x) - 0 < roxler.Aur6 o!pr),tp6va rtv on66rql.nopoqpeiole
6n il rcpr?pqqriro! 66oqpeIo ro ,t tro! 6oulErlr1lo 6oop6voe sivor rslsiorq
rupKiq- Es!urdplrKov6vqE).6yoq roDvulcq rvc'j/Kd(slvq8dJooup dvavfljnoILaro d
oavouvdprl6rtrou r.
Epodrqoldvor pr rov oprqr6 !ot, ifqorr6po irorpor vo aro6ei6oulsro ip61o Foq
06p!pa:ivurno).im0d!6vadlrii6rturooaoer ro cnor6),eopc,xrin ror eivarcr6l.uto
quoro).olx6.Aur6ro 0e6p1poeivoLorrlv:rpoporrx6rtrq dvqq6),Uoqrouoprofoi loq:
ov 6evpnopoioolevo cro6oi6olp 1006prtjrq,
o oprop6q loq 0s riruvdj(prloroq.
aEoPHMrl Mra ouvdpllo! 6vlnopeiva ouyxtr ivrr o dio 8meoprrrx{i 6proKow(ioro

a. M ,io l61lq, av I / ou'/t(i,ivr
oro ./ xowd oro d, xur rt f owrl,ivfl oro rn rovrd
Ano^Ll:H Lrfldi our6 Eivorro rp'irrotoq ort;plro /ra Lodpra.civoro,tqpoirrttovo

prrqqp{ioorlrrflq uroodocr orlg$ovqFcrov oprot6.
Aqoi rl / ou-rk),ivsLoto I tovld sro a, Edpoulle 6Tl ?lo xd0e > 0 undp:(srxd,roroE
opr0f6q6r> 0 droroqdote,no <docx.
q ! 0 < l x - o l < 6 r ,r 6 r si / ( x ) 1 l < s .
:dpolus al(6!o,6rLogoi I / o!7Kl,iveroro mlcovrdoro a, ulldplrKriroro4 > 0ldroro
6orE,yLoKd0r..r.
qv0< x-d <4,16r /(.r) r, <e.
78 Oty,n
Eilocrs lroXpojrdvorvo Xplortonoricouusdio opretoie,4 KoL4, Irqri dnoro 6,r'poe

st?udror6ft ro 6 rou 6oul.0ir
6rov avoop16tr6
0o 6oL,l.ris1
Kor6rov d),lo. Ofoq, civoL
r6po ajKo).ovo ournepdvoDpe 6111taKd0ss > 0 l]rdptsl Kdroro6> 0 rdrorori'6r,tlo
Kde-x,
ov0< lx d <d,16I' l/(,Y) | <EKst f(x)-m <E
d = min(dr,A).
6tv dloulc napdva 6Lq).dEorip
fn vo oLol(),tp6qoup1lv qn656(I np6mrvs ppouls6vuouTKeKprtdvo
E> 0 7la ro
onoioor 6io ouveril(tg
/(x) / <exfil/(x)-.1r <E
vo rlv froponv va ,or[o']r,1ioror brlo,uv I +.?r. H Kordl),r],rtsnr]"orriu'io6LKviEra'
oro ttifo 15. Ay | + n, cI.61li m L> O, Fropoife. oov e, vo 6rcL6loupero
'Endr0r trI.apto,
r n | 2. 61t Kdrolo, > 0 raloro6orE,7LoKd00.r,
'
0v0< .Y d <r.ror- I{.Yr 1 - -'
)
.ln . l i-t ' l { 0 r '/tr ; ) - m r rl tr - : a,
p'tto!
-
rrrrxo(
tfird 15 Aur6olloivr6rL7Lq0 < x-a .,6i/aDW
1 t - n = l t - f ( x ) + f ( x ) - . n l < I f ( x ) l+ f ( x ) n
'?*?
1t n,
droro.I
o opL0r6qI orovonoioouyK].iver
r / Kovrdoro d oFpo).(rqrtllim /(x) Kordev
IropEinoravanoplordvL3[oSroQopErr(oiq
opretoiq.H ro6rlra
/G) = I
11T
drcl oKpLB6C
ro i6ro!6!10 !e rt apdor
rt r rlivc o-o 1 rovrdoro o.
Asvono{).Eieror ro EvbcX6fsvo
rl / va plv ou,K},ivsroro I Kovrdoro d, 1lo xo!,dvoI,
=
o,t{trI lim /(.{) I vo eivorlaveaop6q yLoKd06upr6u61. tuvieoq oxqpd(oufpro
-rroro\urdorootliyo\roc6r rolim I(x)5'v'napt',"
l{flpurrlpci6rc6Tlo KorvoripyLoq
o!ppolL0!69laq erodlL 6vonp600sro,
T3lioedojt0ro
yp{i}r!ox, rou Fnopo[f' vo ro dvrLKaloorriooDp
pr,,y,i onoLoSir()16
dllo?pdt]'onoL)
6vdI& i6rt spQuvlc.8i ra 6trBo),q
liTrt"t. liT'"r(0, lt! fa).

6l,06!r0o).i(ouvrovi6roq(prp6qopr0p6,nousqopr{iror on6rnv / Karro d, xor6'v dro,
rinoro vo KdvorrLrro x. ro r ri ror (ourd{oTpdppora orrlvnpotroflx6rlra 6v6uppo),i
'Evo
louv rinola ano).iroq). mo ioyL{6 orjlLpoloo irdv Kd oov lim /, o}.ld aur6qo
o!Ipo1,rol6g,rcp' o),1q ouwopiorou, ivsr16o0Elopyrolxdouortp66rorl ojr06dv
(uviq6evrpoondelosoopopdvd rov tpTlortrorouic. O ouppo),rop6q iim /(.y) ivoL
'/lori
nol,i nrorprio4roE rro ou\rdpfitort
/ our(vd6evalLKd,!o
rooJI166vorro,oK6!oKLov
eq pnopoooUEvo oKApdoout8 ro /(x) U dvovon],6rino roDvd npf1rro x. 'EroL,.ro
5. Opn 79
lim (:rr+ sin,

l]ir,rnopo'
o- \o nopa.opnorr
i ;oro 1.,.qvcSrLrc ir,ppoorl
=
lin f ,6tro',/(.{) x- + sinx.
'Evo
dtio nt"Eovdxrltro
rou KaerEpopdvou ou[Po).lofoifdq unoSErKvior]v
oLsKQpdosq
rm\ L
lim\J
H rpdrl olr{riverIov ap,0f6orovoroio outK}.ivr
r't/ xovrdolo a, 6rav
=
,f(,{) x + rr 71aKdor
r SsirptoruaivEL
rov ap1016orovonoioouyKiivrrt f Kovrdoro a, 6rov
/(r) : :r+ rr, rLd{deo/.
(c,61{dov oruFou}.'urEirs
dv0a npamlvfl o'rvaqoEre 6uoKoi.i0q ro os6pltq 2) oro vo
orodeiiEi6rr
limx+t'=d+r',
lim.r+tr=x+ar.
AL,rdrd ropdlEirllordl,noTpofpi(oL,!ro poorK6n).ovaKrrpa ro! ouppo),Lolol
foE,nol]
'ivar rt (ru).uyloiaD
rou.Kor rdiLoro.o oufBoiLor6qlim /(x) 'ivor1600uiLlTLoroq
nou
!ndp16rKdnoLoiKivil,voqvo Ectrioo'rrL rL or'o].i6eLa olfoiver No pro criri dox1o1
trdvororrl rpriot suroi roL,o,,!PoiLotoi,noL,l]a sivurnoii onlovrLKriop'ydropojrp6ro
, pu tvtio r 0rprp;,.Ko t-r d srooLi:rL rrr rodrlroru\ rKApdoLUv
lim/(x) {l11 lim f(d + ,).
'Evo (laLspd)vsroL
or}Lovrr'(6r,po! ouoLlrou i(eqaLdiou orrtvor6S8rirt6v6q0oprirLoroq
nou0a poq61'L,Ko1,nv0r oro vo Ppio{ollL86ldaopo6pu. H on66erEn DaoiEror oe Kdnorsq
r&6rrtrsqr(DvovLoorlirovxaLrov anoi[roJ!rw6v, nouE'v rpo{o}.orivxqprd6Kn}"rlr]os
(dnoLovro,, |L3).irtosrov oprop6iou opiori.Av Kflratjrdro ororxindrol]vi 8rt8LdtunoeEi
ora npopLilo1o i-20. l-21, KoLl-22.i67o rls o}uaoioqrouq0u nupouoluoroiv71o
d],ir lra aopd u rrt loprli svdqf.i[paroq (hlFfo Eivo,6voFon0r]rrK6 esdrpllo,6va
onol6i8ofo nou8LKaroioy8i rtv JnapEirou, t6rc jtdprtorov l6rovrop6],onoDnoi(L
ollv fln63Elhs\,6qdi).oueEopriloroq). To risra iJil,ndv0r-xdro,6Tl o\rro.r eivor(ovrd
oro .r0,K(!rro I eivsLKov(i o1oy0,16rcro r + I 0o BpioKsroL xotii oro x. + _r,0,
ro ry
{ovrd oro xo-hKaLro l/y Kovrdoro 11I0.Mnopoi{uvri( noii nroc!i{o)"ovo et)pdroL ouri
rl 6roLootrLKi iL(ldnoort nflpdrrq rrKpLBsi(sKrlfulorq rou )"iproroq,Kor66vq rirov
ropdlo1o!fl 6ropdor npdrrarIv an66etl rou Ocopri$aroq 2.tLavq 6irr6q ol(prp0i_c
xplorponoLoivrrlr ou#c oL EKflprioELq.
(l)Av
t,' I <i*,"-* <;.
l ( x+ _ v ) ( \ + y , ) < s .
(2)Av
' ", <';"(r,---i )*,r-,n,.rX *r,

80 Oep6),ra
r6rs
)ry- wJ<".
(3)Av/o + 0 Kor
tr i,L<.r"($,-!11),
161/+ 0 xar
Ir l1
l' Y
--- <E.
Yx'
( l ) l ( x + / ) - ( d + y o ) l =l ( .-x. r ) + C -v. / t
< tx x,t+ b- Ntcit i-".
(2)Aqoi lr-.xo|< I6IoDp
l"l 1,.<1" ", <r,
lxl<l+ |{l.
l,y - *oyol
= xlr- +lo?-xa)
< l " l l r - y ' l + l y , l .r , , , o r
<1 - r^t). ---j--- ' " ---j-
" ' 2 ( 1 . |{ .r1) tv"t. 2 ( l y o lr+l
.trt=".
(3) 'Etour
lnl- 'v <lt ,,1<tYol
dpc lyl > ly,l/2. l6u6tepc,y* 0,rcr

t -2
-
lyl ly,i
tt - 2 r
tt
'y ya'
) h r l -_ _._ e l2y , l ' -..I
lyl. iy, ly,l ly,l
r Av lim/(.x) =./ xor lirn g(.x)= o, r6rc
oropHMr
(l) lim(/+s)(x)=/+rr'
@ Yla'd/lt= t'n'
AK6ro,ov ,r + 0, rdre
(3)gH(")=;
5. Opra 8l
AloaErlH H un60sorlonFatvt6tt Io (d0 e > ODttdplouvtr , 4 > 0, r6ton 6oiE, llo

rdosx,
dv0< lx- ol < rr,t6telt(x)- /l <3,
m r c v 0 ( l . r - a l ( 6 , , t d t cl 8 ( x-) n l < 6 .
ADr6 oflraiv6t (aQotj,oapri[, rcr o /2 ivor esnKdf ap$F6g) 6'!t u,rdnoDv 4' 6t>0
tdrcta 6orE,lta rdee r,
o v o (l r - a l ( d r , t d V
t eA r -l < + ,
r c r c v O ( l , r - c l ( 6 , ,t o t el g ( . x ) - a l < ;
T6pcoeroqre t=min (rr, t1),Av 0< lr- dl < 6, t6terl 0< lx- al(dr rat I
0 < lr - r | < t1 toxfoDv
rat ot&ro,dpaot
ll(,1- | <; r c Ll g ( ' ) - r a | < ;
roliouv xal or 66o. ALl'd cnd to g:poq (l) too AiFFaroq ou16 orllaiv8r 6ir
lU + gxx)- (.1+ 1')| < s.Aui6ono6srxuJs1
ro (l),
frc vo arlobiEoulstp (A pfs(6Fas!6 6[ora, dgot ftp6to ooFpoDll)todl6ro Fdpoq(2)
rou Arltrlratof. Av s > 0, Dttdploovtr, 6, > 0.lrold 6or, ?ta rdo.I,
uvo< lr- dl< 4,d("'t,",- l1<'ltr(r,7i;?!'

x a r a v o < l . x - d l < 4 , 1 6 r lg(-r)-nl<-----!--'
ndl,r errow, = trlin(dr,4). Av 0 < lx- cl ( 6,r6te
l1<'i"(r,7:r1*J rcrls(.x)-a
;t1"1- l<---+-
'Apo,ar6 ro Aitrpa, ' (x) - .l ' ,D < c,tot av!6a,ro6axvfer
ro (2).
lof !|) |
av E> 0 D,tdplr61lqt > 0 rEloro6fiq tto rd0Ex,
T6?roe,
ovo<lr- al( 6,r6teIsi")-nl<'t"(9 '-91#)'

Atrld o[Faovo I ro NpoE(3)rou Aill|loroq, aDt6onfolvel, tipd]ra,61l g(x) + 0, dpo 6fl
ro (l /gxx) Et! 6wo0, Krdrerra 6Tr
l$ar-il.'.
Aud oro&rrvir ro (3). I
l'Ipqrptlr, l(&r oav ro

Xplorloror6woe ro O6prlld 2Inopofp vo o,ro6ltoo|rE,
.. t' I tx' d"r td'
_lEl'
iril,rr .
an6qv srhovrl 6u6rraoicva ppoipdlu 6, }a 6oop6vo
Iop{CvaipiiooD|rs .np6nfl!u
opllooqre! m
82 Otp ,n
=
lllr t
l'+"=
".
olld qurd sivurEiKotr"o
v' uro6rX0orjv
omuosioE. Av 6FoEdilouirEva Ppoitrcro d. n
on66retrouOopriFaroq2 poq8ivL
ltlouvra?i yrovo roxdvoupe.AqDnoe6ooD[e, 1lovo
fliporgcdvod .oLlorsponopdScrylo,
6rred),o!psva ppolgcdvq,rfroro6ors, yroxd0ex,
ov0< l.r al (d,16rolx':+x-(a'1+a)l<e.
tDuDoulu{tlte!01 rrtv on66Lr
roL,OEopriruroq
2(l), 0t;roufs 6n npanr
np6ravo Fpol-
tE rt KoLdl > 0 rftoro 6orE,]Loxd0s-{,
L
ovO l r - o z 5 , . , 5 , "t , ' o 1.
K a ra v O <l x - a l < d : , " * " .+

",
r3r\rlim x:= alxor Iim x = d , Edpouir
Aaoi irorlpri6r 660rsnoisiqELq r6q vo ro
';'
Krivou[6't"l
0ur6:
I
, --f-l
minll. I
\ 2 (l d l l)/
'EroL,
vo rripou!
tLroponFe
Ite\\
ttitl
6 - m i n r 6J,'. i - m i n l m i n- l r : l.'1.
\ \2rlol.r)/ 2/
Av a + 0, lropofr vo rplorFonor{oor]p tla vo ppoLltgdvo
rrviSla pd0o6o d> 0rdrolo
6orE,yLqxdeex, .
'vo< x-a <r,.6.,l+ + <s.

H qn65LEit
rouOopritaroq o! ppoipfvo d> 0
2(l)8silvr6nrlbefrEprtouveixr dnEror
rdroro6orE,yLdxdeEx,
o\0. ,r ot<6.roa 'i

t, -" r'""ii )
'Eror,
pnopo{Ievd ndpoul
/ '"(++)\
6= minlr, - _:---, 1
\ 2(a +l) I
Ororxd,propoipevc cnl.ouorenooute apKrdri.olrE nolinl.oxqeKepdoel( ro! 6, oqoi
np6r0rlc pporl$.
M1ortv,Kri).smofdpera oqvan66r4itrouorDpriporoq 2aEi(rKd'roroouEirtor. rLo
vq opLorci10lio /(x) 8Evivol,dnoeq6pouf, ova.rKoiovq opi(srarr/ oro a. oire sivoL
o!olraiovu opi(rolrt/o 6IoroorlpEiox+a.'Opoe,rpinrvourdprgrKdnoror>0
rdrorodrorsro /(x) vo opi(etorlto x nor rxcvorororlvr1v 0 < lx a < 6. ol.Idq rl
5.'Opn 83
@ v 0 < x - d < , t , r 6 r s/ ( x ) - . / l < D

6rvaiIxqv6vov6l!o, dqoi10oippolo/(x)6veoiI 6worolLoKdnoro.x. A! / Kor
g sivoL
6io ouvopflior(
1rorrqonoiEqo opLof6E iler 6worc, eivot vo
e$ro),o Eoife6tr
ro
i6Lo1oX66r{oL./ro1rE/ + g Kor/ g. A}.}.da!r6 60vivarKoL1600eovp6yLdrlv ltg,
oaoinl/g6[\,opi(sloLtroxf0g(x)=0.'Ofoe,dDr6sqaoad.f(rqrolrtvfl,rd6LqrtroU
ooprlroroq2(l).
Yndplouvqopiqnou0o 0dlopva tr)dF tro ro 6prooro onoioreivErn / oro d, ov
KsrSevun{ip;(fl,> 0 r6rorori'orrro t(.r) va opiqeror.rro610m x nourxovonoroivrnv
0 < l.r dl < t. fro nap.t66rtto, 0;Ioureva Erdooulle
llt oupnopr0opd l(l)v6io 6uvop-
flioeovno',aoivovro'oro tlifo 16,ov Kor6evopiqoyror 7ro opr0lloif
lrlcpdrpous on6a.
fla In ouvdprronrou tritoroc l6(a)ypdgoup
I'jr /G) = li lin/(x) = r.
(To oirpola or' oprolspd6rqpd(owo1: ro 6prorou /(x) Kq06q10 r rcivsroro a on6
ndvor)-
Al]rd1o(6pLoa,r6 rdvo' rpoaov6qoDv8dovmr ovd tlsla 6lvl6ropdvo6pro,i(oro
opro!6qpoLdqLro).1:lim /(x) = l ouoivfl 6fl?l0{d0 > 0 urdpXeL dvod> 0rdrolo
6src,1loKde x,
o v 0 < x - a < 4 1 6 r l " f ( x )- 1 < .
(H ouveiq (t0< .r - d < tD ivorrooS6valn! rrv (0 < l.r - a | < t xor x > dD.
(ro 6prs0'!6 rriroD(I1i9o 17)opi(owar6pou: lim /(r) = 1(ri = 1)onlloivr
li:n/(.r)
6rL1lo K{ioe > 0 unrip;(r
dvot> 0 rfrolo 60r,-rrordex,
qv0<d-.r<6,16r f(x) tl<8.
Mnoporl!l(d),).roro rt 0orptioorrr
6prqond ndvo Koru'r6 tr{iro,ar6po Kr av r /
opi(erarylq oprepo$!{qr lr{p6tepougroLpyo}.rirpouq 'Eror,
sn6 rov d. ?lo rI ouvdp-
rtoil / rou ttriporoq ll, 61ou!o
liT /(r) = I Korli{' /G) = l.
Eivarlro cri)Kol.ndoKrl6rt(np6p).!r'o29)vo 5sisr6611rolin/f.r)uldplrl ov Kd,f6vo o!
m lim /{ \ r Kurlim /(,{) r rdpxort KaLra 6io.Knrcito,ioa.
lov rouqoproro q Tovopiov 0]16ndvo Kor0]16Kdlo, noundpooovFdoooro Krir"vo
auoq p6qta, undpj(ouv
).cpoiaxcr ;ltopiE n dlJ,qnopa).1,o?dq
rtq dworoqro! opioDnou
0a AovoivtprioLpEq. tlo Koli),oro4 rolUpro iKole 6116rqvro x ivor!syd).d,16rro
sin l/xeivor rotad oto 0. Atr16g ou\aieoq
o ro-/tuptof6( TpdqElsr
hgsin l/x= 0.
ToontpoLolim /(x)6rqpd(torl(o dprolou/(x)xo06e ro,{ rivroroeD.i (lio06qroi!
'/ivc1m,ircrpo',|(srKde6pLortE
!op$'lq lim /(x) outvd )dyTor
dprooro drcrpo.I1o
Itipo 18 npr7pdqror lro levr(i npinr.oon 6rou lim t(x)= L Tunrrd,lir!f(r)= I
orlpoivcr6fl ylo Kdes > 0 urdpj(srdvuqapr0!6qNdroroe 66T./rq l(d6ex,
tlitq IE
84 @ey"n
sv.{> N,T6rE f(x)- tl<e.

H avol.oliaF6rov oproF6rov ouvleroFivovopiov'rpdravoivorqovpi:ev6rl ouvoiKrl
(0 < lx d < dDsKqpdqflroT1ov6(6Tlro x eivorKowdoro a, r ouveliKt(,x> ND
Kapd(aro ?Eyov6E 6rr ro x ivo!tryd?'o.
Aalpdloal),iyop6vo1p6voorq 6proqr6 rdvo Kor0?16 Kdr{o, yrori rl
Korsro drr8rpo,
yevrxi arloooeiardso qn6rouqopFto6EyivroreqvEpri ov xoraldprrov opro!6rov
ouvl0ropdvovopiov (ro! ivoLooiyKprlorno oilfovrrKd).noDlfe aor4olEfidvo 6'
ouro{rqrouqopropo$e 6ivovrororo llpopliporo, rol) n0p161ouvKor6liQopouedD,ouE
r$noDq opiovnoullprKdq aop;qivorlpiorpor.
T]POBHMATA
1. Bpirro 6pu ('Ol,o au10rd 6pro6rlovroLlsrd a,r6Kdrrorouqotry6pprKoiq
lraol!-
Fanopoiq, dn6 ro hdeopa uiprl tu! Oopisaroq 2 pepomeirs dn Edpetsno i
xploqro,mlo6vror o KdeErspirroorl, fI lrrir6IoEorov K6rova ro avoa6psre.)
(i) lima-r+
, . . . i,l m. - x ' - 8
(ll )
!'-R
(iii lim ---+
( r v , r r m-
,-! x y
lv) lima---l-
!'' x Y
'rC+h-'ta
(vi)
\ , !iq)
;-ji. h
2. Bpi ra eli( 6pr0l
(l) llm-
t - ,fi=j
(ii) lim:-------:-.:--:
.... ,. l- v4 l
rrrrr uT----l-.
3. t Kd0elldflr6 rrqer6levsneplnr6osq,Ppeir0dvad drorc 6010l/(.r) - /l < E,yLo

l(dex rou rKavonorei'rTlv0 < lr dl < d.
(i) f(x) = x", 1= a'.
I
(ii) /t.tt= - a=l.l=t
l
( i i i ) | ( x ) = x a+ - ' a = 1 , 1 =2 .
(iv) /(r) = ---1- , d = 0, / = 0.
(v) /(x) = \-hl, d=0,1=0.

(\it f@= \G,a=t,1=t.
'Opu
5. 85
4. flo Kooprdotr6flEouvoplioeLqoro I]p6phpo 4-17,l'rdar6'/tanoroiqopr0rofqd

ro oprolim /(r).
L,rdprL
5, (a) KdwEro i6Lo7la 61,8q nq oL,vqprriaole oro np6prlpc 4-19.
(b) To i6ronp6ol.nla,av lplorponolriooDue dmLpaEKo8LKd \unqionourorolli-
oe qlloioo en69.
louv os tLroohoiSo on60 o.!ti 11 alrrdqrou xoruliloLrv lrs
6. Ynoearouts 61ror oDvapriosq/ rar g ;xouvltv EriqL8ldrtlra:YLU KdoE 3 > 0 '(ar
?roKdox,
or0 lr 2 l r ! n { : I | " . T d T cI t ^ t 2 / t:.

\9 /
c v 0 < x - 2 1 ( e : , r 6 r el e ( x ) + l < e .
fro xd00 > 0 ppsircdva,> 0 rdtotod,or'.11o xd0e,{,
(i) uv0< Jr 2 I < d.r6rcI / (x)+ s(x) 6 <.
(ii) uv0< .r 2 <J.16T3/(r) s(r) 8 <.
tl
rr.:) ov(] r ) . o-,-or. . <r.
8LY) +
/lrl I
rnr ov0. lr 2l\ d,rorc , -- . .,.
8\\) z
?. Arlote rcprisnyta lLcq dljvdprrtarlq/ yLqllv onoio oaKo)"ouooq LoXUproI6qvu eildt

lafid'rivoE:A! l/(x) 1<s6norE0<lr l l l < o - . 1 6 1 ' l/(x) l l < i2
6 1 0 \ ,<0 l : { a l < t r 2 .
10lim[/(;r) + -q(x)]ri
8. G) Av 10lim/G) xarro lims(;r)6N trdplouv,iyoraL,vor{tv
ro lim /(x) s(x) v0 un'iplouvr
(b) Av m lim /G) tirdplst raLro liml/G) + 8(r)l undplr.rpimr \roundplrr.oL
ro lims(t;
G) Av io lim/(x)L,ndp1r,.d, u{ipxn. rnopsilolim[/(x) + s(.r)]
ro lims(x)aev
vo ondpl6r;
(d) Av ro lim /(x) Dndp1{KaLro lim /G) 8G) undplI,aneloL6rt lndplor Korro
lg8('')t
e. AnoSfi(rr.n lim/(.rr hm/(o h).(Atli L,vu.f,o rioKlontrnuli //Lrrooruqov
xold rnv opoto.rio.)
ax0rKoro),{ipEr
10.(a) AnodEihs6Il hI /(r) = I ov KoLp6vot v lry t /(x) ll=0 (île trp'ito
yLuriouro!o roi(upLof6q sivurrpoqcvriq8dJotrt rtd lto atloqpri ordicGn t
ro ntonolld rpoDlipolo noulrlrdvunoaeilnqnpan'Lvorq
aw6 ro {ca(i).oro,
tL uur6vto! tp6tro).
rLpLorsir
ro, Ano8li:I16fl lim /(r) - lim/r \ - a).
G) ArcsciEro6rLli{' /(t = lim/G')
(d) A6016r!o ropdSr.rlo 6no! ro lim/(x') !o udpXn, oild 10lim/(.{)6,r'
61rundplsrfvs.t>0 rdroLo
ll. Ynoedrol]lts 6('I f(x)=s{x)61ov0< x d <t
ArosihE6rLlin /G) = lqs(x). M til'Ia I6yLo,ro limf(x) eiupldrd' f6vo ondnq
Ilr;q rou /(;r).rrq ,{ {ovrd oro d oui(vdxapdqoup oultj ro 1'7ov6q),../ovlo!orL
rc 6pLacivcr (oo oqqpolorlo3roroosritror0
L6r6rrtro'. !a xpnorporo'ri63rt
"ro:rrxrj
ro .t'. ri xdrorod).),otpdfuo, ovri ?roro ,, oro! opropolov opiov)
12. (a) YnoefroDp 6T1/(x) < s(x) lLo Kdox. Aro6ei(te6n lim /(n) < lim8k).
86 Oep ,o
opri pdparova 'rrdploDvcurrirc 6pro.

(b) 6q gmpoiFvq xdvoupE
rrlv urdosonoo0ev6srptl;
(c) Av /(.i) < j(x) lra Kdos.x,
dnftravolKcorrKd
6n lim/(x) < timg(.y);
lJ. Yrooirovyc 6tr ftx)< gtxt< b\x)Ktt6 lim/(r) - timl,(,r). Aro6eittcrjrtro Lirr
urdprL
8(-x) ror 6Tl ling(r) = lim /(x) = limrG). Gdvr !u oriFd!)
'14. (a) Ano6ci61'&r ov L.$
/(.{)/.' = 1 xor b * 0, r6rElim /(bx)/x = b/. yn66t6r:
r ptavref (bx)| t = h[ f (bx)l bx].
(b) Tr ouppdiv( 0v b = 0;
(c) To dpo6 (a)fqq s,mrpdnr
vo 0poipro liqr(lin 2_x)/_x
dqv ouv{iprtoilrou lim
(sinx)/r. Bpiraldro 6prcI 6vavdl.},orp6no.
15. Ynol.oli61Ero e(rie6pu, ouvcpnioerror: oprosoi a = li{'Gin.{/r.
... .. sin2-{
... . ,. sindr
trrI rm--: --
. .. sin:2r
Ux, I'm-'
, sirr 2x
|v, j's --L
. .. l-cosx
(v) nm--
. .- .. rar'ztl2x
(vrj lrm--:-_'r-
tvlU llm--
sin(x+l))-sinx
(viii) iim
.. sin(.r:- tr
(uJ 0m -.
.. . . - { r ( +l s i n x l
txl lrm;-
t-o (x r srnrj.
_. .. _ , . , . / I tr
(xu lrm(-{' ll'srnl-, I
16.(a) Aro6si6r6Il, ov lftnfG) = /, r6t' lim l"f lG)= 11l.

(b) Ano6ri6rr dlL, ov lim f(x)=/ |(or limg(,r) = m, 16! lin max(/, g) (r)
= max(l, rn),l(oL6poruTlaronin.
(a) Ano8iqle
dtLro liml x 6evurdpter,6n),o6i.Eitrc6n 1roKd06aoLoud
/ n' ;tim
:i
l/x= 1 6vro:(i6r.
5. Opw 87
(b) Atro6ri(tdr lo liml i (.y- l)6evu prfl.

18. AnodEiqr 6n, ov lim /(x) = /. r6re undpj(er dvo(oprolrd(6> 0 xL6vqEopreu6!M
-
rdroror6srs l/(x)l<Msv0< l.r a | < 6. (TrsltaivsLou16oro oj(ipa) Yn6-
6 r h : f r a l i e i v o r o p K 0 1 6v r q n o 6 e i q o l f 6
r 1r l-l< /(xj<l+l \o.
0< x-d <d;
19. Aro6iEr 6n, ov /(x) = 0lLu x dppqro,Kor/(x) = I ru x plr6, 16rrolim/(.r)66v
uraplErTl0xqvr'od,
'20. Ano6eilrsdIr, dv -
/(x ) = x t(o r prlrd,xdr /(r) = ,r yLo.r dpplro.16rrro lim/(.x)
dr! Ur{ipzflov d 0. *
21. (a) AnodiEr 6I|, ov li]IlS(r)- 0, 16r.liq'cG) sin l/x = 0.
(b) rrv,xsior 10 'ropq'rdvoor Etrir:Av li+g(x ) = 0 lcorl})(.r)| < M .rrux'i0:{,
16rlims(x) ,''(.t)= 0. (OuoLKd 8evunriplrtr67orvq kdverero ftpoq (a) av
neDjlervc xdvtrcto p6poE OI orlv npoytatlt6lrlroI 6ror$r(0on ro! pEpoug
(b)tnop.i t,q10|(dwr0ul(ol61po 016 ro (a) - pu
or,fli6ivar ar6 rlq oper6(rrlg
lsvil(rrrotg.)
22. OrDpoiu.uroor v(iprlto'l/ tc rrlv ciric rSrdrIrtr:qv I .ivor Froor,voprlonyrorrlv
onoia'rolims(.r)6rvundpxI.r6reKorro limt/G) + s(.r)l6v',n'ipxe'.AnoiEiqrs6rr
ou16aulB(1i\'flor Kqr!6vo s.,!ro]nq flx) utit Gt.y 'rd6rEl: AlJ16oqv npo-rfar1K6-
rtro 6ivornoii i(oioi I !r60Eort6n ro lin /(-r) 6evurdp-tsr,o6lFi oFiooqo
dvriqoort.ov ndpetrrtv Kurdi),!).rlg.
'21. Aur6 10 np6Bi.nga riv0r 10 ov .olo rou IlpoFi,ifaroq22 o\, o\arrorooflioouleqv
f + g |rs / g. :' ouliv ntv npinrooil! xtrtliorool rivqrro).i no oivosrn,Korn
ov{iiloit onorrriqpKordp'i}'araio'rroi nouvdxvo',vtro dvoE|a(perlKri rpoK}.nrrK6
,rp60).!!a,o( 0rrXerpioouv tro ovqdprnrr ).lor).
(a) Ynoedroute d ro liqr,f(x) lndpr{ErKorsivsr * 0 Ano8siqr 6rr ov ro li+s(.r)
devudprEr. T6rcxoLro liqrf(.r) s(.{)6vundpXr.
(b) Ano8ilrro i6LoqtordlEotsqvliT /(x) = 6. (O o'(p'0riq
oprop6q
ourorirou
opio! AivsroL oro np6pirlpol?.)
(c) Anodsilrs6n, qv 6evrolir Kofr{isn a'rrdqr 16Eio oovoixrq,16rundfirplq
or,vriplror g drora dlorEro liqrs(x)vqrtv undprcr,o),ld ro liq'/(.r)s(.r) vs
undptEr.Ynd6srirl:EtrdorrjtoprordrrqEiq560nsprnr{i}oflq: (l) ho Kdnorc
> 0 dtolif l/{,{)l > Ey'o 610roopr(rifrKprir. (2)fro xdoe > 0, undp-
lorrvooodirole l'rxpd.r s /(.{) < .tqv 6sirspl mpi'rroorl,dpriors 6ro-
L i o v r o qx , r e l r , l < l i , K a r I f ( t t , ) < t i n .
t24. Yno8arolfr6rL,7LqKsg' n , A, Ei'rtriw nEnepaolivo qn6op(eponq
o0vo).o aro [0, I ],
Kur6n ro A, KurA, 60vdXouvKor\rd orolxeiuov r, * ,. opi(ouF0tra / oq liq:
.,._l tn. a!roro4,
/ (rr = i 0 ov I dcvovi{rLoro A, yroKoviva ,.
AnodiEr8drr lim/(:{) = 0llq Kdoea oro [0, l].
25. EetTiorETrorior q{6iou0oroprogoirou lim /(.r) = / iva jioL sosroi: frq Kdot
d-> 0 undp1r
dvo > 0rdroro6ors,7ra'(derx,
( i ) a ! 0 < l x - q l < . r 6 r ls/ ( . { ) - . / l < r .
( i i ) o v 0 < l x - d l < . r 6 1ls/ ( . { ) - 1 1< i t .
88 @ep,o
(iii) ov0 < lr - al < e,r6tel/(.{) 1l < 5r.

( i v ) c v 0 < l . r - a l ( e / l o , r 6 r Iet G ) 1 l < t .
'26, AriolE&po6Eirola o vo 6ei6ere oprouoirou lim /(x) = 1 6rv
6Tlor or6l.ou0or
(a) fLaxde
6 > 0rJftdp1er < l.x- al < t,r{trEI f(x) - 1l < c.
> odrorodrordv0
O) ru l(deee>0 !'rdpler6)0 tlroro 6orE av /(x)-/l<s, r6rc
o<lx-dl<r.
27. fLo KsoEtdqr6 fl6 oulapliorqsro np6ptrtlq 417 Fpiryrq roroiq apr0foi6o
undprouvrq rlL,prKd
6pralim /G) xoLlim tG).
*28. (a) Kdvrcro i8rcyLorrqouvoprlisrq rou npoB,,iporoqa-19.
(b) El8rdorca*6!a 1roulpoiverov japlouonorriooqr 6sKo0rKd
fdpl rou l,ilouv
o0 ovli yra8KadrKdldp! nou li, ouvo9.
29. Anosgihe6tLto lim/(.x) urdpxruv lia /k) = lin /G).
30. Ano8riErr6rr
(i) lim f(.r)= lim f(-x).
{ii) hm /( .r ) = lim /lx).
(iii) lim ftr') = lim f(x).
(AuriEor qro{ior(, xor {ii,lqoav Kr oDrdq,
ivorovoqr4 o Drd9ope splrtvir(.
Mnopivq ollqivouvor)d,C6n ra 6606plueivarioa ovunriptoDv ror tu 6io i 6 , ov
rdtroLoqr6 tu dio riprousipler, r6tEuf,dp1r
{qr ro du,o Korivqrioo ! qur6 ti6fl,
av onoro8itrolson6la 6606p1oD'rdpler,i6ft urdplErKoLro dD,ol(arivorioo p'
our6.Anoaooiors6voraqr x'i0aopd'roldEpfnveiaEivarI xord),l.rl),!.)
*31. Ynooalou!6tLlim
/(x) < lin! /(x). (Kdwe6vaolrius yrovq mprypdv.rourtiirlv
Kordorqsrl.)Aro6ei(161r u'dfir xdroro t> 0 rdrorod'ors fQt)< /(y) 6no.'
.r< a <, KoLlr - al ( d rcr ly- al ( d.lozrjer to cvriorporpor
*J2,Anobciqrrdfltolim{o,.r"+... i oi) (6r' - ...- 60i LndpXct
ovKoLF6voov,'nZr.
=
IIor6 slvqr10 dplo cv ft ,l Av rn > r; Yn66e(n: Tvo Ko).o6proivoLro lim
l/rl=0 Kdvt trin dtrlppo d,sr qur{ vq sivqr rl p6v!,r},rlpoQopiororl
Xpr0(o6ao1E.
33. Bpirru {ir 6pL0l
... .. .r f sinrx
{r, [m-
t-* )x1O
,... ._ , stnr
lln Im-'
'-*x +)
(iii) timr4r+ .r- x.
-. . .. xil + tin:.x)
llm-
tivl
r* (x.r srn.rr-
34. ArcdiEr6tlliq! /(l/x) =
Irg /(rI
35. Bpirra EiC6pro,oovqpfliosrIou opreloJa = lim(siLl)/-x-
(U tm---'
(ii) limlsin -i-

( '/1^,^ ao
36.opiore ro (lim /(.{) = 1D.

(a) Bpirs ro lim |ry" + ...+ or)l@nx'+ ...+ 4).
(b) Aro63ills611lin (r)=lnn
"f "f(-x).
lc) AnoSeitrE oTLLm f tl/xt=lirj, ftxt.
Opi(o'rpEro lim /(i) = vo otroivEr611,i,ldKdeNurdpxsr6vo, > 0 161010 60,
7ra Kdox, ov 0 < lx dl < ,, 16r /(x) > N. (Zo.rpo{pisr
Evqoj(rifa 'rouvo
rorpL'i(L!)
(a) AeiEtE 6tLiin Ii(x - 3)r = - .
(b) Ano6sitre6rL,qv /(x)>E>o ylo Kdosx, xor lim g(x)=0, 16rlim
f (x)ls(x)= *
38.k) opiorera lim.,fG)= -, = -, xqrlim/(x) = e. ('H rouldxrorov
l,+ "f(x)
nsioerro\, oL,r6ooq 6n o Fnoporloors vq ]pd\ierrouqopropo$qav 6sv
popr6oooTe. n6oa {fl,lo r;ron onlBo}.qtropsirs vo opissr,
O) AroSciErs6rr lim 11-r=-.
fc) AnoEciErc6n lim /i yr @.0v <0rldvo ov hm/11 ry - -
39.Bp6irs"rqsqrie6pro,6lovundpirouv.
r'+4t 1
(i) lim:, -.
(ii) lim x(l + sinr.{).

(iii) limxsin'x.
(iv) limx\in I
(') timr4t+ zx x.
(vD limx(vx+2 v.{).
'
.tt-)
(vii) l,ma
40. (a) Bpsirrlv nepil0rposv6EKovovLKo{ rr y6vouEyys-rpatrldvoD

oKiKl,ooKrivo(
r. Xptor[oJroliorrfirprtol os aftivrq yrq KdeErprTovolrrprKrioDvdpBlon
rou urrodplsror.
Ardvrtot: 2/rsin(,rilr]l).
O) nofi flprlnpooni('l 1 nepiperpoq cuni 6rcv ro, ]ivsraLr()).6JrTdloi
4 1 . Aqo ei1oloi6n orei).0r10(sitsvo orov sx56rl roDpr9l.iou,oK6Q0rlxou

dvovno),[
rrc onr6 rp6nova SEiEours 6fl limxr = d?xol linr'= o', ltopisvc nepriooupe cn6
6trorfl rtvdogarordpoyovro,;oilorte rol) Ksqo],oiou5. Aq uro06ooup, erii napo-
6iyl'or1?1o.tv rpd,rnLo6rnra6T1d > 0.AoedvroE6 > 0, onl6s 6rd.6youryrq, rov
., +t
/L{p6r-porov r[r'4 <c,a 1tr | c rpl;ê lx nFals): roTL r al<d
o w c n a i " rounr \ , 6 . - . \ <" \ d lc.6r).u3i.a '<i-o : ,'-" i<'.
".4
EDIlJt6qnou or npdrrq oeli8qEiXovriSno.a),eiKor6rv lnopoioapvo Kdvout
oDflivrrtvo}.),ofi,lLo Korr (an66LqrD Eivolevrs],6(soaol.l1dq.IIoi6ivorroLdSos;
KEOA AIO TYNEXEIEEYNAPTH>EI>
Av / s(varpu rllala oDvdpqol bEv1o10r

ovqfqorrKd6rr
= ,f(d).
l'{, t(x)
npqFafl, ro nopandvolropei vo jrrlv rotier yu rol,Loig LtyoL\. fu ropd&rylla, n /
tltopi va prtv opi(Ior rav 610 d, on6r o' duriv trtv npfuroot rl Biooot 6Evdtr
v6nto (Eripo l). Mnopi,rdh !r triN ondp1fl rc lim /(r) (tfiFa 2).Tel,oq,6no6eaivIar
oro tlilra 3,dx6Ftrl<lav I / opiq&ormo d rcr 1olim /(-r) udiflr, 10riprof,ropi va nv
tlita I
oivoLioo lrs /(d).
(a) (b) (c)
txitld 2
Oo 06),alc ru lopo*qpioorJFe aQiar|Cyll(do8 oupnprgopaau1o6lou rDirourar va

rrFtlooutE,I' ;vov rirlo q8veioq,rivqflE suvdpnioelerlou8cvropouotd(ouvrarclcq
L6rartcpdrrF!. O 6po6,rouCI yivrano6rr6q sitqr rcuvqiq). Aloweryrxd,FraoDvdp-
rtort / ivaloovIrlqov rl lpaQrKinlE nopddtaort6vrapouod(rldotord, d),Iuroi
orr6roFs( rol.ovr6orE. Av '(oroofli rl nrptfpaQiouvri0ogennpdner orov xcodvavc c:ro-
QovoEi yro ro av Iu ouvdprlol ivalouvE1riq, Korld(owcqonltiEtr1lpogrxriqq rcpd-
otasrl (gta trav6qro roo agiqa va ral]'lrpmol Kovt(),Inopiri<o},ava odll]ior o
'
nldv[ tr oDr6o axp0tiE oplofriCsivar roild onrawrK6q.
OPIIMOI
H ouvdprloq/ eivcrcuveliqoro acv

ttit'd 3 n'r'fEr=l(a).
Avurdp1fl {atld 6oo(o},iaorc }u ppoqrenol}d nopa8Eiruaroo!\rpnlocov noodvor,

ri 6veiva! auvrtiq o rdnolo orlpeioo - l(iioEfiapd6rruanoDEIa vd rdvr lre6pta I{iE
ropdlEr 6va nopd6 ypo 016 K6 F nl ouvdtero, ror ro Kspril,arc 5 Foq 6ivEl apKsfi
1610rc.
H olvdprilol /(r) = sinl/.x5vEivars!v6:(iq6100,Trari 6vopi(rorKovoro 0, Kar
ro i6rcrol$slIa q oDvdpqona(r) =.xsin l/x. Eqdl,l.ou,av 4(rKqvsieq 6rd0solvo
ouvaptrioeq gl
6. Zuveyeig
nKcivrrlv 8sirsprlon o!r6c ng ouvoprrio16,

nouoljroivr.qv 06).sL
vo opiorlro
xarvoipyloouvdprrlol6 !t
^ ( ^ s i nl / x . x * 0
urx)= s. ,{: 0.
I
rdr,I Klo-rriro'r a = C(0)lnopsi vo.rivfl pe1drorcrp6no,60rrl Cva ivqroovqiq
oro 0 ]ra va ro nflitoull aor6 Fropoilrt (ortv rpoytarlx6rlro ,rpi,rr)vo opiooutr
C(0)= 0 (I iFq 4).Alroi rousi8ooC it nixrdot 66vivsr8uvoTlt.r1ontv ov opioou$
t.
( sint/x. x+0
Fa)=I,, x=0
1618rt F6v0oivorouvIiqoro 0, ovEqdprnro an6to a, ylori ro lim /(x) 6svDndp1el.
H ouvriprrloTl
y
^ { .qvxpnfite
./rr,-l0.avxdppttoq
6r! sivor o0vslriq an a, nv a+0, daod ro lim /(r) 6v undp:(er..OfoE lim
/(x) = 0 =/(0). dpqI / ivorouvq(ico dvouxprg6qolfsio, m 0.
0r oovapn{oerq /(x) = c, g(x) = r Korl(x) = x, eivororJvtiq o Kdoongeioq
ereL6{
= = =r(d),
Irl: "f(x) liT c c
lims(r) = lin' r= d = s(a),
ti!i]ta 1 lim ,(r) = limr:= o: = b(a).
T6troe, qv ouvdprrlorl
aqosopiaoDlro
(0. ov xdppnrog
lt\t q. tv r= p/qKor(lD.gl - | 611..
p./qdvdluyo.
lt
X1oKeed),aro5 ono6Eiqas 6rr liil /(x) = 0 yrax'ioa. A9o 0 = /(d) f6vo 6rovo o
ivardppnloq,ouri I suvdplrtotilur oolrtric oro aov o o Eivardpplro6,dLld 6svivqr
ouvetiqovo divorprtr6(.
Eivololc6pqeuKol,6(po
va 66oouFe nopa6i7laro ouvdtaoe,ov ono6iqoul6 660add
0oopriFora.
oEnpHM^
| Av or /eivqL givorouvlsiqsro d, rdro
(l) I / + I iv0louv81riq
oro o.
12) n / gtivor or,vcliqoro d.
av g(d) + 0, r6rs
Eft,tLdov,
{3t rl I gcivorouvI'ieoro d.
{nodFr=H
Aqoi oL/l(or ScivorouvuXciqoro a
I'4 ,f(x)= f(a) K0r limsG)=s(d).
A,rdro O6pnpo2(l) tou Kqo).aiou
5, oDvend-/srqr
61r
--
llln(,f+c)(x) f(a)+e@)=\f+ d@L
rou eivorcrprpri4o roppro!6c 6rr I f + g EivorouvElriqoro a AqivorrtrLeono6i6.rg
iov (2)xor (3)sr ooq.I
:Krv(iltoqFflq ouvoplrioeri/(x) = cKor /(x) = x, ,rouivarouvs1ei(sro a,
Ia xdo
a, UropoiFvq tptortonorioouf0 ro Os6pntdI 71qvo ol]pnspdvout'ls6rLlLaouvdpllorl
q6lropeiq
92 Otpiln
b,t!"+ b^ .r' | | ... + 4

' ".
c.x'+ c. | .r' '+ ...+ ci
'/\l'_-_
rivqrouvs'tiEor xdoolleio ro! n6iouopLotoiqq. A).Ldeivarrro 66oxol.ovu rcnjtou-

qn'our6. 'Orov0olftdooulrylouvriprrlon
t '(dfl nproo6rpo qlirovoD Ir ),rto#-
psrsq,0o rivorajKol.ova ono6iioupe6rr I sin(r irovo)ivorouvj(iqoro a, rq Kdosd'
qE10 unoedooulE oro l14i6. Mnopoiprdlpqva qnoSEiioll86tt Kd0souvdp.Iol qe
!op0iq
sin .r f .r: * xtin -r
ivoLouvj(iqoxdosotloio roum6iouoprofo6rrlE.Al,trd6vipo6r oK6fooEoiot vq

ano8iEolp rI ouv{Xelopraeouvdpqote oav qv /(.x) = sin(xr)npoqqv6q tpraq6l10-
o1r 6vo06pTtpq yLoln oivooo! ouvl6voDvoprioov. Ilpiv !c olcrln6ooutsour6ro
ee6pl Fo,ot(fl vo ,Toparn
pioougro 6riqyrorov oprojrdrlq ouv6:(Eroq.Av jreroqpdoou-
w Trlvrqicoor Unl /r) =/{ororaraovo re Tovoprot6 rou opiou.nqipvoql[ 6rr
1o rdoee ) 0 undpler6) 0ldroLo6013,1rorcd&-r,

qvo < .x dl < d, 16rl/(.Y)-/(d) < E.
AD.d o' oDlrivrnv nspirrool 6rouro 6prorivoL/(d),rl apdorl
0< lx- dl<,
llnopeivo pIqrpdrionlv onl.ono1Epl
o'rvoirrl
l . x -d l < r ,
oaoi lla x = a ivoloiooroooor6 6fl Lf(r) -/(d) | < s.
oF.opHMA2 Av rt givoroL,vlriq
oro d, lcqiI/ eivarsuvslie o1o8(o),1619I/ " 8{vql
oL,v6liqoto d. (nopofilporil86fl onolroil8 it / vo eivalouvIig mo g(d), 6:(l
oro d.)
AnolErll| Eo(D > 0. Odloupevo pporigedva6 ) 0 l6roro 6dle tLq xdo-r,
a vl r - a l < r , r 6 r sl ( / . s ) { x ) - ( , f" s ) ( d )< ,
6rr., l/G(r))-/e(a)) | < .
Xprlorpofloroi}lrpdrrdTrl ouvdlrorrlq / tra vu KrrlrioouFe n6oo Kovr{irpdrLva
ppioKerorro s(x) oro s(d) 6ors vo rorrlrr ov66rrlrs.Aqo6n f tivor ouvexiqoro g(d),
undpttr
dvqd'> 0 r&oro 6ote ]la xrioe/,
(r) qv l/- s(o)| < t', r61eI f(!, fG@Dl<e.
E16LK6rp0,
ou166ntoivL6rL
(2) ov ls(x)- s(a)| < i;',16r' l/G(x)) /G(d))| < .
XpnorFonoroips r6pq rTlo!vd:(ro .rtq g yra vo sKnpioou!n6ooKovrd,rp6ner va ppi
oxmrro:r oro a ]to r(l rolir rl qvro6qrd lg(r) s(a) | < 6'. O opr0!6E6'ivordvaq
00tl'(6eopr0t6goov 6loue tol)! ritrloug06nt(oieoprotoiq: Enop,voqInopo$p\'o ndpoulle
ro d oovro E(l)orcv oprolrdqq suvatucrtgg oro o.Iupnopoivout 6rr undptfl, > 0
rdroLodrols,?lo Kd0s.x,
( 3 )a vl x - d l < r , r d l o l s ( . {- ) s ( d ) < d ' .
I!v6!d(o!1oq q (2)l<or(3)p),6ror-rpe
6rLno nioe-r,
cv lr - ol < d,t6tr l/G(x))- tG(d))| < .1
MnopodpE
drpova eropriooDlEuvdrll ouvdpllorl
^. I x s l nl / x . x + 0
.rt = l0 ,x=0.
6. ,uvqeiqouvaprtjoaq93
'Eto!$
i6t 'roporrtpi6el6.lI / rival olvs1riE6r()0. Mopr{;eeAopto?dc rov Os0rprd-
rov I KaL2, ro(i rerrtvouvfxslorrtesin,S6irvou!6fl ! / ivolouvcxricra, asKdo'a, !0
dl0. M,ropsi Koviq!o ovo?,io6rEiaoDe[Koio ouvflp.ios( odv q! f(r)=
sin(.r:+ sin(x+ sinr(.{i)).
To ),i?o0E0rpriporo ouroi rou KqoloiouoxEriqovror ll3 rrt ouv6xELo
ouvapllioeovos
dvop6voottsio, oi]d I dworo tq oDvdlrog eoopliorvaTivEraLrpqytoTlKdv6Lqq6-
poL,oof6vo 6rovo!y{Evrp60ouFe rr'tvrpooo'tripoqos o!voplrioLEnou eivorouverEiqo'
6].0rq olpio Kdnorou brosfliporog. Av il / sivorolvIi! qro x yro l(d0,roro (d, b),
16rTt/ Idyrorflrvr,isoro(a b).H ouv6'tLq o dvoK),Lor6 6rdoqpo np6nsrva oprori
ii?o SLqaoperrKd lro ouvdprnor/ l"d.rror ouvsriq610ta, bl av
(1) I / sivaLoDvetriq oro x ylo xd0s.yoro (d. 6),

(2) /G) = /(d) Ko,lim /Gl = /(r).
l','l
Oopo[IEouvriooq6 ol ouvoprriaele roL,ivaro']voXiq
6' avodrdorlrLoouprspLqd
povrarEiolpeflKdKo)d npoytoflK{i,TloDvdtcro 0ornopoiosva e6oprtocirnp6rnouvoi-
Kt noDprq(],oyrxri'ot]vdpinol npdnr vo L,(ovorori.
Mro ouvExiqoDv{iprrlort
nprlpd-
,pcTaL
/rpr\iq pop;,.5L0ro0qflhri. oflvUraouvdprfon rnqonoiaqrn /paprKinopdoraon
JrnopsiKovsiqva ojrsbLdoLropiq vu otKr6o0rro pol,DBrrou
on6ro xopri.Av edporFcoro
!uo1,6loq rlv ol,vdprlorl
/G)=l;'i"'^
pl6rot]p6rLourrir npL.rpqai Eivoruneppo),rKd oror6SoBr. nap 6Io oDrd,ivoru],i l]era
6 U , r o p / o ' v r o l ) d o t p o v f l r d o n o r ' ) d o l s ' o r T o r , o ' t o p o ii vo of l'qv oa ,pr X c i q oi v o
6Ldoqpo.Aurdro s(Dpri poroivoLyvrxdroli 6L,oKoi6rpa on6ra esopriraroauroDroL)
KEqo).oiou, qlt"d ur{iplL6!0 ori6 06dJpra nouot(r'tfqri(r q tdeDpoavdtsoooro dio
si6! oroil,eo[drov.H ur6esorlouroi rou oopritrurog onaL1ei fl] ouvdlsroo' 6vo!6vo
olpcio, tv6 ro ortn,pocuo ftpL-rpdQar 1! ou!'leprqopdrtE ouvripqotq os {droLo6rd'
orqpa rroumpr6j(slro ortllgio.Av Korro 0r6prtpouurd6ivo1ornv ol]oia;!o Lirfu tro
p1q7v6orEpo erDpiporu, ro oLuneprlofpdvolue 6(iioov sroarolli o aurd nou 0o
oEapHMA r Yno0iroDpe 61t n / eivolouvZrlqoro a, Kor /(ir) > 0. T6re unrip1idldq

qpLgp6q6> 0rdrorcq6orE /(.r)> 0 ?laKdes
r roulKavoroli rnv x al<r.orroioe.
qv /(a) < 0, 16reundprer6voqopL0|6q6> 0 droloq 66 /(x) < 0 ?,o rds .y no!
rKavonoLirrv l.r tl < t
Ano,\Er=H
OcrDpoits
rnv nspiirroorl/(d) > 0. Aaoi I / 'ivor olvsrriqoro d. ov > 0
urdpxsr
6> 0.droro6ore,1L0Kd06 x,
0v lr al <,t, 161'l"rG)-
< e.
"r(a)l
'EroL
Tra rov
Apo'i f(d ) > 0 propoipvo ndpoup /(a). L,ndpxerd > 0 rdroro(iiorc.rrq
KrioE.x,
av x (ll < 6, 16r f(x) - f(a) < f(a),
r(0rqr' at]rrivrrl\,rl.euroio
ovro6rlroinetoL6n /(.r) > 0.
MLo 6!ora on66Lqtpnopi vq 6oeei .rro rrv repinroort /(a)<0 roipvoDts
r /,a1. M'on" ' 'io't, vs f,?op/6ocrovc'qrq\ rpLl-n'rpi'T-o"t orn or\dprtol
-f.l
94 Orydaa
NPOBAHMATA
I . fra rolrE016flq rr6!0vq
ouvoprrloeq/ l)ndptL Frosuvq(iesL,vriptloI F f rs6io
oprorodro R rfrora 6o1EF(x) = /(.x) tro ('i0Er oro re6iooprofoi rtE
/;
(i) /(x) = 1-"-
t-l
{ i i ) / r x )= : .
(iii) /(r) = 0,x dpptros

(iv) /(r)= tlq,^= p/q,6rcrp/q n\16.[@ro.
2, XroL{ioq.rsio6ivarouvsliE
orouvoprlioae rov npop}.tpdtov +17Kor+19;
3. (a) Yno06roupe 6 / ivqrllo olvdprlortdlola 60r l/(x) | < l.{l yu rdosx.
Aeiqr6rrI / sivorouvtiqdro0.(flapatrlpimc
6rr ro /(0) npdnr vaivol
160rE 0.)
(b) Adrdr.dvonapd8rllotroErdroroeouvdprtoqE/ nouvc g1veivcrouveUjgoe
rovivo a I 0.
(c) Yro06roDFe 6rr ! I ivorouvstiq oro 0 l(qra(0) = 0, Kar l/(x) < lS(j)i.
6n
.Aro6riqrs I / ivqro'rvX)ie oro 0.
1. Aliornqpd6rLypir suvriprtorl(/ rou va flv 6ivorro!evrioL,vel6, c),Li 1 l/ | vc
eivornowoi olvsliq.
5. fro rdoeapr0f6a, 0pirrro suv{ipntoitrou vo .ivor ouvrtriEorod, o},tdoeKovdvo
dl,).oorlFio.
6. (a) Bpeirrfla ouvdprlot t rrorJ vo sivqrsoDvrtrlq,oro l. t/2, l/3,... q),ld ouvElriE
o' 6)'ar'd ,a olpio.
{b) Bpeirsrra ouvdpqol / nouvd ivaroouvtrisora l, I/2, r/J, t/4. ...,l(aroro
0, ol,l.doLrvetico 6t o 1' (i).],ootlrio.
7. Yno0.roupE 6Il r / rxavororirilv /(.r+y)= f(t)+ f(y), ror dTl n
/ ivar
ouvrXricoro 0. A11060{6I6fl I / 0ivorolv)Oiq olo ayro l(ded.
& Ynoedroup d I / eivarouvXr1q olo d r(or/(d) = 0. AnodlErs6rrova+ 0, r61Erl
/ + d eivqltrHrrl6evrnioe xrirorocvorlt6 6uior4pqnou,rpr6lr ro c.
9. (a) Ynoodrou! 6TlI / drv eivoLolvXigoro o. Ano8ir 6rLlLo Kdnorovoproll6
> 0 u,rdplouvapr0loi,{ oooarirorKovriio1od f lflx)
f(a)l>e.EL\-
lior ! 6voolitq.
(b) :utnspdvft6rLlro Krirorovspr0F6 > 0, irs undplouvqproloi.{ ooodi,ror
Kovr{io1oa U/(x) < /(a) , lilndplouvopffoi x ooodinolsKovr(i oro d
rE flx)> f(ol + E.
10.(a) Afo&ih6n.qvI / eivorouvs:(ieoro a, r6rsroi6rorolf0rl(arfroqv fl.
(b) A,ro6EiEr 6Tll(doouvtiq / tpri9Ior/ = ti O, dror l E eivcrriiruicr
ouvrlylexsr I Oeivorrrprrfli xor ouvclriq.
G) Ano6ih6 , qv I / Ko(I g 6ivoroDvj(i, r6rEeivorouvtitKoror max(/,
d, n,in(f , s).
(d) Ano6EiEctu KioouvE1riE / tpdarqrt =g- r, drou rl g xort,, eivor
Jril-opvrlrrr6qmr 6uvj(riq.
11. Ano8iqlero O6prua1(3);lplorponor6vrog to Oerirprlgo2 rcr rrl ouvtltla lnq
ouvdpqonq /(x) = Ilr.
12.(a) Aro6silrs 6rr, av rl / eivor olvs1ri6 oro 1 rftr lim g(,r)= 1, rdr
=
llT/G(r)) /(1). (Mropirvo ovorp6rorou( opGlioriq,c).lri eivur
owaprrioeryg5
6. XuveXe[E
EUKo].6rspo
vu ,rdpls1rt ouldprtoTtG p C(x)=(x) yra x+d, {or
c(a)=t)
(b) diEr6rr, ov 6vu,lorei
it olvqsra rtq / oro l, 1613vrsliEr yvrKd6rr
1imtG(x) = /(lim s(x)). Yn66rql:ôxqrdore /(.r) = 0 ./u .x* /, Kor
(a) A,ro6iErs 6t| ov il / ivqrouveliEsro [o, 6], 16ru,rdplrlro ouvriprtot g

ouve;1fqo o),6rl1po ro R, n;rorq60r s(r) = /(x) tta K{i0r oro [a b].
Yn6Setn:Aaoi ivoL0ovep66rr elr nl"ieoqnr),oxilv,npoorooior vo
xdvettt1g orooep{ora (--, al xor t6, -).
(b) A{irorsdvonopd6erll10 rou vq 6i r6rr our6qo rojauprold(tsv i\,oroooliq
ov dvrlr(orooflioorrl8 ro Ia, bl I\E|s, bJ.
1 4 . (a) Yro0tloDp6tLI g KoLIIj eivoLouvIEiq oro d, Kor6rrg(o) = I,(a).Opi(olp
pra / p /(x) vo ei\rarg(.{) ovx> (lKqrn(.y)ov.r< a. Ano6eill6nI / sivor
suvErriqoro a.
(b) Yro0drou!661l ! g sivorouveTrie oro [d, b] KorI I ouvtiq oro [6, c] l(or
g(b)=/r(b).Oalour f(x)vqEivdrs(.y)tlo.yoro[d, b]Kqr,,r(x).ororo[b,c].
Aeilrc 61r I / ivqrolvj(iq oro ta, cl. ('Eror, Eio ouvti(oL,vqprisLq
troporlvva (suyKol.l.t0oivD.)
(a) Aro8iErtrlv oK6),o!01napq),trafirol) Oeopiporoq3 yraItv (ouvriXsro and
rq 6q!i,:Yno06roq61,lim-t(r) = /(d), xa, /(a) > 0. Tdr'r'rdplfl 6vae
opr0!6q 6>0 droroq (G1e /(x)>0 ]1o xd6 x 'lou Lrovonoreirrlv
0 < x - a <,i. Opoioq,av /(a) < 0, r6reon'iptrdvo(opr0p6e 6 < 0 r;roroq
6ore /(r) < 0 ro (d0r nourrqvonoEirnv 0 <.x o< 6.
(b) Ano8iqrs rrlv owiolorn napol,ioTrirou Oeop'ifqroq3 ?rolim /(x) = /(b).
16.Av ro lim /(.{) undpra, qlld ivo' + /(d). 16rLilt8 6rr I / drr(u'r6aiporvD
(a) Av /(r) = sio l/xTrq x+ 0 xqr /(0) = I, frr r / l(Un6qiporvDoouvEsrq

oro 0rTo i6roepdrTtuqov t(x) = Isin 1/r ?,ox+ 0, KOr/(0) = L
(b) Yro8dloDue dlr I / 41Lia,n6oip8orv,oouv;Xsro oro d. odloDlsg(.x)= f(-r)
=
7rox * d, Kor(a) lim /(,r). ArobeiEr61rI sivarsuvElriqo1od. (Mrlv
g
KoupoorsilE no),i ourdEivqrpdllov ixolo.)
(c) Odroup/(.r) = 0 av o .r sivor K$ f(p/q) = llq av $ p/q Ei"u
o!(i1('r70.
noui civqrI ouvdprrlon "pprfoe,
g,rou opi(erdlqrrt rnvg(r) = limt(])
.(d) 'Eoro
/ trq ooviiprlol pqv LSr6qra6rr o" *,ie" oryeio oorrui7i,og t1orl
(l]116
aiporvroouvdl8ro.Aur6 sTrpoivEr 6 ro lim /cv) lndpl .rLqKdo_x, "
d.},d I / ptopti vo eivqroouvryrl(ylo Krinolo're qprouoq
(ido( r(0rri,rrpou!)
x. Opi(orues(.r) = lim f(y). Ano6eiEc6t1rl g rivor suverrig.(Aur66vivor
1600oixo),o6nosrc !6poq(b).)
**(e) Yndplrolvdpliot
/ no'rvq ivoroo'rveXiq6e rdoeortloio,Korvo 61fl l6vo
Dn6oipsorvoolviXsL(;(AEiqrv' solo),Ioeirr6po f' au16ro np6phfq,
a).]d KUpi(,)E
oqvflo 6o1(lgriTra lrt Sloio0lorisaq oK6toKrov unovro(6oqsr
rI orDoriorrdvrrlort,ivoroIE66vp6poro 6 6Eveqprropsirs vorlv 6rrcroloyll-
oIeaulli rn oflIli, Airsro p6pl.tFo2l-33.)
KEOAAAIO TPIA AY'KOAA OEOPHMATA
Aur6to KqdloloivcroqrspoNvoolpia oEoprllotoolsilr.ri ptlq ouvl8icorrvopryl-

o(q,l<croE(drors(cn6fl6 ouv6ftrfEroDe.Av8066ooup lrEoiro8iEeqaur6vio)vlprd)v
eeo)pllrdrovr6po, d,ld olo ,r6lrvorseddcro, rro ).61oueroD sqqyodgoro rd1.o6oDro$
emr8i{r I Av rl / itor oovtiq oro [a, bl rar /(d) < 0 < /(b),1613 utdplr xdnoror
olo [4 b] rErcrc 6ore /(.x) = 0.
(folsrprxd, oDr6orlpoivEr6rr Tl Tpqgrri 'l0piioroorltlaq olvlofc o0vdpqongrorr

qorlvdfl-rdro 0116
rov oprqdvrrod|ovq Korcl.r6vErnivo qn' qur6v,rrpdttr va r6lver
out6vrov dovosEtdnoloorllrio,6rroq oro 4il10 |.)
eEoprour Av I / eivor ouvIrig g1o [o, 61, 1616il / ivar 6vo Qparudq orc [4 b],
6tl,o6{, Dflip1rKrinorcq
op$p6gM norof 601/(r) S Mlla Kdoe.x oro [q b].
(fEoUerplxd,
our6ro 0E6pnFo orlroiver6rr tT paqUcrt
nopdarqorqq / 9pioxsrorrli'ro
on6kdnorau0Eio
ropdL),rtLtorovopr(6wrcdovd,6'roEoro tj(tild 2,)
otnPH^t^3Av I f siva olvtiq oro [a b], t6T3undptsrKdrroro(upr0F6E

/ oro [a b]
tiloro( ri'oref(/) > /(x) Ia kd0ex sro [a b] (Xttirq 3).
Aurd ra rpia 00)prifaroiraedpoDvooedrqqn6 ft oop{jrara rou Kpa}.aiou6. Or

ulroedorg
srivov rov oEo:)pllri1ovnrilror ogopodoovrn oDvslu s' dvot6vo olpio,
txiw t 4iw 2 txitla 3

7. Tp{o6[ord,a 9eapllpara 97
!rilor unoeoerqr0rvroprvrivec:pqgriro:v
anurroiv1rlo!,v6lerqo dvqol6xl!po drdorl,
ro [a. 6] av rl s'rv4ao. doro ror o ivo orlueio.dviao9o].i(sior.tu orrrtrspliotors
Fnopit's JrtvrolJouv.frq nqpd60r?rq. 60r{, / I or,vdprlonno! Aai|srqrolo :Z4fo 4.
l-r. oi.r<,,[
J"'.t ' = I r , , , 4 . r - i .
T6rcr / Eivarolvsxriqoe Kdoolpio rou[0,2]EKr66 a,r6rov v[. Kur/(0) < 0 < /(2I
o).id devt)ndpxsL ortpio.{ oro [0, 2] r6rorodror.f(x) = 0.t aolvdznq olpeio /2
l(ort6!o, ivaLrlravriva Kcrcorpdyer ro oupnipcopa rorroeorprfgcroq ".o
i.
Opoi{rrq.oqLrno06oou! 611/ rivor 1or,rdprrlol ro! Aaivslororo lXripa 5,
f lr. )+o
,"r t = l 0 x=0.
Tdt.I / nur dr,\'tiEoc raesortsioror,[0. l] exr6qon6ro 0. aD.{irl / 6E!enordlo
epsTlivroro10.rl. npdi/an.y,o\dft up,ogri

N) 0. d7o,pr f(fJ-:r v
Aur6 ro nop{i661?[o osiXlerniolq 6 ro KlLor6drdoittq [a. b] oro Oe6pnta2 6rv
pnopivo avflxaraorqeiond 10 qvorlr6 6rdorrllo (d, b).7roli I ouvdprrtol / sivo'
oro r0.I r.ol).d6svivorppoTL;vfo uL,rd
oL,Lr7ic
T;ioE.o( rtDpriooru r! olvriprtort ro! AoivsroL
o1oIXito 6,
'
-. : { .t:. x(l
J(r,= 10. x>l
:1o drdornsa[0. l] n olvdprrot / Ei!o,d!c)qpalrdlrl. dpan / rxsyororiro oupnipo-
orq ror OE(')prirdros 2. dy xor n t 6N cive,orvr i,coro [0. I]. A;.ld n f d6vLovotrorri
ro oL'r,rdpooForouoeopipolo,cI iev l]ndpl(er_v oro [0, I]. rarorod'orefLe) > ^-r) 1l0
xdoexoro[0. l] npdTfqrr.np6ruqn 6)d oiyotlpo6rv oivqro),ri8Eru6Il f(l) < ^x)tLq
nd00r oro [0, I ], on6r6v]rropoitL va 6rc];{orge.v= I . oii lno polrrva d,aidiouue
0 < _v< l yrari /(_v)< /(x)av r sivoLonoroodinors opr0!6q!e y < x< L
ADr6ro nop{i601?[o 60i1vr6rr ro Oe6plpa.] 6ivor ort[alrrKd nro ro1Lrp6 flr6 ro
Oe6plto 2.:uXvd ropuQpdqoufs ro O(iplpo3 ).dyowqq d1r,pro ouvrX{qoL,vdprno!
opLop6{o 6vs{lsrord Erd6q!o (troipvL q !;-rrorrlrLtil ingr o' a!r610 irddrtpo.
:ov ofo,Pri7,orilv olrortp6rnrarov tl,ro06o{Dv rov tpr6veroprudrovfoe. orFnrpd-
ofqrq eivolricioi Erdqoprrrrigqi,ooqan' our{irov 'rpotloipvovooplldrov.nepr-
Tpriqou!ril orunpreopd lroi o!!(iptrlorlq-6Zr !6!0 xovrdo' 6vaonpio.ai.Ldo' iva
oi6'.).Ipo dL{ioryuodror6(rooo},rrdr'r6r6'!rlrq lroq ouvdpltoilgivqrndwornoii
rro diotoi,o \" ono8rj(roiron6 IK GonrK6E, r6r6rnreq. Kordouvfnroiy(lrnol,i nro
ro/upiq.rro va oxrolpoqrioourc 1!;(prsrl6rnrq rov Osoprfdrov 1.2Ksr3.es idyours
oirropo l(dnora.onouSoiuoL,lrp(iopsru.ol)d eq 0ol01os( ra oloqipot]pnprira
rdnorqonLdqysvrKsrlorL! ourdvro! 0oplfdra
oF.opHNtA{ Av ! / sivoLolvc7rlqoro [a. b] KoL/(a) < c < /(b)16I undpxerKdnorox

oro [a b] droro d,ort /(r) = ..
rnorEEu Eoros= t - c. T6ren srivor 6uw7iq.xorS(a)<0 < g(b).An610O.6pn-

oro [d. b]. raloro6ores(x) = 0 AD.d our6onsqiv 6fl f(i) = c. I
sq I L',r'ipt,.y
oroFnrvl s Av rl / eivqrouvrriq oro [d, b] ror /(a) > c > /(b). 16rrumipZ xdnorc.r
oro [a. 6] rroro6ore /(x) = ..
Ano,\Er:HH ouvdpllol - / sivorolvrrieoro [d, b] KoL- /(a) < - c < /(r). A'16ro
-/(i) = c, roLrar oivfl
Oc6plfo 4;rcrqr 6fl undptsrrdroro x oro [lr, b] rdrorodro10
6rL /(r) = c. I
98 Oep
"ru
To osopriFolo4 xar 5 tq(i 6ixvouv6rr n / naipvflkdorrrlri qvdfoqoro /(d) KqLro

/(b). Mropoils vo nliloule KdnoK6!aKd,6repoan' qor6:ov c r(qrd aviKouvoro [a,
bl, r6ts r / noipvs'KrieErLfri ovdl1oo
oro /(c)Kor ro f(d). H on664nivoronhi av,
lta,Topd6c,yra, c< d, 16rsrt6qEaapr6(oDte ro Oeopriraro4 Kqr5 oro Suio1ruo[c,d].
AvaKEao),or6vovra(, av lla ouvdp tort ouv:(iqo' ;vd dLdortBoroipver560rql.q, nqip-
verKorKdesrLtri dvdFod rouq ourriil pLKpri tviKsuo!ioL,Ooopliporog 1 oulvd onoKo-
).6iraL06prtpoEv6rdteonq TLpiq.
oEapHMA6 Av ! / eivorouvj(iqoro [a, b], 16rI / eivalKdlo QpoTlfvrloro [d, b],

6t).o5i, unripj(sr qpre!6qM rfroroq60r /(r) > M' q rdo:roro [o, b].
KdnoLoE
AnorEEnH ouvdprrorl- / eivaro'rvtiqoro ta, 61,dpaon6ro OE6prpa2 undp){r

6vqq
apr0F6qM'rdroroE 6olc - flx)< M''ts KAgE x oro [d. b]. Au166poEsrlFqivr6rr
flx)> M'ltsKs9t x aro [a, b], on6rrnopoipvo odooupe M = - M'.1
To O{rpripqra 2 Kor6 !q(1 beirvol,v6n uro ouvdprlo! / olvcXricoro [a. b] sivar

ropoypr:vqoro [o.b].61).cbri.
t'ndp{d;vocop,0,r6q M rtroroqd,orrl/rr) a M ttKdOt
.{ 610[4 b]. Ilpd,porL,oaoiro Osripllo2 00u6vL rrlviraph] Ev6q opLoloiMrrdronD
6ors/(x)sMrroKdoxo1o[a,b],ro60o6plpo6ppoLdvsLrrlv,ropqrlsv6Eopl
M: #roLou6ors t(.{) > M: Io {{iosx oro [a, b], pnoporipovq rdpoq\. M = nax( Mtl,
M.D.
ropsir^7 Av I / 6ivorolvezi( 610[a, 6], r6te ur(ip7rrd,roro/ oro [d, b] rdroro66rs
/Lv) </(x) 7lo K'i0s.Y
oro [d, b].
(MraouvriplrorlouvExri( o ava'(i.ror6duiorruonqipvcrrrlvtd:(rornrqrriqso'sur6
ro ardorrlo.)
Ano,\Er.HH ol'vdpilot - / civarouvtiqoro [a, r] qft6to Odrprlta y

3 udptL Kdnoro
olo td, bl rdroLo6sr6 - /(y) > - /(.x) yLoKdEr sro [d, b], rou otfoivEr 6rL
/1y) < /(x) Io Kdee.roro [o. b].1
Trbporou d;(ortorrt hdooritaq rrq rrprftdvssol]virrqr(lrvOopnl{irovl, 2 xol l,

pnopoiuevo apTiooulv qnoSrxviou! lprKdvbraeapovro npdlpola.
orl)pHrAs KdeerrK6E qv a > 0,

opl0F6(dIEruro rErpq-fovrfiipi(o. M dD.o )-671a,
nir unrip/rxdnoLoq
op(0p6q
.r riroro6tnoter' = o
anoiEEH Oopoiprlv ouvdprlct /(x) = xr, rou sitqr pdporoduvrzrie.IaportpoifE

6ft ro (troit8vo ro! ooprlgotoE Fdootlg /r (o opr0u6q
yropri vc rxrppcorsi a 6Irpro
rcrpolcrvLrri pi(o' olpo(veLdtl ! t noipv n)v Iru! a. H ord6erlrloutoi rou ye'1ov6rog
tlo rlv / EivoLFLoaft).riouvdr0loror' oEopriforoq4. YrdpXfl ,rpoQovd( dvoqopre!6q
b>0rdro(oe60rr/(b) > a (6,13)( poivcror olo:Iita 7) ,rpdlpoIr,o! d > l lrnoporip
vfl n{ipou[rb = d, 3\16ov o < t [nopoJ[6r,oflipouusb = L Agoi /(0) < e < fib), ov
s9ap!6ooL,lero Os{ipruo4olo[0,b] oDpnpoivolitr 6fl yLsKd'roro.x
(oro [0, b]), dxours
/(x) = a. 6rr]..,
r: = 0.1
To idro qKprp6(tfiltipitgo gropi va Zplorponorlfti ./rq vo onoE.iioupe6rr dvqq

orTtx(igopr0!696Zrprot-oori pi(o,iro rd08quor(6opr0p6r. Av orl outpoivErva ivqr
vo ,rlitorrlsr.(in ro).irepo:rddr qpr0[6edlerprq ,-oofli piqo.frq
nrprrr6q,Unoporip
nqpoli poipeanl{bq6rr,ov o 0s1rl(6q
vq ro ano8iEoutE, qpr0g6to t1rlrlr-oofli pi(q.r,
6I)...ovx'=a,16r(-x)'=-d(crer6iorivqrftsprtt66),dpoo-oalrrIr-oorr
pi(o x. o roTuprou6q. 6rLyro nprrr6, {{i0' apr0p6fa 6Xe1 [1o n-oorri p(o, i\'ur
7. Tpla6[ord"aqmpi1paru99
1006v0foqrs rrv np6rool:1c[ioo:o1

x, d=0
irr pra pi(o av, 'ivo r6prrr6q.Av 8roru'ioeir' qur6vlov rp6no ro otrordloofu
om8i1rar f ydl.nyviKeDorl.
oEopHlr^,Av o 11sivorriprrr6E, 16rKdoEiooorl

. { "+ a , j . x 'r + . . + o o = 0
drsl [to pi(a.
anod||:r npopsvijrq
edloL,,rc l-c In o' v{ipr'tor
vo pr).cF'loo'
f(x)=x'+a,,r''+ +ao'
oo od),ojr0vo arobsiEoup 6rrrl / eivorpsprK6q aop6E8tltriKorjroplKde
aopiqopvnnKi.
H SnLoorrLdri r6doivqr6rr ]ro u8yd),oI.xL I ouvdprloitIo iqelno}.'jt' rrlv s(x) = i"
xaL,oaoi or1 eivoLrep1lr6q,o!fli rl orvdprlort 'ivor eErrKriyLo!Eld),c orrKdx {ot
yro pEyd].o
opvrl'rLKri opvrlnid x. To t6vo rou tpsla(6paore]Lq vo e6oourowriv lrtv
6raLoerllKi660 o eqoppoyri, Eivorl.{7rtd}.yEppa.
H rcrril].1Iq ovri)'o1 rrlqo!,vdprlot( / Ei\flrvd yp{iuorpc
_ f@=;"+d,,r +...+a.=x'(r+9::+...+AJ
IIdpaqponF66r!
Ir r'l r lrl
ro x va lKovolTor8i
:uvErdrq,av 5Lol6oul13 ntv
(*) a" ,...,2n1,1xD,
lxl > max(1,2,
rae xll> lxlror
r,', - lq,l _t
" , J --
Hl !l r,n"J t
!t:.1ltt a ' ' x+,$2 1

n 2. .n| 2+ +!=1.
, Fp4
M d ,a ),6ylo,
_ !. "-o.L+ + 9t. !,
2 x 2 '"-
rou ouvsir{itsrol
6rr
| , o,,, q
2x
'Apd,
ov 8lo)doup
ava.! > 0 lrol)iravonolirlv (*), r6rs
j--,"11,' - r... al_ /rrr
on6r/(x ) > 0. Ar' rrv dl.),rtjropld,ov 10xr < 0 lKavoroLoi

qv (*),16rx2"< 0 Kor
IOO Oey .n
I:"
2
1 -s:1 ..J - ' _ I _f(rr),
on6r6J(x:)<0.
T6po,pqpp6(ovrac 10O6pitgoI otoSrdorruq[.rr,rJ, ou|nepoivoull 6rr udp](rdvq
n oro [.(,.x] rGroro6or /(r) = 0.1
To Oe6plta 9 poqoroD.dooerord 10rp6p).ttq tov qro{iroov nprrroi0ueto61600
nrruj(!!,vq.no! eorirovonoyortr,urrK6vo oerioo!tronp6D),rtpo 'rrDv
!106ssovdplrol)
pqopori)topiqvo ro o!(nrioouls Ko6),ou. ME rnv rpriq patLti.rriv,oE,ro rprip).r1po
gouiirqlen6pqmo.KiinolC e{ro6org,6roerl .r: - I = 0, 4o!v tro i orl rv6 rdnorsg,
6n{d_c =
n rr + I 0. 6vdj(ouv rr trpLso6rspo p,ropivo nrl KovriqAv 6!oEdlouurrl
8rdeeort vo 0oprioolp avono 7tvrK6np6pLtl10, /topor!, vo noile KdrLv8roqdpov.
Avri vq rpoonqoijre vo ).[oor$ 1Iv oqiooor]
iY"+o",x'r+..+q=0.
nt 6uvqr6rnftvo lioouls rrqEro6orq
uqSoiI ov 6IoDFE
x'+ s, x' '+...+ q= c
7ra 6iou rouqnroqvo$E qprolloi{c. Eivardov vo mrpdnooir orov oro0epd6po aovo
noupnopi!q 6oei6oovaQopriorl liol d{or0)vEro6oeov,
noll(il).[r.H nl,rlpoqopid
Fooiqerar o dvoolorxsionougcivercLoro liltjpo 8.
ryitto6
H ypoqrKinopdsroslt r1q ouvtip,qolgfQ)=x'+a, 'x'-r *... f q.perriprto,
neprdlr.rou)dzrorov.6nogqv i-toljlEoleEdosL,sva (Iolrll.6roroDolleio. M d).).o
t6tl0. lrdprr ivdEcpr0s6cy rdrorogd,m/(y) < f(.x) ]ro 6),ouqro'rqopr0loiq.x- n
ol'|riprrloitt ndipvr)d1rml rrlti, 6Ir onI6Coc xdoKi,rot66rdoqpq,po o' ol6ri.l-
p! fltv u0cia-(flqpattpoipe 6rL0!16 Eivqr)do( ov o, ivornEprr6(.)H ofli8e(il
pooi(rororo Oe6pnpa?,q),7deq Xpsuorsip1arpintroq Qqppo, i roD.Mropo pevo
popl6ooulero OE6pI1l0 ? oe xri0e6rdorrlgc[o, b], Karvd ndpowr dvodtleio t0 #roro
6ore ro /(yo) \'q ivqrn )-dzrorrrrpi qe / olo [d, bl ol].d ov ro [d, b] o',fpoiv'va
eivcrro 6rtio lgc roo gcivstar610Elifd 8,71onopdosrllo,rdrro oljreio/0 6ev0oivsr
aur66rou! / 61n rlv).dx1ornrui rrlqo' o).6k),rlp!rrlv 6ueio. tro en6ll3vo
eriipnBo,
6lrl n ouoiorlq on68r(rlq ivdrvs droldqou}ldla 6rdortla [d, b] pliroro lp6ro 6010
qu16vq ptv tnopsiv0 owpoivcr.
omprfnAr0Av o, sivordpnoqKorf(x)= n'+ a, i.r" r+... + q, 16rurdp;(sr

avo(
opr0rr6
] rdroloq6orc /Lr) S /(x) yro Kdger.
'Onoq
rflo$EH Kqrorqv on66Lhrou O(opriFtog
9, a!
M = n x \ t , 2 n l a, 1, ., . .z, , l q ) ,
16ryrqKde6
.r pe l.rI > M, 6t(o|)!o
]g I19r1.. 19.
lx
Apo o , ui\rordplroq,x'> 0 7rad),aro x, dpa
l': l -e-' ..-F) r,*,

2 "{r r x,] "^
'Eoro
Ie 1ov6po 6fl x > M. OE(Dpoltr r6pa rov apr0!6 /(0). b > 0 dvosopr0!6q
60T3,'> 2/(0) Karqrdtd b > M- T{ire.a!,x < b, iXoDlE(Ilifo 9)
r'4iorog
tr4pt 9 '1 , , r . {)' {t r,n,

2-',-'
7. Tpiodiord,a 9caplpa* tOl
O|oioq.qv .r < b, 16r
Avo{cpaiur6vovrflg:
0vr' > b rtn< b, T6rc/(x) > /(0).
EaopB(i(ol]rr
rrljporo O(irprtrLo
71,orn o!,vdprrlorl
/ oro 8rdortro[- b, b]. I!rt'ro-
p(Ii!o!!edTrr,ndpTn;!o( apr0f6(y rdloro(dor!
(l) uf b <.\ < b. Tdr/(,v)< /(r).
'Ero',
Er6'x6rcpa./(rJ < /(0).
(2)av .r b, 1610/(r) > /(0) > /(.v).
:uvdudlovlqqr\ (l) {o, (2)piiro!$ 6r, /(,v) S /(.r) rLo{docx.l
To 06pIFo 10.fo( enrpi,rrropo !o ono8iEor,f or,! profo:
ro d{6}.or,6o
LarH\r\
ll Ocopo[pn]\'iiooorl
(*)r'= a, rx' {...f a!=c.
rdr L,roodldtIr6r oIr rjvurdpflo(.T6rundplcrivoquple!6ql' rdroro!6010I (*) vq dXer
iiort 7roc > m ror xatiq it]ort -/loc < ,r.
lnorr:I A; Eivo,,f(x) = x' + a" r' | + ... + do(:Z{Fo l0).
Iirqovo rero Oe6puu I0, t,ndpl(er dvasopr0foq,vrEroroq 60r /(,!.)< f(r)yrfl K'io
'Eoro
x. nr= /(/). A! c<.,. 16rrt sqioosl (*) npoeuvdiq 6e! dj(cr).ion, opoi rl
opLorcpri d/ELn{ivrorcrLlri > rr. Av c = ,r, T6reI (+)6ysL
ni8L,pd rov yoav }.ior. Td}.oq.
u( l]rodoor,lE61l c> rr. A: ti,rorb6vsqqpr0!6qrdroLoq 6sr b > y xoL/(6) > c. T6rc
-f(.) = tt < c< /(b). Eiot6!0)q.on6roOc6plto4. L,ndpZr (dnoro;qpr0[6;r oro L], bl
rdroro;6orc /(r) = c. droro .r eiwr fro ).idn iti (*). I
Awdi or ouvdnE,c'!ov Otoptpdr(Dv l, 2 xor l. eivar()1!6veqroL 0a oroKotiooUledd)

(ovKorqlld Ia ecopritrola eanqiiouvdvo!0cp),rdr6! p6root ofl6ino1oXe66v Kdvoutru
apT6repo). Mrjvoltto dolriLdonotiver vo 0ro6oioup 1aOropripolql, 2 xaL]. Auoru-
I{ijq.ds!dtou!{alia slniio!o ro {omQdpolp !E p{iol rlvlvd'oi noodtoulEoq T6pa
lro ror,! rpo?toflKoiqdpr0!oi( (iror Il - Il2) lro o'rd6nll ivqra66\'arq.ynip],ou|
dL.ieopor rp6nor71uvu nsioooNro!! 6ouroi!toi 6( d|]r6ro ps),o71oirx6 oulndpqolcr
eivortorpoio.frfl nopddLtto. I on6Ssrin rou osopriBoroi 8 oltpiq8rsr!6vo oqv 016-
6ert1roLiOroprlpcro5 I ov tropouaofev' qno8iiorFero Ordrpludl. 16rI dn66er_trl
ro! oeoprirLoroq 8 0u riro! r).riprtq,Ka10oilqf tLo dn66ni! drr KdoerLx6q oprordq
'Onoq
dXrlro rrlpalo.'1{ripi(o. ongi6ootr o1oI o Mapo!,rivor(6ivqro vq ano6riioL,-
psxdr rdroLopdoroldvorolrq ll-112.Ax6fo. o; rno0doouF6n oopoillot ouvriptrlo!
-t
lt^)-_-
x'-2
Av 6svurriple ople$6(.{ rdrorogriorr ,r' = 2, r6re1 f eo irov olvsXiq,oqo{ o nqpolo-
'Apa,roO'6pniro
fqori,c6cv0oi1o,rnold= 0. Al,Id rl / 6svrivorqpa?Balq oro [0.2]. 2
orlpi(cToLolroroofl{dortv nopln oproldrvdt iov qir6rolc prlroiqqpretoi;, enoirdvori
o xdrorarSr6rnrorov ,rpoljrottri6!{it i-t ondfl; IlJI2.
flopd rrll oEljroliu IoE vo onodci<ou$ro Oeopritorol. 2 ror ]. ro Pi9(lroivord
rp6xLror 7roonoridolqranor 0ai.orl6vo ivqLoitertd. Av or LKovq nouot6rdoutr
iTorr {droLoo7:or .r:TULrsot/orrxd no' Kdvo' t"i.dv r)i\voroltq orvrtoi, o, vdpTtsrt;
7O2 Oeuitrw
no! 6'rriKots ovrloroLrsi, o KdnoroPal]p6,orl 6LqroelrL{rifuq r6to, ro o'oprip(lru l,2

xoL I npdnslva Eivoroir'toLvd.Aaou pro l1n6dElElororordjnra cr' al]rd 10 0'opriparo
npdnrl va (lncrri lro KoLvoipTLo Ld16rlro ioLiR no! o! rdrpurrt\r dxouls napcF#vEL,or
ropLr,6;Ioq 6l]oKoiiqnporrilouv fvo 6p6Foraovu ovoKoi[vo'rlc al]lr]rrtv 16L61tra:o;
npoon(orioo,rpE vo roroo{EldoorrLEF,o ur66rErtrou Oeoprlparoql.lLo nopdijatud. {oL
vo 6oL,Fs IL nllqivL orpo0d.
MLo Lijio tror,qoireror vo unoa/eror Krirr,sivur vo ryroniooL,prro np6ro olFcio rLo ro
oroio /(x) = 0j 3rtio6it, ro lrKp6r'po:r oro [a, b] rdroro rtol' /(r) = 0. rro vo ppoit"
tru,o To orlpeio,oeorpoiprnpdrroro oJvoio A nolj neprdleLoiorq rorq aptopoLig x oro [o.
bl rLq roL,qoroioL,qI f Eivoi op\rlnr(ri oro [d. .y]. :ro :7rifo I l, 10 .{ 6ivoLfvo riroro
or[eio. evdr10 x'6)iL.To i6ro ro o[voio A olBfitbvorar pe !14 xovrpri lp(lApri. Aaoi I /
sildr opvlr,{,i oro o {o,0'flKri oro ,. ro oivoio,a nEprfter Kdroro o!u.io !ToiLirEpd
un6 ro a, cvri 6io ro or}Eiu nou 0pioKovroLflpKsrriKovrdoio b dvovrixolv oro A. (Ebt[
tprtouonoloip rrt oL,v6laarni T oro [a, b] Koe6r KoLro Ilp6l]itr( 6-ls.)
Aq uno06ooup r6pq 6rL o o sivor o pLKp6rEpoc oprouo(no! tivar Bti(1iirtpoa on 6ia
/ 1 r ) a 0 1 , o K d ! ! x o ' 0 1 1 6 1 oi r r i o r t l o i a o l o r t s i a I o u A n p o q o r 6 qo < o 0.
Yno061oluenp6.o 6fl f(o) < 0. Tdrr. on6 ro OrdrprtIC6-3,ro /(.rl611 irav pLKporspo
qn6 0 ILo rdoE x o dvo UL{po drrioqpo nor nrpLizn ro .}. sldlK6lpr1llc KdnoLolq
qprepou!fetqirirepor( on6 rov a (:/rllo l2) uiid ot)Io avrlli0rr(1r oro 7r7o!oq ofl o a
sivor peTql"irporotr6 Kd0coroLxcio ro! A. oaou oL !Tciir6poi ro! oplepoi 0a rirqv
s o r t eo r o A . E n o ! 6 v o q , 6 ' vl o t i ' r r t f ( d ) < 0 .
An6.tv {iD.rt ppld.aq ljnol]fooutE6rr /(o) > 0. Eqapp6ao\ra;arvd 10 Od)p!}o 6 3,
pl,ano'rp611 /(.r) 0u irov 0Er(6 yLa KdEx o ivo fLKp6 driiorlro tro! ncp,a/cr ro d,
fl6rK6repq7ro {{inoro!( upLe}Loi(Fr{porcpou;ono o (:tri[o l3). Ar,16o!!(ivEL 6rL 6).0r
ouloi or lLrKp6rsporo pr0[oi ,6v 0ivoLoro A. Eno]idvrD;,0o ]Lnopor'o{rIo vc d/oL!0 6Loi6lsr
,it1a 1: fvo d{6to trro lLrxpdd no! \ro eivaL}c?oilrrpo l1n 6ia rr oroltciu ro! A. EToulr ndi'
qviiqool'6|]v Lolior iolnd\ o[r' r] /(a) > 0. 'Apa /(d) : 0 Kor lncivolro orov rcrpo'
:apo!!L 6!oq.6rL KdrLnpdra vs nitTf1ivflolpuPd, (aoi 6!r ZptorponoLrioclpe r(apiq

KrlL!oipTraL6l6rlrrr rouR, KqrdE! zpErdleltlL|1TdioqilsTZoq TLcr !o lJpoift ro ouaLoDl-
rriortro olFeio. Eivor qovp6 61r FnopoitLsvu AruidqoL'lctvov apr0!6 a ro! vo sivoL
r'toin.rpoq or' 6io ro olor/iorou A (1ta napd8ELT!c. unopo,rtr vl1drai6;ou[r o = b).
aild 8sv si\,orKoL1600qavEp66!r fnopoLifr v(16Lol.i\ot4e *w d.ri(roto. uparyaq u,
uno06ool]p 6rL ro A onol8],EiraLon6 6iouq iouq apL0foui r > 0 7LaroL,!otroiolq .r' < 2.
A v o c p r 1 ] r 6 \q4 S e v ! i p x s , 6 E !0 u l n i p l s 6 v a q l d l r o I o q o p r e p 6 fce l a i L l r s p o co r ' o i d
ro oioL.lsia rou A lLo Kd0e-v> f noLr0c;roipvupE,es lnoporioofe ndlrors !o Bpoifs
Evoar(ota prKporEpo.
TdJponou ;xoutE uvoKaiiiusrrtv nidv],l paq,eivaLorc66! aovep6noLdrp6o0!rl rd,6-
r n r o r ' a T p a T L c{ru v u p L l ] l ; , 7 p - a ; o " a o r - .T o l o v o n o r i i o p r v u r u r o , , c . i r o r r o ' q .
ELor!n6oo!lLKal](1pd Kol vo q I lprtolponoLrioo!pe. M flrrd aoloiouf(iorr oro Etr6r3vo
NPOBAHMATA
l. f1o Kol]lrd on6 rrq ollopfliorc nou oKo).ol,eoiv,).':yErnoLiq sivo' dvo i Kdio)
r p p o l ! , v r : o r o [ . ; of . o r o o r i , . 0 6 r , \ f i o , t , . r o r a o , d , t r o ' p r o ' r r r p i i o . f l r ' ] v
sidzLor! rLprirouq.(IIa pol\pEiarE 6rt ptr f 0t1lnoporo va d/Lau!6i rL; Ldr6rtl8c
flK6la nr l1\,3E! sivar ol,v'7iq. KrlruK6!u KL,1vro drdorlla 6 EivflLKisLor6.)
(i) = J'oro ( I, l)
"f(t
0t "r(r)=x'oro( l l)
7. Tpia6tjord"a9mpfipara !03
(iii) fG) = xr oro R.

(iv) /(it) = x'oro t0, -).
tt .<^'6to(
(\J /r\l l' " a l.sl 'J.(ooxpcrootsrts6'o(p'r'IL5d-
Yror0 d.)
qope( nprlTrooLq
x< d
r ' . , r , , , - 1l x _ . , , , ; ; "-f
d r.or rl.
,'ir r,',
- {9 lll"pil'::..
I l/q, o v x = p / q o ! 0 y o.Y o
o,or0.
rl
r,,iir
"rr,r-[l
r l i q , sl]lqilll.
v I = p , / qo v o Y .-
ulo
o,^-,).
l
L i * r -r L ' r - Jr rI' ,g , 01v", t1="pp/ ql oj '\:0.7. 0 .Y-o o , o t 0 . r t .
= o'' '
i*) "/r,r {I irllds orot0.dl-
ru, ov Yappnloq
(xi) .i(x) = sin'Gos.r+ \4 + d')om t0,a'1.
(xii) ./(.r) = t.rleIo t0,dl.
2, r,a {d0 rio on6 rLq no}.ltDvultK;qolvqplio,q / trou oKoloL,eoDv, BpEirEdvav
aKdparor rdrorov 60rr /(.r) = 0'/ro Kdnorox ovd!0oa ora , Kflrir + I
(0 ,r(.r)=xr-x+:'
(ii) /(x) = r'+ 5x'+ 2,lr I
(iiL) /(r) = x' + r+ l.
(iY) /(x) : 4:{r 4x+ l.
l. Anodfrq,'o.. !^rip7fl:\o: oprLo,. ,' .J,"! 60r
rAl
(L) \rc+- r:: =l19
(ii) sinjr=x I.
4. ADr6ro np6B],IFoivarotlvdxEra rou npop)itaroq 3-7.
(a) Avo, k sivdrdpfloqKqr > 0, Fprirol'ro rTol,DovulLKriouvdpqort po0l'oir1
f * pi(EqoxpLp(ijq.
(b) Adlro6rr I piqoo llg nolwDvltlKriqouv{ipr]ar! f iX* nolltltldtnrd n sv
J(x) : (r a)''s(,r),610!I s sivollta no],D{,vD[rx,i suvdpn]otnoL,ddvdxsr
rov d oov piqq. Toro / tla ro|utDvulLKri ouvrip,lot pcolo{ a. Yilo06roupe
611t / 6Irk piqq, oL,vlro).oyi(ovroqflq noL],an],6qreq, 6rt1'a3ri
unootro'rttt
61rk ivaLro deporoporo!nol).onrorirov 6)'tDvrovp(6v. Atilr86r, o, r
civardprLoq.
s, Ynoo.rour6rr n / eivoLoulErrir oro [d. b] Kot 61rro /(.{) eivqLrdvtor0 pl.6q
apr0!6q.Tr Jrropire vq nsirj/rarrtv fi
6. Ynoedrour6ir / eivor $a orvEti| oDvdprlot oro | 1. Il rdroltr d)or
.r (/(\, | 7,4KaSr\. ,cr rd oquoi!,r 6,, ,o r\. 1!llr opro(rtorndvs 'dvu
ortuovooroo^cp.p;plro.l A"rqr"6r. cit' /,î r,/i r r.u ru0" r. r o)rrr,q
/(x) = - vl=, yla Kdox.
7. [6asq oDvExsiq ouvopr]iosrq / un{ipXou! rou vo tKavonoroiv rlv (f(x))r= x)}1o
Kdgcx:
8. Yno06rolif' 6fl t / Kort s ivorouvsrciq,6rr /r : s:, Kot6rL/(.r) + 0 ?ral(detr.
Aro30i6r'6rL,Eir6/(jr) = s(:r)?o rdo' x, ri orl.'6q /(.{) = s(ir) }LsK'i0Ex.
7O4 Oeptltq
9. {a) Y,!oodro!!c61r ! t ivar ouveriq, 611f(x) - 0 p6vo ./|c x = d, r(u 611

/(r) > 0 r,raKdnoro.r > d Ka6qxcLyrdKdnolox < o. Tr lllopoiN vo rolige
.tv to flx) ^trll6l,aft r + a;
(b) As unoe6oouue t6pa 61' t(r)> 0 ru Kdroro.r> a xor t(x) < 0 y'o K'inoro
r< a. Tr pJlopoitevo noipyu rrlv /(,r) ylg 6),qro -x* a.
*(c) Elffdoc. dfol(l)s,io ,rp6qlro 1ouxr + .i-v + x/ + 6rovro x *or ro 6vivor
_vr /
xqr ro 6io 0.
10. Yno0iroup61rit / Korrl g eivorouvet(eiE qro [a. 6] roL 61r /(a) < g{d}, aiJd
f(b) > g(b).Ano6i6i drL /(x) = g(.r)7lg {dnoro -xoro [d. b]. (Av rt q7r66e(iooq
dvivarnoii oivtoprl,t6r 6veivaroud nou0d npn.)
ll. Ynoedrowr6rL/ .ivqr lro otjvriprnonouvsXieoro [0. I ] ror drLro /(x) ovi rcr610
[0, 1] 7Lsl(doEr (kdvrcavooxrits). AnodeiEr 6fl /(.r) = .r tro xdnorcvapL0r'6
.r.
12. (a) To np6p).!!a Il 8iXvEr 6rLI / ritrwl rrt8roldrvroro! rEipol6vouotolXrijrtr
l4 (o7,6xhpt Tpatpri).Asiqr61r! /,rptnr vo rdrvrKorrrlvd),1! (rr 6roK-
roUpdvrt) 6L016vro.
(b) A,ro6silrro sliq tevrr6lspooro16l.colr0: Av I g ivaroL,vrleoro [0, l] (or
s(0) = 0,9(l) = I ri g(0)= I, g(l) = 0, 16T3 /(x) = g(x)1roKdroro x.
13.(a)'Eoro /(x) = sinl/x yro.x+ 0 Korf(0) = 0. Eivo'I / ouv-tiq o1o[- I, l];
.dEird n f rKovonorEi ro ou!,rdpdolorou OsopriforoqEvdrdleofiTrUi(
oro [- l, l] tc di),q l4ra, ov I / naipva6noTltderdnouoto [- l. l], naipvsl
r(gr|(d0flIri avdlroii roug.
*(b) YnooarouF6fl
I / rcovororito ouurdposporoDOeopripolog Ev6rdpEolq
Trgriqxar 6rr I / raipvrKdoetlftl ldyotia qoAi. Aro6i810 6r rt / civor
*(c) fEvrxiolc srtlv ftcpinroot nou I / ,roipvrxri0r rtlrli neffpoogiveqt6vo

qopds.
14. Av / Eivurfro ouldpqol suverriqoro [0, l], edrou$ | / ll q p6rro1l llpri ltE l / I
oro [0. 1].
(a) Atro6rie1 drL1lo (d0aprp6ir iroup 1".r | = l. | . | ,r | .
*(b) Ano60iEr drL l/+s <lf ll + c. ddjore6vanapd8s|ruq oro oroio
f+el+lfl+ 1cl.
( c ) A n o d ( E6 tf l | n - f | < | t ' - e l ) + |e "fll.
+ls. Yrceiroull861rrt d sivqrouvxiekar limd(x)i x, = 0 = lin, dG)iri.
(a) Ano8ciqrs6rt, uv o ', eivorrsplrr6(,16rundplrdvoqoprojrdq d rdrorosdlorr
.r"+d(x)=0.
(b) Andriqr 61r,ov o , rivor dp(oe, r6re urdp;(rEvqqapr0f6El rdrorc! {iorr
y"+ dcy)<.t'+ d(r)7ro
rdtux.
Y,r66e{rl:A!16 ro 'rp6F}.rudddyrer qv ElIeKolavotioErrdrorSoro6eiqrK.
nodq;
*r6.'Eoro (d,roro6opr0u6cI
/ yto :rol.uovlgrx{ouvdpqorl. Ano6i6r6n D,rdp,(r
droroq6oTe| /1v11< t(x) yu Kdo.x.
*l?. Ytroi1oup6fl / rivor lro ouvliq oDvdprnonfs /(.r)>01lq Kdosx, l(qr
hm/(r) = 0 = lim f(x). (Kdvr';voorripa.)Aro8.iErr 6fl lrdptr 6vcqcpL0s6Ey
riro'oq {ior, /(/) > /(r) yLqxdoEx.
i:.
f--.'-------------- *18. (a) Y,ro0dtoDUedrL rl / eivorouveXieoro [4 t], Kordorox oroLoodlnolsopr0!6q.
n b (x,0) Aro6i6rs6tLulldp1sL dvodnleio orrt TpaerKri nopdotoolr1g / noueivoLto
nl.tordorpoolo (x.0I !3dLl,o ),6]ro,urdptsrKrinoro/ o1o[a,6]ldroro d)or
n o,r6orootto! (x,0) 0116 ro (J,,/0/)) vs ivor< a,r6qv o,r6o10oit
rou (.r.0)
g'n6rc (2, JIz))rta KiQE z dlo [a 6]. (Airro txifo 15.)
7. Tpia\ioKola 9tupipdr1 [Os
AEiqrE 61r,o iSroqal,r6qLorupro!6q dsv'iva, ovoTKooru.d ooor6quv ro [a, b]

ovflKoruorfloi pEro (a, b).
îLr6rr I np6loor lozrr ov ro [d, b] avrlKoroorooEi tlro R.
:r,q trpur6oq(a)xqr{c),odroutes(.{)rrv t'ixr6rrt on66ro6lrou (.{,0)on6
oljrtio rrls /poqrnistrapdoroorq qq /. Ano6si6r'6fl gLv)< g(x) + lx - y
Koroljrnepdv0r6 g
d I sivorsuvtrig.
G) AnoSEiEr 6It undptol]vop,0jroi,r!Kor.rroro [.l, b]r6roroLdrorert on6aro6rtro!
(-r0,0) an6ro (xj, /(r )) vo sivo,< an6rrv an6oloor 1ou(rb',0) on6ro (xr',
/(r,)) yroKd0o.!', x,'orot0. bl.
**19.(a) Yno0iroup 61rr / ivaroL'vsriqoro [0, l] Ko, /(0) = /(l) Eo1r,rr] ruraioq
l A!orl(69 qpLep6g. Anodeiqrs6fl Dn{ipjt0lrdroloq oprp6qx riroLoq60r
.-| l
r xr- - -
/{\j / l x ] . I . d n u co a . v,,o o . o : t i u o l b / , o n 4 Y r o d f rtl: o . u p , , -
or3rn o"\r'iprr6rl s(x) = f(a- l(x + Ii,) 1re0 ioxusov s(.{) + 0 ?r0Kd03
(b) Yroe61oL,!E
6n 0 < a < I oiid 6rLo d 6sv'ivaLiooi le 1i, ]Lqrqvdvq\,$uorK6
oprep6r. BpEirepro ouvdprTloTl / nou vo sivaralvirlq oio [0. l] l(ar vo
rrv /(0) = /(1). a].id vo t'rlvlxovonolrirqv /(.r) = /(.r + a) iLo
rKnvonoLsl
*20.G) Ano60i(r'6fl 6vudptsL ouverrirouvdpqol / oprotdvroro R nouvo noip-

vELKdo rlprioKprod,c 5u6aopdq. Yn66Leit:
Av f(d)= f(b)rwd<b,16rE
Ei' /(.r) > /(d) yLo'(d0s.{ oro (d, b), i /(x) < /(a) }Ld,.d0n o1o(a b).
r,arii :rrlv np6q nepinroor],6iq oLrLp6snouEivolKovrd61()/(a). o].).d
ivor].ilo rrcl,o).ircpE!on6ro / (d),naipvovrq'K'inouoro (d, 61 aur6ortloivrl
6 n / ( ; r )< / ( d ) ? ' 0 r < a r 0 , x > b
lolUponorior0ro UdpoE (a)unooeLK-viovroq 61156vundfiLouvsliq ouvdpflt-
oTt/ nouvo noiplsl{dos r,[i 0 ri 2 qopaq,6rl]..,nouvo noipvL oKprp6q 6io
aopfsKdonpri rrtq.YiT66Elitr:rtv nporlyoilrvl un66rllnEpLdleraL rt n],r-
poqopio6fl rt f i't Et ttirrrrrt i ti6xt 31l nuri (rou rpdnsrvo lltv naipvsr6110
qopig).TLfnopoLifvo noite lLo rLqru6q nol,ppiorovror{ovrd orrl F6}Lolrt
nsri;
Bpirtrloouv0rrioDuipllo! / nol,vonoipvsr KdeirFrioKpLprijq3 $opaq.
nro
tEvLKd,0pEilEpra rou vo nuipvel{d8c Ttri a{p1p6q, $op,q,uv o r Eivor
npwr6q.
(d) A'roSEiEr 6rL,ov o r ei\,or{iprroq.16r36vundpX'rouvrriq/ nouvq rsipvsr
Kdeeruri oKprp6q, Aopaq. Yr66r6n: l?= 4, yra mpd8r7!fl,
:trtv n0pirTroort
folo /(x,) = = = 16r,i 0o sivoi /(x) > 0 y,a rdE;ros
"r(x,) ,f(r,) /(}1).
6Lloon6rorpioaLoorrirara(r,,x,),(r,,x,),(x,,,;!).i/(.r)<0yLa6),0roir06
6io an aurdrtl rpia Staorriroro.
KEOAAAIO EAAXIXTA ANO OPATMATA
Aur6 ro |(eli).{rlo
onoKol,inrrqv mo ontovnr.rirdr6rnroro! npolJrdrlKd,v
opr0r6v.
'OfoS,
sivaran).6qxor l6vo n ol,vdtrarou KoQoLoiou 7 ro lovondfl nounpdnflvo
oKol,o!0rioo'rtlc
d7Lrisn ',no6cr1eEi,
ono'o6'irorrro'n6v nporripoouEirrlorl0o lruv
d6Korqx0euordpIolt.
'Evq
o[vo),oA 0l!6rpanaflKoii qpr0podq q! utrdp7el
ivsrdvo Qpo"/!6!o dvqqopr0[6c
\ .{ > d yLuK{i0s4 oro A.

Kd& rdrororopr0!6qx l.i?Etard1,()apdyfaro! A.
npo0ov6i, to A civor{iv(!eparfivo ov rar t6vo ov l]ndpXsr ivoe opr0!6(,r rou sivor

dvo apdlpo rra .o A (ror o' ouriv rrlv rpirroorl 0a undprouv,rol.).ddvo $pdyloroyra
ro AI )d!E olXvd,6rr ro (A dtsl avodlo epdlFoDpero oroio woo6!6rr urdpterdvaq
apLfu66 no! ri\,oldvo epdllo ?roro A.
npi,re(vq raporrlpiorxovsi(611o6pofdvo gpaypdvoD;j(cr oq rd,potpnorpororn0si
llsSio rp6rou( np{i}ro, oro Kadloro7, ovoqp6!voq oouvopnioq,Korr6poqvqqe-
p6levoqos oivoi.o. Auti I6r'r).ri lpriq 6ev0d npErrvq ftpolvioriT1uort, oqoi 0o
?ivcrourdworeoo$d610ov pLLdlr8 ?ro 6vqo[vo).oa'r6oproFo[gi Tra!1d duvripl]lo!.
ErLrliov. o,lu6 oproroiilor orvdouv6e6!dvo1: ov A ivarro oivoro {/(x)r a < x<
bl, rdrrl ol]vdprrlort/ Eivordvo Qpdyrdvroro [d, b], ov xor!6vo ov ro oivo].oA 6ivor
ro oivo).oR rov npolporr(divqprofrbv,l(qror guorKo(oprelloiN, civoLdio

O1,6K).rlpo
nopo8itloro6Lrv6lovnoutrveivor {ivo Qpo}!6vo.Tvo mpd6erypa ouv6}.o!rou rivar
AvoAp0yldvo,Eivorro
A=tx:0Sx<tl.
fLo vo 6si6ou!e6rr ro A ivqr{ivrD
epoTldvo,lprd(ercr;r6vovcovoprioou;re xrittororiw,r
apdTlqrou A, npd7pqnousivoropxIlii(o),o.fra napd6tLtlo,ro ll8 ivoLdvqdvol
rppritturou A. Korro i6ro olu9oivr!e roDt 2, lk,1l! Kar L npoeav6(,o I ivqrro
ei{ilroro dvo epdyfo10! A av Korrl qpdo! nouf6ire rdpo s(odTouu rqrltsi rl i6roro
v6Ipd ritq,npoKrpdvo! vo onoqitoutcl(d0e,neqvi o[y1Dot(sr6Lx6rspo, yLovo pspdro-
eoitc dlr 6),0rEfpoDfe1rolpoiv8rro urp01rr6( rol] (ILKp6t. rnv opi(ouF ovolunKd.
'Evqi
aprel6q-r eivdrdvq6i,rilroro,ivoQpriytoro!,A
(l)o.x siv0rdvoppd?toroDA,
Kor(2)av y 6ivqrdvo qpriytororiA, 16rx < /.
L BliXoru dvo tppdypao 707
H lpiol ro! oopioro!dpopo!(i!u, o uL,r6v rov oprop6.rlrdvoni6r rra napoldptor

orrtvnpooiDprvi dTvoro.Tdrponou6roLu'36oLd\ruvdKpLpri oprop6.rnopiKavEis !q 6r
oixoio 6ft, ov;r Kflly EivorKaroL8Dorl.d7lora{ivoApdTlcrnror:A, r6tr x = nprilpc_
-r:
rL. o a'rrr]l'rlv nspirr3rotx<,v. oqoi,y riyoLdvo qpdttrl KoLx sivors].dtLorodvr,r
gpdypn,ror y ! r. cAoi x eivcrrivo qpriTgcxur _veivcLeidXLororivo
9pd1p(l,ur. 6ror
npoKwer6 x = / fr'orr6vro ).670!r.{itr71flr0 el(iyrorodvrD rppdllnrou,4.O dpoq
supremum ro! A ivalouvri'vutoe K{rLEEr dvonteovdKrlFatuvrotLiErur no}.Lj6!0pQd
supA (rpoq6pslar(oo,rnA,
KoL!t1( o6EsL
an6rI oivrprtort
tubA (leastupper bound)
(nounowoqXptoLtoror0iroL l1nd$pLKorjq oL)17paAsiq).
Yrdpln grc oerpdcn6 o1!flvft{oiq oprofoiq.a\,{iio.ro!q oLrroi;nouf6irq d(iroote,
rou rd,pofnoponrcva xLprorortsnro oL,vonrLKd. 'Evo f.
ouvoio ,4 *O
opr0ponq sivarKi?o Apoy!;vo,a! undplsLr,( uprp6q x raroroq6(]10 "p"ir,**",ti
x< d 110Kdl]E a oro A.
'Evrq
r;.opq aprBI6qr iiyror l(610qpri.tpu1lo ro A. ,Evq opr0tr6qr EivoLro p6yr6ro
Koto 9po,rFqio'r A 0v
(l) o x Ei\r0rxdro apd/lq roL A
Kar(2)ov -yEivarx{iro qpd.rllqro! I . 16rn > v.
To riTroro xdr(Dqpdtfu ro! A k:.j,sIflrniolqinfinum.io! A, olvrsrtrlr6vs
infA
MEpLroio!ylpoArirIpnollonoloiv q oivrtrto,l
slb A. (srearest
lo$,erbound)
And rrv rDsrdrpao!(rirtor. loq iEin'r rra isnro[dpr(l ro np60ir]fd(mollioivoio
6louv ori)dTroro! 6vo,rnoriv{Dqoxprp(iqavo.Eidrroro dvo apdTfori
rldllolo rdl{,
apd,paD.oa sEI{ioorip p6voro .tdxloro dvo qpdTpnr,r, s,n xar .o nprpl,lpc 7rc m
rsTroruKorrD qpdtlora tnopeirDr{iv' anu|rtoEi0[{ora (np6Bir!o 2).
Av ro A SsvsivardvoApoTpavo. 16rro A 6E\,6Xfloire6vuri!0rqp{iTlo,nogvocivaL
p60u1o 6 5svfropoLllslil nprtivorFero A va 6usr c).d1Loro rirtorpprilpcEivm6el"ea_
orrK6vo nrKo\rsir6fl ro,4 izr eidtroro duoapdllo ov 6rsr,.dror;d!,o qpdTro,oi)d,
6noqoufpaiva1idrpfltv oprrirl( Fotpafi{is enflto.r,riq,
aur6(o Lox!p,o!6qlropsi vo
uy sivor0('016(7Lovflv!d).l,ovs13r(6],6?0.Av A = S,r6rEm A Eivaldudapt1iFdvo.
Ilpdyturr, K{i0opLep6qr eiv(Irdv0rqrpdtrorou u:
x> y lra Kd6ryoro g.
atri6q?lori iivundptor,yoro 0. Aqoi ^-ddrapr0p6qsivord!,oqpdTluIou r, oi?orpo6v
l]nupIErsidtroro dvrdqpd?poio! 0. M ouriv fitvlrrp+rldq Eaiport ftvr(dq.o LoIUpr_
opo! fqq ivaLo0Jor6q rftL noli ortjrqvrLK6q, on(Dodino.s opKErdortrdlrrx6qlLo vo
ooXo,r.onpoors !r rfrorEq1,6nro!6prroq.
Eifoorr rmrt ouqirortor vo 3nr!x6oo!p rt!
rensl]1oiordL6rI.orcrvrp(Itton{6v apr0I6\,rou tpcla(6paors:
(Ill) (H r6L6rrroro! sioxiororidvo qpdTruroq). Av A ivoL6vao[voto an6npoT
forLKong spLoloiq,/{ + g, KaLio A sivol dvo Apo?!Ld!o, 16r, ro A a7s1!]d1L6rodvo
pp{i?}10.
H riiL6rlioI13iooqmpaieverleLou| exr6qrligaroq, oii"d oDTli,ivaLortv npotpolrK6_
rlfir lra ono rrg opEliqqq fLfl !o o).oK1,rtp6ooL,!E
rov Kord).oy6 luq pErtq 0oqLK6q
r6r6rtrEqrov npoTpqrLK(ijv
opr0!drv.36!,
anqrrotrKdnorcaiorperrrtiSuov6lq np6mo11,
108 Otpi)n
nopdldvo lro r8rdqro 1600onl.i nou0o drpefte!'q oLs0ov0oipr aqc).riqnourrtv i7qps

mpq0l6!,er.B;paro,n 1616T110 rou ),olioroud\,oqpdlporo!6vEilqror'oLiora 1600
oo(i)u600rrlv neprTpri{poupcoro xdro-Kriro,a, loXir'/rorou! pilloiq qpr0to6(Q. fra
nflpd6r'/tq,qvA ivqrroouvo).o6iovlov plr6vopr0FdJvx ro! rxuvoloLoivr1v xr ( 2.
r6rs 60vundptsrp4r.j' qpr0p6q y nor vc eivartivr,:9pdIIfl roD,4 Kor[rKp6rspoq ]i iooE
an6ororov6inored).),op4rd qpLp6no!ivqr dvoQpdyparoD,4. Mdvoora6roxd0o }ivfl
xdoqpdTon6ooonou6aiasivorn Il3, or).d'i6n pprox6paor o 0;orlvo onoSciEours rn
divofi rlr. oulrn).np{i}\'ovroe
flS onoSsirqno! sitof nopaiiveroToKsAd),oro 7.
etoptrAT.r Av rt t ciwr ouvr7iqoro [a, 6] xar /{d) < 0 < /(b), 16rI'ndptrr.dnoro(
opr0F6gx olo [d, b] droroq6orE /(.{) = 0.
Ano,\o:rrH trr6dsti lqq e(volan).69tLqouollpri aK8oon

roureprypdptraroq
ro! flvanri-
Lalt oro ri7,oqiou KE$qioiou7 0a r,rorioolgrov prKp6rpo opr0f6x oro [d, b] p
Opi(olt8 lo orilolo A, troueoivErororo tttilo l. o( Erie:
,4 = l]c a < .x< b, xorr / ivaropvrl '('i oro 6rdortla [o. x]1.
rIpopqv66.A+ 0, oQol]ro a ovrlKor 610A olrlv 'rpqllorLr6rtrq. llrdpXrKdnoroii> 0

rdrorodor0 ro A va rdprdTeL 6),0ro ot}trio x nouLKovororonvllt, d S x < a + ii' 0!16
,rpoKinTer 0,16ro np6ptn|'o 6-15,daod r / ivo' o'rvrxriqoro [a, b] {dr /(d)<0.
Opoioi. ro b ivqr;vs dvo epdlto 7ra ro A l(or,ornv ouoia,u,rdp'tr dvod> 0 rlroro
d'ot6i.oro orlugiq.rro! L(ovonoror.iv qv b - d< -x< 6 vo ivqlivo epdltora lou A
aurdftpoxirt,sniorq0,1610np6p).lra 6-15,a0o'j /(r) > 0.
A,r' alrdq flS naporrlpiocLs drsral 6fl ro A 6:(srdvo].dXroro dvo qpdlpo a Kor6fl
d < a < b. O6).ouler6pa vc 6ei[oup 6rL /(o) = 0, tr]8vi(owoqqv nr0ov6ritrova
ro7'k:'/(d)<0i /(a)> 0.
Aquro0doour npdlrq6rr /(o) < 0. An ro O6prro6-3,Dn{ipxr dvqd > 0rdrolo6ore
/(.{)< 01'o a d-< x< a + d (trrito 2).Td}pq.urdptr Kdnoroq opr0r6er{0oroA noo
:1iua 2 r(ovo'Iorilrt! d - ,< xo< o {7rarid.i,r6Eto d 6Ev0qriruvro r,ltizro.odvoqpriTlarou
,4). A!16 oruoivr6fl n t ivarapvnTlK'lo'o]d'(),nporo 8rdornrq[o, x0].A].id, ov xr
sivoravoqopr0!6qovdleoqoro d l(or oro d + d, r6re I / ivorenionqdp\rtflKrioro
6rdo1!f0[x0,-rr].Enotdvoert / EivorrpvlnKri oto 6rdorlpa[a, rj], or6rs ro -rLqvriKL
oro A. A].).dour6avriKolrqloro-fe7ov6!o1rro a sivqrdvodvo Qpri'/Uq rou A rl aptr(ri
pcgur6eoqrltr /{o r < 0 rpdrrcrvo rivor }.o!4qotdvl.
A6 unoodooulre, on6 qv dl.h Fp,d, drr /(o) >). T6rs undpXor dvo{qprr6et> 0
-
rdroroqdrorrt(-r) > oyroo t < x < o + t (t,(iFo l). f rorro oKdpoqopdidpollre6rr
urr(ipXsrdva;i0sroAnour{ovonorinlvo- 6<.r0 < a'dLldourd olloirr 6fl rl / sivor
apvtflKi 610[a .q], ro oroio sivoro8rjvaro, o0oi /(.\) > 0. Apq I !tr60orlt(d) > 0
06!7irriols oeovriaaot,qqivovrtrqf6q 6uvaldilro rnv /(o) = 0. I
0r 0tro6ilELflov Or(Dplildrov2 KorI 10! KeQo),oiou 7 omLroivdvodnl6 rporoTop-
Knl(dqnord),sotd,noo0q noiLrnpi,ro!rov i6ro p6).oF' orrdv rou 1l] O{irpilso 6-l
dnorieorrv nponyofuvn ond&len.
otaprntAr Avrl jf ivurouveTiqoro o, r& undptfl ;vuqapr0p6q t > 0 rdroros160r

n/
vo eivdrdvo qpoypdvlolo 6dsrruo (a - d. a + l') (9l,6nE
ro txipo 4).
Ano,1r.r:rAaoi lim/(x) = f(d), un{iprEr, 60rr, '/rr1ri{iox

?LoKdorr > 0, dvo6 > 0 rdToro
:Iiw ) c v l x - a l < , r . t 6 r el / ( r ) /(a)l<.

To !6vo,touTpErd(rftr.ivorvalprtoruonouiooL'Ic
orrfliv qv npritool Trqxd,rorooutx-
8. Hliyrcta dvarppriyparaI09
E = l.:upnspoivoupE6fl undpt d > 0

'(pr!6\,oE(onoroSinorpoqKdv60,Tla nopd661?tLo,
rdroro djor.Tra Kdeir,
ov lx a < 6. r6rs /(x) - /(a) | < L
'Er6ro1,
c16,{6.epa,
dr, ov lx a <r,r6rD f(x)- f(d)<t. Aur6ouprhp6verrrlv
qn63LEr:
oro 8fiornpa (d t, a+ r) I olvdprilort / eivor dvo)qpalpEvrto'16ro
f ( a )+ t . l
AEvrpsdqerorKovvo rpoooaoorFs 61,ftroporlF
riorq vs oro6eiqoup
n(0qn / eivor
KdroQpa?taqoeKiroro61dorn[o(a- 4 d + 6),l(oL,rehxri,nroq1 / sivaLapoTrdvr]
os
KdnoloovoLXr6
S iolr o trorJ
nprdXL
ro a.
txiFa a
'Evo
rLo or[avrrK6on!io Eivolr] noporiprlol 6ir a! lim/G) = /(d), rdrs !rdp;('r
J>0 rdroLo6ors r / vu ivarapoy!6vlqro oivolo {x: aSx(a*dl-xar gLc
nnp6lorura parriprlor rox'jcrdv lim/G) = /(6). Erovmq{dvsrour6q q ropqrrpriorq
)r
(KflllnoeiTo\rtuq
6T10o56orE
flq ono8isrd,
Kolunqv6poor
pEro 8E$repo
Kiplo06pil
trd !L0e
oEorrrvaT-:Av I / sivoLoL,vxriq
oro td,61.r6reI / EivoL
rivoqpoy!6vroro [d, 6].
AflorEt:H E6To
a=lr{:a<x<broLr / e i v odLv oe p a T d v r l o r[ d
o, x ] 1 .
npoaavdj(A + 0 (oao[ iI ovril(roro A), Korro A eivord\rogpo.rfivo(qr6 ro 6), dporo
r.-t- ; ,1 drr].dxroro{ivr0ppdyforo a. Ipall vq noporrlpioELKovsie 611s66rpnouonoro p

rov bpo(dv{DApd?ta,1660}ra 10oi!o),o A, noLrInopiva 8soptoi6r ppioKeraL rdvo
orovop'(6r,rrodlovd,600{qr }rtrrnv /,6n),., ro o[vo,.oi/(/): d < / <.{] noDpnopivo
os(dproci6t1Fpio{olIo, n,ivoorov KorqK6puao dEovo(Itita 5).
t'Iipa 5 To np6rotsriroivo,! onol'iloL,le6rr ofltv npolpa.rK6rrtra dlolli,Ed = b. Aquno06,
7L0 Oep'n
ooupe,owioerc,6n a ( b. And to o6pnfq I unripler6> 0 16rorc{iot8 n / vo Eivor

qpolp6vloro{a - ,, d + {t).Aaoi a sivorro e}.dlL6ro dvoI pdlla ro! A lrdptfl Kdnoro
xooro A aourxovoroieiqvd d< x0< o. Al)16ortpoi!,Er 6n n / itorQpaludvrl oro [d,
,\01. apr0p6(Fea < rr < d + t, t6I it / eivqrapa,p6\al
Ar.ld, sv rr ivoronoroodrirore
ror dlo [x0,xj]. T6rI / Eivorqpa-r!6vldlo [a, xr], dpoo xr avixEroto A, rpliyla noD
ovflrioraroro y-i,ov6q 6rLro d ivqLdlo qpd,Uolou A. ADli I avriqaol SEiXvr 6rr
a = b. o{i'npm v' ovo9dpoup pLqlnotdpro:I q,t66t1irito( olont}'d rro06ler6n
a< a(6o1en / va pnopsivooprotioe Kdttoro 6rdorlfo (d - 4 d + ,)I rl,n0qv6rnro
a = o p,ropsivo sroKlslori6poLa, qv lprtorponol{ooltLcrnv unopErt ev6q,> 0 rdroLou
60rr I f va eilor apalsivn oro {r: a5 r( a * tl}.
H o,r66s(rl6sveivorrt eior n),riprq- lipoulrrdvo 6 n / sivorgpqtEvrl oro [4 r]
tla Kdocx < l, 6Ir qva?Kaonxri 6tL1 / rivcr 9po'/tdutoro [o, b]. nopo].courd,]t6vo
dvafrl(p6nrtipruat(prd(ror !,4npoor00ei.
Yndprrd> 0 *roro 6o1EI f !o ivd ppoTfdvnoro {.x:b - d < x < 61.Yndplr6vo
x0olo A iEroro601r b - d'< xr ( b.'Eror n / Eivorqpaypdv!oro [4, ri] KraK6!doro
la,. bl. dpon / siva,ppaldvn oro [d, b]. I
fro v' atrodoiloltr xatoq6iyoDte

ro rpiro onou6cio0e6p1gc, o ivo ldlvqopo.
oEapllAr,] A! rl / EivorouvETri.oro [d. b]. 16rr lrdplet ivqe optoIdc-v oro [4, 6]
lfroLoq60r /(.f) > /(r) 1io xd0rx oro [d. 6].
1no$r=H :dpo![ i6n 6n r / .ivor epoyldq oto [4, b], nouoruoivr6fl ro o[vo].o
[/(x): :r oto [a b]]
rivorrppo7dvo. Aur6ro sivoio eildrp0ov6!6X19,dpodxr;voEldlroTodvoqp{illaa.
Aaoi a > /(r)./ro.x dto [o. b] op'rsivo diqouls61ra = /Lv)./ra xdnoroy oro [a 6].
Aq uno0;6orFc ovrioero6rLa * /LJ,)tro xdos_voro [a, ,]. T61er ouvriprilolg no'r
opi(rr(lron6rrtv
.. I
s(.r)= ,.)..r oro[o, ,]
rivorolvrtrii oro [d. b], qqoi o nopovoFoottie

ro! EElro!dl.ouq6evivor nor60. A,r'qv
dr,rln),cupd,o eivarro idzroro,ivoirpdlro rou {/(.r):-r oro [a, b]1 0U16orfoivr 611
-/roxdeE> 0ljllqplLx olo
[d. b] lr3d lr)> .
Aur6.prt oapd rouorllqi\,rdrr
11o{d0sc > 0 wdpj(sr.r sro [a. b] !E s(x) > I ie.
Aild ro rtr,roiooruqi!'er6n n I 6vrivaLapoyudvrt oro [4, b], ,ro! ovrrqdoK(
olo
npolToirvoosripnro.I
:rnv opri otllo rot' K0qqioio!.6dloou ro oDvo).o lov qusu(6vopreg6v^- 6ov rapri-
dr-/polrFppntldvou 6!,!6).ou.
Ilpdrelrorrdlpo vo 61lto N ivot!rl-Apo?!d-
a,rodi<orlrt
vo.Mcrdrq duoKolo0.opriFa.ano! anoSsilop o aur6ro KsQd).aLo, llto pivo Kn].oyi
Ko\'riqPpiorovrog6!oi6oo (npopaldq'oedpllq vo rpsoii(L tilouEiqori ll0q.Av 6loq
ouppqivEr ortd. d'\ur iooq TrqriqeiveLtt 7{oirrtprxir'(6\,orou R vo Tovt,qpd{t
no).[rq(upri.(KoiroD,lnopeivq ncr,(oLnpotfaflxoi oprotoisivorxdnoq610r,dpaKdos
opr0f6(x rivaravdleooos6DoaKdpqrolE r,, + I (tl(T6qdvror sivoLo i6toqd{6parogD.
0l2l
8. Etrriyrcrudvaqpriypara lLL
To !q puoi(eL6!oq Koviq rov roxriprop6rou oerro ?srdterprKri s1K6vo,

6trvivalord601-
ll (r6po Krfluri I LX6vanEpLftcrl'LonapaSoli: 6fi, ov roro0eriqfovoEroio6,aorripo-
Iq ro 6va6in],aor' dl),o, oro rdioq 0a ndpLq6vo61doflt0a pstd.irpoar6 ororodrinoc
[oofivo Srdoqpo.Arir6lo qeioru,no! ourvdnapa).EinErfll nr6 r1onpdJr!Loo.lotri
o.rl
r'orerpio, ouvri00rq oro6iSEroL (61l reiEioqSiKoLa) orov AplLti3r. Korr avriorolxrl
lijr6rrtro7ra opLopoiq. 61110 N 6svEivorApo-r!6vo, ).itElu \ Apltpi\ta 616rnra!r\
npul,urr{d,v.Aurri rl L3,6rtrodvEivoroL,varuLa lr,t! ilJl2 (Pr;nrtv napirnolri [17]
or't Brpl,loTpoaio). o! ro1 L6XUS,ptpord7roro Q. Aqoi 6!oq droriprtv ll3, 6evundp-
ro',v nl0 rpolJi'iror0.
oropHMA: To N ijE! eivoL dvo ppsTf;vo.
,\flo.\Er:HA( unoodoou[sorLro N rirovd\'o ap(1!6vo.Aqoi N 10,0o l]nipxs;vo rdrl-

oro dv,,Apd,.aa /.0 ro \. lo.
d> r ./LoKdon oro N.
t!vndrq,
d>r+lTLaKdosroioN.
aqoi, + I tlviKroro N ov n cvlrn oro N. Atid our6orpoivEr611
a - I > ,.rro Kdecr]
oro N,
Kora!?d olFoiver6n ro a I ivoLEniolqdvo qpdllo ?roro N, ovnQ{io{ovro(oro 611
ro d Eivorro Erdlroro,iv,D,lpdTpaI
YndpXr rol]Oropriforoq2 (oqv npaTparLK6rnra
lio olvd]Tlo proroo8nvoll61onjn0r-
oit) noDdtoLtL6mnrtpdunooioslroi[ ou]avd.
oEapHr{
r fro Kdl]E
> 0 urdplel dvo(AUoLK6g
.ipr!6q, p I / r < .
ano,\EI:H Aquno06oouts n(Dq 6jar'16r Kdnoro s > 0 0ivorl,r> yLoKd6,oro N.

' E r o r r < l l E y r s K d o n o r o N . A l i d7io
our6ortroilsl6rlroliesivoL{tvoqpd.rfuyror
nouavlado{', oro ou6prud2. I
M1uofvropr]rofld oro K0qdidro6 0d Ssiir 6 ro qrorElsolo roDOsopriluroq3
rptorironori0nKsno}.Idqqopfqolrt ouq'irrtort. BdBoLo, ro OE6prlFo 3 6EviravSLoedoLpo
. rci|I rt o- t,rri.ol) d -0 .opo6-rlflruiruv rooo6 tfovIrd iorc rpohcuivo,va ra
Ed'oouts, KdnoLs ondrrlErrrpEn6rav. tcv psplKi8lrorotoid Tr' uurrivrrlv o pio pnoporl-
tLcvo roluprororitrc oiL 0!16 ro onorileopo6vXprlorlorouiorlKs nordortv on66LEl
Kanato\, eropiuaxos,a)").6ov I nioq onoroDSinorE ;781Kiovrorsi.Froovo6poprio' 6).eq
trg cro0ai[r:Lqrou 61oL,v liveLoq rdrpo,EnLPd],i'rcL.
Eurut6q,rdro,oondrl 6v0o Eovd-
IptLoorei. EXou!nLobrarL,ndrosL 6l8q rq r6L6lrtr0q
rov ,rpo?palrrdJvopretdrvroDpro-
pLifo /pL,ooroiF,. Ar6.ddr\or ripu.d/r d).).u vdtaro.
I{POBAHMATA
L Bpi.ro e).dlroro{ivoApd'ttroxor ro pi]lolo KdrrD ApdIIfl (ovDndplolr,)rov oK6
iolorDvoL,v6iov.EErdor'oK6Faroui oLivoroizouv !?rorori i.rixloroorolXsio
(ijtti.. E(srdorrlv ro sid oro dvrDppd?lori ro p6]LoroKdroqpd?to6L,rr0uivr va
av'tKEL61() o'ivo),o).
o {+,.."NJ
712 Oryi)w
{r I
(ij)
t-:"oloZxqrn#0}'
(iii) {.x:x= 0i x_=llr 1lor.dnorc,610Nl.
(iv) {.x:0< xS V2 Kqro.r ivolprr6e}.
(v) Ir: f,'+x+l>01.
(vi) [x:rr+x-l<0].
( v i i ){ x : . x < 0K a r x+: x - I < 0 1 .
tl l
{ v i i i1r + ( - l ) " :n o r oN l .
2, (a) Yro0droul6rLro A + g ivorxriro Apoygdvo. pe - .4 ro
Ag otppo).iooupc
ouvoLo6).ovrov - xno-r oro-4- Ano6e(lu6tl - A + 0,6n ro - A sivor
dvo 9potEvo, rot 6tr ro - sup( A) Eivotto F oro Kriro)epriTpq rou,4.
(b) Av ro A * 6 ivarx{ir0iqpaTdvo,;oror ro orivo).o 6}.ovrovrdro Apotldiov
rou A. Ai(1e6 I + 0, 6n ro , ivardvo qpoltdyo,Kqr6rr ro supI sivorlo
!6troro rdlo qpdttq ro! A.
'Eoro
/ otvrliq ouvdpqo! oro [d, 6] !r /{d) < 0 < t(b).
(a) H ord8rqrt roDOeopiparog7 I 66fl1e6rundpt(sr dvos)dlroro x oro [a, r] F0
f(x) = 0. YttdpXr ovoyKqorlKd 6vq6{tepoldlroro.{ oro [d, b]rs /(x) = 0;
. A8iET0 61r L,nip:(srdvqtEyrorox oro [o, b] !e /(.r) = 0 (npoora0siolevu
6{io01tlia ajro}.n qn66rqrl eEopri}waE lro KqrvopyrooDvriprrtolnoridXl
orev! oliol sa t1v /.)
3.'Eolo f ouvErriE ouvriplitoitmo [o, b] lls /(d) < 0 < /(6).
(a) H o'r63rqrro'rOeopiporoqI a6erqe 6fl u'rdp1r avoldzroro.r oro [d. b] rc
,f(r) = 0. Y ipreravqrxqorrK{i fvo 6ilepoe}dtroro-r oro [d, b] N /(x) = 0;
Aci(136rt utrdplr;va ldtroro .x oro [d, b] t /(x) = 0. (Ilpoolloesiolsvo
Ed'6strpro siKotrrlan66er!t0op6woqprq Korvoiplo ouvdprrlonnou iXsL
or8vrld16ot plrtv /.)
(b) H dn6EErqit rou OoopitoroqI proisrrlK8oro 6$vol.oA = {-{:d< x< 6 KoLrl
/ ivar opvnrLKiolo [q x]1.Ad'oIlrov dl.].rt4,r66Lhrou Oopitoroql, Fs
F d o ! r o o i v o l o B = { x : a < x < r x a ' / ( x ) < 0 } .n o r 6s r p i ox I o u{ a ,b l ! s
/(r) = 0.woni(Lot'ri rl o'r66(n;A6oreivo '!opd60rlFa oro o,roioraoivo-
),o A ro( I vq plv ivorioa.
4. Ytro06rourr 6tt I / eivorouvtiEoro [a, b] lco'6tl /(d) = .f(6) = 0. Yroftroule
oK6Id6fl /(x0) > 0Troxdnoro,{0 sro [4 b]. Aro6tilt 6rr Dndptouv qpropoic xqr d
IE a <. < r{d< d S b dloror 6mE /(c) = t(d) = 0, d,rii /(r) > 0 tLa(d0..r sro
(c, d). Yn66fl(l: To ,rpolyoipEvo trp6B).Ilooaq6iverI0TdtrnPoi0ra.
5. (a) Yroedrolp/-.(> L ArioEiqr 61r undpj(erEvoqoK;poroqft rdroros60r
x ( I ( y. Ynd6*lrl: Torrd 1 o pEyd,ir0poqqK;poro6nou rxcvonoreir1v
l < x n d p r t r o v l +L
(b) Ynooiroupe 61r.{ < /. Ano6eiqft6flumiprErdvaqpnr6qop10t6q rr;roroq 6ore
x < r< /. Y,rd6stEl: Av l ln< y- x,r61tny- nx> l. (Ep6rrlBa: frqri ro (a)
Kor(b)iXovavopLrloEi sdzprE our6 ro divol.o 1ov rpoF),Itrirov)
(c) Ynooirou 6rr r<5 ivorptroi oproloi. Asqle 6fl undplravaEdpptrog
qpre!6qovdgrooorov r ror otov s. Yr66erl1:Iov opli, 6prr61rundplr
6vaEdpprlroqapl0B6q qvd!ooorov0 Karorov l.
(d) Yno06route 6rr x < y. AJrobiErs 6rr undpX0r ivoq {ipplroedpr0l6edvdUeoo
orov x xqr orovy. Yr6SerEn: Av1ps'd(Eror vo K'ivererp6o0:q 8oulerdout6
druturar6 Ta(b)kdr (c).
*6.'Evaorjvo).oA [po^/porrK(i)! opreF6vli?srqr nukv6ov Kdesovorlr6 6rdorr]tonprd-
Ier dvo ontsio rou A. flo ropdisl,to. ro npdpl.npo5 8ilvEr6rr ro orvolo 1(0!
dvatqpdyparu 173
8. ,ri7.roru
pl16v {0r 10 oivo}.o rrDvupprir0ir,si!'or ro '.ootvo n!'o6.

(a) Anodeiqre6n, ov tt / ci\,o,ljlvxriq oro /(x) = 0 ?Lo6iou; rolq (1prolouq.r o'
;vo nrr(v6 oi\roLo A, 16r' = 0 ?ro KdoI
"f(.{)
(b) A,ro60iir6 6rr, ov rt / Ko, ns eivaLouv/EiqK(lr / (r) = s(r)./'a Kdo'.r o fw
rDKv6oivol,o A, r6iE /(:{) = s(;() 1ln Kde' .r.
' r ( \ ) y r o\ d o r \ o r o ; . o ' r J ' i , l
r c ) c \ a r r i 7 r f l u - 6 , r o e i o o ' F -o f l / ( \ r
/(ir) > s(.r) yu' KdE.{. Mropoipe vu cvrrrcrooqoorF. trovrorrro > rE > :
7. Ano8ciirc 6n, ov rt I iva' ol'vsxiq Kor /(.r + r) = /(.{) + /(_y) l(I Nd(]s.r ro' _v,
1610l]rdpX6rf\ru( opr0p6qc r6.oroq 60r ,f(.r)= c.r ilu Kri0x. (H an66s'i't ivoL
d[s6l ov duvdldoerro onocidopcra 6io rpollouf6v(Dv npoFiftdrov). MLa n),1-
pa,sapit DndpXorvt|i-oUyryr|( olvapflioslq / nou 'i:ovono'oiv lrv l(.\ + ' )=
f(r)+ f(f)?'a '('ie:{ Kar-v,alld 3vrnopoulr!oro ono6EiiouFe Idjp(l npdt!(Ifl.
0!16 ro anl6 p6rrtlo onaLridvvoLEq nou o!vrieoq Ssy oLr!flv1rr;rvr(r rorf o 6w
- p o ' n X r o h o , r d e f L o . H B lo
; / p s { i d " o L , , 0 o. , 1 n . . . | , | . . , / . . r ' d r ' . - . d t u r ' { , , :
*8. YnoedroLuE6lr Ei\aLprflowdprlol riloLa 6010
/ /(a) < /(6)ijnon:a < b (:x'ir'o 6).
(a) Ano6ciile 6r, rc lim/(r) KL rc /G) rtr{ipror! {o, ru lui. Yn63rLi1:
1'+
fr(ri i]Droro np6F),r[a ppioKsraL o 0r]1610rEad].qro:
( b ) A n o 6 ' i l r 6 f l r / 3 v ; l s r n o l f D n 6u i p s o r v o o u f l r r a ( l o p o ) . o t i on p o r p z r a r
0n6 ro [po0tl]ro 6-16).
(c) Anodsiir' 6n, (lv '1 / rKolonor6ila oL,InspdoturaIoL,OEopriF(roqEliiLd|E6rtq
Turtq, r6rE civoLorvsrriq.
*e. Av = sup{l/(r) :xmo
/ ' i \ r o l r r o o u v d p l r o ! e p a ] I 6 \ ' r l o r o[ 0 . l ] . d r o L , f sl / l
[0. l]]. AnoSiEIeLdr6rlleqr1q | | ovd],o7ecr' {'rri! ro! IlpoP).ir(ro! 7-14.
r0. Yroedroup6fl o > 0. AnodeiErs61r Kdeap'ep6sr rn{iaurdr Kord FovulLxdrp6rio
oflt ropqi r = fta + .r'. 6nor k eivoroKiporo;. xoi 0 < {'< o.
ll.(a) Y r o # r o u [ s 6 f l . r . o : . d , , . . . E i l o r f L { r q { o } . o I , i a o r r L k { l v { r p L u r L d r |<L d| a, ., i.2 .
Ano8ciEft ofl 7ro i{d0s > 0 L'ndpltsrKdno,on f' o, < r.
(b) Yno06roup6fl P eiwr dva x(1vovLx6ro).i,,(D!o tT,,rypolut\o riotl o iva
KiKlo. Av P'sivdr ro 'ryclpu{trivo Ko!ov1r6 noiilovo }1. Elnidolo ofLep6
rlc!pdrv.60iir 6rLr drapopdflvdFeo(Ioro efpad6vro! KiNioL,KdLro 'r!olo!
roLr P'Eivar L761rpt on6 ro Fro6 rlg iiLdqopdgoldirtoi:' oro tr0(ij6r roL,
KiK).ouKqLro elLpoij6v ro,, P (rp'toLFonoirior' ro txttfo 7).
(c) Anod'iqls 6rr L,ndpxcL dvo xo!o!r{6 noiitovo P sTl'}pa!!d!o o dvav n iilo
pr r:ppoiirivooo r<ortd 06io!irr oro srFoS6vro! Ki{iou. 11u\fl rdvrE!o !6poq
'Eil,1veq.
(c)0o lpn{'oi'ir ro ripoq (a).Au16r'iravoflqdqyLororq roL,7p,loLpLo
rol(nloo! ro rLapoq (a) oflv rrt B{ion1lfl flq 6ps!v6qrouqTUpocn6 rLqololoTieq
{o, ro crllodd. M' rno}.o1L6rr6roL,0rpo6ou noiL,Tdrvov.ulrni rt r60oijoq(dt
lL.eoijoqrrlq eidvrirt6rq,, cnr.p;n8r !'rol,o1lofoiq roL, r rrc 6ot aKpi[]$a
0rlo'/c oAp/r!t6r-r t\tt,to.l,uru.1(J,."r"-i-t'..',' r' \j)'r
'Xr iolr lrto;' Lpf 0,ucfIri o r,rco,u.
*(d) XploLrLotror6vrosro T'Tov6( 6r ro '$0t16d6io Korovr{6\ troiu1{i,v(,)\p ro
i6rc n),ioos n),eup6f;Io!v rov i6ro ioTo fs rfl rsrpritr,rvor{'rv trt!!p6v ror!,
uno6'ii.6 61, rc stpadd dio K[Kiov 6]ro!v lov iijro i6yo. gr ro rrtprilovo roN
flKrivo! roljq. Yn65rEt:Kol(Ii,riEreoe o!rieoorl, {'ivovr{ri 1rtv !n60'ot orL o
].61oqr(dv ElpoSdrveivaLleyo).LlrEpoq. ri |rL{p6rcpoi.ono ro iolo rov rsrpuld)-
vo! r(,rvuK1h(Dv'iaLE priaowq Kord].lrtiu rohllovo.
{i)olEr < -v ,,LoNdor:
| 2. Ytroeirolrrr 61 A Ku, B .ir,oL3io lrt KE!{ioJvo).uapr0!6v 161{)11
x oro A Kor Kd0r y oro A.
(a) AnoS.ilrc 6fl supA < -v7rfl rdl]s -v oro r'.
!14 O4t t.t
(b) AnosiEr
6rrsupA< inir.
13.'EoroA KarJ E{opr KEv{ioivo}.aflpLl]!6vnouiyaLdvo apoT!;vo,Koraqouppo}.i
ooutE!8,1 + , ro oivo),o6).ovrovflpr0lrlf.r + rfs.r oro A Kory oro r. Ano6iq-
IE 61' su!(A + B) = supA+ supB.Yr6iier!1: H qvro6ltis sup(A+ ,) S supA+
supBEivareLiKoir.rLarirrra vo qrodeieoup 61rsupA+ supB< su!(A + B) opKci
vu {rnoijri(oLr|r + sulB< sup(A+ B) + sTrondote > 0 qp/ior! 6rqla}o
6rLsLrp.4
\4oqx oro,,1{or ,yoro B }rcsupA )<cr2{olsupB ,y<ri2.
1r. (a) OE0)po,llE FLooKo)"oleidK).ELordrv iiLdortF{iro!ir = tdL,6rl, I = ta,, b,1,...

Yno0drolr'6rLoi < a,, xoLr".,<6,, rLo{d00, (ltrifu 8).Ano60iircdrl
'rndp/Erivo orllrio -ynoL,ovriKaor dd00-1,.
(b) Aro8ciire 6fl a!r6 ro olfndpoofu 60vrojriL(1\,rdpolpo\'orxld6roorripala
0rri 1l1 rl8lord.
To oni6 anordisofq10! Ipop].rifuioq l4(q)i61'rar (Oe6pitrLo ro! KrBolLolivovALo
ollfrir(0i,. MnopoiF6!o 1o/ploruorouiooL,us yLdvri &ioo!le evo).larnxig{rrolei,(ng
rov OEopl|{iro! I Kur2. Or oli}.olLolLoirou Upsr{itorror, {aL ror mpLtp{iQovror alu
cn6fDvodLlonpoJ]it!aru,r,u(3i!or'! !,o LDda !,oq tcvrxiq f'063o1no!i4Eror .,]on,x0i-
prtfurIq 61to16!rtonq,.
tls. Yro0.rous 6r,I / , DivoL o!v'xri! o1o[a. b] KoL/(o) < 0 < /(b). r6rE, ri eoeivs!
/(o + b)r2) = 0. ri r1/ 0.rirsLiiLdeopsrL{{i npoo+,uoro d{poro')[d, (d + b)r2]!rl
| / s dxer iirqqopurLxd trp6orfo ort tixpc ror [(a+ b)i 2, b]. rrnrir Ar
/((a + 6)12) + 0. iro'rfD/ ro'Hrys on6ro ijroorriuclqoro otroio| / orid(n np6-
olpo. T(ipo8r/ororLoipcro 4. | / 0di\,o,0oro Bioo.rl l f 0ouild(sr np66lpo
o d!o on6ro 6[0 Sraodloro.Odrol]lcIrdvoldroLo iLdorttLo.:r,vjaiorr!L 0!16rro!'
rpono.opiqovroq 1"./rai{d06, (sxr6(flv rt / siva'0 oEndnoropfoo).XpitollonorEi-
olE 10 Oe6plfs 1r0!Kr0onori\'orvlLqorlrdrov yLuvo ppeiruald oltLsio r oro
onoiot(r)= 0.
*l6. Ytro0r:roDrr 6r I f i\rurouvc/ri(oro Io, b]olJ.d 6/r apulr;rl 610[o, b]. T61' I /
6'v 0o riro! apft?rr.vl]0ir0oro td, (d + b)r2l 'i oro [(d + b)i2. b]. r'(ldi o;roru 1,
d\ruon o'rrdru i,aofli!(11coro onoiort I 8EvEivarap(l7rGltt.tuvsxioro6no; oro
np6|]iIta I51lfl vo Kflrcltiioteos dtotto.
'Eoro =
17.(a) t ir .y< al. Ano8DiErr ro o{6ioL0o(6io rivo, 6iKo1,a):
(i) or .r ovril( oro A {o, _f< i. 16rrro I ovriKcL oro.4.
(ii) A+s
(ii') A + R.
(iv) A! x o\'riKEL oro A, 1610un{iplErKdnoroq flpr0f6(;r'oro,4rdroro;rbor:{< irl
(b) YnoedroL'l's, uvriolpo$n,6rL10 A rKavo'ro'i ro (i)-(iv).AnoEiEr6fl A = lr:
x < supAJ.
*18.'Evo_( upr0!6q.rii7rar ots66r{iro qpri-tpo roL,A qv !ndplot]vtrsnEfoouiloL f6vo ro
y 'Evo
A
niieoq opr0!oi-r oro r > r. ol56v xdri,japdlro opi(croL4roro.
(a) BpEirE 6io ro oj(r3itvd!n,xoLoleii6r {dftJapdrpororD! o!v6lo\. ro! IlpoFlri-
paroqL
(b) Ynoefroutr611A 'iwr fva apatp6lodnerpoolvoio. Anolei:rc6ri ro oLlloio
B 6i(rv r(r! o/ij6v{t!o qpoyui{ro!ro! A ei!ortllt xtvo,{dr {dro Apotrdvo.
(c) An6ro Uipo!(b)tncroL6fl roinfB rftipjac|a!16! o apr0f6qlfTr.oLro dvo6pro
8. EfuiXon dvrtEpriypara 715
r o , 4 , K a . o r L p o ) . i ( f r o r l -Ac ri li irm
n suDA i opr trr. r c ' o i n4 y U
r l i m r L r u p e rB
xdeoivoLoA oro IIp6BLtp0t.
(d) Opior0ro LimA, {qr Ppsir..o lto KdoA oro [p60],rtlu L
*19.Av A ivoLivo dnerpo$poyfdvo6'jvo).oorodeilrs6rr
lilrA < lim A.
(b) iim A < supA.
AvlimA -.Jp 4..6r,roA nrp.iXLrivopi/.orooIo.XLro.
(d) To ov{i}.oya rov (b){ot (c)y1aro 1im.
2tit1d9
*20.'Eoro / pru ouvdpfltortouvIriqoro R, 'E!o artltio .{ ld,1orolt.io 6Kuierllq f

6vaorteio r > xFE/Ly)> /(x).HEEinolTl ourrivrqv opolo?idaoiv-
uv,Jtrdprfl
roLoro Xzripo9 or nopdtr),I),g ypoptaEiva1()1oKrivEq rou i)"ro! nou ovordl).sr
(xorrdqrnpoqrov poppd).Aq Dnoedooup 6fl 610ro olleia roL,(4 b) Ei!'oroiltria
oKrdg,slld on ro d Korro b aevivoLotFsiooKldq-
'Eoro
(a) rra.! oro (d, b) ono6i!6.1 /(x)< /(b). Yr66sql: A:iy:
x < y < , KoL/(x) < /(y)j. Av ro supArirqvFr{p6r0poan6b, r6rs ro supA
eo irov otsio or.1dq.XprtouonoEiqrso!t6 ro YYov6s yLova Koiqrriq8Eo'
;-rovor pc
rr,pootl ro 6n ro b 6.v Liv0r
o't.rrioo\rdc.
(b) Ano6riqrrdjpa6rL /(d) < /(b).lEivor dfson oDvdnLq rrq o!v61et{r!.)
(c) TdIoE,XpnoqLonor6vroq ro Teyov6e 6fl ro d 3veivorotpsio oxrdq.ijEir'6r'
f(a) = f(b)
ADr6ro anor6).sopo ivorlvoord oovro Aipto rou Avol6lt'ovro!Hliou. E{16qono10
6n tpnol|1s0roov lLroKai.i do{Iot ndvo ora E}.dILora dvo 9pd?poIo.3i!o1noii isr'
roupyl{{torrlvon66s(t 6rqq6po!6popaov0EopIpdrovnou6evefQavi(ovrfllo fluI6!o
p10).ioBlail8np6phfo 20-?.
116 Oty,w
NAPAPIHMA I. OMOIOMOPOH 'YNEXEIA

Tdrpq,noDer{ioqforod},oqrov (opE},iov), (oo( eivarrt {qd}.Iltrt olrlFri vonopf-
Bdlouls lro ox6lrl 0e;re)d61 iworc. H dwolq o!r1i 6ev6ivaro t7dll] xpriol mo
ur6),orro ror pLpliou,d,trd propei vc po1o{oerrit bGlKpivrol ro}.},6v onpsiov
qp1616pq.
fv{Dpi(ouIE61l I ouvdplrlot /(x) = .x' eiwr ouvet{6 oq 060I o fro xdor d. Mr {i},},a
),'jlrq,
161-Iraxdoe > 0, undpl rdnorcd > 0 rdrorod)or,
cv o o rivarrulcioq opr0p6q,
.rlc6?,aro.r, ov - a < a, t0re -
lr | lxl a: ( e.
Ouor{ri,ro, qEaprdroL an610 e. A}J.61o6 EqdprdtdtEltiollt Ku sn6$ a rc S rot)
yra106 (XXripol). npdyIorL.eivorqovEp6
KdvrtLolrt 060rla!,ropeivo lrtv KdvsL 6rrov
6o0iro e > 0, lv undpXErxovdvo,> 0 nouvo xdvrylo 6),aro a, 11qK6fqTrq6l.s ro
'owoq,
d-
orTrKri o opr0l6qa + ti 2oitoupqrKovorouirlv l-r al ( 6, cl)d ava ) 0,
161e
r t o r 6) .l r1- a,'tl = a 6 -t+t ll - n

ll
(ar o, 166cvo civur < E6rovo r d. (Arr6qEivardvoq.KoldrEKtriproor?rcXL,ldvoq.

triw I
lno).oyLqrrK6q rp6noeva ,ro!l13 6 I / fToLdrver 610ror no yprilopal).
A16 rlv d),L!, tro rcd0e s > 0 0d undm evo6> 0 ro onoiovc KdvsLT Lo610lq o os
rtioc 8rriorlpc [-N, N]. Eqv Jrpdln,to 6 rou {rivrtlo N i -N 0c rtivareniolg 1a
o'rou!6i,rors di.).l flFri oro 6rdoritfo.
Iov dvorei.'rruiomp'i6r?po,oeopioleq sov.iprTlsrl/(-{) = sinI /.{, 'i rq ouvriprrlorl
rrl{ onoiaqn lpqgrxri tropdsrqorlpeqviqrqr oro flrils 18 lou K9q),oiou 4. Eivqr
cixolo vc 6oigerirr, doo dloupE< l, 6v0o lndpl0r o$rdvod > 0, 10 olroiovo Kdvr
'/roourdqrrqouvqprrio6l( oa 6),0rs oIpEiqa to! olouftorl6rooripoloq(0,1).
Aurd tc ropa6e{yporc repr./pd$ouv olpovlLKdqolaeopdq qrl ou!ftpLQopd61oq6pov
o!,vc16vsuvaprrioov ndvoo0 o!-fxeKpLpdvc 6roolipolo, {ar undpt(6!,aq06rK6e6pog
,ror,olfaro60ri0u11i 11 oLdrprol.
H olvriprrlol / ivoroFo6lopeo olvi(iq ndvo oe 6ldortga A ov, yLqKdoec>0

ljndp'lerxdroro, > 0, ilor 60r,ylo 6),0ro.r, / oro ,4,
qv lx - yl < d,16.s| ,/(r) - ,fcr)| < ..
Ei6o|'1
6fl tio ouvdprrtortpnopivq EivurouvsXri6 oe 6lit titv Eloeio,ri o Cvadvor1.r6
6r{io1ruo, j(opis vq ivoL olor6topes suwtrig ri. An6 qv d),i,n, I ouvriprtol
/(.{) = .a npotflrvr oror6lop$a ouvtiE oE xd6 xLro1,56rdolr q. Aud 6ev0o ,npeft
vo foqxn).ioosrno]. - ivorro i5rcnpd7tqrou pQovi(Erqr 6ravpordF qv Fraoovrip-
rlsrl eivorqpoludvl ,rdvoos avo6rdonlpo- KoL0o drprm vo odlTrl6o6F ornv Dno\yia
ofl KoeroLVLIiqo, vdprtot oc rkroro 6rdortFoEivatcriol6 KoroFor6Fopoo or,\cXric
o' a!r6. fro vd ro ono6siEou|] our6,npdrsrnp6rova ovr4rroriooujrstvo ).m6oI pio.
'Eor0r
r0r(a,tou[e6lio6Laoflituratd, b] Kort6,'clpxoLv6ro dKpo6, korrio ouvdprrlsn
/ mu eivdr oovjariE
oro [d, c]. Toro e > 0 xor oqurodooupe 6rr oLe(fq 6tiorpordoers
(i) ov x Ko,y 0ivq'oro[o, bl xq, li /l <r,,r6Ell(x) f (t)] <t,

(ii)ov x {o1y sivoforo tb, cl Ko' lt- - }l < 4, r61EI f (x) f (r) < e,
KdocQopdnouIq x Kar/ ivqLolt8io rou [a, .] !E lx - yl < 6.
8. BliXora dva ppdTpara L77
To trpdronpdtFotroD!'a;pl.o1olo fua).6,0i!o1voSloftqoDFE ro d oov10 lrKp6lcpo

ro!' 6, xor 6. Ai)d ei{olu 01,6irort 11tropi vo n{irorpeB{i(tXir'o 2); Mropi vu
drour'oro r oro [a. b] Kulroy oro Ib, c] Kor16ro[I3 ro (i) oirs ro (ii)roc ftveriror ]10
'Lro..
ro 71r1 7 1y;l. np;ncrva ritoorc).ryo,r.ono\'tpory,ova /ptoLlonorioor,rf
sniortqrrl ouvir1drrlq / orrt e6or b.
'Eorod< 'Eoros
,{HMMA 6< cKoL/ ouvtiiqoro SLdorruo [d, c]. > 0, KoLuno06ro'rts
6rr oLnpoflioslq(i) KoL(ii) Loxrlotrv.
T6rundpr(Er
6vo6> 0 rdroLo6orE,
uv x Koly 610[a. c] Kar lx _vl< ,, rrjre "f(x) "f(.y)I < s.
Ano$r"H En'l8i r / 0iva1oDv0liqoro b, Dndprsr;vo4 > 0, r;roro ri,or
llv .Y b <4,16r t(x) f(b) <oi 2.
:lvndyrqr6rr
( i i i ) q vl x - b l < . r , x a rl y - b l < r t , t a c 1 . / G ) -/ c v ) < , .
ALo7,;Iorip yLsd ro prKp6rpo on6 ro 0, 4, A. iot!pr(6!do106rL0!1610 ii ivol to
Koldl).rllo. Ilpd7gon, ov Lr]ro066o!fr 6It ro r eival to1 ro 6rio oro [a, b] tl
"l,
l,r-y (,l,r6re f(x)- fl.y) <s,),61(j).rte(i).A!Tox,yivolKorro6!iooro[b,c],
rore |/(.r) /ly) | < e, t6y{, rrq (ii).H !6vr d},ir 6Dvor6ritro. sivaL6rL
,r<b<rir<b<i.
Kar ofl-(6io nsp1n.6oeLq, 6rL l;r yl < d, r:1oupe
aqo{ unol]doapE eniorlq .r 6 < 6
xoL / 6 < d. ruvend,q,f(.x) - f0) < e, r6yo rrq (iii).I
oropHv^
r Avrt / sivolouv8liqoro ld, bl, 16rrl / sivaroror6lopaaouvsriqoro ld, bl.
Ano,\EEH Oo {dvoutE10ouvl0rotdvoK6lno,npdnEL 6loq vo itoor},iyomo npooexrr-

Koiorov tTl7ovrop6 rlq or66(nq.fro > 0 ea ),6pe6Il r / eivqL-ra,f i oro [d, b] qv
L,rdprrK{irorod> 0 drordrors,yLfl6Iq ra / KoLz oro [d, b],
ov l/ z <d,r6r f0)- f@ <e.
T6rs,npoonooo{ls vo qnodeiloupe6n I / ivoLs {q),i oro [o. 6]Tro l(doEt > 0.
'E6ro
os0rpsiors,!uonoD6inor0s > 0.
A= Ix. x< x< b Karf e-{ol,ioro la rlj.
T6r,A + 0 (oqoi ro a sivororo A), xo, ro A EivoLd!,oepot[dvo(on6.o b, on6rsro A
iXLsidXrororivo Qpd?$o a. :ilv npq,fmL{6qro goErp8ns vo ?pd\roL,I o,, lrq xqrio
A Kqrroa lnopivoeloptdrvrcro16ro e.A).Id6sv0dro Kdvoup6,f,olror orotrcuolr,'vo
oroScilor pr orro b.ovcEdprlrq onoro no,orivorro c.
Aq uroftoorus 6fl iropd < 6. EnLdri I / ivqrouvxiqoro a, undpilerrdroro
d 0 > 0 , r 6 r o L o6 0 r . o v l y a l < 4 , 16r i/0)-/(a)l<i2. ! u v s n 6 qo, v
/-a<6(or z d l < & , r d r o f A / ) f G ) < 8 . E 1 6 r . \ / ' i v o r a iyoup u-Kol,ri
oro 8riorrtro [o 4, a + .t!].AlT6.rtvd],],r,sa66ovro o sivorro supA,sivol0rTiortq
aovsp66fl n / eivor-Kol,ri oro [d, o D;].Eno!6voq,0?16 ro Arillo npoK[nrEr 6n I /
iva1-Ka),ioro [a a+50],dparo a + di eivororo A, oovriqoor]fe ro 7?ov6s 6fl ro o
ivoravodvo qpdtlu.
flo vo 6ulrtr1"1p66o!fu rrlv on68rql,Fv oK6ft \rolEi_Eol|L86ri a = b eivornpdltrorr
oroA.TosnltsiptuoKorooDrrlntvmpirroartsi\rolorrtv rpd6rlroi61o:E96oovrt/
sivol ou!'stie 610 b, undpXr {drolo r!>0. dr6r d6rs. ov b-l <4, 1610
lf0) fQ)1<'12. EroFdvoq, I / sivo,E-{dilioro [b 4, b]. A,"id r / Eivo,
cniortq0-'.oiriorola b ,rl,610rdrorro Aiprrovo6ivr6rLt/ ivoLs Kori orolq bl. I
\18 @ep"n
IIPOBAHMATA
l. (a) fta ror4 0,16rrc oK6).ou0cslrufErou o ivoLI ouv'iprTlotl
/(.r) = f oFor6Fopga sDvriqsro [0,-): d = 1/3, l/2, 2, 3;
(b) Bpeirtlo oDvdprqol / no! vo sivaroDvIiq Ko!epo,lrrtq g1o(0, U, a)'l.d 6n
olol6topqasuwtic oro (0, Il.
(c) BpEirEpro sov'iprrlorl / noDva EivoroDvEITiEKqrqpolltq 610[0, -) o]'ld va
plv sival ololdFopea ouvel{q oro t0, d).
2. (a) AiEr6Tl,qv or / Karg eivolopor6uopga oDvtiE sro A, r6rDeivorKorn
ftc.
(b) AiEr6rL ov o! / Karg ivarotol6FopeaoDvsIiqoro A, r6t3 I tg ival
otol6,ropqasuvstie 6to A.
(c) Aiqr6fl aur6 ro ouFnipaouo6vrodr ov lio 0116oo16e6vivorrppoyFdv4.
(d) Yro06roDrE6rl I / sivol oFot6fopeo oDvtlis sro A, q g ivol olo!6pop9o
ouvslriEoro r, Kor6rr n /(x) eivqrsro B ylo 6),0to x oro A. Aro6iEr6TlI
s '/ civaLoFor6fopgo or vq'iq do A.
3. Xploruonoior6va (ern1ipnpo drlor6lnotqD(IIp6F?.npo 8J5) Tlo vo 660rprri
dl).I 0n668(nrou o8opliloroq1.
{. tuv(iy'r ?-2oovoovimlorou Oopitqroql.
ro Oe6pnpa
t
I
It
It
MEPOE
fIAPAfOTOI
KAI
OAOKAHPOMATA
tI
I
I
I
I
I
t
I
t
I
lo l&a. orcan6/tnrn;
ErLoqpout4rtot!raptpa;, o fdi,aioy
tot piot\Ktdtt /$ lts trrqi/paryn
ri\o\ oqt onoiaI lir\n dr,:tiwl
av ots t1tlr an6otuo4nauil,l
drlwq|L o vjtloi tn; ,;h,1164a e'i npuE
'" rn", o gtii/r =.r'/,
t:dnnar eiXe ardtd.tjvel
]1L^ tivl1i otjry1 ttor neenDv.
Aytiwoaaft 1695 xat17U)
atrciw ani lnv&is rEixn
tu\, Ack Eruditorunqi Airi,tidi
6tr tKt'SnxlapiS dpqparcDLeibnir.
tur aikêt;)vBernoulli
i u MaryubdeI'H'6pita1, noD$lEtoioa\
! iw otlqd,rop d.tiltots 'neopE &i
an' a)df notrTpnoutoltotowt olwps.
ftnnnoff.aftpo -itxnatutl
6nqopuo(lolnuoi, tol dtodnpanroiiottottoi
,fl w ),ottotoi t1tdqo),tiv.
'Etot ,Jriorntla
a efit ,tEtul
ati)ta.oAneeoordt AotrcN;i
AotLott6;, 6na;tuviitr na.
'
rc tar E[ot4ruftdottdr\dEpy,lo,
Kat|p|l; 0#36r arivt; ourElott

/pio\; 6et,ilow keap joet tvrcli)t
0ri; n aoi$ptto6plate.
KEOA,\AIO IAPATO|OI
H rapd?o?oq proqouvdpntotq ivorI rp6flt an6flq 610KipLeq dwoLeq qL)rorir

Iou !6pouq.
Mo(i rLro o).oKlipr0pq, onorelei1t! nrt'/rion 6noDovrl,irlv dLoirspl Tolftio 'rouo
'Ooo
AnELpooflK6q AolLof6q. {r ov Eivololioro 6rr rt dvvoLo rrtq ouvdprlor]gi\,or
06pir63rtq,6sivoro6tlorova 6o!).d\Ur Kovsiq lopiq ra 6pro xar rTlouvdlsro,r.or61110
ldxrorodv(oapdrfdroEivoronopoirtra.ort6irlorEdtouls K,ivrorqt6po rirovI nporo-
pqoKsL,ri KLov ira! ap{ni,auri ! ropdrpo$oqed voLsuxo}.6rs pt on6nE nport]/oitc-
vsq .rronC ol]lopraoru(aq rddEq noue' o{o},ouerioouv, 6t},o3i r( otlpovfl{;qdwoq
nouxopoKrtpl(ouv rov AnLpoolL{6 lo}L016.
'looq (doQol.d)q,), ro svSroQdpov rov LdE6v nousrod-rowor o olrriv
GspLKoi 0o flstqv
rrv nopd?poao vq oqsiisr{r orlt o13v1ioXdorlnoDundplsLovdpooo'rLspa0nfqTlx;!
;vvors(KarKdrotEqr56eg on6q OuoLioi. IIol,).oioproloi, oK6taxaL!spLKd0oplipqro,
fnopoiv va nspLypo{poiv !t rl poi0ELo euolK6vrpoB}.ntd1ov, ! dvovoulvd arolrq)'u-
rrrK6 rp6no.npdllon, 01onorflioslerrlq ouolKiq irov n oprrxTinrlyi Ellrvuort( I'
ourfqrLq0e!tr66cLq6wo16rrou ArlclpooflKoiAoyLopoi,Koreo qvoQipoltoL,lvd e
qloLrdsepFlvei0q. Oo opi(olps6!(0qrdwo rrq 6woreq,np6ro as ouorrtpi l'o0rlporLKi
topQrt. Ka1 0o pElrdp r! dlpooio rolq 66ovoQop{iolo la0ltaTlxd npop),ripoio.
To oLivo],o 6rovlov ouvaprioeovnopol]oldqer rdrou noLK ia, no!6tvwdpler oX6{tv
KqprdeiniSov' o!o{o}.!Vou}Kdnolsq v8Loqdpouosg ?evrK6q Lbr6rn!ro'r vo rtEd9o-
poLiv6Iq.Enr8ior ol]vsxeisoDvoplrioLq aropri(ouvfrq opl('td ,Ieplop16pivn {}.dol
0ornopoiosvonspldverKoveiq xdnorapr-IrprfFdvooEopriFarooXsflKdp'aur6q,Korrl
ioqvrKriqqoovia0eopnpdrovlerd To Keqd).oro6 6'irvn 611ouri rt rpoo8oKiorirov
6LKorol,olrtfivt. Al?d ro nrov6Lsq6povlo xorrarupdororr,aopora7laflq ouvoprioEq,
0o ap0ouvr6vo sv npropiooDlc rrlv rpoootri laq qx6ponpros6rspo, os ouvapria0ls
roL,ixoLt cva/.olo rTopandvu va liTotro )o}lrdq-.ro lo! 6' uncpr$ipovror or(ofa
K o ) . 1p' or a r d n qn " p r o o 6 , , p c : o ' w t L i , o ' v a p r i o ' . . .
(a)
t/iw I
i6t l(qriq oulrsprqopdg

To E /i[a I ropouoLd(r noulropoivvq etpavloouvoLouv-
irsigoUvopflioLq.
Or]paQrl(6qnopaodoeq oul6v roJv (T,ri7iqouvr
ouvoplriorov oro (0,0),
oEavri0solJrsrrt TpaqL( nopdoruolrou:Iipaloq 2,6nouivarSuvar6 vooldrdoout
-rrova prtvotrLo0Ei
!/ila 2 !r1 (sgonropfvtD oEKdeeollsio. XptoLpororioolr0 sroo7oTrKd 6
722 Ilapdyayorrar o1od,4p6!dra
dIoDfEopidfl 11oivor().ti7toltorxor rL negomopivrP, qv KqrunovooiF 6 rl -fpqgrxri

'loo)e
nopdoroq ().ufiqeo,o' ivo olpeio 6aou6evgropoiFsvo q6poufrcQo,r1odvrtD.
6Zr{6n roporltpiioer6fl 1 egomolwl 6rv gropeivo oproci oovpu ruocio'rou14rvr
q Tpoqrxinoprioraotf6vo tro eopd avocraroroqoprof6q0o {rov toDi6tpovqftoi.6
nrproproflK6q xqr ro).i ovcl(Irx6g. M dvovr;rorov oprou6,I suoiorou triXvouporo
fTrila I 6ev0u rirav eqqnroldvnqq lpogrKiq nopdoroolqorlv i6ro rK6va,evd,n
nopopotrri (ri xqr 10).6,reprso6upd
0o .ij( 6110 9mr6levEq o Kd0eol!io (ttripo 4),
(or or rpflq ouvqprioErcoro IIitd 5 eq ritqv rrproo6rrpcE on6lio rqo,rTdtrv[qoro
s!!ia 6rou (),uyi(ouv'.
txitld 3
tziw 5
Mro trpoda7./roil olov oprol6 qq reqnroF;vltg, rou utr661Eror

nepr6o6tcpo rpdruolo,
hira 4 lExrvdfi lr' uriFvooorgo qv
xar i(prtorlottori aworo rou opiou.Av ,, + 0. 161' 10 660
6roxrxprrivoottrrio (a, (a
/(a))xur + ,, /(a + l)) Kooopiqouv,
6noq qaivror olotl!i-
rd 6, [l0 'u0ri0 !e xlion
f(a + h) f(a)
\iw 6
'0r(D6
10tllipa 7,I ilqo,rtoldvlDoro (d, /(a)) lord(Ervo ivario 6pro,[ rdro ro
66i1vt
dwora,ould'vlov (c!vo!o6v', K006qro ,l, nl.nordEsr ro 0. AvdTouFpr.rlorr ,torCoC
r6poTroio (6proD uer6
\, s:I1,6
Unopo,ilrEvr IltLiooLuetra ro 6pror0)vKlio6vrorJ6:rl
K).iot116saoffoFdvlqoro (d, /(a))ed'nprn va Eivorion f
9. Ilapdyayot 123
l\a+ h) f\d)
h
Ei!flors r6ps florJroi yra ivov oplopo, Kol K{inoLooIdILq.
/ ivortrdpayoliorFl610 a ov ro
H oLrvriprTtort
t(u ) h) t(u)
rm Lrru0t
h-
: olrlriv nt! rTpimool. ro 6pro ouppoli(eloL |Lsf'(a) {aL ],alerolt rapdl(Dto( llq /
dro d. (Ait oK6po6rr I / eivsr rops,oliorFrl, av rt / cl\,fllnopa?o ortrt oro ll 7ts
Kdl]sa 6r(] nESioopLoporiqq /.)
,ita 7
To np61oqt6iLo trdvrD orov op1op6!oq, ivoLoqv npoTpo1lK61lrq lro npoo8i{rt:
opi(ourcrl! eaaEtoljvr 6rn ?paprKrinapdoraorrlq / o1o(a, /(d)) vo 'ivur 1]6'r0i(
no! nEpldL 0,16ro (d, /(d)) KordxrK).ion/'(d). ADr6otfqivsr {trl, tl EqqmoFr\]r)
oro
(d, /(a)) opiqIorp6r'oo! rt f eivolnopalo'i,ioLprt
oro d.
ro iiLlrupoot6),ro.ovoa;psrororov ouullo),ro!6.To oirPo).o /'(a) ouriqs,l]dl]uro
ouvdpllot. Ilpo?rLofiKd,rro {deEouvriprrol /, outpoliqouFe !e /' rt ourdprlor] no'r
dIfl nrSioopLo|oirooDvotro rovaprep(bva yrolougoroiolqI / sivoLrapoyor?iourt oro
a, KolrLprioEKdordtoLovopr0!6d ro
-
,. f(d + h) f(d)
;:; h
(rLovo Tivor'!' no).[o{plFeiq:/ sivarr']o!rl"o7'i Iov (rr7ap'd,v
(".f,la.r1 j11')
110100norour0p'l0r ro liq,t"f(o + r) /(d)l/l.) H oDvdpqor /' ].6yEror
tr ,!q06yoroq
To lpiro pqq016110,{ard rL laKpnrpoan6 ru rpoTlyorirpvo 6io, avoadprur ortv

quou{ eppr!'eiofite napaldr?ou. Aq osoprioouts 6va06!o irouKLviiaL KordlriKoqlLos
s!tuios?paFris Glita 8(a)),ndvoollv oroio 6xoupEnLLdeL 6!0 (qprr{6' ortFeioo.
{or lro r.olcnouvolorlv onoioor anoordoLs 0l!6ro O eo}pdeovloloovesrl{oioprojroi.
r,6t onol].a6rtur' 10O v6qonpioD ortv d].Ll KolELierivol
eo?pdqcroroovopvrtnx6e
ap10[6(.Aqourpo),iEoD! ps(r)rlvor6orqot rou odJ]aroqon6ro o, ritrpovl{ri 611?uri
r. ALoiiEo[sirifl]6qrov o'rfporro!6s(4 qpoi o{{tEopreu6 r dvrLoroirEiflo onooro-
! lpoftrtdrtvotroro\
t/i]1a 8h)
a r , ( r r r ' p ' o L \ i r p u y u u r . ' d ! t r o , r a -cl , 0 6 0 1 , ,o . u p o . u :! L '(oTrora
ou?KKprtrvr]
ouvdprtot r. H ypoqrni napdoroortqq s sfQovi(sLrrtvun66roort rou xLvrroi an6ro O.
orov KorflK6pDAo dqova.ouvaplio0l rou Xp6\ror,, tro! dLorp6IerrovopLq6vrro dlovn(tli-
fa 81b)).
rar d,o '4pcipara
124 llapriyayor
To q),iKo
s(a+t) s(a)
h
d1nrro guoroioTrxicpflvsiq. Eivorrl(don rolirnrq'rou Krvrlroisro zpovrK6 drdol!-
so lrcroqrld ror d + l). fra kdoouyKeKpr#vo d. quri n !do! roxnqm pdpou
Eqprdrar
0116 rol?. A,t6rrlv dlh r).supd,ro 6pro
. sio + /r) - j(o)
l'$ r,
r(oprdror[6\,0 ondro a. (Kq06qKoro,i6 rI ouTkrxprgivrlouvdpqorlr) Koru,rdplolv
ol}|ovrlxoi.o nie'rp{iE qur6ro 6pro.Oo odl,qptvo
O'rouoiq,l,670r o vo rEsrriooule
Iridtrs 7ro (.lv rqtirnrq rou nvnroi rrl oflyti
:apovrKi oD.oli.d o suvrleroldvoe
opr-
oF6qrnq To/rirnrqqcivoLorrlv npoltoflx6Tqrsfvqq opro!6; fi6n, rdlirtrsq o !'ivog
0Loyog oprop6grn( (o;a6r1tog1r1otLyyridD(rti ).tri!vil((onllroiog raj(irl&qD)
s(a+ .r,) s(d)

lr
'EroL,
opi(outeoov (aflyFroiq)taltrrlrc rou xrvrtro'iI]t orryprid, rlv napdyo-tos'(d).
nopaqpior6r ro s'(d)0apnopoiocKdu,lorovo EivaropvrlrLx6.
EivororuovrLx6vo koTa).dooutE 6rr rl oTlttroio rax l!14 ivorprq0oplrrxri6!vorq.
lro a{poipeonrou 6ev qvrrororxioKprpGo rdnororapqrrtpiorrl noo6q1o.Av (qr 0q
ri1ovdSrKovq unoorrlpiEo!,l86Il I orrllrqi! ro7[rl1o 6vd16rrojrd olioit pq ]$ot
Ioliritlo, np6,!3r
vq 00t6[oore6fl I s'(t) 6rv civor
s(t+ r) - s(0
h
lLa xdnoroou-fK8Kpulivo i. o).ld or).6qro 6proolrdv lov Foov rolurrirov xo06(10,
'Elor,
nhord(eLro 0. dlcv irlpL6wcL loxrirlr! ofil OuolKli,oL,16rou frpdsrollv
npottdrLK6ltradvaqQDor{d(ivaLFla Fdonrotifltto ndvo)o' ivo (,roli t1xp6)lpovrKd
8rdornlo rro rdroro6ro6LKooio 6evovadv.olvo66oeLoxpr9dq sror61.6oru, o],}.da!r6
6vonBaiv& 6rLivor),arrorqrrKi,troli or qDorxdq pIpriorLq
arorxLolidr 6pnopo0v
nordv0 Eivaroxprpig.
H rota6riFarv6erLt'rlrori)dyerorou:av{iKor(pu0rdEffloo)'riq rrlq 06onqrouD.Au{ rl
6wororre napolli,?ou, oqvpr,0tr6s 6yl1,o6i
leropoLriq, Eeap!(drq'oono'o8rino1[ (i).),rl
r(o(ioraol 6nouxdnoroquorK6tdreoq |rra9dt),rqr f rovlp6vo. fra nopddrlla, oav
(prp6!laFol.riq
rtq pd(oqD ev6qoFrrrydvou nouplq),6vr, oopoJ! rrlv nqp{i-royo
rnq
suvdprtolqn, 6nout?(r) ivoLil !d(a q lpovrKriolr, lrrl l.
fLovo EEorKeroeorljr0!310u{ paorKoq opropoiqqulot 1o! r{potraiou,0o o$rsprlooute
opxr6j{p6voeEsrd(ov1oq TKrapoydjyoug ou-rKxpLpdlov sulaprliseov.npLvvq ano6i-
outeroonou8qia os0rprltr*danorr,sporarouKeqo),aio!ll,od),oull va 6ivorKqrqvort-
16ro n{iEpoLdqrI ropdl(Dlo( prof ouvdprlotq. To er6yevo rergd}.cro
aqrepdrveror aro-
rd,sro{rxdsUlon},supd oL|loilou npopli poroq- stov rfio),o1rop6 qq mps-f6you[o],i-
nioxo)\,ouvdpflioov.t' our610xeali).oro 60 66oo!!s pdpognrproo6ftpoorrgwoL(,
nopdorols unoi.otrotois,I),r{i}woq Fprrd on)d nopooiruqra. To an},oimrpoon' 6i,o
ivarrla oraospiouv{iprnor,/(r) = c t' oulrivrnv rcpinroon
. tltl I h\ t(a) - .. c- c= -
l'1"-----t: lT /, u
'Apq,
rl / ivornqpqrutioqrrtoro d 7rqKdEapre!6d, Kor/(d) = 0. Aur6olpoiver6tl rl
er0onroBvl rlq Ypc9LriqftopdoraolgrnE/ 6:(Erndvrak).io1t0, dpot qomolivl ndvro
ouJrnirrfiprt TpoQrrirqpdofldrl.
9. Ilapriyotyor 125
or orq0Epaq ouvopflloELq
6evEivaror r6v'q?rarLqoroi! illpoerxi nopdolao!outni
rrcl tr0rtv eQonlotdqqq os Kdooruio oD.dou!0oivslylo{dr 1poppr(riouvdprrl-
ot /(r) = cx + d. nps]lorrK'i,
tr"- h) I{d)
Itat=li,l:'' h
,. c(a+h)+d Lcx+dl
Eir,orc, rl i6roprlv ().iol qq TpoqrKiqnopdoroolqntq /

I '.riort qE EeonrofatatE
H rordoraortivolSl0aopen{ri ov /(x) = r1.T6i,
t,",,|^Jla+ ht f\dl
h
.. (a+h))-d]
a ' 1 2 a ht h l a'1
= Lim(2d
+ n)
=2d
Mcprl(dEon6 q qotrI6Fe,,,eg or1 TpogLxrjrcpdoruol rnq / Aoivovrol oro : llo 9. I'
o L , r n vr r l v L r K 6o\ ( d 0 Lc . D o n r o u i v n , p o i ! f -v0o. - d L v c rr l Y p a o r K n
i f l p d o r u o rot d t f l f 6 v o
:tita9 or sio, Kol uur6 lnopoi[s vo ro e].alEoufenoii ei(olq: Aqoi I Aanroldvl oro (a, d:)
: t c r K ) . i o r2 d . c i v d rr l y p o $ L \ tn f l p d o r a o '1t I q o , ! d p - n o t q
e ( x ) = 2 a l x -d ) + a '
= 2ax a'.
Trhpo,ov 01 TpualK;qnapcotdoeLqrov / Kot s 16pvo\'roLo' 6vs ontsio (.{, /(x) = (x,
r6rc
s(.r)1,
| = 2ax d1
i x'1 2ax+d1=0
dpo (.{ a)' = 0
611. x= a
\4 d),lq),o}lo.ro (o. o )fivaLro Lovo8rKo
oltl;o rot,iq
H olvriprtott ,f(x) = x'louiftr w unot),sisloipot on oliriv ltv dnovTlouviooq
!u sqo,rropfvnripvLrTlypoQrKinflpdoroolrpLoo6rpo ar6 pio qop6q.Aq r{ipoute,
trs rqod6frllo.rr orvdorrol /rxr - \ . I o',fl]vfltv,rlpi,ruol
rt't h)- I@)
/ lo) hm4ji:-
,. (a+h)'- a'
dt + 3(lh + 3(18+ ht al
h
3(r1h+ldt+hj
= lim3d:+la, + r)
126 Ilopdyayorrar oTorT1pripato
'Apu,
rt Eqo'rrorvnrrlE.rpaarrriqrapdcootc qq t oro (d, ar) tr rl.ioyl 3dr.4!16
oqpqivtrdrr n cqorroFvrlci!trrI ?po0rnitropdoloorlqg
c(x) = 3dt(x a) + d] = 3a1x- 2a1

Or-rpaqrKiE
'rapoordocrq oro on$io (a /(r)) = (x,g(-r))6rav
ro)vf {or g rUvowor
xr=3a1x-2a)
6rt),. .rr- 3aIx+ 2ar= 0.
Aurn rl (iooot L[vrar6ro].cov ouplooripe dfl gto ]JoI qq npfmr vo ivarlo r= a,

ripo ro (x - d) np6t!0rva ivor nopdloyroc1ouqproreporipdl,ouqr6re, o dD,ogropdyo-
vroEltopoi vq Pp0ei p6roipot.noipvoDjr
(x - a) (.rr+ ax - 2d:) = 0.
ro x - d vq ivarnapdyowqq
TDXoivr xarrou .r: + ax 2or r).rxdrruipvoul
lx- d)(x- d)lx+2a)=0.

'Eror,
rirr(,)g
rpoivrororo txrip l0, t Qonopivrl oro (4 dr) dFvr rn lpaerki ropriorqorl
xal oro olfio (-2d, - 8o')-Aotd ft 6u6orlpiqivor6ro9op1rxd, xr6gqv d = 0.
'E1oufo
ri6I Ppsrllv nopdyoloqpxr6vouvoprrioeorv, yrava ncpouodooupe mv rl.o-
orx6,rqr notri 6npo{p.risK6poKoLolipspo,oullpo],rou6 tu rE napa.r6yoDq. fro soold\rrl
ouv{iplror /. rt ropdyotoq/ o'rrpoli(crarourvd!c
tzip I0
qa)
frq ropddrtgq,
ro oiF0oi.o
dr
rne oovdpqone t(x) =.i.

outqoLigt rnv EapdfQtyo Eivqr nprc6 vq no6ue.6r tu
6rdqopo
oirpolq ortv nopiiorqoit
df(x)
dx
6v6lo'rvKdrolo,ovedpllnt, dttqoiq ro Kq0dvo - xL d 6Evciwr sprgWi,6Eypnopoiv

vo ELsypoqoiv, KorqDfliKoo'currj4 napriorooldavsivar10nnl.i(o 6io dL),ovaprel6v
" d/(.r)". AurdEo o!ppol,1op6{oQe{},rororovLeibniz(noD.yvrKd
eopeiror6fl ouv-avo-
Kdluverov Anapoorr(6Ao-rrsg6 p
!d(i rov Newron, o ;va6avEdprlloqrr6rovd),}.ov),
{qr yu suvarooltarrroie},6toucovq96p1qr oov o ouuFohol6qrou Lcibniz..Av Karo
o!F0o),1op6q df(x)ldx po]rj.(er
rol.tn).oroE,o ouyxKpudvq nsprn(irorqioo( ivorI
ouvrojr6r8pog olo Kdro-l(dro,rc ai49a|o dx|/dx Eivorooq6f orwoU6rpo0116rnv
ep{iol ot Jlopd?oloE qe ouvdprTlortq/(x) = xi,.
Or nopardro)dnol6ivouv,Ir 1ovou!0o).roldrou Libniz,10snortraql0ra mo oroio
dloup6(orq),iEro( r6pa:
. O L.ibniz oaryriorr. o ou6 ro oirBdi ar,j rry 5eLootnn4 1ouawi?.t'{t

Fd q! &Ailolo, rnv orcia
0.opo,jod,62,106pD io{ qliov [ /(r + ,) - t(r)]/ i, orid q! {rqri, olronroD'rlircu &ov o I riwr
iwq
"oFnporo16to+ opr0!6q.Aui I {dmrp(m4' roddtlio 6qrBofu(6rov!s ar KorI owiqorn GrsF
pooi, 6'o{opri ftt+ dr) f\r) rt !ltx). ^v (a( dwri rr dtrovr etvoraopoioooq
!s ftq r&dqfq
(llXllS)rov trpo1!on(6!dAoslv,ldproi d$poior Fplorcwquni! {v twoLdqq iqpdl6yo! B.rrri
L lldpliyayat 727
4:n
dr' =
2x.
l.r
Av NarI olrrdoidolrd)vlov runovsivflrapKerdoqprtq,r npoond0cLu yLoltLuKord),6qrl

eppnsiarorc oxorrdg,erorlv iiott (Ivripflot 6n Frosiioool Ss\rpnopti!u nspLdxsr
rLa olrdprl6t orrt lra n).Eupd KL6\q! (preu6oqr dli,t. fra napd6cr1lo, uv 6iouprt
rpi.r oqioooqvo EivoroooI,i,16ri rc d/(x)i dr np;n6L va ott'Poii(a ro! upLep6 /'(.t),
Kor6xrrrt ouvdprlol /'. r1.u).).r6s, ro 2n npanslvo orspoii(eL6 6vurupL0yrl, u).).d11
orrydprtot trorI nuri rIC oro -yeilor 2.\.Eivarnpa-/po{rNd dijivoro!0 rolUplorcixoviq
6rLlfdpz', {dnorosr'31Et !nfp Itq fLdcri rrq {ilirq i.ioli ornv npriil ro d/(;t)id;t
lLrpr(i(aopfc6u!0o1i!'r ltv /' KoL!Epu(i(aopdqro /(;t). Evdro 2:\lnop8iva ot[qi\Er
. r . , u r , , \ o t , 0 "1 i t . r oo ' t r i o I o
| . . l - i o r r o -o r 1 : ' 1 : o o t i o ' r o . . on, - p r 0 0 6 r f p o l
o!//poqEigInoL ftrpoeLrltor va /pfoUonoLiooL'\To! ouppoiLolL6
d f(x)
-(d)iLqm /'(al
avli TL (IL,ro,io /'(a) oa,oo,.i(8r'r ol]wioo; ! rc 0dpllopo.d).i,{iodqir, oifpolo

d"f(r)
^
IIipo &r' o!r;; rlq 6LroKo),iq. o oLrl'po),LoF6q ro! LeibnizEtnl,frcraL os fLq oK6!o ood
q'Lo. A! xai o o!!0ol,Lop6q d.r'ldr silur rt).'itd; onoEKr6q,10 o[ppo].o d/(x)idx ovrF
| ' o i o r o r ao x r o L , . d J J \ . ^ , , " 0 i p f l , oo. S n 7' o - , i t r o o ' -\ l - o , v oo , j / i " ( u v " c
pLoouvriprlol su tqvrLptj rIq oro ir. LivaL1600Lo)rupio(,rri! r{iotl. tro! noLi ! gopdSor
=
orvoprrioa( oLrvo6iovlaL l lra qp{iortro! rnno!: (oeropoipe11 orvdpqol -v -rrr. Oo
uhoto'eqoo,t' ' , : t , , { o , r . d. D o o u rtl \).uorn npo,,,ri ^ '
rpiol ro,, -i r(m 6,r!' 6vo[u ol]vdpri]otq, o].id 0o e4,oorEnpoo.,iflKoi orrt d,ri{p,ort ptcq
olvdprtotq on61Lqfllaq rt; eo iiue dl].odri nd\{ort {dlr 6t1\ (o8opoJpnt ouvdprl'
or (no! opii'rcl un6 qv) -v(x) x1, =
o o!tPoL16I6q rou Leibniznopd rLqno).iie ro! oo{iatLsr.tprto4LonoLsiror oIE6ovflno'
d.0,6n{d oro ntl7.r6rspo po1]itIarrrdxeife!d, xoLxpn6Llonor0irornoii o!x!d flx6pa Kar
orl!cpo. or nro spnaeEiq(Ivrinolor ror, or,rLpoi,ofoi to! Leibniz n(pu&ttovrflr 6r' ofl
xpnoLtonol0iror?ro opKs16KoLp6flK6!a, svdr or nLo$ioTspoi 0ou!oor;q ro'r 0d'iolav 6rL
'oroqrarrd;1e,tottptillo,oo!!0o1,rop6qro!
a ( s L 7 1 o r d w uK , r d r r . ( v o ' u r i qf p y o v !
Leibniz60vlnopsi va qAoloei rvre).d:c.
H noirrlxri nou uLo.rofrr o 0!16 ro 0LDiio. ci\'o' !o onoKlcioolprov o,rppoiro!6 rou
Leibnizotr6 To x8iiL8lo.ol,id \ro rov 6u[npridpor,pora npopiipora aprId {'pd}.aru
trspLalorl l!'pr{d ror6ooq avo?vopioLpa)npo0}.ipqrs rou 6/o!v oleijLo6r'i oKpLftlj;11o
'olroq
vo rovioou! flq rarorponi;ro,r oL)ppoirofoi ro,, Leibniz. n'nsloudvo,6fl aur{i ro
npopiipart1 npooa6pouv (Ipl(eri LdoKrt6! o or,r6 rov ouIBoirat6. Enrorpdqo!!Eoro
Kipro dpToraq, !o EErdool,uc lli{rdi FpLKd onid nopu6i./Iaro napflT67ov.
OLLr7oo1iqoLrvoprrioeriro! dxollr! eir.docr oCr6pu,Iruv 6iEqnopaloyioLl8q.fLo vo
'KflrLriooutniipo; It otpooi,l 1lq nopord)/or,.Ei\'oi cEi6ot' orttL.lfnK6vtl ?vtDpi(oL,fs
!spL{d napadEi?pa!aouvoprioE(Dvno! ,'f ci!u, nopo/iD?ioL!se. Ol npoao!'siC!no,l,riqtor
eivflror rpsrqo!vaplioLq tror trprbrsc or(rtriortrcvlJ a!r61o KQd).oro, KaLonsrKoviio-
128 dod'4ptbpara
Ilapriyt'tyortcar
vroLoro txitq l ov rslLKd ono6rlroiv ropa?olioLpqoro 0, Kdrl 0d'1r oiloopo n{i61

61pa0d.
Aq soire rp6ra rrtv /(:{) = l,rl. t' ourliv rnv nspinruoil
/ ( 0 + r ) - / ( 0 )_ l } l
hh
T6po lrlii= lyLor>0{o1 ., /r= {trrro
l Tror< 0. Aur6ano6LK-vu,
. I(h)'t(0)"
;:i 0
I!rtv rpoyparLKornro,
liml9) rtor ' '
f(h\ t ( 0 1_ . t .
l'$ r,
qopiE I 6rrd ropriYoToqKot rl ap,otepi rapdToToq,
(ADrd ra 6io 6pro ),Ilov1o1l'0pLKaq
avriororxs, rnq / oro0.)
Av d + 0,r6reI /'(d)undplsr.KaLtdlLoro,
: f'(x) = I, ovx> 0
f't.tr'|= t, 0vx < 0.
H an63e1Er ouro$lou npdypolor oaivroL qveup6oaoT3
osoEGivolrjKo).! lrlv ropd-
./o?opraq otl!'dpqols).Orypoqrxdq mpoordoeq rov / {or /'aaivovrqroro
lpoppLKriq
tXitta 11 rrrips I l.
fLs rt ouvdprnorl
| , t ' . o v . t <0
/"l ^ ) = I , , o u , > o ,
'Elotp
etaflviEsroL pramp6uonSuoKolio 6oovogopd6rlv /'(0).
thl
h ovh<0
ttht 0t | 1=
h I !=r -' 0vr>0.
t r
EnolawJq,
ri- {4I--Il9)- n"
;n h
.i0)
o).).d l'+? t.
'Apo oro 0. Kat rdl,r,6loq, ! /'(.r)
rl /'(0) E\,D,rdpj{sr
I / 6svivornopoy0ryio,ril
rn6pf"r\tt t + 0 ivorixolo vq 6oiu8611
/G)={ ?'':;;;3
tl\td t2 ropdoflic0r(rov f Ko1/' poivov'roL
Or ypsqLKds oro rrilo i2.
To npd,Iaft ivo10I(6!0Inp6repaIe qv /(x) = /lr I. fr' ol)Irivr! dlvdp.rton
| 'rrh I
0vr>0
I tl V,l
"f(,r) _f(0)=
| .f-t I
9. Ilapriy@yoL 129
ro an66eqLd
:' ourrivfltv 'rEpi,i@orl, 6pro
ri,n1'fr' . /10)- ,i' l

;ii hJh ;n
p7610
6'\, D'rdp1rowiesro,ro l/1fi livetcr oooSrj:roa {o06qro } riveroro 0. Kor,
ar6ro telp6repa,ro 1iJr, 1ilrror oaosinorslsydtro{or'or61'Drt ntLri,al}'d opv4
flr.i (trripo i3).
rtitto 1l trittd 14
H ouvdptlol /(x) = it, o\rKa16svsivouropdyo?iourl pradpror

oro 0, oL,rirs rould
Irorov xritroq
ro).nropoo116
rI! rTportyoipevl.
To q],ixo
f(h)- f(q=lti h'/t- | - I

hhnr(fr),
orl.d)qyivsreloooSrinor pey{ilol(oe6gro,l?reivero.o0.A;Is fsplK;qqopaq6Tlrl / 6IeL
(drsrprt,nopdtoTooro 0. fEor8rpr{d,a!r6 onpaivr6.1 ! lpaprKrinop{ioToorl rr'tq/
arErrraGeanroJrivrlrou eivalrapri),},rtho'rovKorqK6puqo dqovo'(:-trito l4).o!orl(d,tl
f(x) : Vx ;Ier rrv iSLoleopIpLKri L6r6rrlro.
ol.).d0a),tTo!06Tlt / d1rnopdTolo
(spvnrrxddirsrplrolo 0.
O!s!oir6 rt ,ropa?oyLorl6rrlro unoriesroL 6rr ivorllo ptrrioror]os 0160! f31r1!
orli 6'ivdle1o.A'rfli ! dnovrtsvrol$roron6 ro r6oq nopo6iyporo orJvoprrioeo! ro'l
Lno,orv"x":q.ol).doxL'ropaTuTior.rsq livcr dL,J,voorI.otfito 6ttLio ro! nD;r".v'
0vaasp0si:
orop r\[{r Av I / ivorropo?oyiourlqro d,16rrl / sivoLonvsXric

oro d
AIrodrEH linfld+l) /(d) = lim

f(a+ h) fp. h
h
= l m f(a + h) l@ 1i.7,
= f'(d) o
'Orucdzoulforl,rcrooF,
o r oK L q d ) . o r o
r ,50.6 r r r a i T l { o r r ' /{dr-0.:va.roo6f-
vort rrErrt! lin/(r) = /(aI dpar / eivorouvriqoro a.I
Eivolno),t6tpavTtK6
va eutdrorKaveiqro
O6ptla I, xoreEioouorudvnK6vo oDpdrqr
611ro ovriorpo9o3evLo1ier.Mro ropayo?iourlol,vdprnol eivorouvElriq,q), i lrs
130 llapdyayoL
rat d,odtnpdpdtu
ouv iq ouvdprnonInopivopnveivornopoy0ryiorprl (dIroro vouooqqv ouvripTtort

/1x) = lxl, xor 6eveo E6Idsr0rord rrouian6rLq660rrpordoEq ivaroh0iq Ka!rord
OIU.
Or ouvIsicouvoprlioqnoulsrdoofsoq 16poirov napoyoryiolpsq s' 6trorq qpeia
ts trd ro nol.{ sqoipon,
a},}.deivaliKo}.ova 3d'6o0Fe ropo6i1l1ordouvj(6voDvoprli-
osorvrou 3vropoyoyiEovrdr os rol,l.d orlll8id,oK6poKdl onipoDn1.i0o!((tXipo l5).
trita 15
trrlv npoyporrK6rlro,prTopsi
KoviEvtrnrri,aslrd1l ar6lr0:(Erp6cpo qr' qur6.Yndp1r
proorivdprnonrrou6ivarnovnl otvEX4e Ku noveeviMpayayioryn!Lno I$q6E.vEi\sr
6uvor6vva 36ooulrovoproF6olrriqqg ouvdpfltoilE rrprvvo qTliooupe
oro KAdl,orc
23,
Ka!6vto Kordapo vo neioorov o;1e&conlvcq (oypoqior(sxqrir'rpooKrrKd 'i{i,E
0d'rpmvo sivorrlypaerKriropdorool l(qr0oolptsprsrirrnv dnovrlrou).Eivor610r(
5uvqr6vo oIE8rdooulel(droleqo6pdqJrpoos]liorE rtg ypoerxriqrnq rqpdoroongor
np(i)rE,6],0
Kornlo o),oKl.Ip(Dtfvq
npooeyyioEq, Aaivowal610Ijnipo 16.
(b)
(d)
txipq 16
9. Ilapdyayot !31
IIqp' 610 nouJrpfmrva ovapdloD!oDrdto osauorlrfli ropo8i,l,"rolri ntrpotoylor-

[6Tn&e,troporils, I0 Kdnorasuorpoaia.vtr PpoijreI1o ouvrl ouvdprlonrou 6vsivor
,lopolodoqrt 6e d,!1po ortpxrt,noL,dld Ppi1Kovraroro [0, l]. Mro r;roro ouvriprrorl
T
aoivsrarorot:arlrq17.AarivoutoavdoxTtor rarov avaTv6oqrov oKprpirrs oprop6:
ivarlrla qpotrtrKllDK6oxirrq ouvdprnorlq
.l
0, av.r=0.
zXipa17
Au i I oDTKxp+6vnouvdpqor / sivorar6 s6q rqc xpKrr{iXoporftrtprorLni,

doov
oeopdoro rp6PIrUoqq nopo,otrorpdrlroE.npdtlorl, y1o1l+ 0;XoDj10
,l^
f\h) f(0J= .l
F x o r l l ci 6 n o r o 6 c i q o6 r ' r o l i 4 s i o i 6 L vu r d p x l , .d p f lr l / E e vL i v o Lr a p t r / d ? i o , p 1 o r o0 .
ftulc-prKd. !ropci vo 6fl Kavliq 6fl 6ct rivat 5uva16vd undpXLrAorroFdvn,aopo.np6-
vftq 6rr rl top6ri trou npvdErqn6 ro (0,0) Kor (1, / (r)) oro tlill0 l8 rnopi vo dxl
onoro8iml K).ist rg1a6i - I lcar l, ooobinore pLKp6xl av onorfliooDpevd Eivflrro 1l.
zXitto 18
732 llapdyuyorrat d,o '\priporu
Au i rlavoxdluvnonorI8ipiaFpo xqd l<dncrovr p6,ror

av Kolouv:(riE,I
ouvdprrlorl
/ poivlarqpKerd repiopn, Kol Ftopoiperripq v'dvaAdpouFe dvo,dn6 polfqrrri
dro\nl ov,[06trtro,Iqpaxqprorr6 116- 6eveivcrnqpo?oyioul oro 0. Avod'rpgns
6fcrqvo livoupE0oulroor6q rou xprlpiou q6 ropolo}loqr6rlrag. fra ropd6r1ruq,rl
ouvdpqorl
| ,. I
I r ' s i n- , x+ 0
8(x)= I
t 0' .x=0
ivdrnapqlorllorp!olo 0 rpdlparLg'(0)= 0:
.^ I
srn
, -c{ht - gror_ , _/) T
l'T r' lT----7
= rim,sin+=
H aonroldq orl lpqqrkri nopdorootqe g on' 10 (0,0) ivarno!dv04o opr(6vnoq

diovo( (tXiso l9).
txitta 19
An' qur6 ro ropdberlgqqoiveror611od'npft vq (nrdp6a*6po rro irsproprorrl(fq
ouverifte-rrqplq suvriptitorl,qn6 lrlv anl,rinopayo1lorll6rrlft. M,toporl!npd-rlqnvs
lplsuonorriooulE filv 'lopd-foTo yu vq 6rqrur6oouF l.Iolq olveriKEq,
ov rrodlouf
Iprxodq oprolo6g oKdla, rougr),.uloiouq owoi lou r(Eqal,oio!.
frq tdeo ouvriprJtotf, nqipvow,!E rTlvillpdyo)lo,pla vdoouvdprnsrl/' (nou'ro
n6ioopLofoirnEi6o! Dtvsrqp(rdlrKp6rpoqr' aur6rIE /). H dworqrIq ftqpayolF
orl6qroq FfiopipdFoLo vo EQapuoolei ofil olvdprlol /',6ivovroe flo dLLl olvdpqorl
(t')', nourc ff6io opLopoiqe onotl,iIor on' 6),010orllr'ia d 1lo.o onoioI /' eivor
rapoloyiorprloro a. H o',vdprror (/')' Tpdqrorouviooqrro oiTl.df" Kor).61sror rl
66rpq 'ropdyoToq rtE f. AvuniprrI /"(d),1610],6!e6nn / sivor6u6sop6( ropolo-
li6ut oro a, Karo dp(8!dE/"(a) l6Frqr rl 6E1Jtprt napdyroyos rqS/ alo 4.
tll Ouor{ri rl 60rirptnopdloloq eivcr roli orlgcvrrrrl.Av s(4 ivqrrl do!, fll
tpovrri olrTlri t,.v6q o6lo1ocnouxrvirqrndvooprou0io lpol4rri,16r! s"(t Eivor
it E rid rvq rrl l(povrKio1r7p1i .. H oftrdpvot roi(er6vcverSrrrip6lo oq Ouorr{,1rari,
6noe61otuft6voror orou6\r6gouq lou Najlova,l 6[!apl rrouqsKitaro fvq sd]Uaivorro
qe r,ri qv enailwori 'rou.Eropdvoq, 6rovxd06rar(droroqo' dvaauro-
?rv6Fvo Fd(a6
KivylronoLerrro;(ivcror, oLo0dvrror rI 6rirepnndpdtuto..
naptifayor 133
-
AEvundpxflKovdvac l6loc vo orqFo1lioouls61il 6[rpl mpd1oryo llopoiuE vo
opioor,lerrq f-=lf''|, f-=\fry x17r.AL,r66o ouppohopdqoirsouo yivslor
36o;1p1orog,1l our6ouvri0oq qvoKolouonorj\rlrlol (oqv ,rparuolrK6qro
urooroilr
sivard\rorovo6poFrK6q opLop6q).
f'= f'
'EloL
f"'= f'
f^= t" = U)"
f'= f"=U\"
f('= f- = (f\"
Or 8rd9ops ouvapl{drE/rt), yrc *2 2, }.tyovtorIEprK;qaop6(,or tyol6tEpqq rd6qq

ndp6yo1or rlq /.
Euvioog, l(orooEriooueo1ooil9o).o / GrFivo lro * > 4, ollli eivor9ol.rx6vo opioou'
|lqv tr!xarltoll|rpdtepo l. Mnopof}lrvo6drooDF iwv lorx6 oprot6rur yrorlv /or,
npdnervodvoedpou|l8
Karro! oulFol.ro!6rouLibnizT lq pyqNrprlq
r{iqTl(rqpoy{i-roDq.
To $uoro),oyrK6
suppo),o
lou Lcibtriz1lo ro /"(.{),6I},o6ri
.H l(x) \
dl--l
ai- '
\dx I
d1l(^t .
----- d1 tt^l
n rro ol,lvo o ----:
\ox) ox
nop6foroe6Dr8ol.rop6E lplorponoreircrnc to /r"r(r).
Ton6Fvonspd6r7ra nopouod(flrov ou!0ol,ro!6to', xar&itvr, oua 'roi6 onli
npittlool,lov lp6no!e rov o,roioor 6 ieoprqle, d,$rprlgrdqlc nopri'/o)lor
olri(owor
psrtv optlKt ouvdpqol. 'Eotu t(x) = x':.T61e,6r(,)S 6IoDUE
i6n rql,rtos$os!
f'(xl = zx'
f'(4 = 2'
f'(xl = 0'
:ripa n /'''(x) = o'ovt >3'
To t'tripo 20 8Eitverq oovdFlol /, pa(i ll fl( 6rdQopq mpa-r6yorrEntq.
'Evo
Fd),lov mo 6loeo1lolll(,j ropd6El & 6iv1oLofilj ritv oDvriprqot, qq
0l(610o0rl
onoioft ypoarnlnqpdolaotpoiv8rolmo t1iFa 2l(a):
^ | .rr. x20
J r x )= i .r. xso.
Eivor[Ko],ovo 6erKovig
6rr
f'(a) = 2a' av a>0
f'(a) = - 2c' N a<0'
ErioIg,
/'(o)= rmlg)-^qr )
134 llapdyatyoLrat oloKlnp(itdrq
'' f(h\
Tdrpa
. ftht .. ht
Im::=l'm_=(l
r-r h r-r' h
rthr h,
x0L limr'- = lim = 0.
dpa
/,(0)=l,T#=0
'Ol.sq
ol mpondvon).!popopise
tnoporivvs oDvovroroivorlv oK6],oD0rt:
f'@= 2lx).
'Ert8rol
6rLr /"(0) 6vurdprsrl 'Apo I SropE!rtq bircpnqJropo.r6.ro! sivor0'16ru
rozDpdKprrlipronouprTopsi vo Lr<ovonori
fro ouvdpqort. AK6Id Kol prq (olo?,riorlv
6\tnDouvdpfltort/ [ropsiva eggcvioer
cv<rrpa].ieq
ov.|T1ve6rdooupsoq jrpoqrIDrirprl
nopdlorb.Aur6 laq biv'r qv 1360va o\ro(Irioor,!rur6v av6!ql.r outrrpraopd rIE
/"(r)= ?,'> o
olit SedrEpt tropdro7o.Ipoqro rop6!, qfpouts6flg'(0)= 0,q),ld 6svEipolp tvs,(d)
1lo Kovdvfld + 0, dpq6eveitaor0o0 6q vq unol.oyioouf rtv g"(0).Oo rmsrp6\'oDp
o qur6ronpd0),ruqnpoqrordloq ro! enop6vou Kpd.oio!,6iqveodlolltrsrs).LonouioEr
rtv Is'tvLKri
loq Io rov uno),o1lol6ropoldj.rov.
IIPOB,\HMATA
l. (a) Aro6i(rc,boulLiovroq r Bdq rov isrorov opror6,6rr,uv / (x ) = I / x , r6re
f'ld) = - l l d ' , ' t t t d+ o
(b) Aro66iEr 6rr I qonropdvl ts ypoqLKiq rdpdoroolqrrlq / oro (d, l/a) 6v
rdpveL rrl Tpqqrl(linopdordorl rlq /, riapd!6vo 610(a, Ii a).
2 . ( a ) A r o 6 E i q6r rEr ,o v f ( x ) = t l x ' , f t e f ' ( a ) = - 2 1 ! r 1 ' r & d * 0 .
(b) Aro6siqre 6rr Tleao]I1oFdvn ornv f ar} (d,llar\ Iyretltv / Karo';vd
dr).oorpio,ro! PpioxElor oqv ovri0q nlupdroDKorox6plqou dqovo.
3. Ailo6siqre 6rL,av /(x)= G rtrc f'(t) = l/216, p a) 0. (H rcprioruol:toLr
0a rdpsroqv[ / (d + n ) /(a)]i, ioo6tpslomiKdron o],1Bp,xt npl'Ioirton,
ol"trd I ordt'rlol eq npdrsrvo oar o6n-riosroro KqdtLti,o rdpoolo).
4. rro {dc qDorK6 qpr0!6r, 6roDu S,(-y)=x'. Odpvovrcs oro FUaI6oaq611
s,'(.r)=l,q'(,t)=2x,Kqrs:'(r)=3x',ravrr4vtetovr$noylo.rtvs,'(.{).AJro6iE-
r fltv ElKooio6os(ynopire vfl avanli(rsrrlv ,Top,iorqsrl (r +,,r ), qr6 ro 8rrDvDUF
\6 0cipl,rol
s. BpirEnrv f' o! /(x) = kl
6, AnoSEiEr, a,r6rov oprop6(KorKdvowoE
EsKLv6vroq dvoorripo.rlavo Eqryrlor).
6n:
9. IlapdyaTor 135
{a) avg(x)= flxJ+ c.$ts'(xl= f'lxj

(b) avg(r) = c/(x),1618 s\x) cf'(x).
=
7. Yrosdroul"6rt /(.r) r'.
(a) nod sivqrI f'Q), f'125). f'(Jb)i
(b) [ord eivqrrt
"f'(31. ,i'(5'),
(c) nordeivd,I f'@'). f'(t'). "f'(6'):
Av 6ev Ppeirequr6 10 rp6p),tpo lliero, ooq l'inrivo no),i siuovrrK6oluEio:
/(x:)ivdr I nqpd?oi7oqrtq / orovopr0f6,rou ruxoivervaqnoKd,oitsi tvivolt
ncpri',,royoq
ror,.rrlq otvriplnol!s(x) = /(.xr).fro vo EsKaoqpioouv rq rpdTpora:
(d) rto qv /(r) = rr. ourpivete rlv /'(.tr) rc rrl! 8'(x) 6noug(.t) = t(Ir)
8. (a) Ynoearoule6fl g(r) = f(i{ + c). Am6ilr (opli(ovisgo't6 rov oproF6)6rt
g'(x) = /'(r + l;). txe6rdore6voojfilta o vo iitltioEr.rro va ),60rour6
ro np6F),nro, npfn8rvo lpdvEroorsri roucoproloiq tov81x) '(o1/'(x+ c).
O oxon6rrou npop),iporoqTira!voooq neioerror, ov Korour6ronp6phFa
Eivdrixo).o.6rv eivarrcl.oioqrrrpr|Idvo, KorundpIfl l(dtl tro v qnoltiloT8:
bsvlnop0iroqrl6q va pdl0rr6vouqortv rddqra S(x) = /(, + c). fro va
roviooufr0!16ro or'lFciol
(b) 4ro6ei(16tLuv8(r ) = f(cx).161Es'(x) = c t'(r). npoonq0Eiolvo ijcir8rL
oltaivcL0r,1rjo dvoolrilo.
6n n f (volropo1oTiorprroL npro6rKi,p rcpio6od (6n}..
(c) Ytrooirollt-{
=
/(r + a) /(r)rq xdex). AnoseiqlE 6n I /' e(vqr,riotsnep$6rKi.
9. Bpirr1rlv/'(-x) roedrqror rnv /'(i+ l) orrr rdporcrilo,rput1li)ole.
Noiorno),i
leeotrKoi,aLtr6( sv66tror vo rdvET8)dooq-Iutpouisursirllq onqvrriorq (sqoi.
p6BoLa,Kdvelrro ,rp6plrtro)
(i) /(x) = (r + 3)r.
(ii) /(x + 3) =:rJ.
(iii) /(x+3)=(.{+5)'.
10.Bpirq!/'(r)61a!/(x)=s(r+.{),Krr6rav/(r)=s(r+x).oranovrrioEL!6,v
0 eivsri6rse.
ll. (a) A,Io6i_Lt 6rr o fo),rLaioE 6Kovs )d0oE:dv it d od'pa'rdqrroorr6oroots(r)o
t 6eu1ep6l,nro, trarn r'civol avd),o7I[e rrlv s, r61eq r 6vInopeivo eivor
ouv,ipqonrns roperiqs(r) : ctr.
(b) AnobcilrE61r,qv I s eivarrr|qloperiqs(4 = (o/2)r',16rroznouvrd ox6l.ou-
0o:(1onp&o 0o 6iEr yrorisli'iqqle ro c o a12):
(i) s"(r)= o (l ErLldXuvorl ivoro1oepli)
(ii) trlr)lr = 2ds(t).
(c) Orovgetpd}t ro s o0n66rq,rl fri rou d ivor32.ndoo [surp6].nra aXcrtrorn
6Ld0eoioagyra vo pilsr8 on6 rov 5p6pov6qnolu).oiou ro! ndQr&on6dvo
raBdvr6\youq 400no6r6v;Av 6Evrq (orqedp1c, n6ooyprilopo0o Krveiroro
rolu6),oro6 6raveaoaqlturiosL:tenor6 olfrio ppLsr6Tov o no),ud],oLoq
6rav
cij(0rrl pro{ ar' ourlivrrtv rotrirnro;
I2. OowoorirEivav 6p6!o orov o,roio10 6p1oro;(6rrl1qE (q8opi(sraro Kdeoitueio.
M di).tr ).6tro,rrrlrip10rl<dnolaouvdprlol l. rdrorad)or10 6proroIljqrqq o1ar
u0.roon6ttv dplli to! 6p6puvsivarI(.x). Aioa'rroxivnto.A ror B, KLvoivloro
orrr6vrov 6pdto rl 1povLrfli orrTFrir r e6orlrou A ivqra(.) ror I 060I rou 4 b(0.
(a) Ilord (idoot mpLlpriqr ro ]7ov6q6rr ro outordvtro,4 Krveirqrouvjt6q p.
ro 6prorqlinttoc;(H sndvqorl trv eivord'(r) = ,(l).)
(b) A( uroedoorlle611 10A nrlyoivr ouveX6q !ro dprorotillrsg. {ar 6rLI06srl
rou B rr tpovrKriol'yFri r Eivorn ftot rou A r! Xpovrri orrTFriI - l. Asiqc
rar dto .4ptitpam
136 Ilapriyoyot
o Korro B KL!'iroLSropK6C pcro 6prorul[fl]roq.

(c) Aq unodoouus 61r .o 3 DpioKeruroL,vd18ra nioo on6 ro A oE oru0pri
un6oroo!qn ou16.Kdlo o]16nor6qot]vriKEg ro a eo KtvirorKol.6po p310
opror0z!rllrac:
13. Ynol]frouts6fl /(a) = s(a) KoL6rr I oprorEpinopdyoToq rtc / oro o Eivorior p
r! iiEr{iropdTo}oqq g oro d. Opi(oupr(;r) =/(x) }ro.r< o. ror r(,() = g(x) /ro
x > d. AnodeierE olr rt , ivottropo-roliqrfiloro d.
14.Ofroul8/(rl= r'av o x EivoL prr6q,l<oL/(.rl = 0 ovo x ivqrdpplroq. Ano8iEre
j I / EivornopoyrDTioLpl oro 0. (Mrl ooqrpotriftr ourri it ol,vdprror].Anidrq
Tpd\,rsro! opLop6 ritq /'(0).)
+ls. ia) 'EolrD/ praouvdprrtort rdroradrors f(.y)l < xr,1lo Kdos.x. Anodsiirs611r1
/ ivoLnqpfllo.riorfr olo 0. (Av 6rErsKdv8rro np6Dilfo 140o npdnsrvfl
irrop8irv0 Krivrs xLqur6.)
(b) AL,r6 ro dror eoFor8vLl(E,lsror o! ovrLKordorrioouu. rl r'fE s(r).6ro!rg
npdnL va 6tE1nordr3r6lrtra;
16.'Eoloa> LA!r / l{ovono1oi nrv /(x) < lx | ",oros'iils6rLI f nopol0r?i(rro,
rro 0.
1?.'Eor{D 0 < B<1. Ano6eilrE6rLi1vrt / LKavonorirrv /(r) l > -ylr {o1 /(0) = 0,
1or! / 6EvnapoTo?i('raL oro 0.
*18. Ofrou[s /(:\) = 0 a dppr]ro.y,Ku I q Ifl r: p/q 6noL,10 p./q Ei\rurovd?0J?o.
AnodeiEr 611l / 6vnopaT(D7iqlaL oro a yLqKqvdvo o. Yn66Lh:IIpoqov6qflpKsi
ur ro otrodsilou|L.-rLo dpptro a. frarii A! o = , . ardra,... ro lEKoijL{6
EivoL ov{ttrru7-
!o ro'r a. eo(,ipsiororo [/la + h) flx)]ih lft h prrr6, Ko06qxar ]ld
n= 0 . 0 0 . .d
. 0" . ,d , - , . . .
re. (a) Ynoe6rotue 6rt /14) = s(lr) = l(a).611/(x) < s(.r)= r(;t)7LaKdox,Ka'6rL
t (o\ hto). A-odrii'' ofl I s ropu?uliiroL
f la) = s1d)= h1d).
(b) Asiir drL 10 ou[rapooua ic! ,oj(ncLov ]iopaicill/olrLsrl! !tr6'or
f l a ) = E @ ) =h ( s ) .
20. Eoro / FrdroiuovuprK,ioL,vdprrtor0a dolporo n6lcvoric9di(1ro 611I f i|aL
nopo'/otiorut.H sednrorLalloI't! / oro (a. /(o)) ivalrt lpo$rKrtnapdoraortrrti
c(r) : "f'(a) (x d) + /(d). EroLrt /(r) - -s(r)eivsLnotlov,rprni ouvdprro,l
d{x)= f(x) f'(a) (x o)- /(a). E7o!}L riiir dEr6rr nv _/(.r)= r'. r0T'
dlr) = G a):,xorov /(r) = i, 16rd(r) = (x - d)1.r+ 2d).
(a) Bpi13 rlv d(r) 6ro! f(x) = r'xor 6ilre6n irqrpsiroL p(x d)'.
(b) Ar' 6,r, aoiv'roL',r{ipro!v opKriq!6Eilsrq6rr r d(j!) SLarpill1l ndlrorr rrs
(r a)'. To lrirLo 22lLoq6iv8rlro 6raroo!rLKian6SELqr:olviooq, or arosic(
or nopriT,h).tq ft iitv tQonr6lsvl eo r6Ivolv r] TpoQrKrinflpdoraort os 6Llo
otlria rt 0Qorrolivrt#uvELrl ]poqrKlindpdorqotf6vo lia qopdKovr{iolo
otpio, dpa auri r rouri 0d npcnrvd 'ivol (Ertr).iroilliD.rra vq 66orsurfl
ouorrlprion65srtt.or'trrsr6ol8 npdjroor1
:/11]1n 22
d(x) J lr) f(a)_
f,Gt
T6po drovrriorD01( oqriqep{Dflio8lq.

rrari ro /(x) /(o) drarpiroL
}'
(:r a); rLqri rripT pro rol.',rDv'r!L'i'iouvdpfltot , rdrora dror
/](ir)= d(.y)r(x a) ro x+ drrLori 'ivor limr(.t)= 0; rrari sivsrn(al= 0r
froria!t6 ).ivrLto trp60illa:
2r. (a)^3iqr36rL f'ld)= Iintflx) - /(a)li (x - d) (AvL'ndpxL
rirorl1ro 0o8'lt66)
9. Ilapriyayor 137
(b) ivor(Ionl{i 1a,6rnmD:

Arod8iqr6rr q nqpd?(Dloq ov /(x) = s(x) 7la Kde.{ o'
6voovorxr6ddorrta rou mprdlLro a, 16r' /'(d) = g'(d) (ADr6onloivsr6rr yLo
rov !110).01,016rrtq /'(d), fnopeircvo oyvorisIcro /(x) ll0 x'iocotTxeKprFvo
,(+ o. ololK{i 6vJrnopeirs ro /(,r) yLo614ourdro x ro'rr6lpovol)
va fl.l,voriorE
+22.(a) YnoeftorFs61,rl / nopa?o1i(cror
oro x. Ano6EiEr
6rr
ht hl
",. . _ ,, fl,' fl\
Yn65LEl:Oullegift dvoroL16o).1Fp1K6
r6rvaoto 6voqopL0!6q 6vlsrq
P "rsmr ov rou trpoodoouus
Korrou aqolpdooDpE
rrv i6Lfl
noo6rrtro.
*r(b) Aroisiro.
n16yEvLKd,6
fG+ h) flx k)
'f"' G t = t;i .n: i . : n h+k
*23. Atro6ciqr06rr ov rt / sivaLdprro,16rs /,(,r) - /,(-r) (rLo vo ftpropi60rrn
=
oi?ruort,060r s(.x)= /(-,r)' ppircq!, s(r) ro1/E?t6lFrt6irc n sivdrrs.)KdvrE
dvaotrtU0l
124.Ano8eiere 611ovn/ sivolnspLrrri, r6rs f,(x) = /,( x). Kor nd?,I,
xdvr6vqorlpo.
25. Ta npoPiriporo23xdr 24livE 6rLrl /''ivordprloav! f ivolnEprrfii,KornEprrrri
ov I / sivordplro.Tr tropoi|rc iorndvva noils yLflrTlv/1');
26. Bpiftirv /"(x) av
li) /(x) = x'
(ii) /(r): x'
(iii) /'(x) =.rr
(iv) /(r + 3) = rr.
2?. Av s,(n)= x', Kor0 < ft < ,. ono8EiilE
6
s'L\)-
\n K)l
- r:l;J"
*28. (a) BpsirDrnv /'(.r) av /(-x) = l.r i. Bpeker1v /"(.r). Y:rdprrr't/"(.{) lLq rdes
(b) Avq).io1c6[()10rrv / av /(x) = x" lLo i> 0 (or /(x) = - x" ],o x< 0
*29,Odrouf E,f (x) = x' rn.r > 0 xcr,f (x) = 0'7lox < 0. Ano8iqr
61lI /u "'rn'ip1sr
(Kor'lpeileEtdvdiro ?r' olri!), olld 6rr r / 'r(0)devundpr6r.
30. EpflvEiorero ropoKdro6ci?iLolo olr'0ol,rotoi rouLibnizKo06vo
ivoLtrd ovo6Lq-
rnr0i6rtl(drorouorolxsioDnoDstaoviorrtKoenpollori)!vo[p6Frr]]to.
.. d^"
{ll -= tr
dz I I
(....
I) -= - av z=-
ol\'f
. , dLI(xJ+cl dlttl
. . , d [ c / l Y ) ] ,- d r l r )
,',',
d, ,1,
738 Ilapdyayotrar d,od,\p(ipard
dz
(v) * z=r+ c.
d"g
(vi)
df(x+ a) | df(x) |
(vii) t , = , a r l " =' ' ,
d,
(viii)
df\cx) ^ df\) |
d- ,." a' l,=.
dft.cx) - ' ,t| (J)
d^ ,ly '="
G) s+=rfi)""'
s d-h
KF-OAAAIO
* tr#
-q Tf IIAPATOTI'H
H 6ro6rKaqiq noDaKolou0ofgy1ovo Fpoi$ rnv nopdlo,o pragsDvdpqolq l.6ysror

ncpay(itTtott. I6aaffi6:o npon,oipvoKeqdlorova 6lproup11i0l{3IEvdn0)ol6flou'lrl
rl 61o61Kooio oDvieoqeivorrdro\n,6n 'tp6ngrKdoE eopdvo nlKd.oro$pe rov oprou6
rqq ropo,6TouKorvo raragdpoupo vo lnoloyioool Kriroro6p$. Eivor alriesra6fl
pgprK6q qopEauri ivalrt I6\.q 6uvo.rlrpoodyyron ov Eelds Kowiqrov op$p6 q(
mpoyriryou sivornolo ft0av6vo ,rs)"oyo6polrios1.
nop61,oaD'rd, o' our6ro Kqdloroeo
pd0oDps vo ropayo/(ouueivov Jreyd]"o j(r0pi(vo lproor8iKov!a
opre!6ouvop'lrioEov,
qvorpiiouForov op16gd. MsprKdoopriloro0o paqqo6rioouvIE lro prlj(ovrKi6ra6r-
xooioyro vo mpotoliEoDjr nourponirrouv o,t6?'iyE
J[o lrtd].nKldot oDvop'lrioEov,
atrldSouvaplrlooKf flq rpdqrqqq rp6s0otq,rou nouanl.aolootof,q( 6ldip0orlq
Korqq oiverolE. Aufli rl neprypoei6silvcr rold npinoD sivol lo oeopritaro,ToD0o
ano8eiqour. np6ro 0a ppoif8 rnv ropd?olo jreprK{i,v
on}'6vouvoprrioov, Kqr!rd 0a
ano6eiqoulr oopripora yraro doporola,ro yrv6pevo,ro qliKo {or tI srivoolnapolo-
liorgo)vouvdp1]loov. To rip6'!oee6pqloivqr qnl6EurorurlKrirovdl.rt\rnev6qDrol.o-
llotot roll Kdvaloro nponyo$pevoKqd7'oro.
r Av / ivarulo oroepriouvdpqon, f(x) = c, .ttx

oEopHM.{
/'(a) = 0 yroxdoDopr0u6d.
-. .. tb+ h)- f(^ -lim-"-0I
I'tat=t.llJ'' " "''
od'ptpqivolxrdur6pla E rKi rspin (,6I ev6quro)'oylotori0'16ro 'rpon-

To 66rpo
2 Av / civoln rou.orl'fl4arsrK6vrorl,
oEapHM^ fG)= x,r6rE
=
"f'(a) I r0 K'i0eapr0!6d
AIIOdEI!H ,t . t,-r
"\ t.Î(a+ h) I(a)
;.rij h
.. a+h a
=u**=' I
H ropdyrryoqTouaopoispqroq 6io ouvopflioEoveivoroKprp6E
aut6 no'r 6a ri),rT(s
Koviq ro doporolqro)vropay6y0rv.
Av ol / Korgivornopo,o/olte oro d, 16rKorn / + giropuyoyiqrar

oEaPHru^r oro
d, rol
\f + d' la)= f'(a) + s'(a).
140 naptiyuyotKato)'od'4pritpau
trt t h) (lts)(a)
{ lnd,l:H I I L gt tat = tin ' ",\a
"- --i_
, tta - h)- shJ hl-Ifta)t gta)l

h
" |ô , ht ltat _sta+h)-st l
=i's[-r'--------i--l
_
I
= l .r m :t t a h l ftal .. atd+ hl- a(d)
h i.i h
= f,ld)+ s,(d).a
O dnoq ]ro qv naprit0rlo]rvodvou 6rv ivar1600un),696000aul6ravmyiE,eivqr
6toq Eqrprud oujrp6rprx66,Kolil on66rlrlonarrEi[6vo avo0r),6o),lrpprKdrdXvosps,
noupaEilerxarcr ti),),1npifiroorlQovEilprioLpo 6vaEaprp6( 6vUl(pdllsrorov il
i6ratuo6qrd npool0eiKqra9oLpooi trr'o!r6v.
ropHM^rAv or /l(ol givoLnopoloyiorl0qoro d, rdt8 ! f gelvol ,riolg,rapo,oTi-
(f .et,@1=
f , ( a ) s. ( d +
) J @ ) .s , ( a ) .
: 1 7. , y 1 o=1 1 i ^f( e ) @ + t t ) - l f e ) @ )
' d f- (s+ h)staI ht ftutqh)
- i l,,-
h
_ 16l I td+ntEto- nt- Etdtl+IJtar nt- Jtatlgtall
;:dt h h t
= l i m / t a + n ) l i q ' "ro tht etat + t;^!i!i_!)iJ9
n ,.0 h
. t i mp { a )
= f(4J c'(a)+ f'(d) c@J.

(nqpqqpisrdlr lpnotporotioopEro OE(iprUr9-l lrd va outrEpdlouts6rr
+ 1')= .f(a).)I
1,4 .f(a
: pu sdrxlir0pinrool,ro oedpltq4 qn).oflorirm
dilgovrrl((i:
oroplfv^! Avg(r)=c./(x)KoLIfivornapo?o1iorFrlorod,r61EIgoitalmpoloti-
8'@)= c' f'(al

= =
AflodEEHAv r(x) c, on6rEI r. t, 16ron6ro O6plta4,
E@)= (h f l(a)
= h(a) f'(a)+ h'(a) l(a)
= c' f'(a) + 0' f(a)= c' f'(a). 4
noporrlpior6, sr8rxdrpa, 6fl | f)'la)=- f'(at, sroptvoE(/-g)'(a)=
( f + l- 8l)'@) = f'(d) - s'ld).
fLavo8eiqowe nl XprlolF6fillorov doovdlouFsKoroqdp8l (l)6rdrpa,80u,ro),oioouplv
napdyoyoJrsprKdrv qx6to el6LK6v ol'vopoiosov.
ororHMr 6 Av /(x) = x'yLq (d,roLo!q!mx6 aprF6r, rdrs
I
f'(a) = na' t:rlKagEd
ano'lfEH H on66rqrl0q Ivsr Ie nolo-rri rrdvo oro ,. flo rI = I naipvoulreon}.{ircro
OE6prpa2. A( uroodooule r6pq 6n ro O6pnrorox'jrTrar,6rlq6'1 6r', ov /(x) = x",
10.napqyl)foi 14!
'
t'(a) = ra' lto Kd6a
'Eororg1x)=
;"'. 4u 71r) x, rl ro6rtra -{'* x' . r, lnopeiva ]paeei
= =
s(x) =/(r) /(x) yLakdo.Y'
dpag =/ L An6ro O6prluo
4 dnrar6rr
E@)= (f . r)'la) = f'\a) r(a)+ fla) . r\al
=rdrr.a+a!.1
= (r + l)o", yr0xdoa.
Auri sivoroKplp6E I repi,rlool rl + I norrdtralls
vq oro8iqoul.!
Av sQapF66o![s go(i lq oopilorq rouilolp oro8rilroqr6po,lnopoill[va Ppoip
r6po rrlv /'?lo frrq ropq'ig
|
f (x) = o,r' + s, i x" + ... + d:.rr+ dr.r+ q.
naip!o0fc
' I
f lx) = nas' + (' - l)d,-,r"-r +... + 2o:.{+ a,.
MropoipniolEvo Ppoitl8filv /":
- f"(xJ= a(n-l)a,x" +(n-l)(r-2)a, 'x"-1 ...*2ar.
Auri I6ra61ro6io Ftopoirj(o),avo slvrtrolei. Kdonapot6-rrotgL6vEr rI ldylorrl
Eivorn ro'rxKard I, rqr sioeavi(e,avaoK6roa,. Eivarro),rir&u vq 6ool.dv$xqviqll
lmo#psrg rq napat6louq/", /r", iooq Kqrqv /6, riprg 6rourl 6rq6rKooio iver
rooop'i.H tclruloio v6ro0dpouosnopdtotogrivor n
f"\r) = nta"'
fra k> r ilouFr&s
= o'
"f*(r)
npoqov6q,ro sr6Fvo p{po sro ,rp6ypogtd tqq 0a civorva Fpo lleqv rqpdplo ev6q
ntl.iKoo/9. Eivor(dnoEmo on].6xar,1,61(l) rou Ooprilsroq4, qpKardvo ppoil rrlv
nop{iyo)lo
rrlq l/9.
otopxM^7 Av rl g ivornopa-r0)liourloro d rar g(a) * 0. r6c rl I /g rilqr nqpolo-rio4rrl
-
I)',o,= ela)
eI lE\a)l'
AnoatEBIlprv r(ovypd\yoqrE
ro
c )r'
*,r- (j)r"r
h
ttp6ttlvq orloupsuro[lo6fl auq n roprioraorl6XEL v6i]pa EivoronapqirTlro vo ];-
yBo'rtl86rr I (l/g) (a+ r) opi(roLylo apKerdIrKp6 r. flo rov oxo,r6aD16opKeiva
rapornpriooull8 6uoldvo npd,Isrq. AqoJI geivaL,ord rlv ur60eot,nopolo.fiorplsro
d, olturEpaivoDls on6ro O6ptga9-l dfl rt gsivorolv iq oro a. A{poig(a) * 0, 0116
ro
Odrpruq 6-36nrar&r urdplr6> 0 r6rorodrole8(a + h) +0rft l/' |< t. EnoFvoe.ro
(l/8) (a + It) il.r dworo]lo oprerdFrxp66, KorF ropoilr va ]pdvoutE
- (j)r",
(|)r"*,r 1l
lrm
c @+ h \ - e @
742 IlapdyayorraLdnd"4 priryara
- gto\ cts I h\
"-a h[E(o\'gts+ h\l
.. - fs(o
-l'5 - 'r) s('ll
-- I
n s\d) â t h)
.. [pl, ) ht- plarl .. I
ilm-"llm
h h . aE t q ) B \ a h)
I
-'
" ts(ot'
(noporrtp'ioft orr xprtorlonorioo! dih llfl aopdrn ouvdrnornqs oro a.) I
MropoiFs16poenKo).o va PporjrLr
rov'ycvrK6rlno ?rofltv mpdlolo nrt).iKou.Av {or
6'v sivo,ld,oiIspoe).KUoflx6q,civaLortpavnKdq,Koreonpdner vo rov arorvrrovciooute.
Av oL/ {o, gEivo,nator,'1iorroqoro d Kols(d) * 0, r6rEn /ismpololi(-
oEopHr',{B
t ! \ .. s t d \ .f t a t . s t u l
\s/. tc(a)1,
AnorEr:H g= f (l iE) t:lorttE
_Aqoi f
tt\' / l\'
l-l(a)=lf i(d)
\8/ \' C/
-
I , d t . t' e- t t o t 7 , " ' . 1 ] - | , " '
_ f'la) fld)(-s'la))
cta) lE@)l
_ fia)gtat lta\c\dl
I
k(d)l'
EitoorD16paos 06ot vo ropsy0)lioouf oK6foouvapntoL-
FspLKdg fro nopdSsryfo,
\: |- {r' - l)(2r) (,r ll2r) = 4 "

c v / r f r. = : o r r J .r r r = -
xl (r l) (r' + l)'
(.\ - l) r(2r, l t
" .\: | (.r rJ: (r rl'
ll
0v /(;)= ,rd /'(rl= .=(- l)\'.
n o p q ,q p f r o l o f i r o . L ) . i r o i o n o p d br,/ p a p r o p c i v c / e r . < u . ' t r ic: r
/G)=x " = +,1,o Kdltolov

qDo1K6
op10u6
',
dporo Osdprtfu6 roxisrrtnKd Korlla osrLKoiq Kor'/leopvrlaKoiqoKipalo!|C. Av 0ptrt-

vsioourErrrv /G) = xo oov /(-{) = t, Ka, rrlv f ' (x) = 0. x oov f'(') = 0, {6re ro
OsdJpnro 6 roXisl KaL?lo , = 0. (H tdEnrcptrlv0iouFcD sivorovo'j/xoio
TLoribsvsivqr
ooa;qron6C0d'np6n6vooproreiro0'rcr, oereirriavdl.uort.ro0. 0 L6evdrr;vvo,o.)
rrova npotopiooutsoK6panro ndpoorrlvnopaT6yLorl, npanel\rolvopiEoulcrl( nopo-
y6r,o!g(rirorov sr6rrdrv
6uvqpliosov nou0o lelrriooupop76rpa. Mro or' oDldqEivoL
10.IIapayiryo4 743
rl ouvripqot tUirovo (sine).fro rtv d'pqed anoKoli\youte,xor 0q 1plorgonoulooDpE,

ra eliq:
r0piq ar661!rl,
sin'(o)= cosd .rlaKded,
coj(d) = - sina -fu xdoa.
Auri I rlrlpoaopio tdE errrpinrva napala)liooup nol,Iq(i),lgouvdprtio6rc.
flo
mpd6rrtlro, ov
f(r) = xsin"
r6r
= + sin't'
"f'(r) = .rcos'r
-'tsin'r* cosr* cos-r
"f"(.r) = - x s i n x + 2 c o s x
c(x) = sinrx= sinx siDr,
s'(x) = sinxcosx+ cosx sinx

= 2sinxcosi,
g"(.{) = 2[Gin.{)(- sin-r)+ cosr cosr]
- sinrx]
2[cos],r
'(x) = cosrr= cosr cosr'
r1r) = (cosr) ( sin.r)+ (-!in.{)cosx

= - 2sinxcosr,
'"(t)=-2[cos'x-s !'
Iloporrlpeidre
6tl
g'lx) + h'(xl = 0'
Kdfl nou )dxro'iqfa( exr).r1ooer, plo KorG+r) (.r)= sinlx{ cosrr= L 'Ono40a
mpi|lvexqviq,roj(6er loli g"(.t)+ I"(r) = 0
tranapd68iyporo roui6oFrllrondvo,EilallevaKdvoDpE 6iosuvaprrl-
!6vo |]31lv6lrsvo
oov.M Fdonro odplgo 4 Jrropoi$ vo owrprrorisouts xqr oDvoptioeqroDr6pld-
Iouv rplnld yrv6!vo'ofilv rpdln ourdFopsi vo Tivrg6[0 rp6,louq.ouFloi dfl ro
/ . g i iv01Fn oovtltorl rou
'Is'h).
ll'8)'h \ rcr f
Av brddqoulE,-rumpd8erllo.qv rprirl an6TlE6io popedg, dloutr
( f c h l ' ( x=
) |f.El(r) h(x)+(f s)(x)h'tx)
= lf'(t)s(x) + f(x)E'@lh(x)
+ f(x).s(x).h'lx)
= f'(x)B(x')h(x)+ f (x)s'@h(x)
+ f(x)Elxlh'lxl.
Av6roL4o|lsqv t .G. l,) 0axaraLitaf, eoorK'i,oro i6roonordltsru r 6raeopnK6
ro ev6ipoo prila. To r6hr(6 outndpsopaivqr on6luft sugltrprx6 xql tKolo vo
H (t . g. ,)'cival10 doporopq iov 1pr6v6povron noipvoqeov ropclrrryioorrpe rde

fia on6flC /.8 ror1l l(orllv ,rol.).onl.oordooujrrprrEdu,qEio.
fra ropd8sryto,av
'f(x) = .r'sin'cosx
rdro
-f'(x) = 3x'?sinxcosx* xrcosxcosx+xr(sinxX-sinx).
frv6psvqftprsoor6povoadtper6onvcprrioerE cvrLllI(j)(ovrol !o rov (610tp6no.fLu
napd8erTlro,lsv od'rpervo ouvo!{ioel6!oro),beIo vo Esiqetrrcv luno
rat dnd.4 priryaru
744 llapdyr'tyot
\f c h.k)'(x)=f'{r) s(x),(x)k(x)+ f(x) s'(x)h(x)k(x)

+ /(r)s(x) r1x)t{r)+ f(x)s(x)h(x)k'(x).
Mnopeirfl{6!o, vo npoorooiioc.E (!s no10r7ri)
vo ano8ciEeT8 rov ?'vl{d rinol
g
(I. I t(\t I tn IInl. 'xt ... lttt.
LI":
rra vo iraorco' 0i6rt va napo?oyi(ou! nr rpoltLonxiiEv8rdq,pouoeq olvoprrioErq,
npinLonooirirorEvo 610'110 6vov ino 1lontv(/ . s)'(r) 6uvopnioclr'D! /' ,.oLs'. r,o
vo pElluml]oill86n r / " I 'ivo, nopo'/oliolln 610a. adiv'rol oprrKd).orL{6vo L,roea
ooril]8rrtv rapo1o1161!6rrtro rrt( I oro a. Aaoi I ollnpreopdn]e / o s Kowdoro d
sEoprdrolon6rrt ouprprqopd nte f Kovldoro s(a) (6rL{ovld oro a), qoivrsLeniorq
loTLK6 votlno0aooute611it/ nopo?(,Jtfqsrol oro s(d).npo?taflKd,0aoro8triqoufc 611,av
I s nopoTroyiqraroro a l(oLr / nopa.roli(ro r oro s(a), 16rn / ' I nopoyoyiEoroL
oro
(f as ) ' @ ) = f ' ( s ( . s ) ) ' E l d )

Aur6i o tEdrpErrxd ortrovrix6qdnog. literdL Kavdva;t4EAlroi'ae, nr0a\,6\^trsri l.to
oiv061oL,loprliocov 0u frToponos vo Ld"/sr0r {or (q},uoi6orsuvoprrioe(ov.oportpi-
oio 6n ! (/ o s)' ivorornv trpder10yLv6pEvo rov /' KoLs', al)d 6rLoKprpdjq
our6:Tl
/ npdndrva uoio.rrorei oro s(() Kq,r s'o1o a. IIprv rrrerpioor,fcvo anoSEiEoup
our6ro 0cd'pr1fo.0o doXolrtooljr
pfrprxdqqoppo-r69. Aguno06ooutE
6fl
/(') = sl"x
rpoooprvd.ro oippolo STrarlv ouvdpqonS(.x)= :rr.T6rs,
As )tptorponoLriooL,pc.
,/=sin"S.
Etrordvog,
610up
/'(.r) = sin'(s(.{))
s'(x)
= cos/ . 2x.
To qnord)"opo
Eivarr1"ioq qv
SrsqoprLK6
: 0rri\ q! nrpinrdot
=
"f'(-l) = s(sin:{) sin'(r)
2sinxcosr.
nupalrtpciors6fl arr6 Bpi6x1or os ollLQoviq(6noqnpdn,fs ro onor6),opa nounoip-
vo' l-r ov iprivo'r. / - , n . ..n ror Xp1o;-o'o.toor,.rrro\ rirToTorTrvot-iro,.
Av '(u1c]I1vorl6ol'0 6vos1l,K6oiFpol,o,ro S, rro vo ovotdooups fltv Ksrpo./ovi(ouoo,
oDv{iprton.6evxpsLd(srnr rar pe7di1elrioxlol 7Lov(1propiKoviq vo ),{vErnpop},ri-
pora oav Kr oD16Topiqva ?pdqL r61Kd ou[0o].arru olvoprioLq,n ar6pa,Xropiq vo
Tpdqerritv oKprpi oivoor nou divr rrlv / oivrorro oUvloi(el{0veiqvo ovolLir qv /
Bdoooro !!dL6 xou Or 'r6llveq nopaTotiosrq Sivovraroav doqorl ?ro Froriroro 6Lo,
vortrrKiEqdaKIort- ovosoprio8r aldyKoiova 6ol,ii\ysrE],i?oKoln{ivooro7opri,rpoq
OsouKdvr6ro, olld npocnoriore vo ovonr[!.Ere rr']! EDIdpLr
roLrvr1?pdqsrs fltv f'
a!6ooq!6),Lqooq6o0io oprotdqrI q /. To 'rpopiirora ot]roiroDsi6ouq i\,flr16(]0or d
nou,ov fld riiq0urdorsrov Kov6lurrtqA).roiloq,ijs\'rperd(sroL va oKEarEirr Koe6lou.
T6rc/'(r) = cosxr 3xr '
= 3sin';rcosx
"f'(r)
10.Ilapqf(i)'t@\ 145
_l
f(t) / (r)=ms-(-r1
/(x) = sinGin,{) = cos(sin.{)

cos,t
"F'(-r)
= co(xr+ 3x') (3x'+ 6x)
, f ( x ) = ! i n ( . r ' +3 x : ) "f'(r)=
/(r)=(rr+lx:)rr -f'(x) 53(x'+3x)" (lx'+ 6x).
Mro ouvdprlon6noqrt
/(r)=sin,r,=[sinxrl:
ro! eivqrI 6rjv0sotrpriv olvopnioov
/=SosinoS,
pftop{sniorlqvo nqpol0)llo0ol ro! Kov6r'qqq A}.uoi8aq.
! sqqppoyti ApKivo lplesi
(ovei(6tlrrsrpuU oiveol/ o so, otlloi!r(/ og)o, i / o (,eo ,). Etor.q!
/r {) - (in:.r:
proporllvs Ypdvoufs
/ = (so sin)o s.
,f = S" (sin" S).
H rqpdlotoE rle xooEtrdqond nq 6io EKqpdoflqppiox8rorf 6rn].i papFolrtrou
Kavdvort( Al.uoi6oqro l6vo o!(rtfliorJrooltio ivarov or 6io eKqpdoerq0a o6tyri-
oouvoEioouonronEu'rolo}lopoiq.B6Dqro,6noq sivor.rv{ror6
os xde6slorKErotdvo!
napololiorq,ivsrnpo1rp610po
vo ;(plorpnouioot'F tlv deirpl:
/=s"GiooS)
Mnopo6rrr6po vo Fpoul18rrtv /'(x). fLs vq EKrvriooul',

onBrdjvouFe 6rr rl np6rrl
ouvdprlol noDnp6nL
vo ropa,otiooupeilar I 5, dpoo fllnoq]rq rlv /'(x) dpli(er !e
/-c)=,( ).l
Mdooofitv ropivoeot trpinrva 66oou!ero sion', ttv fl[i rrlEEirrptgouvdprloit!,
sino S, oro.r. Tror op;ai(oqrtpdqovr(q
trd=,s#:l
(n rapdvocot6vrpsro(6TovrE),rK{i).
npdnerr6puvq nol}.on?,aordoourEa!r6 ro Korldrr
r'tEandwtonsre rrv rop{iyoyortSsin. S oro.{ aurdro pilro ivorajxoto - dzoutern
oivoeot 660ouvopnioov, krirr noolmpo $ vq ro ovflFrroxiooute.tav thr6 onor;-
).oto, i,(ou|re
'f'(x) = 2sinx: cosx: 2j'
ho Et6psvorapdE1114, uErov iErc1p6,ro.Yro&olpt
6oD),06o!p
X0)piq{qv vo tpcrooleivo tptivolF rry / 6qv oivoongoI' o t rpl(i)vouvqprisE0)v,

6flI oplmrp6tepn0orivort sin,dpot nopdolootnou0dPpoipe?rq
9l.6trorrF rt! t'(r)
opliq !o
(.r)= co( ).
746 llapdyayorrard.odtrlpriparu
Mioo 6rlvnqp6v0olnpdnErvo pdloutrfltv ruri roul, k(x) olni 6rvivordll,t on6ro

sinxr(alJI6nounaipvorJp 'Aps
on6rnv sinGinxr)av anol.ri\youu!
ro np6rosin). I napd-
oroor)fitq /'(r).rivEroL
Mnoporirr rdpo !o lXdoouF ro rp6ro sin ornv sin(sirl{':|0o npdflsr!d ro).t"qn),qord,

oo,/'auro no, clo' F, l]p,| (r: -r;rpo!c r"l\ rop{i}oyornc our{iprt6t( noun Lprt Ttq oro
x Eivflrsinxl q),)"dour6Eivorrdh;vo rp6plnfo no! 116lt6poutEva ),rlvourr:
f'(x) = cos(sin.{'1) cos-rr' 2-r'
Ti],oq,vo or ropdlolor jrrprrdrvrfl").rovouvcprrioeovrou ivaLorvoiost(rov sin ror S,
{o0drqxor xdrorovfl,iovrpln}.6v 6uv0a60ov. nreov6vvu(P}.6,rer6D odooE 6fl or onovri
orqivororDord_cov 6Ir, npoororiorevq Tpdvei lv / oovoivosorl:
ov /(x) = sin(Gin.{)r) r6Is /'(r) = co((sinr)) . 2sinx. cos.r
/(x) = tsinGinr)l' _f(x)= 2sinGin.{).co(sinx) cosr
= sin(sin(sinr) /'(.{) co(sinGinx)).cos(sin.r)
= ,cosr
"f(r) = .
/(.{) sin'(.rsin.r) =
.t'(x) 2sin(xsinx)co(x sin.r) [sin.r+ xcosx]
/(.r) = sin(sin(xtinr)) ,r'(x)= co(sin(rlsin.{))co(xtinx) [zysinr+ r']cosr].
O xav6vuq1lorrcol)vo;orE
looodpov(i l(srrsproo6rspov)
ouvopnioov
ivors6l(ol.oq
- 'rdvro(voEpd)
pd).r8nop6v06oElq
qpri(owqqon' ro 6sEi,
foGo(hok\,
Koropliors vo ovd,610rov utro].oyLof6
ornv nspoytir.yrol
prcqoir0eorlgprrp6rupou
cpr-
f'G(r(t(x))).
fro rapd8LJ,tro.0v
f(.{) = sinrGinr(.r)) Lf
=s"Gin.(s'sin))l
16ro
/'(rr 2 r i n t , i \n) , o . { s . n
,i )..nr.cocr.
/(x) = sin(Ginr:)) [/=sinososinos

= sino (s o Gino s))l
= cos(Ginrr)r)hinx' cosx' 2x.

"f'{r)
/(i) = sin'GinGinx)) ro eoiq,av rprd(ro4

[ourn],rpdrors
i6rs
/'(.r) = 2sinGinGin4)co(sinGinxD co(sinx) cos{
M o'rr{iro nopo8iytqra rpld(atcdvof6vo np{iylo'/ravoTivsrdvqq
oqvtln6popo,
(ropa^/0J?rorrlqD
rd).sroq sqrioKron.Mropeireoiyoupova rslsronolt0eirefs rLqa6Ki'
oeLgoto rd),oqrou Kqoluiol,,r6pa 6poqTipeen lsydtl onlfri vc cro8eilouletov
Ko!6v0rtg All]oi&rq.
10.Ilapaydtyrorl147
Or tt6lrvoLoulloyLdpoi, uv Kor 6varotei-oiv ard6r6n.umdrrliolv tprK{ion61a

rqavdotqto nou 0o Fopoio. vo j(pnouonoulat Kqviq,xae{irqKorleprrdq un6 rL; 6usxo,
),irq nolj 0' qwrurt6ll(e. Apli(ou|'l,PdBolo,trrov opLof6
= tirU:!!3!-!LJl:l!'4
17 . g' 1o1
I(ck + hr- l\EtaD
h
?ro (tv g'(d).Mrqdnovrlcivatvu ro

Kdro! 66{i0o 06},a$vo eteovroriI r0prtoToo!
+ h ) ) - f E l a ) J = t i n f E ( a +h ) ) - f @ ( . a ).)s l a +h ) - s ( a )
tr-r
inf@@ -
h to
E(t1+h) s(cr) h
Aur6ro r.).ruraio6lolri(erdoj(nfo,ral$oivturqK6!sKdi rpoov lpd\toUBE
-
,._(I o E)la+ h) | | o e)\a)
t1l'----- r,
f g t u )+ l s ( d +h ) - e l a )-l f E @ ) t , . _ e t uh+) - s ( d )
g l d+ h ) - g ( d ) i'ti,' ,
To 6lrpo6prorivol o nqpd?ovTaqg'(a) noL,dLorus.
Av 06oou|1sg(d + t,) g(d) = I
(7u vo iloors o|(plFsiq
0d'npn
vo ?p{ivouFk(I))).161ro np6lo 6proivor
,_[IB(a I kJ\- Iletatl
ta h
To 6proaur60d npnsioo( vd ivorI /'G(d)), lLori ar6 q ouvdlercr1q g oro a, ro .t

nlloivor oro 0 6ra\rqyoiver 10r. npoyJrdnKd, gJropiKovsiq,Kor0o ro KdvoutKrElsiq
03 ),i10,vo xdvfl ro oD).},o./ropd
au16o{prpi. YrdpXrri5rl,6!rDq,;vo rpdphts, noD0o
dXclel(r oEiqroportprioelqv iorero i5oqiou ov0p6noD nou8Evdlorpeioro rue).d.
AK6fo xqr lLs t + 0 0o rnopor,oE vo eivors(o + /,) - s(a) = 0, nFriyjro'rouxdvsr I
lllg(d + l) - g(a)vo jrnvter dworo.Eivord,io0rd
6roipolror rov tro1.).o,r).oorqof6
61rev6rqqp6por pdvo1lo Fr(p61, ul,).dro gld + t) g(d) 0olnopoiovq Eivor0 lla
oootillot pLKpd,r. O EDKo),&epogrp6nogyrcvu orLFpi ((iTldroro,ivorvo tl(oufErrlvg
oroopio!vdpr!o!, g(.{)= c.'16\E@+ h) - g@) = 0 TLql(do}. !' owri! rlv n6p!
nroorl,l / o s EivaL eniorqoro0priouvdprlorl,(/ o s)(x) = /(c), dpao Kov{tvoq rits
A),uoi8orroi(isldr' oliora:
t f o e l ( a \ = 0 = f ' t 9 l a ) ) .c , k \ .
YJtdp;(ouv
6ll(r(xorIrlo(0epdq ouvopriorcg lro lrq onoiq ro(d + ,) - g(a) = 0,1lo
ooo6inor0frrpd,E.fld nopriaerTpo, =
cv a 0, 1 or.,vdprrlort g 0ojrropotoEvo ivoln
x':sin1'x+o
!' qurrivqv ,r8pintool,g10)= 0 6no( onodriloteoro KeQdLoro 9. Av o Kov6vuqqe

A).Irdi6o6
rivol o0)or6c,0orpdftr vd ;(ou!(/ o g)'(0)= 0 7roKd0EnapaTo/ortrt/' Kar
cutd 6eveivcrxar16oonpoQ0vaq. Mrqon65sr6t10! Kov6valrtqA),uoi6o6 lnopeivo livL
a! po),eriooDFr ourdq1l( rSr6rpo,rEqouvopflioLqtopLord,o).).doivoru(o].6rspovo
eyxdro).si\rouFon).68orri!' lrlv npoad?rat,Karvq lplolloroltoolts ivo rdlvoolo.
6ropH|l^t(or{^\ori^:rEA\r:D^!} Avrlg0ivar ropoToTiorlno1od, xorI / ivornopo?or-

tio'ln oro g(d). r6rc rl / o 8 ,rqpqyoTi;rror
oto o. Kqr
148 llapdyayorrar d,o .4priryaw
(f . E)'b)= f'G\a)) E@1.
AnolEEfl Opi(owe jro o'rv'ip1r)ortd orqe(iq.

t -
I@ls hl I(g(a\\ . 0v p{d r fir p{a)7 u
-
E\a+ h) 8\a)
d(i)=
f'Gtd)), ovs(a+ l?) s(o)= 0
Alororlnrd,npi,relvo ivorKq0ap6 6Ttit d sivqrouvEl]ieoro 0. Orqvro ,! i\,arprKp6,
Tog(d+,1) - g(a) iva1 snioitE dpqovrog(a+ r) - g(a)6vivoL
prl(p6, II56v,16Iro
d(r)o ppio(ror (ovrd oro /'(s(a)l (L av ivar!!66v, r6rs ro d(r)rooirorte /'G(a)),
Kdfl ql(6pql(ol.irspo.Mrq KorI qlvdlsrq filg d sivor! xop6rd61,19qq or66r(lq,0a
36ooulrs [n rpooeKnxrljrerdepo6tolroi ro! 6td160ilttxorj ro1lrpr6pori.
EapoDrs 6rr rt / 6ivo1nopa?oo,rrrtoro g(d).Aur6 rtloivL 611
! L\-
LI(gb) I ( " 1 ' \ \- i \ c t d t i .
I,t_-____i-
'E1or,
6sr,yro Kdek,
av > 0 urdptcr Kdroroeoprgp6!J'> 0 raroLoE
a!0< ltl<a'.'0." 't"l a- l' n \ I k\ 't"l t l o \ \

llr
i f lgtdtt <1.
T6po.t g eivorrapoyoTisu! oro a. dpoouvsliq oro d, enopdvoq

undplLt> 0 r6roro
(2) 0v n < A 16r ls(d + h) s(d) < 6'.

{iprsr0lpqororo6itror, pe l,tl<d.Avk=g(a+ h) s(aJ+0,16rE
I h)t
" ' - I(clo
^,,,. ftetBtat\ _ f(gtat I kt Itetdr.
E\" hr B\"r k
rrv (2)drcroi6T1 I < 61dpqan6l]tv (l)
0116
O ( h-) f G @ D < E .
A116q! d).).! r)'8lpd. ovg(a + ,) - g(a) = 0, 16rd(,'r) = /'G(a)), dpo ivar oiyoupo
dr,tr-lG(oll \r.
'Ejtouf qno8iEer
enopdvoq 6rr
lrn d(r) = f'Gid)),
dporl d ivarouvlrlq6r()0. To !lr6],ouro

rrtqan66rq!q
6ivaL
erlKolo.
Av ,r + 0, r6rs
dloutE
I(Bb t hl) Iteto\) _ ^,n\.Bh ' h\___4!!

h-h
or6pa Krov g(o + ,) c(a) = 0 (.r1orlo ounivrrt! mpinr0rot{or or 6io i!),EUp6q
ivoL
0).EtroFvorq
ltpta L h\t ftota| .. Alot hJ p t -a l

5
t I o gt tat- lin:'' limd{}r . time-:,,-:-}
= f,G\t)). c,\a).4
T6panouF,ropo$!E vo nopoyoyi(ortrr66senoI1.69
ouvapfliorq
!s suKoLio,
Inopoip
va piqoup
{i}"lt fLo rmrd orrt ouvdpqorl
10. Eapayrityto1 149
I' l
| -x'sin , r*0
f(x)= I
{0, x=0.
lro Keadl.oro 9 qro6ei6ate6r /' (0)= 0,6ouliovlog Fslov oprol6(oFdvoc

aftDorioq
6uvur6q rpdroq). fro r+ 0 F'ropoius
volptolFonoliooufrrqFs0d6ouEquroirouxeQa-
],aiou.Tlor,It
. I , | / t\
/" ,(,r j = 2 x s h _+ . { . c o s; . [ _ _ _ l
'Eror
I^ I
lLxsm_-cos!' x*o
f,at= |
[0, .x=0.
'On0)S
6i1vrour6Eo r6rroq,rt np6q mp4opq /' oDpnprgdp6rdr trpoypoflrd dot4fa
oro 0 - 6vivorourr Kqvolvtfliq.Av owi yl' ouTrlveeopiooulErrlv
| r+o
f t x ) =1 " ' r i o l ,
t0, r=0,
I r,"i"]-"*'1, ,*o
f , ( x ) =1
[0, r=0.
!' aur{v rlv nepirilooqI /' ivaroovrliE oro 0, a}.},{iI /'(0) 6vundplfl (?urt rl
nopdoloorl3x'sin l/r opi(rlro ouvdprtol nopdtoliorll oto 0, ci.ld rl ndAioloot
- xcosl/x6xt).
'OnoS
iooe uro'yd(or,av ps1a1.t[oou|e
xl ril.],orrl 66vatt ror.)x roipvoulEoK6Iorrd
xrsinl, x*0
r6r
I r,,'io! -',*,1, '+o
,r'G)= I
[0, .x=0
Eivor Kol.ovo unol,oli6ou$, ar' rov opro!6,6fl (/,),(0) = 0, KarI f'(r)

or' euooioq
|ixol.q
FpioKror 1lo .r + 0:
I r : r ', i n1 - o ,. o ,1 2 x c o s l. s r n . l . r + o
I"rxt=1
[o' r=0.
X' ourrivrrlv npinloq, q \ifiptl nc,piqawef 6Eveivorolvtrieoro 0. O( r{irpa,0o
dlrre tdwdv ro govrilo, nou660016 ra npoplipffii od6(lro6v vo ano6si6r.sv
l5O llapdyayu rar d,on)'4pripara
r61EoL 1')(0) sro 0 qv

undpto'rv,d dI /r'rSevrivarouvo1lis
/'(0),..., /
'*
{;
16ror /'(0), ..., /'''(0) urdprorv, xor I fr'' sivor oov;(iesro 0, dJd I /i'r 6Ev
rapoToli!Iormo 0. Aurd ro nopoSEillro1a.ditvouv isoq 61l or (LoTrxi!,ouvoplliGre
-toporrtpilovra,an6roovdloovuvnhiq liqrlq nspst6.rouq - 600l(,ot,npooraoiooug.
vfl lrrotreraooul0rtv drcrpt ratdwoorlqq /(x) = sin l/x. Froropriyoyoq opKrduvl-
iiq ldinq sivorrl(qvrivo oroxotriverrrlv xplgfavl ov{Dfa}.ia. A!oru76q,0o 6oipop?6-
Ipa6rr no).ui(erp613pq rpd'/po1ol,ropo'ivvd ouupotlv.
MEd qn' 6].0!9ouroljEron6no),in),oxoquro?,o1lotoi(,ed K).eioo!!eour6ro Kqd-
loro pe grc prrprl acporfpnoit.trXvd eivor6EI0oo1lK6 KorgaivsroLxotv61epo,ro va
yprivoule-uprKri ond 10 Eoprllotaourorjrou Kpa).oiou, oav ro6rlreq ovdloo o
'Emr,
duvopriorq, Kur6j(rtr( lud( ro!(. ro osd'plta 3 0o fnopoiovu ypsqi
lf + 8J'=f' + s'.
ro Oe6prud4 0o lropoist v0 tprqsi
(f.E)'= f.E + f'.8,
rar ro OedJpnto
9 ourvdepqovi(rar srrl popqrl
(fosl=tf'os)os'
Mt6vrqq auorqpd,qurdqoLLo6rrlr0q tropi vo Jrtvro1iouv,trari or ouvapfliorq orTlv
dpr6irpi n].eupd[nopi vq d7olv usyd,D.spons6ioopLoloi an'aur6q oq 6Ed.Av
u l i q l ,6 F t ovq a t ' t o ' X o i t " E y r ' o , r d . 4 v o r / \ o t I S t i t d l 0 p o ? u 1 i 6 r , r c ( n a n o i o r a
rcoiuopro[oiro,q.ldttqrldqorroo!tr\.xrdlh:ocvxrottdg.rozr'otv.rcLautlt-ivctrl
F6vI mpirtodrl7ro rtv o,roioav6Loapdpaors.
TIPOBAHMATA
l. fro npo0dpFovot, ppitro /'(x) 71ordtu rio o,rd1r( / ,Torr (Mt ooe
oxol.ou0oriv.
vord(lronr6iooproloi rnq / i rrq /" 0p0ir[6vo dvovflj,ro]ro ro /'(x), rou vo
6ivrl Trtoorori andvrloil 61svitslv6!Jro).
(i) /(i) = sin(i + r?).
(ii) /(x) = sinx+ sinx'.
liii) /1x) = sin(cosx).
{iv) /(x) = sinGinx).
= ' kos'r\
rrr rr rr srn\-r /
- .. sin(cos})
\\D J"t x t : -
(vii) /(x)= !in(x+sinx).
(vi;i) /(r) = snr(co(sinx)).
2. Bpirro /'(.x) yro Kd00lia on6 flq f nouqKolou8ov, (0 ooyypoadoq dKdvs20
ittrrd-fLqvaunoLolioelllqropoy6yoDq ]ro ro nspdprlJrajrorLqqnowisrg,Kr6oiq
10.Ilapaytityo1 l5l
6sv0a rpdnrvo Kdvernol6 ,rep1oo6po. Av Koro oldloq rov fqollorrKdrv50v

lJ1lo]'otrotoiq,
sivorrl rolfTnra orouq ov 0 stevq e] ri(erE6rr es ovrtltt0)niosrrq
0opTlrrK6q ceoploydErou Ktrv6vo rqE A)'!oi6oq,qurae()1oulKe'(pLFavq 9aplo-ree
eqripdrsrvo0ivornoL1vi8rylo ooq - or iXouvrlvrdol vo uroKpivovtoL
UoolloiLKoi
6fl 6vfnopo6voilsvo npooefoolv,olt'd or nprao6rpor on' ouroDq Inopoiv 6mv
(i) /(x) = sin(x+ l)'(x+2)).

(ii) /(x) = sinr(xr+ sinr)
(iii) /(x) = sin:((x+ siDi):).
(iv) /G) = sin(-'i ,l
(v) "f(x) = sin(xsinx) + sinGinx')
(vi) f (.{)= (cosx)''.
(Yji) /(.{) = sin'?xsin/sinlx:
(i;i) /(x) = sini(sinlsinx).
(ix) /(-r) = (.r+ sin\)".
(x) = sinGinGinGinGiix)))).
"f(x) =
(xi) /(x) sin(Ginrrr+l)).
(xii) /(x) = ((xr+ r)r+.r)a + x)r.
(xni) l(x) = sin(.{'+ sin(rr+ sinx))
(xiv),f (x) = sin(6co(6sin(6cos6r)).
siur'sinrx
l x vI r i X ) = -
i
(xvi) f(.r) =
2
.-
x + sinx
| ^, \
( r r i i )/ { 1 ) = s i n l
/ xr j I
I srnt- I
/,\
( p L ' if )( r ) = s i 1 - l
lx sml-ll
3. BpeirerrEiropaf6louqrov onvoprrlo(0v tan,colan,sec,l(orcosc(AEvi(prd(ror

vo
eljlr6oqorEduroq rouqrinouc, ovKal eq rouglptrdqEor Kdos1600 avKqpda8rtra
a,roreldopardooq perov rar{i} }.I}.o rp6no,0o sivoLon)"d ra1 KordKdnorovtpdro
f1a Kuot(i0,16flq rapoKdroolvaprriorq ffN f'(f(xl)

/, PpEftE l6xl qv
(f " f'l(x))-
l
(i) /{x)=i+;
(ii) /(x) = sini
(iii) /(x) = /.
(iv) /(.{) = 17.
s. ru Ktrospui /, ppirq! /(/'(x)).
qr6 r1crapoKdroouvoprliors
{i) /{}) = -I
(ii) /G) = xr.
(iii) /(x) = 17.
(iv) /(,x)= l7x
152 nsptiyayorKaroôKlnpiryara
6. Bpirernv f'orvoplrisr rlq g'qv

(i) /(r) = s(r + s(a)).
(ii) /(.x)= s(.r.s(o)).
(iii) /(x)=s(x+s(.{)).
(iv) /(x) - s(x)(.r- a).
(v) /(x) = e(dxr- d).
(vi) /(x+l)=s(r:).
'Evq
7. (a) olpoltu)d ovnK0iurvoouEdvor o pdlsooqg ivov onpoo6r6proro lpdfto,
o],).deivor1!,oordr(D66rovI qxlivd ivqr6, o pup6E lErapo),ie lC qrrivqq
ivqr4. Bpsirrov plopdferoFoLriqrou ppaboi610vI sKrivoivar6. (Av !s
.(0 KsrA ( I ) rqproldvorunlvsKrivuKorto sppo66v q lpovrxriorLtirlil,r6rs
or on\,oprriorLq r KolA 6uv66owar plrlv A = 7|r dut6 rou (rlrdpeivarprq
or' a,oeiogeopfoTriroL,Kov6votfi Aluoi6a6.)
(b) Aq unooaooutL rdlpq6r rr,npoqopoJlaor ,Toqro orpoTyu),6 ovnr(itvonou
nqpqTlpoisqlt eivor srrlv nporuarrK6llrqrl rd0rrrl lotri v6Eoeqrpr{oi
ovrLKLpdvo!. Bpsic ro! pu0p6lErq9ol,it rou dyKou6rav n qKrivqsivor6.
(Ipoatrvdqq Xpeloolivo E,pftErov rifto rou 6iverrov 6TKoqq oQqipoqov
ro alrr E:(dor, o dtro! 0ivqr+ ,r qopdqrov xipo rqq qKrivqq).
(c) Aquno06oow r6pa6ro pu0p6lperapo),rlg to! stFoaoirlq orpol1lr],rigrofiq
:eivqr5 6rqv I o(riva eivar3- Bpirsrov puold lIopo),iqrou 6yKoudrov rl
cftivu ivqt 3. Oo,rpa,trva lnopEil8vo Kdvrsqur6 ro np6P),IIo$ 6io
rp6rou!:np61o.Xploqroror(ivraE rcuefljnougJror,6ivouvro pps66vrqr rov
61l(l)oarouvriprlol rlqaKrivos xorptdxppdqovro6 rov 6.|xooqvouviiprrt,
on rou tpd6o{'(?rovo ;(plortomriorr a'rrri q U6edo60 -tpsroot(le ro
np6prnfq 9-l).
8. To elDo66vrrtqneproliqov{i!oaos 6$0ol6K0vrporq xix},orqeivorndvrore9rcm:.
O ot]vrE),orriq
roropoliq roL,Eppo8olrou rE./ollrpouK6xl.ousivol I0ncm:/sec.
|160lrTpriyopaal].d(r10 llil(oq rlq irEprqdperoq
rou lrKp6rpour.D{}.ou
dtqv iXer
epPodtiv16rcm:;
9. Iuto I i6ro A \ Lvtir0r l(old! i \o! To,erTrKoi opr(dirLou
d(ovo.Kqroolori6ro I Kotd
IriKo: rn( yporprKiq ropdoroot; rlq /l y, - - V3x, x S 0. Kdrcrolpovr(li ont!'i.
ro A eivororo olleio (5,0)xor 6Xerrot'lrtm 3lovri66lsec roi ro B oan6oroot 3
povdSov qn6rlv opltl tov qt6vovrlvoilrvo t roTiqro 4 tov{i6crv/ sec.nor6geilor
o ouw),rorriq !tq0oli( rrlqoniiordolqrov A l(ar8;
l0. Eoro /{x) = r:sin lilr-lu x * 0, Kar,f(0) = 0. Yro0rioulacr6lo 6TlI {aL* ivqr
iiLloouvoprioLLq ralorcq{isr
,t'(,{)= sinrGin(x
+ I)) k'(x)=t(x + l)
,l(0)= l k(0)= 0
Bp6i1Erq
(D (/ o r)'(0).
(it ( * o / ) ' ( 0 ) .
(iii) o'(rr),6no! o(x) = l(rr). Aiqrrrldh npooot(ri.
ll. Bp8irrrlv /'(0) ov
8G)sin!,r + o
s(0)=s'(0)=0.
10.Ilapayrityro4753
12. XpnorporoL6woq rnv nopdlo,o rle /(x) = l/r, rou ppliKdroio np6p),r a 91,
PprirLTIv { | g)'{r l FTovKov6vorlc A}.r6i6oq.
13.{ar xpto,foroL6vroq to npdplllr 9J. ppri,rrnv /'lx) ?u - I < x< L o,rou
/(r) = v4;:
(b) A'ro6ri6rr
6n I Eaanrodvt
orn.rpaarKi lrlq/ oro(o,v4=:)
'ropdoroon
rdtvr q ]poqrkri nopdorqorr6vo o' a'rr6 ro oTlrio(Kl dror 6iE1 6rr o
ororjtsuibTlqy0o|r.rprt6( oprof6q q( ao,nopdqq ouunin1rpEtov 6rl(6taq).
11.OloioeonobEiql oe llo 6].).srvn
6rr or qonr6p6vr6 ri lrounpFohirdtvouvouri ro
oitlloofvoi.o I6vo flo 0opd.
Av rl / + g 6ivormpo./oyiorpTl sro d, eivaruvoTxooru.d
ol / xqrg lropololioLl8E
oro d: Av il t .8 xql I / eivarrqpatoyiouecoro a, ro(d6ouvori{eq 7u filv /
6iooQo),iEouv 6rr I g rivoLrupo.r/oTiourl
oro d;
16.(a) A'lo8iqr61r, av I / sivar nopoloTidrtriloro a, t6te xor I /l sivor
oro d, opKiva 'ox'jer/(d) = 0
nopo'toyiorFit
(b) ^drore6voovrurdpd6r, ro ov /(d) = 0.
(c) Ano6iqrs 61r,a! n / Korr1givornopoy(Dyiorpe oro a. tdt oLolvaptliorE
max(/, g) Kqrnin(/, g) nqpoyotiqovrur oro o, opr(oivq eilar t(d) + g(a).
ld) Ailorr dvoovTrnopd6n7Fa ov /ra) = gtal.
11.Avt / eivorrprsaopdq Kar/'(x) 10, rlKardSchwarz
ttopotorTiorllrl rapd?oyoErt(
/ oro x opiqerqloov
?f@=+#
+(#*)'
(a) êiErdtL
9(fod=gfocl.sr+te.
AriTr'dfl ov /lxl = -
ft)
-d w ad bct' 0.16rL
9,f = o.:urnepaoralxa
917. s1=9s,
18.Yroearoupe61rI tt"(a) Korn g(')(a) undpl ory. Aroitill' rov fljno rc! Leibnizl
.q/-\
If ' Et'tdt >l'l lI"rat'e"''tat.
F|o\K/'
.19.Am8eiqre6rrav rl
/r'i '(orI g'")(a)uriprouv xcr or360,16ru'rdpterrl(t o s)r')(a).
Av nrpaforrorrirLiro 0o nroIir6rr dvivqrqp6vrp vo qvoqlrioout 6vsv
oiro.rro rnv (/ os)'"r(a).rro va 6eiEer6 'rorfv{,q6n r (/ os)i'{o) on'ipIr,0o
npinfl vo oKeerir
xdnorovl'o x6 roxoprop6 ra rnv ( / o s)'{'r(a
) no',vo tnopiva
ono8rxrire rayoyri.Aonlrior Kri oov: (t o s)"(a) u'dptsr xor eivor 6vo
doporoto6pov,o xa0dvqg on6rouqonoiouE ivoryrv6lEvo6povntc popei(...'.
|
20. (^) Av f(x)= a;a'+ a,,x" |... * 'o, 0pirelllo ouvdprtroTr g ralon d,or
s'= /. Bpsirn d).),rlpio.
(b) Av
rat=\+\+ +4'
lra ouvdprlo!s uEs'= /.
PpirE
(c) YrdpxrouvdplqsTl
q+. ++
/ ( r ) = o , x ' + .+. d o+
rdrorodor /'(.x) = l/.ri
154 napliyayotKatd,od.np(ipard
6Il u,(ip1 rol.lowFrxriouv'ipqorl/ 9q0ro6

AiEr r?r6rorc6ot
(a) /'(x) = 0 yLooKprp6(' I aprepoie
x.
(bJ /'(yJ - 0 yLf,Ko\dva r. ov orl Livorreprrr6q.
(cJ / (yJ- 0 yLuoKprpdJq ivu ,r.sv o Ir dvoLdplo,.
(d) /'(r) = 0 yraqKprpdiq * spr0poie,ov o t - * eivarnprrr6q.
(a) Adu' 6rr o opr0rdEa ivor6u!li pi(o lrtq nol.uo\.rprriqouvdpltotc f ov
-
/(r) = (r a):g(r) ylq Kdroronoluov0lrxriolvdpqol g. Ano6iqr 6Tlo a
ivar6rnli pi(q rnq / ov {or f6vo av ivorlolt6lpova piqarylqt karrlq /'.
(b) [6rr f(xr= dtt'1+bx+c(d+ 0)dtt6rnli pi(o;T1).ir o!fli rlouveriKTr
yotrrprKri;
Av rt / ropo,o?i(roL oro a, dorod(x)= JG)- f'(a)(x- a)- /(d). Bpsirrrlv
d(a). : ouv6uoord rr ro np6pinto 22,our66ivLsra dD.r ).u6t lto 10 np6pLtpa
9-20.
.24. Arrr6ro np6plruo 'ricr loqi Ie 10 I]p60l'rl|rq3-6. Tg1o)d,, ... a, (or 6r,..., 4
loo!dvoropdroi.
(a) Avor-!,..., x, ivor8rol(rpuivoropropoi,orooeiqr6rrD'Idp]tEr 'IoluowfrKri
oDvdpqol / Pooloi2r l, rdron 60r /(x, = f'(x)='lrs j+i,rsr
f (x) = a, Kst f'(x) = bt.Yn65e(rlr Ouprtsir ro 11p6p).lpo22.
(b) Ai6r6rr urdpxsrno).uovDprKri ouvriplior] / pq0!o',2, I $ /(4) = a, Kor
/'(r,) = b, }lo Kdo t.
Ynooaroulr 6rr o Korb Eivar6606ra6ol*q pi(.q frsErol-u{0vlFrxri( ouvdpltnte /,
qiid 6rr o a xar o b dv eivor 6rnld6 pi(g, otr61[ frmpofllE vo lpd\youF
-
f(x)= (x al.\x- b)c(r) 6nous(d)* 0 Kors(b) + 0.
(a) Ano6siqft6rrros(o) Kolros(b) fuouvroi6ronp6oruo.(Ou!!eir6rr o a xor
o b eivor6rd6o;(rxdq pi(q-)
(b) Ano8iBrs 6rL'rndpxer Kdronsopr0!6qr pd <, < b xor /'(x) = 0. (t;(361d-
orr Korllo rK6vo?ro vorovioErro lyov6q. ) Yn66rEI:Il1(piv8lo rq np6oit-
ro rov /'(a) '(u, /'(b).
(c) AnoSEilrr6po ro i6Lonpdyfd,or.rifoKrav or d xal b eivornol.).an)de piqEq.
Yr66,tn:Av /(x) = (x - o)'(x - b)'s(x) 6nous(c) * 0 ror s(b) + 0,0E0)-
peiorqv no),u{ovurrllri ouvdprrsrlt (x) = f'(x)i G - d)' 'lx - b)' ' .
Al)161otr6pnfoonodilrnK ar6 rov fdtr).olahps K6Rolle,o3oldon pro np6-
phfo rtq npoodyyrol r0)vp((hvirolu{,rvupo!, oDd op xri to attotdtrEo[a 6Dv610-
ru,r60!Ksldoo ro)vrapaydryov. Kor ft1o1a, o RoUe{rov 6voeon610!6pq0ltorl-
KoiCroD rror; 6v6dtrlkcv rrq xcrvorlplreg t6degrou Arsrpoorrl(oiAolloloi. &v
rilov trd orvoKdgq),rt srio1, av oxegrotjge ritL7roerql6 tp6vn Kdvivoe6sv1rnopo-
or vo opiorro 6praIopiq plo 66ot luorr]piou,o].]d I roropiaqdvtrro].i twa6-
6oprlorov RoIe ro 6vop'irou ouvSderlK !' dvqno),into lEvrx6oroldi,ops,rou 0o
eleovrorEiolon6levoKegd],uro, xorro oloio qrorli1rl9dol 1lo10no qnou6oio
ooplrrxdonoT8?dopora rou ArcrpoorLrori AolLopoi-
26, Y,roodroDt 6n f(r) = .xg(r)yro xdrroraouvdpqot g ron sivot orrvIrieoro 0.
Ano8iqr 6rr q / napqoyiqErqr oro 0, KoLppi1srTtv/'(0) oDvoptioettlg g.
Y,ro0drow6rr I / rqpoyoyiqrororo 0, kqr 6rL /(0) = 0. Alto6iEc 611
/(.x) = -{g(-{)yrs (drora ouvriprlol gnoo tivor ouvqriq olo 0. Y,rd6(l: Tr 6up-
9oiveruv npoomeio8tvo ypdvc g(r) = /(x)/x;
2t. Av /(x) = r ' 7ta, olo N, onodiqr 6rr
/n+ -l -:-: ' rlrl l'
'f " t x l = t - l l t v : (n rll
- ( - l ) ' r : /l n + , t\
. l . {" - " .} r o . /r 0 .
10.Eapayrityoq 155
+29.Aro8ibr6Tl ivorq6,:vo"ouo yp,iyoup"x=

l(x) .g(x) 6rou rt t Korn j.sival
= =
'iopoyo,ioqrq rar /(0) g(0) 0. Y'r66(t: ndpoyorisr.
30. no i eivol t f('(x) ov
(a) f(x) = tl(x- a)n:
+(b) t(x) = r/(x,- r)
t3r. odroull8f(x) = l'sitr li x ov x * 0,Kor
/(0) = 0. Aro6i6r6rr or /'(0),..., /r'tO)
DrriproDv, Kol 6T1I /t',6v ivorouvIliqoro 0. (Oosuvqwiorsrnv i8lo Boollfli
6DskolioI' aDflivoro np69l.Ip0 19).
*32. OirolF
/(.{) = 1+rsin I /.xav x + 0, Kft /(0) = 0. Aro6siftdfl 01/'(0), ..., l(')(0)
urr(iptolv,Kor6rr Tl /r",eivar 60vxiEoro 0, Kor6n rl lr')6sv rapqyoti(erororo 0.
33. MErov ootFohopdrou Leibniz,o Kqv6voqntq Al.DoiooE
0d'npmvo 6rdFdqro1:
--dfE(x)) _ dfj) .4sG)'

dx dy '= '\,) dx
' aut6,
Avri 11r ouvio(oE rtv E{{Erp6rqsrl: ('E'I(D y = eg) Korz = f0).
ouvavrdFs
T6r
naporlp8imE6fl ro z oro dz/dx ]ntLqo,'jeetq anverrl ouvdprnol f o s,E\aK z

an dz/dy 6t|inqoli\d. f\ auvdpllton f. wosiror aK6]J(I61110 dz/dy ga {vsr t}rl
rapdsraonnoDrpld1rro /, Kqr6rr ornv rr)'ll3t ordvqol ea ripdnflvo ovTlKora-
ofli6o0Fro y IE g(r). t Kaoeld an6 TlErrpurr6orq nouoxol,ouooiv,ppirsro
dz/d. Xp\arI\oltord'waEaur6vrov nino lrd ou.rKpivsrstrsro np6p),Ila L
(l) z= sir.y, y=x+x'1
(ii) z= siny, /= cos.{.
(iii) z=cosd, u=sinx.
(iv) z= sinu, u=cosrr,u=sin-I.
KEOAAAIO H THMA:IA TH' NAPA|O|OY
'Evoq
or6loqlqe s' ou16ro Kspdlcroivorva6rKcLolo1rioo![s rov lp6vo ,rouqg1p6aogs
ppioxouys jro( 'o,roq
pcoaivovTcE vo lrlv nopd,0Jyo ouv(ipq6te. o 600!,av K{irorcq
tri.ronp{ilforo]ô rrtv /', 16T3
Edpor iIl rolldf r}.lpopopiEE 1torrlv /. To vo oroord-
oolp 6yoq n),tpoaopi6 7ro rnv f I0 9dol Kdno6qrr).rlpoeopiq 7lo Trlv/', orrorrei
opK8flixor 3$oro),I Eou).rr{i,'(o(eo EKrvrisoupt ! dvo0e6prllanouivqrnpstpoTl{(i
To ee6plpaour6oQopdorn u6yrort flg{ troc olvdpqorlq o dvoordorlla. Av xar

rituru lprloLpo:roulocpe
a!r6v rov 6poaro Kead).oro
7, npdrrr6po vo tivoule oKprPiE,
Kul vo 7vlK oo!p,
'Eoro
/ lro duvriprlorlKar,4 ;vo o volo oproFlvnounprdlrsr oro rc6io oprotoi
lrtE /. Tlo ollio.x oro A .ivor qlrsio p.yioroDrrl\ | sro A,o\t
/(.{) > /(/) Io rdoe/ oro A.
0 apr0p6q /(x)I6?erar I FiTrclr iui rrlq / sro,4 (IdpqK6ra6fl I / (d10rq p6]roiri
lrtElrurl oro A. olo or'uEioxD).
nopoqpi6rs6rr rltdtrorn flIi rnq / oro A 0a[noporiovoivdrto /(r) lLa rolld

6roaop0rlxd -x(ttrito II g' d).LqL6-.vro,
uroouvdptrtsrl/ rnopeivo iXr,ro}.)d|loaope-
rLxdotpiq p1ioIouolo A. qv xorn jrd-rrorrl
rrli rte ivarro noti !io. Ev8ruep6poor
olvri0oEyra qv nrpinrool nol,ro A eivqrivo k).ror66rdoqpo [4. b] av I / ivor
or\ s1iq,r6rs ro Odlprta7-3Tndrqr6n I / dj(srrpqTpqTlxd slo pdlrolt flFri oro [d,
bl.
o oprop6qrou r!q / oro A oQivelqrosoaq.('Evoqnr0ov6q
e).o1iorou oproFde eivoro
-
I / dtcl cldtrolo oro A 610x, ov I / d10rN1loro oro ,a oro x.)
ak6).oD0oq:
Eipoorr(ipa irorporTro dvo06pl/o 'roD6evpooilsrolrov orlv irqpEl o),otiorrdv
'Eo1(0 pro
oEnpHn^ r / o!,vdpqs! opLogdlloro (4 b). Av x trivoroueio peyiorou(i
laliorou) TLarrlv / o1o(o, 6), ror I / eivaLrapotoyiol[r] oro.x,16r/'(.r) = 0.
(hpr6voups6n 6evlroIio0rarI rapaloyror[drnra,06rl(avn ouvdj(ero rr]q f 06d],iq
or'lgi0,)
Ano,rrr=HEqrd(oup lilv nepi:rrorolorlv oroio 1 / 6IErUi}loro olo x. (To t;(iltr 2

ndpouord(Er rlv orL4 r6donou Kpforo riooi orr' rtv 6].n o,r66s(n- or xop8dE nou
,rploivqn6orlFio oprorpdrou (x, /(x));Iouv (lioE > 0, {or ortopodqnoumpvoiv
016oIuEiodirorou (x, /(,r)) 61ouvx).ioer6< 0.) Aloiutlrd. o oul.).otroF6t
our6i 6;(Er
oq cqriq:
A! , ivoronoroo6{ro1 qprp6g droroq66t 10x + , vo ppioxrroloro (a, b). 16rg
triw 2 flx)> f(x + h)
IL H oqpao[ar4Empayrityou157
dqoi I / ;Ztl fdloro oro (a, b) oro x. A']t6 ol]'oivl orL

/(x+ r) - /(x)< 0.
'EroL,
ov, > 0;t(ouf'
flx+ h) f(x) n
h
.. I ,J - r/,1
Lr /{.\ -,-.!,:::-a l
;rt h
An6 r+, dI).I nl,supd,
av, < 0,6ro!p
f(x + h) f t x t>
dp,r
'' /(\ ' i) r / \ l' >
[.
A116rrtv 1,n60'6r1, I / eivaLnqporoyiorlrt oro x. dpo oL,rdra ariloopLqnpinrL vo 0iva'
i o o K a .o a a u ) . diqo o ! r r q r / t . r t . A L , . u o q p o i v . 6 t .
, f'(") < 0 Ko' /'(.{) > 0,

0n 6noL,6nera, 6rL/'(r) = 0.
H nepirroorlorr'tvotroioil / d)tcr')dxtoro 611)x oaivsroroc oq (66o1ss,o t!r6ij'6rl
o pro?poltLri).1
[opor]pior' (:Zripa3) 6fl 5vlropoiu' vd ovrrKoroofliootisEro (d, b) !s ro [4, b]

:14ta J (ellT6q
olrtv crpdvrtol rou OEopiuqio,c uv tpoo0dooul86rLquno0dosrq rov 6po61110 .t
Ppio'(r0loro(d, b)).
}6!0 otr6rrqruiq rrtq / Kovrdoro.r, EivsLole56vnpoqovd!
En0r6in /'(:{) EoprdraL
ro rTdqfnopoitE vo n{ipoup pro ro7lp6cprl a{6oortrou Osopriporoq l. Apzi(oul0u
6vovop10!6noL,hyEirororo tlrifu 4.
'Eoro lrtq
/ plaouvapqort,{or A ivo ouvo).o
'Evq
opr0!01v no! nepflrqroro ne6iooprotroD
/. or u.io x oro A ldlro, drtsio lo'flxoi lsyiolou (.iqrio!ou) 7,ont! / oro A , uv
urdpXsrKdnoro6> 0 rdroro6orc ro.r vo EivuLolpeio petiorou(3).oXioroL,) 71ornv /
oroAn(d-r,J+6).
oEopl| ,{? Av I / o pi(r(r oro ((l. b ) Kar6IL10rl{6 [;?1o1o(i E].dILoro)oro .{, xa' I /
6i!ol nopa?0J1i6rtnoro,r,16r /'(r) = 0.
trird I Axo,\Er:H Od'npsnE !o siooorc ot don ve 6irs ?tari oulri ivoL lro ortri 0Aqp-
!o/ri IoL,oeoprif0roq t. I
To olridrpoao ro! OEopii[aros 2 oaa6q devroTusr- fnop8i i] /'(x)voivor 0, aK6!a

{r av ro.r 8EVsivflr ol[eio ronrKoi rsTiorot' ri E].oltioro! yro lrt!' /. To anio'lo!po
o r \ " r u .o n o - f o ' v o p T t o| . / r . \ r r . l o L J { 0 r- 0 . u } . ) . d 1 / 5 L \ : X f r
n o p r i o , r / !d
ronrK6 pf1loro ii eidrroro noL,65vd.
To irsproo6rspoiooq 6Lq66o!6vfl oqdlporo 6rov An0rpoofl{6 Ao?rof6,;Xotiv 076ot
I' .rt oufrT6p,qopd proq olvdprtolq / Kovrd o' ivq x oro oroio ,/'(x) = 0. To ot6rro
no! K{ivoIorrtv npoTlTouIevtnqpdlpqpo Elvldrolr{too ypriyopoor' uLrroiqroli 06},o!v
rof K6o[o unioiorpoun' 6,rr EivqL,trou0o ro snovu?dBol]tL:ro alriorpoao rou OE{Dpri
158 Ilagiyoyor rar dnd"4 priryan
rurro(2 Jrr Lortjcr- I ouv0iKr /'(i) = 0 try opKsilLo va civaLro x or]pEioronrrorl

p'/ioro'ri ol,oliorourrtg /. fr' our6voKpLF6qro ).6yo,uroosrolfsKdnoronu),6ov
opololio tLovo rcpL?pd\rour' louqopretois.rnourxavonoro[v rr] o'rvoiq /'(r) = 0.
OPI!MO!
Xpiorpoorlpiolroq ouvdpllolq / ftIs ;vav opr0!6 x rilolov 6o1e
f'(x) = 0
O flp10p6r
/(x)iil'roL 16rrxpiorprtlprirrq /.
oL {piou8q ruis ltq /. Koe(t Kurli1ol oK6paopL0foi,Ei\'oL rirxd oDroinoDrpirlsL

vf1l8icrioougs lLovo ppoipEropaTr6roKaLsidlLoro6oof6vrlgouvlipfltolq/. fLoroLre
fltirtrol]q,n [p61Ir]ejr07iot1grorTlg e],c1ioqqfltie rLdqouvriprrlqqeivor6voon6
Is nronqpdsvo 0dloroolov Ar6lpoonK6l\olLsp6Kqr6vundpxa{arrd ovlippitot 6rLro
npoo)"riporo quroi rou i6ouq
a7oriv1oloro (Ialpr vd iioer Kovsiqro np6rosrcor6
rou,ri
Aq E6sTdoou!0 rp6rq ro np6p?,ItarIq eipsotqro! lsliorouri rouElo1ioroDrrlq f a'

d\rdK],ro16 duiolr]rro[l1,6]. (T6re.av I / ildr ouvr iq, lnopoirl' rouidlldrov vo
rir'o6tEpaporor6rr undprsr!ra tallorrt KaLrld E].dtrorl rrti.) rLo vo 0vrori6orrLro
dyloto {or ro ldxrororrtq /, rpdnErvu s0rdoous! rpio ei6norpirDv:
(l) To xpiorfq olpia r]q / oro [d, b].
(2)T0 {iKp0u ral b.
(3)Ta or[sio x oro [d, b], 6rou ! / 6vnopoT(0yi(Eror.
Av.r ivar6rp6io!61ioro! ri oilpio),a,{iorou ntq / oro [a, b], ro x np6nErvovriKLos
pLoon6flq rp6rqKldorqnoup6irq svoqfpopE: 7rari,ov ro x 6s\rovrirror! 6i.rptri
oIlv rpir! o!{i6a,r6rs ro r lpiorercr oro (a,61 Korrt f 0ivo1nopolo.riorrlltoro x
/'(r) = 0 o'16ro ordrplpo I, rr our6 orfoivsr 6rr ro .r o\rrixrorrv np{ifll
enop':vr'rq,
ofd60.
Av urTdpXouv rol.],{iolpeio o aL,rdq
rlq rpslc{dT]]lopi6g,ro vq vdEL Kuviq 10ldllolo
Kflrro idj{rorofltq f i6oq EivoLlidlaLogK6noqav 6!oq urdptoljv}.i-roKpiorfoonpiu,
l(dr ).i?osnfsia oro onoiart / 60vEilor rapo?o?iou!, rt 31d61Kooio ?ivsrorrsl"ioq
dreol: ppioxerxsveiqro /(x) lla {dosx trolj,KovotroLEi rrtv /'(i) = 0, xol ro /(x).rrq
{d8sn oro onoioI / 6evsivurnapoyo}161rr1, KolidloqIq /(a) KoL/(r). O !./oiirpoe
or' auro[Erolg opr0lo'jgeo eivorr] pdyLornfltri ntq /, KoLo prKp6rEpoq 0o 6ivarrl
tdXroflt. Nu d!'don).6nopd6r.rro:
Aquroo;ool]ps 6t106r,orpva ppoiFsrrtpdTrorrt xurfitv).dllort rLpi rrlqouv{ipfltanq
f (x) = x3 x
oro bLoolrFa
-- l. 21.| ,o \0 optroo'r' Kdrtoq.
rrol
f'(x) = 3t' t'
dpo/'(r) = 0 610!3x1- I = 0,6rlio8ri
6ruv
, = vrl,,J ,i .'/1.,3.
oLcpr0poi/1,'3rar r,['3Fpio'tovrsrraror;iooro[ 1.2].dpurl rpi6q oudsorov
1,,oVq,ri(,!/ro r t\ eiot ro, !']ioTo, \ar TouclsXioro'-itor
(l) VfJ, \-l,a
H SErhspIoId6onspl6lsrro d(p(lrou SLqorrllqroq
(2) - t,2.
ll. H oqpao[at46rapayrityouL59
H rpiryl otdno eivar{cv!i,./Lori ! / nups}ofisror nowoi. To 1s).rr6gtilo eivor!o
,/(\fi.!r) = (r4r3),- \,4/3= + !4i3-'n ts= - +,fr1,

/{ \r rr -{ v4]' r rr:r --{vi r : F
,f( l) = 0, "41=+"[].
fl:2) =6
'
trvoLipovrpoorr rt /.oxLortrrFrtervqr ; v r/ .1.oro olgcio 14., xqr I riyroTrlnti
Auroi rou i6oll!rl 6Lo6rl(ooio,

dmv rivorerrni, ewoni(rt(ivrorrrl [6110rrlror rylv
eid1rort rrpi Fro(duveloigouvdprrlolco' 6vcx).eror66rdoruq. Av 6[oe I ouvripqorl
rcu Eterd(oull[6rv eivorouv[l'le, 'i av (nlits ro ldroro ri ro rldt(roroo dvoavorrr6
irdoqso i o 6).rlqv eu0io, 16r6rvrifsol 90oror on6nprv,orirrq ro ov ur(ipjtril
!yrorl KarI ld;(rorl rrpi. on6r6).Eqor n).IpoqopiE rou naipvouff' oD iv rnv
6ro6Lr(ooiafnopivo pl oil!oi!or,! rinolo.Kor r .r 6po!. pto olettl(]i Euorpoqio
Unopsi
oulvd v ororo).[vsl rlt qiot rov rprrudrov. :ro Krad].oroT lioap oxprF6q6vo
,c(o,onpopLIFn. druvano6siEoFc dr..ov o r .:vor{iorroq.r6TE I o, rdprnorl
'+.. +oo
, f ( x )= x "+ d ", x '
axfl sldxront Trrrio o).6K),rlpI rrlvl]0is.ADr6orlpoivsL 6rr I tldrrolrl pri noipverqr
]ld dvavopr0f6.xnour(qvo,rorci Trtv
:zita 5
0 = f'(x) = nxt | + (' l)a, ,x'-r + ...+ a, .
Av Koroa;pouf vo ).rloourro',r'iv rrlv qio{rorl,Koror,yKpivoD$ rq !6q rou /(.x) yr'
ould rq .r, 9pioKoure6v1o( qv ldrrsq rrpi trtE t. Ioog poteiser Evosx6uoropd-
Ag
6eL7po. Uro0ioor,po 6' od).oup vo pporiF10 Fdllo1o{ql ro sldlloro, ov ufliplouv,
I
/,*' -
,
",
'Eloup
ro! sivqroprofivrl 6to qvoL1l66ldorlpo (- 1, l).
". 2^
(t Il'
dpo f'(r) = 0ldvo yrax = 0. Bld:rouleopior4 6 ,Io.x xovldoro l, ri oro - | or rLp6(
rorrf(.r) tivovror oooorinor
$y(i).se,011616 yl / ooedrq6vtIL pilrolo. M outrivrrlv
noporipnortsivarni'(olo vo 6eiqoup 6fl I / ;ler s)dXrorooro 0. noporlpoille trn),6e
Gtriru 5) 6110aundpxouv uproroid xor b, !s
-l<d<0Kor0<b<1,
rdToro'6ore /(x) > t(0) lLd
- I < x < a l ( o rb < . x < l .
Aur6orpoivEr6rrro r)drroro rI( / oro [d, b] ivarro c].d1Lorofllf / o' 6],010( l,l).
Tdlpo,orola,6l ro IdrroroouppoivEiroro 0 (ro !6vo orl!iod'!o',/'= 0),i oro a'1
ro ,, Kurqqoi ro d KoLb dtouv116rl
qnod,rorEi, dpoI Ldlrorl rrlri rivor.o f(0) = l.
flpooroo6wdgvo ).ioou!tq npoTlToitvq npopl,iparo.ol<{ittua6voXsSiool rrq
- - rr), 6vivor6poqxLv$o
lpoqrxaEropdoriiosl(t0)v/(x) = rr x xor /(r) = l/(l
to \,o ozdrdocrxovignq rpoaL(dq nopooriong(4illo 6),qpxoirr tlv orlpr1ri orrlv
srx6voror pdvo7rq v' o'ro6eileL
xdrr.Kar pril'roro,0q ovqnnj|o'rg r6po lra !d0o6o!
qv onoisInopo,jp vq ol8liqoujrerrl ypoqrKriropriorqorlIloEouvdprlorlErou laE 6ivsr
rponrcnxrirollig tlqporpopieg -
1o rc p6yrorcrcr Ia ).dlrsro rou paesJrlrpdrr va
:tita 6 rwor ooul6ox6!oKqrfl rofl(d F4rororar ).dlrorq.A|,trlrt ld0o6oqmipvLun 6vn rrt(
L6O naptj/alot Katd.ori4pityura
10np6or[o rrq /'(;r), l(m pooi(emLos r,'p,{'i pae'd sEtDpriraru.

To eoprifqranouil(oui,' ono60iqc, nq r6po 1lfl rLqnapoytijyouq. ndvrors8ivouvr)"t
poqopiq qv
7Lq /'u' ldort opLor,\,q nil po9opioq 1o rt v /. Aur6 roxieroK6!qKsrTLo
ro Osd,ptfo l. ov {o, ou16 ro 006pljra rnopoip!epLx6; rgopdq vo ro 1p1or}LoroLioot'fe
7Lu\rd0poLlrr Kdnoro orcrtioyrurrtv /.61).. rt 0iorlrov [eyiorov{or 0}.oliororv.oro!
avo$'p0ri{o}r'1lc npdjlit popd orlv nopd}roto,rorioope 6rL I / (x) 8tv cival ro
tf(x + r) / (.r)lI , 7Lordnoro r5L(irepo,, o].id io 6ploourdvrov oploldrv6ruvro l?
rsiva oro 0 uuroro 7E-rov6q 61sroiirvlpi( 61,!'irtr8f6rovKdnolosnpoono0i vo anoond-
osrnilpopopi;7Lo tv / un6nil poqopieg ?ro rlv f'. H or).oiorprt {or rlo ono0appu-
f r . { n n p o r b o r o i r t o t 7 r o f l ; b r o \ o ) ' , ; 'lonro p o ' v t 0 , . p r p o ! r o -no0' vp , i L I oo r l ot o
Eii( np60).rfn:ov /'(r) = 0 7'a tdeg r, eivo,ovol{odnKdrl f orosspi o',vdprl6rt;
EiyaLaduvarovo qqvrqoxtir.oveiq rLd).io 0olnopo[oc\roeivorI /. Kara']ri rt n8noiort-
o t , v . X ' f r o ' o ! r o r o , p i i " ' po' t I , t o r f l tc p r t \ ' . . r 1u \ ' t I o X i l t r or \ ' d co i t - o - orci \ o r
SLdpKd,! 0. ro o6fo npinLava?{oofl{dvo fdveruKivrtrolEv roirorq.eivoLnol,u6uoxo).o
o{6to Kol !o cmxLprioL KavEiq v ono6si(L 6rr !6vo oLsto0rp6qol,vqpdorq,{avo-
noLoivrrtv /'(r) = 0 yLoKdox. H un6esor,f'(.t) = 0 olroivc, o,Titbs 6fl
L hl
| Î{^ I(^\ ^
;",' h-u
xarlE! si!flr Ku06).ouqalEp6.n6q!tropti vo lptoLtLonoltt6El Kdnolos
fltvnlrtpoqopia?t'
0r'd ro dpro.I rot0 t:d/, I r).Ipo,popr":/ra It o' v,ipl'tor.
To 1c7ov6q 6n I / sivororo0spiouvdprnorlflv f'(x) = 0 rro Kdor, Korrol,i{i dUo
onor0iaotorcoL,roiroL,i3o!q,6],anpoKUnroDv anoivaesplui6Eq e6ptFa,noL,).iyEror
Oed)pItaM6oIqTLpiq.xorlo onoiouroort pi{.1roLll rol!p6r8ponpd?!oro.To:xrilo 7
uai zpodroeareL vo n,orivoL,ue 6rL.o! r'l / 'ivol napo?0r?ilj,u61l)[d, b], 1616L'n'iprr
KdnoLo r oro (4, b)raro,otbor
I( b\ - Ih\
o- o
r'otsrpl{d, our6or!flivl6fl KdroLo sqsnropdvrt sivaLnspd}.lrtir ortv su0iu nounepld-
ran6ra(ll. /(a))Kqr(r, /(b)). To 06pIFoMdo'tqruri( qooqo).i(EL 6r, o',16Lox'jcl
udprcr Kdtrorox oro (o, b) riroLori)orrt f'(x). o orrrl'roioqpu0p6q peroBoiiqrlq /
oro;r, rooircl oKprp(ijq ritq / oro [l1.b], ! onoiqlerqgori EivaL
!Ert !6oit I'sraDo],ri io'l
,,t tl(.b) Jld)lltb dl. (fLa nopd6L?po, ov ioir66\,Lq 60 piiu oe lro d)po,r61e
KdnoLa,/povrKi oflTt,i rpfnLvo roiiSt]eq
prorrirrlroo{prB6s60u,Liovrlv drp,r.)ADr6
ro 0s6ptpoivaL6vaqr6 ro otFavlr{6rspq0roprtn{dp7o}.sio ro! Ans1po6fl{oi,Ao11-
oFor, ioog ro pooirepoonodieoFo6oovoQopdnq tupord?o!!. Ar' olrd ro ].d11o
iooq P7d(erE ro orrlLndpoo[o 6r, I otr66ni! ivo,6[oKoi!, ui).d sdrbripT'r dqoJ ro
luoKoia oeopitsro aurol rou JiPiiou 6Xo!veqo,Jrirtei e66{or {q1p6,01610K0qd1,o1o
?.Eiyorohieraorr,.rvrpooraerio'rEvodroiisi(ErsrL6!'or oa! ro oEd,ptroMa6rteTLFiC
rLonvovvc n:ronl7err,a),i,dour63s! or}LoivsL onr061rro ord,pttLo silol 3i6Kolo, oirt
prBord6n e{t'trperE va lrpinror'. H npd,rrtor66s1irtror,0srDprir'o.oq rirov6vo0rir0u7}a,
oILi 6rLqripq!o( itoolEoeodorvo d6ooul"lro an66crert no).ianii. Oo |]orooioev
opxiooDte !s !1o ro).i ErSrKri
nspinroot.
otopHua r loEapHrl^
Tornollt) A!it/eivorouvEZri;oro[4b]l(ornqpqfoTiortlo1o(d.
b), Kqr/(a) = /(b). 16r'rn'iprL6voqopLep6q dror/'(r) = 0.
r oro (a. b) rdroLoq
Anoû:H An6 q ou\,61sro rl; / oro [d, 6] ou[npaivoL,ls 6fl I / ;ZLpropa/rorl KaL
!'o idrLorr !'fri oro lo. 61.
Aq uroe6ooup np(irs 6rr rl liTrort flpi nqipvEroro' ivo olf io;{ o1o(a. b). T6re
/'(x) = 0 016ro oed'p'}Lol, {o, rErerdoou8 (Itiro 8).
11.H tqryoia xqEndpsli)lot) 16l
AElno06oouli n(i),r6rrn e)d7rdrillUli rnq / mipvsroLordnorcsllsio x oro (q b).

T61,otoiog, t'(.x) = 0an6 ro os6pnFa| (It'itq 9).
Tf).o(,aqDrloeisoup 6rn t67rml KolI ),dzrortflpri noiplov{orxoroLtio orc riKpo.
Aqoi /(a) = /(b), it lri./rsrTlxar rl e).dxror1r+ri fltq f sivol ioq.dpq I / ivor
srogpiouvdprlort(tXitra l0), xor yLqlLo 0106rplo!vdp.r1or1 p:ropoipevc 6Lo).6loupe
omrotinor r oro (d, b). I
:Iit'a 9 Ilopo lpciore6Tl1pfloolriKop ouslqorrKd rnv un60ro!roq n / eivo ropsy(Dyidrprl
na\,ro[oro (a, b) 7rovorqop!6soupro Oedprlll0L Xopiqqu ivrnv urdoorlro0ri]pt-
pa EevrotiL(t1ip0 ll).
'Ioug 'jluli vo il 6vasr6LK6
ovop(,)r1ior. 6!opodvo6e6pr1!o tl1600s Kol.I fln66erqrl
oovro Odjprlto rouRolle.0 l6toq ivordrr, av KoLro O.drprltorouRolleivar prqr8rKi
,rcpinroo!rou Oopritoro;M6orlgT4riE,6iver6so6lro onhj an66erirltoLrOeopripcroq
M6oIqTrtiq. fro v' ono6iloutsro O.6pruo M;oIC Trpie 6qEQapl6oout ro Outprlpq
rou Rolleo1I ouvdprrto!nou6ivslro lliKo{ rou KaroK6plpo!qriparo( oro lliuo 12
oDr6eivorI 6uqopdovdlooaoro /(-x) xar oro li\roE,oro orlteio x, fil! aroeioq, I roL)
qr6 ro onllsid(d, /(d)) Kqr(6, /(bi). Aaoi I a.i!,qr r ./paarKiropdoroor rrr
nept''ier
:zira I0 I f(b\ - ftatl

s(x)-L+f,'ltr at- ttat.
00llEterisouFsrtv
r,,, rl[J!)- ''"''

_ ' a 'ltx ot - ftat.
b
H oIaop'i/(d) 6rv ndi(rxavdvcp6io.6aoq0o qcvei.
oEaPHM^,r troornflL\f,{
MErtl!ruuHt) Av I jf ElvorsuveXriE oro [d, 6] xqr nopolo.r,iortloro
(d, b), 16rundpta dvo!opLp6q -r oro (o. b) r6roroqrijor
:/ipa 1l ,,,_f(br f(a)
,EoTo
ANOIEI:H
-f t b n I
h ( . , ) - / ( , 1 - [ ftbt Itatltt _ .l
b_d I
H i sivar trpoqqv6golvitiq oro [d, b] xor mpuToTioLlrt olo (a, b), l(oL
hld) = f(a)
I lth\ lt nt1
htbt ttbt - at 1rat.
l--;'lrt
'Apo,
:rittd 12 Inopoip va sqpl6oougero Oeriplpo.rou Rolle otl! /l Kar vo ori[jrpdvoupe6fl
lndpXsr Kdnoro.{oro (4 6)161010drors
o= 71"y= 714- f@,1- f(o)

b- 0
itrl.
y 1"1.-!J!! tt"'
,-;" .
noporrlpiorc 6fi ro O.dpl!tr MioIq Trtis rorprd(cr{r our6oro t otTd).orc, 6rqfdp-
Aooo! ru rponTonlevo ropriforq- Kdnorren].rlpoeopieE ?rontv /, to( divouvn7.npo,
qopiE,|larnv Aurrl 6Foqn n).itpoqopiorivar1600roXopi.noufropoil ldlpqnrqvo
/'.
Kr\.n0o6u KoLnpo(rlv ovri0rnKdrsiu\ro!.
162 llapdyayorKatoloKlnp(bpna
floPr[M^rAvr] jf civolopLopdqo' ivo 6rdorlIa Kort'(r) = 01tdxd0sx oro6 iorlj"q.

16rrl / ivororoorpi o' oud ro 6rioqrq.
AfloarEH'EoroidKarblljoluj(dioorusiqoro8rdornpa,ga+6.T610undpj(erKd
aro (d, b) rdrolo60r
I -.._f\b) I\d)
tlird 1l
AlId /1x) = 0 yu 6la la x oro drdortpa,dpq
- f(bJ l(a\
"" - b
"
Karnolavoef@)= flb). Ersr, rllrfi qq f 6e 660o'rorq6rinor otpio rou 6uori-
sarogivorn i6ro,5n),.,1/ EivaroId0prioro 6d6rlta. I
OLidLKd,ro Il6prol1aI 6vroILlLlro ouvopfliosrcoprop6vcq
06 6io I rsproo61spq
blaorrilqta(tripo l3).
nofllv^1 Av or / ror g EivoroproFv(oro i6rodrdoltro, xor f'(x) = g'(.r)trd 61.dro r

(a) rio dLiiordodlv,iPqor
oro Erdontpa,16rundpt(er rdnoroqapr0!6qc rdroroc,661aI = E + c.
Aflo,\Ei:8
fLo K{i0e,y
oro 6rddrrtftr (/
;t(o!,!0 s)"(x)= f'(x)- s'(x)= 0,dpoon6to
n6proto I, udplr xdnoroqap$I6q c ldroLoqd)orf - e= c.l
H 6raflinoolrou eropdvou
nopioloro(onorfti r.dno( opolotio, I o,roiotprTpriq6rqr
oro lXipa 14.
oPt!vot
M,d ouvdpqon / id7ro' onEouau d' dvo6rdot1Fdov f(a) < f\b) 6no:.sa x6 b
lbl lid AoivoudodGpq6n
eivol6io qproloi pEsooro 6rdorillo psa < b. H ouvdprlot t ).i71ar
q0ivou6o
o' ;vo
SrdorrlFaov /(d) > t(b) yLoKdos d ror b oro6do tlorc a<,.(:!Ivdl.dper6vo6rL
I / sivaroiEouodri qoivoloo,or6lEoav 6 iortfa lnorioercr6rr roipvousero re6io
oprdro[ lqq /.)
ropEu^r Av /'(.x)> 0lLo rdo.ro dvoSrdo1rtua, 161r! f Eivora Eoloaoro 6rriolrl,

Iro ov /'(x) < 0Io 6Loro x o dvq6rdoq!o. r6reit / ivorqoivouoooro brdorrlpo.
Ano.4rEHOcopo$!rrlvnepbnoroq
/(.r) > 0. t6rodn d Korbiwr 6rnarlgiotouduonilra-
toq pea< b- T6reurdpXr(dnoro-r oro (o, b) lrE
"... - I\bt I@)

00
Aild /'(x) > 0 rra xdocr oro (a, b), dpq

rJ!:J!\"
b- d
Aao[ b - d > 0, dnror

6rt f\b)> f(a).
H or66e(t rou nopiogalog,6rav/'(.{) < 0 y1orcde
r, aeriveralos oa(. I
6rr,ev6to qvriorpoqor{Dvnoprop(irovI ror 2 roXiouv(xotsivqrnpoea-

Iloporrlpior
vj), ro awiorporporor Ilopioporog3 5.v roj(6r-
Av I t ivaroiEouoo,eivariKo).ova
t1. H ortpaoiaxqqnapaytityou163
SoiFe6n/'(x) > 0ll0l(lior, ol]d pnopivorsrriEr{or ro6rrtro}1oKd,mlax (osopsiors
To l6proFo 3 fdc ,ropal opKer6q rT,Ipopopiq yLo!'a ndpoutspro Ka),i L66olLo rrt
rpaarxi ropdoroon lloq ouvdprrlsrlg lopiq va o1s6id6out6 ro).)d ortpio.Aq ndpoupE,
oK6ufl rn ouvdprtot = x' - x. 'Exouls
/la lr1o aopd, /(;{)
/'(4 = 3*'- I
'Eroup - Jf,l, rar tropoiur vu
i6I olrLr66er6n /'(x) = O rra x= r/t,': l(q1x=
rpoo6ropioouFe ro np6otto ro'r /'(.{) yLo6Ia rs dl).o x. Ilopon]psiot8dr1lx' I> 0
0l(prB6q 6r0v
lr'> l,
,r]
r> \,4i3,ir< - /tl
{ipdSrr- I < 0 a{prprijq
6rqv
-vlr'3<'<.vli3.
'Apo,! elvoln[iouoa x ( qvrilreoc
oro r/113xarrof13. xcr
/ ra Vl/3,rpoivouoc
nd),roiqouooyro x > V l / 1. :Dv6ud(ovroq
ou iv l]tv nlqpoqopioperq siig ororiiria
(l) /( :\-li3 =+v/j-,
= +.-1,r.
/(u[-1,'3)
( 2 )/ ( i r ) = 0 T r o r = 1 , 0 ,I ,
(3)10 /(,r) yivrolpe.rd),o 6rav ro x ]ivror!eyd).o.xqr no).r]opvrlnK66ra! ro ,{
irrrar roli apvrrr{6,
civordL,vs'd v0 oxc6rdoor u" Lro aoKfrd\aLi npoodytror rr, yoaorKi-,rop{ioruor(
(:rriFo 15).
Eri ql eul.o,pig,ropontpEiore6rLeo rnopoioqFvo 61oupe Bperra 8rconlpcrcotu
onoioI / ivoloDioDoa ri qeivouoalopiq vu ,rproortivo eletdooujre ro np6ontorltq
/ . 1 .fl nflpd6"L).ro. oqoi 't / Livo,oLvr{tc.{4,ut6,via Ia' uovooro Vl IKoro-o
\ I l. qioo'/c 6J rr /, S.airp'' ro :&o ,rpoorr-o oro ALr;o-"ior .. r :. y/r-r. l,p"i
tritd 15
764 llapiyayor rar d,od'4 ptipara
,r(- y'l t) ' /ry'l 3tjrercronl / eoivcr o 0uTdro 6rdorqrq. Ouoid!.r / 6rqrl.
p[i ro np6onFo oTo{V_LJ.,) Kqrro / (r )rivo'tryd).o7rot.tdLq r . dpoq / rpirla v0
eivoronqouoo oro (V I i l. -) Aii(r vo otprddor'lrrdfl oK6Fo:Av I t' ivorouvIriE,
16rro np6olIo qq / ' oro dLdorrlFovliurooo 6rio6ra6o1rrdxpiouo 6I lia 'rpoo-
8ropi(rar ov ppo0lle10ttpdolpoqE t'(x) lrd lvo F6vo,{ o ol't6 ro 8rdornt|o.
To oriroo ro! lpaoitoroq 1it( /({ ) = xr x nouKdvot','rs-p!!rr apKerdqr}.rtpoqo-
piq6010vo roq Illl)dflervo nouFrrs alronsnoiorlot6rr - Vl/3 Eivorortsio ronr(o[
tl]liorou. rol ro Vli 3 oIFrio rorlKoi ).oxiorou.KoLpdi.rord,itoorr o0dol vo66oou-
[6 lro-f6vr{riopxri,-/lovo 6raKpiloulsov dvoKpiorloorueio sivaLoTlpio ronrKoipe]i-
oro!. ri ongrioro,rKoi el.otiorou,ri d,rordr' rd 6io (tt|ifq 16):
(l) dv /' > 0 oe rdroLo6rdorrtsooprorcpda,rd!o x ror f' < 0 ordrolo 6rdorl-
!o dcqrd on6lo x.ldrc ro x choronFciororrroJIcyioroL.
(2) ov f' < 0 oxdnoro6rdornuooprorepri qn6ro.r Kqrf' > 0 oxdroroSuioqfq
6erdon6ro .{,Ilir ro.x ivororlpiorotllxoi al,qj(ioroL,.
(3) svI /' dlr10 (610rp6orlpooe xdrolo oldorllc oploropdrou x,6no6 Koro'
.!u 8rddttFa6Elrdror. rdreto y 6rvEivororirrotFsiorortKoiucyiorou oir
oIlsio rorLKoiolaxiorou.
(Asvundp1L ),67oq
voofio!!,npovEioEr quro e roue(qvdvq- pnopcir,rdwqvo oX6ld-
ors6vdot{ripop6voLooq.)
tltitd 16
M rov i6ro rp6ro. I,ropoiFs\,(1ovdi.iooDf6),qTreno).uovutrKfqouvop1|iseK, xqr
'nrlaoylnopoilr vq ,rsprtpri\toDlern 7vrKri
lopei rt! ypoqrrriq
napdo1oortg dlol(ov
olvapnioov.frd v' opj(iooufr,1pl(Iq6lqordvsqrord).EoFa ,roudloul ri6novo06pr
olo np6p).tu03-7:Av
'+ .+d,,,
flx)=t,x"+a"'x'
r6rsn f d1rro nol[ r pi(q,6n),.,
ult(iplouv rdroroL
ro rotrU, apr0poi,r, riore
/(x) = 0. Av rcL ctr6 e(vorouorqorLxddvo ol?eppLrd0sdrpitBa, te .! Foieroro!
AnErpoorr(oiAoylolorjuopoirsvo 6dJooulr llo 0Kotrlq,I66flEl. noporlpeiole6fl, ov
x, ror x, eivor56opi(e6rrle / Grillo l7),on6rE/(r, ) = / (.{,) = 0, r6ft an6ro Ordjpr-
sa rou Rolleunriotr6\'oeopr0r6q.xovdroqolous.r, |(ar.xr droroq 160r/'(r )= 0.
A116olluivr 6n qv rl f dtr* EroKel( pr#veEpi(grl < xr < ... < xl , 16rr I /'6IL
rol";.ntrorov t - | drq{.(pudvr! ni(1,:Froovrilrdootouqxr {qr ,\. . lro sv(ill6o drouqx:
xar.\ , K).n.Eivorr6po6Kol,o va sno6ei<oujr'Ir ,roruli 6fl Ira no].uovDFKi ouvdprl-
f ( x ) = a " x "+ d , , . { ' - ' + . + q l

-
irr ro ro].n, pi(q:o rojtupLor6c Eir,olon0r66ri'rors ol,I0rv6c71o]r : l, Koro! u'ro0i-
tzitto t7 oour {trl sivorooordq7raro r, 16rro no),udrvuto
IL H ontiooiarnt napo'yrbyou
165
s ( r ) =r " r . x - + b , x ' + . . . + b
6vpnopsivq 6xrnrproadrrps;0,16, + I pi(g.-/lariov Eilt, rt g' o iI nproa6ipi
ord , piicr.
trf qLri! rIr tr).rlpooopio.ls!civor6io(ol.o vq ncprtpd!,or,Itl tpoiprKrir(Iprioroon
lrlg
f\\)=a,x'+a, x" +" +qj'
H ropd?o?oq. oflvnoluovutr*riouvdprrlol0oofo$, - l , ilsr lo notrrj n - I pi(cc. Apo
rl / dXrrro,ro).r1, I xpiorpaorl$io. OuoUCd. ivq KpiorloolIio 6svtilol onapoilrlra
on$io ro,flKoilrTiorou ri Elotiorou,aDdoe Kdonpimoorl,ov d Karb tiv(I,\Ld6oXF
xd rpioLlootlr'io rnq /, r6reI /' eanqpoldvcr eirenri ri opvntLnloro(d. b), oqoi
rl / ' i\'o' olrrliq- enoldvoq.n / eoivarri ouEouoo i a0ivouooolo (a. b). Apo I /
dxLro nol,i , nEprol6g orLConoigsuEdtfli peiwr.
:qv arTliLKprtivo ru,p.',r"rt orvdprtor
rspddsrTru.
,f(')= x'- 2x'
/'(x)= 4xr 4x= 4.((x l)(x+ l)

ru xpio+roonlEiorlq / ivor1u - 1,0.rol I, Kqt
. t( l)=-
t(o)= 0'
-
'r'(l) =
H oulnrpraopdqg t ora drqoripsrqovdll.oaora Kpiourqorlloiq.npoodropi(eo( F
pio sn6 n,( !.e6dou,c tror,qvoodperlKav
rportrouldvog.
:Dtxrpudvo,0olnopoiocrtvo
anoeovoo$fE tro ro np6oruorrle /' o ourdTo6rooriroro,qrd(ovroE anl,6qrov nlm
rte /'(x). An6rnv d].l,rtnleupd,on6flqrprqKpiorleqflldqKorp6volnopo6!Evq6oits
('xitq 18)6rr rl / EivoLa'jqo'roooro ( l,0) Karaeivouoaoro (0, l). fro vo ppoilo10
np6orlrofl]g f' oro ( - 6, - l) xoLoro (1,-) unol.oyiqoup
ra
:/ita 18 f'\ 2)=4'l 2li 4'l-2)= 24,
f ' 1 2 ) =4 2 ' 4 2 - 2 4 '
poivo|re6n r / sivoL
xoroup,rs a0ivoudaolo(-, l)KoLoilo!,o1ooro(1,).Toi6ro
olpnipaopqnpoxri,Trn 016ro ?T yroF^/dl,a
ot6C611ro /(x) Eivu tL?d),o x ror TLofl01.i
'Exour poqavaxo),6oxiIsorou./poeriraroE6io aK6!onhpo$opir6
i6rlorn drdeori
eo 0ri).o'rv mvtL(i (txrito l9). Ap:{r,rd,
rrlv r),Euraia vq Eo |r6n /(x) = 0
ivorrll(o}.o
1c r = 0. + r,/2 6n'lrq, eivqreovep6 6rr rl t ivo|iprra, /(x)= /( .{), dpq q
tXiud 19
166 llapdyayorrar oTo .rlpttpara
TpaAlKlnapdorooneivot ouppetprr! oE npoqrov Koror6pueodqovq.H ouvdprrlol

/(.r) = r' - .r,'roui'toufote8rdor oro ttila t 5,ivorrrgprlT'i,/(r) = - f{ .r),(or
rmlrivoe eivorooflerpr(ri oq npo6rtv qplri rov oq6vov.Ilqport p6wo( autdro nprqtq-
ro 0]16rtv aptri, t).rr6vou1re
q gro! 8ouleLti or1 .Tpqqrrrl
rrdpdorooit.
noi.Ld npopl.ripdro, o' our6 Koror n6pva rqd),aro,odq(rtroJvvu oXbrdor rrq
Tpoel|rde ropaordorq ouvqprrioov.t rdoEnpinroot0q npi'rgrva npoo6rcpi(r
(l) ra rpiorfd ollriu rnq /,
(2) rlv n!{ rlq / ora KpiortootjrEia,
(3) 10rp6onfo rt( /'orrq rsproldqavdteoaorqKpiorfqousiq (qvqurd6eveivar
i6! Ko0op6),
(4) rouEop,oro'i(r 7lo rouconoiouq/(r) = 0 (ovyiv[Iar),
(5) rl ouf,rrpraopdroD f(x) Ko6qro .r Tivrrcr trtyd).oi no).rlopvrlnK6(ov
Ti)oe, Eerc Ko1livoudrLdvaqoivtoto( 6/"elloq,7rqro ov I ouv{iprlsrlEivarrreplfti ri

dpno.F'ropivu ooconoi,ldEfl0,16roD.ri 6oL).rrd.
Aurorirotl rou rt dvd).uo1,
ov exre).eoreipenpoooli,ouvrlooq oroKoliftsr rov FoolKd
Kop!6rlf ypoQrKriq nopdoroolq,ol,ld llprKdq Qopdq D,rdplouvE6rKdXopqxrnprorLKd
ttouonorrotvnEproo6l8pn oK6\rI. Eivqr oSJvorovo ro npop)d\jorrlrd},aooT|i.ql.id
undp/&Fu ok6fd n).npogopic nor eivaroulvri nor.i orlpowLKi.Av I / 6vopi(mro
Kdnoro orlpia(yrordpd6r7!q,avrl / sivartrq plfli ouvdpqorlJrouo,ropovolaoricrrtq
p!8Evi(roLoKdnorootpoto), r6ft 0s npdnervo Erdooup ntoulrsplaopdrlq / Kovld
frd napd6r7fo,
oopoilern orvdprrlon
". . x ' - 2 x +2
t ) ( 2 )x -(x1-2x+2)
f'$J=A- (x-
-
= xlx 2).
( x- I ) '
(l) Iq xpiouo ongeioqq / ivorro 0 Korro 2.
(2) f(0) = 2,
f(2) = 2
EnldriI / 6Evopi(eroro' o).6kLnporo 6rdolnfo (0,2), npdnflvo iTliooulro
npdolpo1rl( /' topror{iortrdraorrilaro(0, l) xqr(t,2), xd06erqr ord 8looflitora( - -,
0) rftL(2,e). Mnopoipvo ro KrivoutcaDr6srL),6?ovroq ouyKrxpqtvoolglo se Ka6vq
0n' orrd ro 6roortigor(1,
i ort 6( (orrrivroq,rpooKrLxd rov dro nou6ivErlrlv /,. Mo
onorov8inotcu,16ro',( 6io rp6rou6.ppior(oLrc 6fi
(3) t'(x) > 0, avx<0,
/'(x)<0, 0v0<,(<t,
/'(x) < 0, ov I <.r< 2,
/(x)>0, dv2<.r.
(4) dvurdpXouv
apr0loix rdroror60r/(x) = 0.
(5) TdloE.npdner
voEeldoou! rl olpnepL9opd rou /(x) 6rovro x ?ivEror
!Etd),ori
no),ispvlTlKd.
Koeri)q
xardrovro x reivsroro I (aurdS
or rl.rlpogopie!
0qgoq66oouv Kr
l l, H oqpaolat4Empayriyou 167
dvavd),}.orp6notlo vo npoo6ropiooul
ro 6roolrilorooro oJroiorl / auld!0rxaraoiveo.
flo va Esrdoouurn oufnepreopdroo{irero x ?ivrarlrs-fd}.o,lpdeolll
_x ' - 2 ^ + z = r - I + _ _ :
x I x-l
Eivor ,povcpodT, ro /(xJ ppiol'rror \ovTd oro r - I (,(orfivqr ).ilo uEyo),l.rcpo)
dTo! To
x tivqr !Td),o,roL to /(x) pploKerqrlcovri oro x - I (oDdivor ),ilo grKp6repo)6rqvro
x eivat,ro),6spvtrrx6. H owipLqopn rt( / Kovrd oro I eqo(prp6!rqrro iSro iro),o'
lim(xr2r+2)=l+0.
ro K).doI0
t
"-
?ivEror Ka06ero x rivsroroI an66eird.{qr no),iopvrl1rr6rae6qro-rrivroro I
ll8yd),o
'Ol,; qurdq
or d,Ipoqopic( fordqo'rvouwpuKrrdeoDd urdptrp6\,o6voerpdrroE !e
rov ottoio rqrprd(ouv(:IiFo 20I p9aro0ir6n }nopirEvq orxoLolo7rlorr 6ls lq
oTlpiqorl ypaArKiropdoraon.
Ko6q(o o1a8lodIsLouFn),rtpo6ei. o f,ropo6oql1
vo otfr6oolp 6rr pord(er!c r!
ypoqLrrimpdoroonlraq n8prrrrieouv{iprnorlg plaromoUdvrlql(old lio lovdbo,Ka1q
(x-lJ _|
"t-*t
6cixver.6flor'dhleladrord;(orr!rorpriytola.'OI0rg,raroloui6oDelapoxqpron
l18i.erdt,I6vo aqo$dloupeXprlorgonor{oeL n}.tpoqopie(Trq vq ndpolpeprq
trq d},},sq
Kalrl l.iol on6q lpoqrKri,ropdoraol.
Av KarTl0;oI rov ronrK6vge-fior0rvKore).aXiorov uroqouvripqorl6,rdwo1E qnorq),t-
tltclor! avolnroppdq otiroo rlq lpoqlloi( rrlqmpdoraor6,ouvrl0o6 6evlpeui(arcrvo
4itlo 20
768 llapdyayornn d,o .1pip,tn
KpLflipLoyro ra ronLKdp6}LorqroL
Kdvolpr6ot ro).hi loul0rd. Yn{ipXslivfl 6r oA1}.dq
Eld1Lorarou pooiqeroroflt ouursprAopdrlq ouvriprtoTtqoro Kpiouq p6vo ottio ntq.
o E a p H M r sY r o i r o l r L c6 1 1f ' ( o ) = 0 - A v / " ( d ) > 0 , 1 6 r r l / 6 l e r l o n r K 6s L d i ( r o r o r o

a ov /"(a) < 0, rdrE I l 6tn rorLK6$?roro oro a.
Ano,\Er:HAno rov opLojro,

, . . ,-" I h ) I . ( . u)
/",r,- trm,
,
Aqouf '(d), uopoLiuEv0 lpd\UoL,tr
. f
r"rol I i r nI ld+h)
I
Yrol]froup16pq6rL /"(d) > 0. T6rcro f'(o + lr)i lr npanLvo ivaL0crrK6?rospKrd
ILKp6r. Etro|;voq:
f(a + l) npan'rvo rivol6'r1{ri 7raup{0d [r{p6 } > 0.
'(o1tt / (a + l) rpincl !'o eivrl qpvlnxi ?roqpxrdfL{p6 ]lr< 0.
Aur6ottaifer(n6pLota3)6rrI/EiroaiqouoflosKdnoLo8Ldornra6'q1droudKor!/
EivuL
aeivouooos Kdroro6Ldor!!aaprorspdrolr d. Enopdvoq,
n / 6xsrroftK6 tdxroro
H 0r6aeri! ]rd rrlv nspirnDot/"(d) < 0 eivqL6!010.f
ort ouvdprrt6r/(.{) = r'

To os(ijpnra5 epap!6EsraL .{. no'rdroutsidrt lsisrrloer.
'Elot]i1
'/'(x) = 3r' i
f" lx) = 6x
ortrio v4, t *o' .,/-tr:,,;r^r,.

:la KpioLpa
/"( \,1/3)= 6Vl''3< o.

t"(\-|'9:6Vl-'3>0.
Erop6voq,ro - Jl/3 eivoLonrio romxo[ reliorou xcLro r,{ J eivarolpeio rornxoL]
Av KoLro Or6prllo 5 anoasrl(viEror nol,i tplior[o yLdnolL,ovL,lLKEq ouvqpnig8q,r1

6'irrprt nopdt0r'r,oe
ro ,6v olvaprioEovivor1600no),,jn)"oKr r,o
rou EivorEuko],6r'po
rEsrd(oLrlrro np6onlortq np6rlq nflpoyrijyoD. Ax6!o. ov d sivordva(piouo orllEioritg
/. ftropsivo ol,rLo'ivo lori,Et J'@) = 0 t ouflivrtv npinrool,ro Odrpqpa 5 6Elqq
6ivsLxotld n),rtpoaopio: Eilor 6DVar6 ro ll vo ivarollEio lonLKoip7iorou,ollio
ron,KorsiorioroDli rinoroun' !o 6io, 6noqqoivsroL (trripa 2l) 0'16flq ouvapflicLq
/(-{) = -{', /(.{) =.{', /(.r) = r'.
: 6)..sns rEprtrrdo8Lq,f'(0) : /'(0) : 0, oD.'i ro 0 EivarorpEioronrfoi lsriorou yLo
qv np6rl lJIl8ioronrKo[slflIiorou?ra rI6e{rcpt,Korlinorasn rabio]roItvrpirl.
Arir6ro ort|13io
0(1EeKaeopiosr opy6repo.oro 40 Mfpoq.
EivorEvSrap6pov 61rro OE6pIpo5 qrodEuvLler
va otltLr;jooutE oDroFdroE 6vopsp1K6
rlvflorpoaorou EouroDIou.
oEoFHMA 6 Yno06rour!6rLI /'(d) undprer.Av ! f dtr ronx6 sidltoro 610 d, 1613

/"(d) > 0' av rt / dx01rolT1K6
litloro oro d, r6re /"(d) < 0.
tl. H o4puo[a146mpayityou 769
AfloiErlHYro06loute6rr I / 6ler ronrr6 e).dlrorooro d. Av /"(d) < 0, r6te I / eo

eirEKarro'rL{6fd/roro oro d. otr6ro o'6prtuo 5 T6rcrt f 0o rirovoraecprioErdnoro
'Apo
8Ldorwodpo ur6 ro a, dpu0osilu|Lsf "(a) = 0. droro. rpilln voiraL/'(a) > 0.
fro rrlv nrpitrr0r6rt
rorlxo! tL6?iorou
eplaE6toor0 fc ro! i61orp6no.I
(Au6 ro lLspir6ov.i6rpoaorouoeopriloroq5 'ivoL6.11Ko].'jl8po r,tropo'jFvoci (ou
Ir:ronp6otfo > Ko1< 6rvlropofr voovnKoraorooofr, trr > Kol <,dnoqpoivrr(r
o,16r( ouvoprionq/1.r) = .r1xo, (r) = x'.)
"/
Tornoi.o.roflroi To,\L,po).aror. flolo).-i-or
ot, .- /paqrK:q ,r:}roroKol
ropflor{io".q.
sirirroro,uD.{irs rpcrqoL,v6nErs(roD OEoprirflroq
Mdor_(Tuiq.H rp6rrt sir,oliva orl6.
ul.i{i no}.i Ko}r\y6, noun0iq'rivov or!ov!r{6 p6}.ooro Kcadiulo 15.{or o{ofu
osd)prtffl
pori(sr noiid ropoisiyraroro', ouva!rrioopE o0 rport?oijrvo xsadlulo.
orapHMAr Ynoefroufe6rLit / Ei\'or

ouvx'iqoro .1,KoL6rLr /'(x)'n'ipxElrLo6iorox
os Kdnoroariiollpq no! r8pri/ELro o. rKr6! io0);ar6 io.r = d. Ynoeflot]psoK6!t1drLro
rqLI /'(a). {oL
undpTll.T6r'. undpTrL
llrr "f'(x)
=
"f'(a) lim 'f'(x)
Anoitr:H Ano rov opLolLo.
+ h)
r'(a)= l,tl,fla f(a)
rroopn8rd Frxpij, > 0, I olldprlol / 0o ci!o, olverriqolo [4, ir + .l] (sr nqpo./oyiourt
oro (a, a + n) (o u\,riorortoq 1atup,6!oq ol,rt0en'ryLoop{o.d rrKp6 , < 0). An6 ro oc6-
plfo MdortqTr!!i; L,ndpx'r6wq aprolo; (Yjoro (ll. d + ,|r)liloroq riiors
f\a+ h) f ( d )=
h f'(d)'
T6pdro dr lEivE,oro d {o0d).ro,'r rsiyELo1o0,trori 10o, avri{croro (a, o + 1]} oqo'iro

lim /'(x) ',ndpln, dn8ror61r
+ hJ- Ih\
r,t,t ti^ t(o ,im/(o r Lm/{.rr.
,o n
(Eiv(lro{6nl!o l1136018
rra ouorrtpriE-d-an66nin lL a'r.6ro ro},rrroiooriuo,noDro
nopoL'oLdoopE 'rdrrDq
drDn11.)
|
AK6fo Kr ov rt f ivar navroi ropaloliollrt auvdpfltol.cir,or3L,vor6v
I /' vo rivqL
(IoUvs.lrq.
A!16 ou}tpuivI.7ranapd6r./ra,dv
i G)=
{*'+'
:rlpqovo6foq s ro oE6pllo 7, oq .rpoqLKri rapdoroortrt( /' E6vftropeirord va
tqovroliqouverslooovKLo!.ri nougoivErororo rtirs 22.To [lp60i!fo 55onqTpq,
acirr't\ron65rqlev6qd],l.ouKorvo60opri[aroqnou6ivrrpro06repe6 ,r],Ipoeopisq7Lu
rt 6!vdpq or / ' . KqLro I] p6P],rpo 56ro rprtorFotrorEi
.rruvioruortrouOsrDpri
lioro( 7.
To cr6frvodrptts, proyviKuort rolrOropipororM6oIqTrjriq,rapouord(r 0v6Lqq6-
povrupiog).67oTov erpopgoltirv rou.
r (Toouapr{r\lA
oEcpHr\rA \rE!l{rri\rtr!ro} cû.Hy) Avorl Katg EivolouvEleiqoro [a, b] Kor
napoTo]iorf8qolo (d, b), 1616urdplr{vuqopr0!6qx oro (o, b) rrrolog6o1e
:/ita22
tf(b) I@)leG)=ts@) c@)lf'(x)
170 llapdyayorraroior),4p6paru
(Avs{b ) + s (d), Kdrg'(x) + 0,ol,fliit ro6rtrq}priecrorKor

f(b) J@) f'(x)
s(b) e(a) e'6)
naporrtp8iors
6rL,av s(x)= r ?roKdee x, r6res'(.r)= l, KaLnaipvoup
ro OE(iprpa
M6orls
Trliq. An6rnv dL],rln),upd,
av Eaflpjr6ooupE
ro OrirprpoMdonqTLpriq
orLq/
Korsroprord,PpioKoup Karr oro(a,6) p
6rrtrndpr{ouv.x
f(b) f\t) _ f'(x) .
4b) s(t) s@'
p our6vrovrp6roeoEivorioo.
al)d rinor6vroqEfiudror6rrlox {aLynouFpioxot]rr
Alrtq ornopqrrprloErq
iooqSrprolptorivqvevriroor6rrroOe6prlpaM6orlETrrriEIou
Cauchy ivorfdlt"ov6[oxo)"o ori]vnpolfanx6rlro6fogopxi6vonoli
v oroberi{ri.
h(t()= f(r)tc@)- s(d)l s(x)U(r) /(o)1.

T61E orvrrrico.o[o,b].napoyrD,
I ,-ivaL oro(4,b),xoL
iorpr't
h(a)= f(a) s(bl s(a)/(r) = l(r).
An6 ro Os6prpo iou Roll;rra, 6rr ,,r'(x)= 01l0 Kdnoro,{oro (a, b), ro otroio oIFaivr
6rL
0= f'(x)k(b) s(a)l E@tf@)- f(a)l.l
To O6pllo MaortqTqriq rou Cauchyeivorro Poo1x6 yLo
rpyolionouitpLoE6pqors
vd orodsiqouf'dvo066p!!a noD8ruKotrivr opiov
rov l,no).o11a[6 rr]qpopaiq
' /(-t)
hm:,
, o gijrl
Im "fG) = 0 K0'lrmcG)= 0'
I ourrivqv npinrooq,ro Oe6plfq 5-3lqq 6ivard1prtcto.KdosropdloyoqEivorvo

6p,oourrirrnq ropqiq {ar o unolo}Lof6qrov napat6lov oDlvdororreinolli 6ou)'rd.
Av 6ros qdpoutKdnoreq rolld 6prac'rflis rrtq lopaiq proporiv16povo
rupo'flir1ouq.
Dnol,o?roroiv
siKoIo.
olruHMA LHopnL) Yno0droutt

e(l({\oN^!Tot 6fl
lim/(x)= 0Korlims(r)=0'
161ro lim/G)/s(x) ',n'ip1n,Ko,

enior! uroedrolp61,ro llT/'(r)/c'(.r) ulr(iprer.
, It4 lrmI (x)
;j; c(x) ;ri; c(.{)
(Ilqpol!pior6n ro os{i,prl|10
7 0ivarplo sdLKi nspinrood.
Aflo,\rEHH Dn60ort
6fl ro ri,rdprer,
repLfrlorotrrlpd6to uroedo,E:
fim/'(x)is'(x)
(l) undpnL6vqErdorrtfo(d A d + d)r6rororirors01 /'(.r) Karslr) vo D,rdplouv
-rroKdesx oro (a - ,, a + 6) sxrdg,iooe,ylo x = d.
(2) o qL,16to Srtortfo s'(x) + 0I rlt' moavriEoipsollKern{i}.r,ror.{= n.
Al!6 1ltvdlh n],upd, or / (or g 6v'Jrori00vrolKavoproldvq oro d. Av opioouts
11.H o4paoiaqq rapayrityouI77
f(d) = s(o) = 0 (ond(ovroq,o\r1peraori, r,( rporl?orilEvsq r4ts rov /(a) Kots(d)),

r6rs or / norg sivoloDvxeiq oto a. Av a < x < a + t, t6rEro O6plpoMdorlETrprlq
Korro Oe6plfo Mdolq Trpriqrou Cauchy9opt6qowflr Yloflq / l(ots oro btdoqlo [d,
.xl(Kr6vog ovriororloqro1upLop6q ivorooor6q-rra d t< x < d). EQopp6qovroq ilp6rq
ro OE6prlFa MdorlsTqliq orlvs, Pr6trouls 611s(.{)I 0,lLoriov rirovg(r) = 0 eourriple
{dno,o xr oro (d, .{) ! s'(x,) = 0, amladoKovroq !e qv (2). rdJpo,Eaopl6(ovrqq 10
oe6pn!'oMfortqTuris rou Cauch)}la rls / {qrs, p}frouFs6ft undplr;vaqopreF6e d,
oro (4 x), raroloq6orc
i/(ir) 0l sld,) = k(r) 0l/'({!,)
r1
f(xJ f'\a,)
3(*J C1"t
Ai)d ro a, rsiveroro d Koedrs ro r rsi!, 610d, ?tari ro a, aviKroro (4. il oao[ ro Lim
/'(r)/s'(/) urdptr,fruroL6rt
. '/ ( . {I /'(o.r ,'rr)
L
' m8 ( ' \ J i . 'm a. lim'. "
qto\) " 8\J)
(fro trloa{6uoqopd,Kot'orlp0rov o\royvdrorl lrq lcntopdpEEq
va oDpnllpdroet oulourou
KorLfoTto{ rrl( or65E(lq.)I
IIPOBAHMATA
l. rra KasIrLdon6rLqouvaprioeLqnouoroloueoi!, Pptirrttd?rorrtxaL tvrdxrort
nfri oro 81oo.irorono! oqqDroirwiolFc,JlpioKovraq ro oTlpio
rol, SrootriJroroc
q r$;q o' aurdro olfio f3 rLC
ora oroio n ropdyoyogEivcL0, ror ouyrpivovrnq
.4ra( or0 dKp0.
(i) =
"fG) x' r' 8ir+ I
orc [ 2. 2].
(ii) f(r)=i'+i+l oro I l, L].
(iii) /(x) = 3rr 8xr+ 6fr *"t+,+l
l i v ) " fG )= . ' ' .
1
*"[+.,]
*"1-r.+]
("i) fG)=-1. oro [0, 5].
2. T6po oriniore rn ypoqrxri nopdoloort ro0ltldco116rlq oDvoprTiotq

ro! npopfi
taros I, Ka! Ppsir6),oIa olpiq romroi Fg1iorouKor 6).otiarou.
J. LXc5rdoT.fl, /poqrKic ,iopa6tdalrc ldv cqic 6r,vootfoLr0v:

I
ri) /rx) r
1
(ii) f(x)=x+:
(iii) /(x)=:,
I
(iv) = -,
/(i{)
172 llapdyayorrat dorT4pripau
4.rsi A v d ,< . . . < d . .p p L i rrcr v c l d x r o r rnL l i r r q 7 ' , r = - ar,.

1,,
'(b) I pa - -
Ppcircrtv ,ldxrorrl flFi rnc /trr I lr q l. nr,ra ivqrdvorp6-
p).!!o oro onoioo AnorpootLrdq nolop6E li=Jec porteriorkd06).ouioru 610-
oriuaro ovdpoqoro d, rt ouv{iprlol / rivar tpo$rKi, dpo ro }dzroro
npoqov6q su!0oiveroKrinoro 0116 10a,,xorsur{irivoLorpLp6g Ia onFia6100
'Oporq,
I / 6vivormpotoliorll. ivareiKo),ovo ppirErrlv andwlorl ov
Eq8rdo8r ro /(x) (a06qlsraFoivoL,lrE
ndjql13rapri],1.ror ar6 dvordroLo6rd-
orrtuqodLtro.
.(c) 'Emo d > 0. Aei(t. 6fl
n Udlloritlllri qq
/" ', '_' l-l i

l*l-r, il-",
eivor(2 + a)i (l + a). (Mtropeirvd ppic rrlv rqpdyoyoo ro0dvd016 rq
8looiripora( 6,0), (0, d) Kqr(a, -) roprord.)
fio Koopldon6 rq ouvapflicsl!,rouono),olooiv,ppsirs6l.a ro oltrsio rorTlrcot
!-rig1oui E).otiorou.
x. x+3,5,7,9
(i) /l{) = {
0, rdpptro(
(iD -/(x)=
I lq, r = p,/q 6ôDp/q avd.tap
x, x prlr6q
(iii) t(:r) =
0. x dpplroq.
I, x = li n TLaKdnoror oro N
(iv) /(x) =
0, ql.h6s.
'Eoro
6. (a) orl'io (.{0, /0) ro ommdou Kor , rl lpae'rJl nopdoroonqs
= mx + b. 8pirro t iroL dJore
/(r) I an6mqsrlproEi(d,I0) Karfx, /(I)
vo ivqr)dloTrl. (tn$rdror6rr l,oi{roronordrvro! q!fli rlv a,r6oftol0i!ar
ro i6roge ro vc c),clmoroLriooup ro rgrpd-r0)v6 rtc. Aur6 Kdn{r6a{iotrorei
roDqDno),oyrolorlq.)
(b) BprirEniorlg ro x-l.qtpdvovloglJn 6vrv 6rr rl sLroio
nouidplrsr a,r6ro (.x{,
y0)Karro fa /(x)) sivorK{ioern ornv a.
(c) Bpirflty an6orqorlrou (x{, yJ s'I{t rrlv I. (Ourno}.o1loloi0o Tivou!
suro).6rpor qv urooforrJrp6rq6Tt6 = 0 lrrd rQaplrdor ro qnor .6oIdouc
on] ypoqLKindpdoroort rlq /(.r) rnr Karro orltsio (.xo, - b).)
r
lu?xpivorsIr ro tlp6plrlp04-22.
(d) O{opcior rrv euEiq peiooonAx + 8/ + C= 0 (np60l,rllo4-7).Air6
t or6orqor rou(xo,/0) 016qv evi6y0)euoitr sivarA a+ Byo+ Cit/A4 E.
7. To rpoTl?olovorp6F),Ifourorviooror rnv oqrig0p6rnot:riordEivort ojtdqrlperoqi
rov rprru(6voruic)vqe / rdr rnq fr;
E. Odpvoulellq rDosioqnd10ol!.io (0.d) 6rovopr(6v o dEovo,Korlrd r(so oro (t,
,), 6rrDqoro :Xrito 23.AroSeiErs6fl ro orvol,rK6lTixoglivroL),d:(roro 6rov or
lovieq o rqr B sivorio6.(OuoLKd rpdir&vo e6prprq olvdprrlol oro orrlvLx6r
tqpd6rro lriKoq duvoptrior1or,.r, 6rou (x, 0) EivoLro otlio orov op(6v1rc
deova.H 6uxKo}l!6vl ypaHri dro Ij(itq 23 ,rpoiver Fu rvql").oK.rrrilEofElpr'oi
ll. H oqpaoiat4qmpayrltyou173
ro np6p),iUaLvsrorInpiq va tperoorivo pprir

on66lEqKoronq 6io rcprnrd)oeq,
ro onpio(x, 0).)
9. Arodiqrs6t1,at! d),c'tc opoo-r(bvrc
pe 6oopdvnrepiusrpo,ro rolpd,olo iIeL ro
s0o56v.
!cyol,6rpo
10. MIoEnrov op06vKul.iv6pov! oroeEpd6?Ko% ppirour6v p ro pLrp6rpo
rlpo66v smgoveioc(oD!,rp slpdvowaqrqr rq rlpo8d rov 6 o odoov,{inoEmo
txiro 2a).
ll, OpeoT6vro rpiTdvoFr !,rorLivouoolriKo!,qa flEprorpdpcr0r7ip6 qr6 tiq o,r{iflq
txira 24 {dg61sqrleupiq rou ror ropd-fldvovop86KUK),IK6 K[tvo.Ilor6q ivaro liTrorog
6o\rdr6q6f(o( ooloriloD K6vou;
12,AJo6 i6polorn)droufo Kor, ovrioror;(ord|volIar Kdero(tlifa 25).noL6sivolro
tyol{,rpo5uvor6priKoqlloc oKd}.o6,rou}r,ropei,
pro9p6Fvtop(6wu, va orpi-
I3.'EvdEKtinognp6x6Lrar va oXe6rqo0i oro oriFo vrig(]Jxlffon1op6o(tj(d6ro26),R

orcivsgxorpdorKri(yovioq O. O Kinoqnpgnr vo aX[lopro[dvoeppo66vA.fronodq
.rNe rov R Kol O (oeoKlivrq)ro priKoqqq rpiqpoqli 0aivar,.dXro1o;
14. Ailr 6.r ro dporopov6q ofl{oJ opropoi rcr rou avrLorp6eouroD sivor
ro'r1.'iirorov
2.
tLittd 25 t5. Bpirto rpo,rd(rotrro pyol"i1Epo lDa6dvrou fropei vo eylpoosios llllxiK).m
or.rivoqa, !r rlv pio friat fliv{o oqv 6rdp0rpo.
16. Mro opoi lovia xrveirL rmd pixor'!itE 6uldrpou v6gKUK),ou oKrivoqd,6roq
qaiverqroro tTrilo 27. nor6 ivol ro tld.i16po auvor6vFrixoErou A + ,8 nou
oltok6,lrr
on6rrlv tovio o K6Kl.oE;
17.O oLKo),6yoq Ed rpdrrva 8(oolioery1oLipvrtKUK).rKof ol{polo( aKriloe I km.
Mnopei vo Korrrll.qoioerg67prrilv andvavrr6ttfu ! ro1ilrtro 2 km^ i vo
npnorioEryipn-}ljpo !s 4 km^ i vo (onit),qrioer l(qd ivq ldpoq Kor vo
npnqrrior rnv ur6),orq 6n6pori Pxrlro 28). old 6ro6pofliftpdftor
va lll16qL
ztirtd 26
{i) No 6' r oooto 6r'volovrlproo6rrpo016ro rorio:
(ii) No rcpdocro,rd!ow,ooo ro 6r,vor6v ,flo?priTopo:
It. H Kdro6E1d yrDvioFra66s).i6oe61n).{iv1aldloL60r p6}.qaxoulrd rrtv aprorpri
,r},tUpd
rrtq oeliSog,6]I(,(Aoivsrororo l1ito 29.Av ro nl.droq1outopflof Eivqrd
Kor! oE).i6o ivor]10).6 .rnE)
snqriKrl,6i6r06ir ro sldtroro Fri{oE1rt6(reprpdrpori
qvo8inl.oorqeivar3V3 di4.
19. To !(iuo l0 dsiTverlrl tpqqrxi nopd61oort lnc,napaf(ittourrtc,/. Bpcir6Ia ro
oillio rorr{oi U0fiolou l(qr lottisrou qq /.
tripn 28 txita 29
l'l4 lTctpiyayortcoro)od1pJ4tnru
'20. Yno6iroDfr6fl l ir,fl,l'ru roirrovritLKri ouvdpritol./(r) = r' + d, x' +...+s,).

Fs (piorfo 6rtf0i( ro l. l, 2, 3, 4. Kal avriororneq KpiorfEq1lAiqrrr 6, l, 2, 4. l.
I { " ' r a o r rcI 7 o u0 r K ni u p d o r o o
r lnc / . E f x u p i : o \ r u g r c ' r o r F - u a r q n d o - o q r o r n
*21.{a) Ynooirou[e 61rr] noLuovu[rKri

ouvdprr]ot ,t (r ) = .r' + a, ,.x" +...+c4dt8r
Kpioua orrpEiora 1. l, 2, 3, xnr /"(- l) = 0, /"(l) > 0, /'(2) < 0,
l "(3) = 0. :xe6Ldors,!E dortaKpiFEL{fnopeirr,r] ?poqLKinspdorootrr'tq/
!E 0dor uL,r6qrLq nhpo,popi;.
(b) Yndp/r noilovuprKi ouvdpntol p rrq idlqL5r6rtrEq, o! 10 3 5v sivflr
KproLtoortfno;
22, II r pLtp{tll,TlttpdQr{rtmpdoroortllac prtrrtqotjvdplrtort q(or noil trrx;; r,po!!6q,
ro,.,voi.r/iovapoqrrt\r-prlpnQnnJ.7rv-oroK.i.-\o7rar'typorp.{rlnup
no).rrDf uf L{6! 6u!oprios(dv).
23. (a) Ano6iqr0 orL3!o nohovu[,{6q ouvaprriosqpe Poep6m Kurr, avliororxo,
litvovrol ro noir,nrar(,J-rlaopdq.
(b) fro Kder, Kor, 660r8L,onoitro\urrKdq olvoprrioEL,c
lioeud,!rr IroL, no,J
r6!vowa'mar(t,,,)eopdq.
*24. (r) Ynoedro!|o6ft I no).ur0vr41rKi oL,vdprnot/(x) = r'+ d, .{" + ... + d0
dxsrt1rpr06q t KpioLp( orpiuKaL/'(.r) l0 ]ro 6iq Iq Kpiouqot!io x.
AiErE 6rr o, t sivoLnEpLrr6q.
(b) fLq Kdos,, 6iqre6rr udprL uLono)"u,rurFrxri ol]vdprrtolf pooto'jr1!r r
rp ' r,rJofl' io.o\ . n I .:vo r.p rrd:.
oL'vdprrort/(.r) = .r" + a, ,.r" + ... + di 6xEL
(c) Ynoot.o']rE61rrl noiu(DvrirrKri
k, ort[cill ronrKoulE?iorou{or k olpsiu rorlKoi eluliorou. ADiile orL
tr = tj + I flv o11ivaLdprroq,xar & = ftLav o, ilaLnpr1r6q.
(d) Eolo r, * , k, lpLq qx6poLoL pft: = k, + I avo, sivoLdpfloq.xqr & = t,avo
, ivornprrr6q. xar t, + & < ,. Aeilre 6n undprL lrs no)"ur0vtuL{r1ourdp
ntot / 0oefoL],,fe kr ollreio ronKorlfsrioro! Kd r. olleio rcntorj erqXi
oro'. \ro5..-t: nuor- d o ;orrur;or /r^r- ll

(.{ d,) (l + :{r)'7raKflrdil,r).o
apr0!61.
2s.(a) Anodeir'6rL. ov /'(;r)>M r,o Kdo' r oro [o. b], r6rs /(6)>
f(a) + Mlb- a).
(b) Anobeii:e6rL.or, /'G)<m y1or.d'x oro ta, bl, r6rs /(b)</1a)+
nlb- a).
(c) Alofl,n6oftiovdioToosd,pl|L0
6rov /(n) < M'lro KdoE -yoro [a b].
*t6. YnoeiorE6r /'(:{) > M> 0, ?Lo610ra x oro [0, 1].AEilft 6rLL,ndprEL6voaL{iorruo
prixouqli4. oro oxoioLorf(rF\
f >Mia.
27. (a) Ynoo;rolr's6r' /'(.{) > s'(.r) 7ra Kdosx, KaL6r' /(dl=s(d). dsiirE 6rL
/(x) > s(r)7,(1Kd0e.r, I.o,6n /(a) = s(o).îqrE 6n /(r) > g(jr)rLn.r>a
x o L/ ( r ) < s ( I ) r L o x < i r .
(b) A0i(rt ft ,r,u nopdSsrtuo 6n {r!rd ro oriFntpdoporo
SE!rqtLlow X0rpigrlv
un60rol /(d) = s(0).
2 8 .B p c, ' o ]' , , , - . ' L o t . r t o,c/ j , u , , , o n . L . ,
(a) /'(;r) = sinr
(b) /"(r) = x'
(c)
"f-G)=x+r'.
29. EydJLorier6rL,uv daiooup6vo0dpocvoniorv6rirqvaKivtro,r6rEeo6tsrndosr
'. H o4paotarrlgmpa'VitTou775
s(l ) = l6 rj n6drallrdar6 r 6urp6irntd. or,rdro nsLpofanx6 &6oudvodvnsprTpd-

9rrq oufftprqopdpap6vnoupi;(vowdrnpofta rdvoi npoqrd Kd.o.A'16rrtvdr,n
iielpd, o v6Fofs"(r) = 32 roIU0,nd!,rorsKorsivornoli aaoaiqyLovfl qtyiorrrl
o!snrpLpopd rv6q|]{ipouq ro', aaivraLan6oro'oSrinor ri,\yoq,
!e onoro6rinore aprF
l(i ruXtirnro.flq vo on7,ouoriooDle ro npd-/pqTo, agoripq(0vriooupc vq !rp{iprq
ri'yrlrpo_c ro n{iv0rqn6riv cnredvLs rou E6d$ouq o' suliv lv rEpi,ltorortor laj(irrl-
rlq !ivqr ocflKii tro stifotq roL'qw0sivo,v riorqpvt!r\is 7rood'uotq,iourderou!.
{oL6tq ro o6tmo 'r6etouvoripqovoFcto v6lo s"(, = - 12.
(a) AciErE 611! .' sivoLr!( Fopqriq r(r) = - 16rr+ dr + B.
(b) odrowoqr=0 orov rino rqq s, xor perd orov rino rrq s',8eilre 6rr
r(r) - lbr -r.r ! \. dro, ,0 LivorToivoq otr6ro onoio09rivr0r to o;Fo
rrt /povrrrto-r7t-i0 |\orq civo"t oXilIr0!ettvonoioo,0ivetor.
(c) EvapdpoiF{i}.lrro(rpoqro ndvo)[ roXl)lnro., ,rd6roro 6arrpd],e,rro, 016rtv
etrradvsro rot 6dao!8.Il{too \rt)d 0 ovd0eq {To (11600 vn}d' olloivcr lino6
eivor.o rd oro i'yoqD).nord Eivorrl lqrrhrlrd rou In rpovrxrioflllri norl
p(ivr oro pdlloroivog: noL{iivqrI ctlrtdluvorirou reivrlrrl olrtui; n6rE
0q#osr lovd oro d8qqoEi 1160110a sivorn lozirilrd{ou rirov0olovor6oerom
d6oqog;
30.'E!oBl,'i$apdi).sra'onoro 63oaoq rs raTri)rnra l) Koru'r6yoviod (tlirLo 3l), o'r6re
dTeLprc xomr6prql ouvLorioaraxirlloq t) sina Korpla op(6v1q ouvrordjoou
cosd.Hon6oroorlrour(1)an6roa5oeoqum(oi.ro1ov6!os(t) = - I6t: + (usind)1,
c!d,rl opr[6vflorol'itIr0 'iqpqtdla orogtpdiot !3 r,co\o.
(a) Anodiirc'tn n rpo'[dlou F),iforoerivoLrro,Topo0o],ri (Bprirryloiorlro'ros
K'itutpovr'fll orrlFri r. llar EiEre6rr o'r(i ro oruio ppioKowor ndvoo lro
mpaFoiri).
(b) Bpirs1rl ?ovio d nou p?roronorsi rrlv opL(6vo on6sraol nou6rav[eLro
:/ittd 3t olrifo laxpr v(l r6sfl oro 630$oq.
*31,(a) A6ot3 mpd88r?taouvdprrtonq/ lLo rrlv oaoiavo urTdpyer
ro lim /(.r),6jrL
6!oCm lin /'(x).
lb) Ano6ii16rr, ov ro li! f(t Korro lim /'(x) ',,(ipjlouvKo' ra 660.rdrr lin
f'\x) = o
(c) Ano8siqre6fl, o\,ro lim /(x) Dn{ipxE'xo' ro liTt"(x) llndpr.r, r6re lim
,f"(.{) = 0. (t.r.E: sniorqLiT ,t'(r) = 0.)
(AsiIerrioit( ro np6plrlFo I9-15.)
J2. Yro0droutc61r / (oLI ei\'qrdio nopoTotioUs(ouvsprrlocr,rou r(cvoirororiv rrlv
/g'-,f?= 0. Aro6ei(critr,cvarcr bcivcrdLc6o (6qpiqgntg /,'(0Ltog(a)Kor
g(b)dveivorKorro 6rio0. 16rg(.x)= 0 7rqrdnoror qvdpoo ortr d ror b. (OuoLrd
10 i6rooupn;poopo 1016r qv voi),{i(ouptIrE / roLg 6rlla5i, or piq!rorv/ KoLg
6rqX0rpi(ouv oL urv Irq 6.)Ytr66(I: o6ityrt00iros avrirpoorlL,no0dlovrq! 6n
g(x) + 0 yLo6l,0ra x qvdpeoaotc a xcLoro D:ov dvoeoproldq6vivoL0, lrdpxr
Kdr ro).i oL'o.o).olrKd rou unopoi,r'vu rdvo't-sF a' rov.
33.Y,roeiroujr' 61r lllx)- fly)l<(x ,v)'rrn>l.AnoiriEr'6flr / ivororo0-
pi eisfliqovrqrrv /'. Iu$pivre r ro np60),rrol-20.
34. M(q ol)vdprrlon/ sivorLipschitz rd6oqo dIo x qv utr(ip7erorooepdC dror6orE
( * )l / ( . r ) / ( _ y ) l < cr - I "
?ro610ro,r 06dvo6rdortFa po an6ro x. H olvdprnortf EivarLipschilzr{iEne
e
ss 6Ldorntaov I (r) roru$ yLo610ra x Kory oro 6Ldornpa.
176 llapdyayorraroloKlnp(in$
(a) rdEEoq
Av rl / civqrLipschitz a > 0.orox,6eiEre61rdvor otvzriqoro.x
(b) Av rl / 6ivorLipschitzrdqsorq a > 0 o 6rdoqFa,r6rs n f ivorolor6lopqo
ouvtriqolo atdorlpoou16(p).dreKsqdloro8, [opdpqpo).
(c) Av rt / 0tvor 6ro9opiorprl ldEoogI olo -x lo:(ri8L
olo x, 16r! / sivorLipschirz
ro qvliorpoeo;
(d) Avt / s(vor6roqopiourloro[4, b]. ivdtLipschitz rd6o(| oto [4, 6];
G) Av I eivorLipschirzrri(rq a > I oto [d, b] 6iqre61reivaro1oepd oro
"/
lo,bl.
35. Aro8iEr
6tr,0v
12
...++.=0,
oa+ atx+ ...+ o,x"= 0
7ra{dro,o.r oro [0, l].
16.AnoaierE rtrr r notuovlFroi ouvdprlo! f.lx) = x' lx + n 6vilr nor6io
pi(Eqoro [0. l], oveidprtro 016 rnv Trti Iou |n. (Aur6 npoKifltrajKo)'oon610
Oedrpl pc Tor.rRolle.Eivurlprlorpo,o9or,6rioere proovdlrrKi ard6t(n, vtrolE6Ld'
crs rnv /0 Kat1!v /r, Kdrvq 6i1noi 0pioKoror rl ?poQLXri ,rapdoto6!rnE f", oe
ot6q !' q!r!g.)
Yroftroul &r I / ivorouvElrieror rspq,oTioun oro [0, l], 61rro f(x) o\'liKr
oro t0, rl ?ro l('io.x,xdt irl f'\x)+ | 7u xatu x olo [0, l] Air61rDnriplEt
oKprF6e ivoqoprelr66 x olo [0, I] riroro66ore/(x) = .x.(Toprodnp6p)'npq l(tii6l
yivsr,oro np6pLtpo7-l l.)
38, (a) Anoorilrr 6r rt -f(r) = .r' cosxLxovonol0i rrtv = 0 llo Eio aKplF6q
"f(x)
rrjraqrou x.
(b) Aro60iETs ro i6rotto rtv /(x) = 2r: - xsinx cosrx(MeprKoi rpoxordpr(nKoi
unoloTrofoi0o eilar lpliorlor droT.vo ftpropioouvrrq ftoavignrproldqrov
p(d,v rnq /.)
*19. Atudi(r 6fl. qv n f ivor 6io eop6qnapqyoyiourlouv'iprnorlpc /(0) = 0'
/(l)= I KoL/10)=.f'(l)=0, rrtte | /"(x) | > a 7torcd'toro r oto [0, l] rro vo
yivoupenro mpooloru(oiiivaxrvtlldnoorqEdtiu lovo6loiqan6otoorlolovo6Lsio
-co,roti(rr rolitllo 0 ar {dnotdXoovLKri orr?!i, atrr
xporo.Ksr0pti(Erxar /c
Lnrrdx,vol >a Yro8nEr Atro&:qrr.6fl1 / r.{)\a yLu Kdro,ox oto [0. +1. rl
-
al),r6q /"(:t) < 4 yro,.ri,Tolo x olo [i, U
'(x) = li x1loxdoer>0'(or
40.Yno06roup drL/ ivorf l( ouv,ipqorl|l .f /(l) = 0.
Anodiir61r flx!) = flxr+ /0)7Lq Kdox, y> 1]lv
0. Ynd6crtrl:Bpoi1t s'(r),
6no',s(x) = /(x/).
'41. Yro0erouf61ril , (Kovorori rnv
f'lx)+ f'lt) s(x)- fG)=0
7roxdtroloolvdpTrlsIg. Ano8iErc 6n, ov I / eitdt 0 o36io olfia, 1613il / ivol0
oro 6uioqpc ovtipeori touE.Yn66erEn:XplouororEiorEro O66pllro6
{2. Yro0drou}'c61r rl / civarr-aopdenoputo.riowit{416n /(x) = 07u n + l6naopr-
nxd r. Anoirii$ 6tl /'"'(r) = 0ltc xdnotor.
{J. toTu o,. ....d"- tlloio orlNiooro ld. bl Kardoro
err)=II(x.r).
Ynodroulr6rLI f civcra + t gop( naic'/olioriritxor 61rro P eivarnoluovurLrri
q; raPaYriYoa177
1t H o4Paoia
ouvdprrorlFapoi < n, droLdjoreP(x,)= /(r,)Io i= l....,l] + I (B16r' p60)r-

rn 3-6).Aciqrs6rLI,o Kdox oro [4, b] urdpia0lc oro (o, b) 610rd,ore
/t,rt- rf,rr q,rrr'1-+

'.-' (r + l)l
rnv ouvdprlo't
YI65EIEI:Oopior8
F0): - P(x)].
Q(x)t"r(r) P(t)l Q(r)[/(r)
Asiq.s6fl q F FrSevi(ra, otfsio rol] [4 6] KarlpnorlonorEi
o0 r?+ 2 SlaqopcrrKd
ole 10np6plrud 42.
44. Ariodeiqre
61,
l.',t'n l" < i
'"' 8
I
(rt:piqvc lroloyicere rn \,4; !;xpL 2 6E{o61Kd vnaial).
4s. Anobilr rlv sqiq lt{pri ysviKeuolrou oslrjprllo.oqMaolq T'prl;: Av I / ivo1
oL,vt;(tt,
{o. rooa?dYioruq oTors.br {o' ta I m/t, r..imfr , rr ado/ol'v.
IoIr I ndpXLL
r.drorox oro (a, b) 161010 60r!
lim f(v) - liq,fLy)
'
' f ' t' t t ' "'
b'0
oaqe{i npensv qpri(sL{dnoqdror:dL,ri eivarpLdrsrp,![dq ouvEnero

H on65sr6rl
.oDOopriroroqM;orq T,Fiq lra.i...D.
46. Ano6eilr6rL'rootFnapaoloroL,osopri[aroqMaoIq Tuiq rou Cauchypropivq
-rpa9er
orl popert
f(.b) f(a) = f'G),
c(b) c(0) cG)
ov xdvorJyrrq np6o0erqDnoedoLq 6r s(b) + s(d) Kor6rLrt /'(x) KorI s'(x) 6cv
iv0rnotdrrur6rpovo0 oro (a, 6).
*47. AroSeiqre oro [4, b] {qLnapolo?ioLpeq
6rr, ov n / KoLI s 'ivar oL,v,(Eiq oro (d, b)'
Kors'(x)+ 0'/to Kdeex oro (4, b),16rs!,rdp1ElKdnoio x oro (d, b) IE
f'(x) f(n f@).
c'6) 8(b) c(x)
litt a!r6
Ynd8srqt:noltor).oordorenpd,rd,l1ova 6sirEn nf.oluflrLKd
48. TL6vrdfl Ka)d}1qv ropdKdrolpriorl lou Kov6vft1o!,I'H6piial;
. x- r + x - z = . . 3 n ' + l . . 6 . r ^
rrm un-2 -J=l'llt=,
'') x' 3x+2 ,'
eivqr- 4 )
(To 6proorrtvripdygonK6rrlra
49. Bpirr0 6plfl:
(ll) Lm-
, _ ot a n {
s0. Bpeift rrlv /'(0), ov
= s(0)= 0,s"(0)
KoLs(0) = l7
!7 8 llapdyayot rot d,otc),qpritpata
51. Ano8iqrrr( o{6lou0sepopq6g rou Kov6\,orou L'H6lital (Kourd60vororrri {droLo

oL'orfl
ofl KdKolvonp?Lo
trrXEipltq)
G) Av liq "f G) = lin cG) = 0, xoLLirq/'G)/sl, = I, 1611lim/G)i s(x) = I
(ofoioq.a0oprqdn rs qprorspd).
(b) Av lim /(x) = lln sG) = 0, Ko,lim /'G)i slt = -, r61slll .fG)icG)=-.
(ru, orLoioq -&,iovro.{ - oovrlKoroalooDitlEx - a'ix - n);
]ro
(c) Av lim /(.r) = lim s(x) = 0 xo, lim /'G)i 1, = I 16rslim /(x)ls(r) = I
(oFoior;lLq - -). Yn6SsrEr:oopi6rrrolinl /(li;r)id(l/.y)
=
(d) Av 1im/(-{) llTcG) 0 {o, lim f'G)i c(x) = e, r6i lim /(.y)i sG) = -.
=
52. YndpIEr!ra dliit !op9ri rou Ko\r6voro! I'H6!italrou ZprdEsraL {d rnpondvoqr6
oirepprKou; lEraotrlnrroloir: A! linr/(x) = lims(x) : -, Korlin /'(r)is(t = I,
r6a lim /(:r)rs(i) = L Ano8Eihsro oq eEiql
la) | o Koo"L 0 Lôp/, ilo, op o.rdq
o riroLoq
u6r-
!9 [ <"To">o.
c'(x)
:Erpcpp6orc ro oerlplpa MdoitqTr[iq rou Cauchy
iio fi]v / roLntvs oro t.1,.r1
11.,vu 6ciE6rc
6rL
|.'..'.t1..':.' fYnr'd
' 8\^) 8\o) '
(rlori utropoDts r1v un68eo1g(x) g(a) l0J
va Kdvoupe
(b) T6p07p{i,yx
i6t rlt ftat. ft*t s(i c@)
c(.{) c(x) c(d) f(r) fla) c(r)
(?rari lnopo[rro !o rtrooioolr 6 tro pEldlfl x, /(x) /(d) + 0;)KqLoL,unE-
pov18o
I rrrl
l' ll. ) t , o 0 n K L , !0, y d l u . \ .
c\rl
53. fra vo aLrfrLnpoeeirt r)"it06parov nopo],ia76vrou Kor,6\ro
ro! I'H6pilai,XpTtorpo-
nolEiorro np60;.!r'o52yLuvu aroSeilere peprrdqcK6rorcprrr6o1q rtq ox6),ou0rtq
yE''rK'tq
nporoorti(un'ipXolvr6osnoi),6q5l,var6fltT8e ro! 0o np6nEr yo ErL),6EsrE
pprxEq p6vo,ov undpXouv, ror oaqn6LaQ6pouv:
Av limr/G) = liTrc{.{)= { lKo,linr/'(.r)is'G)= ( ),r6rEli1n /(x)isG)=( I
E i j 6 r o [ ] l n o p s i v u s i v o , a r i a ' ' i d - r i r i - ! , K o l r o { I f n o p vi os i v a0Li - i
-,r(oLro( ) lnopiva sivorI i - i -
*s,1.(a) Ynoo;ro'rrs6r,
I / 'ivq, ropq7oTioL[r] oro [o, b]. Ano6ilrc6rr, ov ro el,drr-
oio ritq / 610lo, bl si\roloro d, 16r /'(d) > 0. roL av ivororo b, r6rE
/'(b) < 0. (ou Enova).'iDsrs rrl rLroian6 irv on66Lqrt roL,osriptiforoq1.)
(b) Yroe6roL'ls 6n /'(d) < 0 Ko1/'(b) > 0. diErs6rr f'(r) = 0 r1o,.drorox oro
(4. b). Yn6ssrqn:osopEiorro s).drroroqq I arc td. bl.rrori npinErvq
llpioxtlsr Kdnouoro (a, b)i
k) AnossiirE o ov f'(x) < c< f'(b),16.6 /'(x) = . rro rdioro .r oro (o, b).
(A!16 ro anordiofuivol113)016 oav ro Oe6prt!o.o! Darboux.)Yn66LEr:
Mols,pavrproouvriprrtorortv onoiuvo Epopp6Esrol ro fdpoq(b).
IL H otlpooiarrlqnopaytityou179
55. Ynoedor 6fl n / eivcL8rcaopiorploe xd,roroI rdorruorou ,Tsp,dl*a , d\d. 1 f'

srvqLoouvjarlq oro 4.
(a) To rl,EDprKd 6prdlirrt'(.x) Korlim t'G) &v Fropivo nflip1oDv{or Is 660.
(Aur6ivoLod,6qrlo d.oqpdnapoD,ollioro Od'pitFo 7.)
(b) Aud ru llov6nl,L'po 6pro,6vInopo6vvo !,r(ipXo!vxor ro 6rjo,dx6u0(qr !
rlv sworo1ou1- ,
Yn66srlrl:Xprtorpo,loriorE ro Oe6pnBo rou Darboux(np6Binta 5a).
.55, Eivors[Kolovo Bpo6]'E lLs ou\rdp.rtort/ rdrorc6oreq l/ lvo eivcrncpalo:yiors1,
cv6 I / 6jtr. fra ropd6er,fa,ptropoiFsvo ,rdpolp/(-r) = I yrd x prlr6, KeL
/(x) = I ?la r dppllo. X' curriro rcpd6nlgo1 / 6evivoLxovouvtrif,xr our6
6vivolarr).io l,lroorl: Ano6gihs611,ov I l/ eivarnapqlotiorln oro a. Korq /
Eivaroirvexiqoro d, r6re rar I f eivo rapo?101iowrt oro s. Yn66E(n:Apxi va
Eirdoou! f6vo ra d lls rq onoiof(ai = 0. rrori l' ol)I'ivr.lv trEpinoot,Il npinsr
vo ivar10 / l'(d);
'Eoro y+
57. (a) 0 xor, dpfloe.Ano6ei6rs 6rr x'+ J."= (x + y)" p6vo6rcv x = 0.
Yn6Serqt:Av r0'+ y'= (x! + y)', eaopu6orcro oe6prro rov Rolleontv
f()tJ= x" + v'- (x+ v)'rdvo oro [0,&]
(b) di6Te6rr, ov y+ 0 Korr nrp1rr6q, rdrx'+ /'= (r + y)'p6!ro dro! x = 0 i
x= y.
+5t. Xplorsororeiorerq u6o6o rou npopl.iroroE57tLav' anodeiEer 6rr, ov o r ivqr
dpnoqKfl f(r) = x',16re |(d0qqrroufvl rtq / r6pvrrrv / p6volro sopd.
*'59. Am6tiereox6!o ,I|oysvLrd61l,qv rl f' civorq06ouoa, 16rKdeEqanropaqrdfvfl
qv / [6vo }l'o aopd.
*60, Yflooarouir0 6ft /(0)=0 xqr I f' ivar oilouoc. Ano6ei(Te61l rt ouvdprrorl
g(x) = /(x)i x sivatoigoDoaoro (0,6 ). Yr6Serh:n poqqv6qeonp6rEL va KorrdEcrr
qvg(r). AnoDsiliedrLsivor0rrri Qopp6(ovftq ro OE6pttoM6onqTuiq tro rtv
/ oro Kordl,l.nlo8rdollla(0a 0otoiffL vo 0utooaors6rLI un6eon/(0) = 0 eir'or
ouoroorrKri, 6r{rqeoivror0,16rn orvdprnot = I + x').
"f(x)
'51. Xprlouonoreiore nopoy6rouq 1la v' a,!o6iEr6t|, ov , > I, r6rc
( l + . { ) ' >I + r x r o I <x<0mr0<x.
(,ropdrrlpeiole61ryrdr = 0 rot'h ro6qrtr).
62. Odroul]8/(x) = r'sin' li.{ yrux + 0, ror f(0) = 0. (tj(ipq 32).
(a) Aro66i(rs6fl ro 0 iva!oitfrio rorl{oi },olioro!rlq /.
(b) Aro8EiErE 6n /'(0) = /"(0) = 0.
Enopdvoe, auni n ouvdplnot pqi 6iv8 dl),o 6!,0ropdbr,to rou 6it\,r6fl ro Oedr-
pnla 6 6svE]IlSdXroLpl.lioon. IprypdqerqKdfo, drr (Lsn6 6lt|l-EioDfrq ro dlloro
Korrl.d?roro,,rol,or'Xvd,rEpvdcr oroporiptto !ro 6r,vdprnorllnopli vo FIt Ervur
orjEorroooKavivo6rdortta6(rdon6ivo orllleiolonrKo[la:(iolou,oir.qoivousa
o Kovdvo Suiorrra oprorEpd rou.
*63. (a) Anoteiqrs6T', ov
ttitld 32 /'(d)>0 {or n f'sivar ol,vj(riE oro a, 16rI / eivqr
oiEorosor Kdnoro8rdorlld 'ror rLoLdXEr ro d.
Ts r6lgva610ptp! quroi rou rpop),itaroq6itvouv6 it oDv;ttsro qe J'
er!oron0pqrrIll'1.
(b) Av s(x) = .(rsin I /r. 6ei6re6fl undprouvdpreFoix oooSrlrore {ovld o1o0 !e
c(.r) = I xs06q koL sss'(.r) = L
(c) Ynoedroure drr 0<a< l. Odrour/(x)=dx+x5in l/x 7ro,!+0, (or
/(0) = 0 (01,;nro tzifo 33).Aeiqts6 I / 5vivsra'ilouoo oc (d\'dvq
qvor1T6 Srdorrlpo noonpdtrro0.6i7vovro6 61locxdor8rdorljro!,rdpzou!
I80 lTopoyayot
rot dod4piyoru
tzila I :
or!io.{ pE/'(.r) > 0 Ke06qKolattt6iox pe /'(x) < 0.

H outmprqopdrrlq / yLo{Y> l, nou ivar no),S6ioKo),ovo ovoi,uosi,0o
ouqrlrlSsi6ro 0r6trvo np60Ltpq.
*164.odroupe = =0. f1o vo ppo[pro
"l(x) ox+.{'sin I/x^tte x+0, Kor/(0)
np6oruoIts /'(x) 610! (! > I Eivororapoirrtrova 6{erd6ouj10 o! ro 2x sin
1/x cosl/io tivrqr< - 1.rrqopretoiqx Kovrdoro 0. Eival Kdrcrqpo],r{6-
repovo rrkrrioou!ritduydprror sCy)= 2Giny)iy cos/yloy+0 0odlo-
rs vo q;poorrrovsLy)< I /ro fEyd)"o
J' Aur6ro rp69hro ivaLro],[ l,6nr6.
ro nrd onlovrrKdKojrpdrtroDg(r) Eilolro cos/, nouprdvrrqv rrtri i,
o).Idorir6outFoivrp6vo 6ravsin/= 0, Kdr8evivar{o6}.ouoopdq10ovrtg
rt i61olropi vo dI,r,r,iE< - L H npoqoviqnpoodTrroro' oDr6ro rp6p).rt-
pa sivolva Fpoil0 r( romKds].dXLsrr rLp6glr'tgg.
AuoruX0lq,
eivdra6ivorovo
lLioouF.rtv oEiooons'Ly)= 0, oJrorftiroL sroffvoq mproo6reprl
erorpogic.
(a) dih 6rr, nv s'Cv)= 0, 16r
cor - hiny,{- l
2r'
Korouprp0vor6olr
, u , - t " n, ,\ 2, 1) 2 . '|I
(b) 6rL,av s'Ly)= 0, rOrs
T(ipoSEiqrE
'r:'
sinY=
41v'
K0ro!tnp0!dr3 orr
= 2r v'
lcLv)l
r/4+t
(c) XprorporoL{hvroqro leyov6q6111z+ y'12la t' > l, 6siEr'6rL,a! a = I,
16rEr1/ 6EveivqraiEoDon oe xovdvo8ldorrtrudp0r un6lo 0.
ll. H oqlooia qi Eapafd)lot' l8l
(d) xpnoruoror6vrqqro rsyov6q6rLtirn(2+l)/.J4+l= I. deilrr:dt. nv

r1/ eivcro,:iouoo
o > 1,161e 1rlpoqrd 100.
o" *inoro6ui61rtfq
**65.MrooDvdprrlol
/ ]d?eror
o0louoaoto a cvudplrivsqopLep6(d > 0,rdroroq6ort
flx)> f\d)
f(x)< flc) tL\ I 5< x< a.

nopartpiornoq qut6 6vonFsivr6n rl / sivt( oiqouoooro Srdorruo(d a-.
a + tf tra nap'i6nypq,rt olvdprtol nouP),amlsoroIzilo 33ilor oliouoooro 0.
ai.;.dEeveivoroiqouooo l(qv;vqavorzr66rdorrtF ro! vo ffpri7sr ro 0.
(a) Yno0iroutls 6rr n / ivorouverisoro[0,l] xar6n I / sivqroiio!6ooro a 71u
6n r / EivoranEoudo
xdod oro [0. l]. Anobir oto[0. l]. (ni6rrp{i}mrov
eour6 osq 61r undp'trKdrr rou va lprdqsrola,Id60'h.) Yn6lsrirl: r1o
0< 6< I,ano60itls6lrlosLdrrororlq f orolb. llflpdrervoel'eoviqeraroro
(b) Aro6siqrEro uapoe(a)xopiqva urooaoErs 6rr I / eilar suvozriq, Eerd;ovrqg

rd0r l] ro o'ivo),o 56 = > ./rq xde
/1o 6 oro [0, l.r:/(y) /(b) .v olo [r, ;r]].
(Aurd ro g,poqroL,npopliloroq devlpsui(I0r7rc rc uadioraa.)Yn66erir1:
Ano6.iE{drrs! = lx:b < x < Iirdipvovraq ro sups,.
(c) Av I / ivoroiqoloo o1oo xor I / ivornopoyrDyiorurl oro a. anodeiqt 6rr
/'(a) > 0 (0lJ16 avore$rolo).
(d) Av /'(d)> 0, omdiqr6nit / rivara'ilouoqoro a (snrorpdvrs orovopLor6
ro'r /'(d)).
(e) Xprorponorisrrro (e) '(s' (d) ?lg va deiietr,Zopi( Zpioil rcu Oopipro;
M6onqTLpriE, ofl, qv I / EivorouvE/if oro [0, l] '(o' /'(a) > 0]o '(iioro oro
[0, l], 16r rl / eivarqnEouso g1ot0, ll.
(0 Y,loedroup 6iLrt / eivorouv;(,iE co [0, I] xo,6rr /'(o) = 0?'a K'i0d o.o(0,
l). Eqqp!6sr10lrdpoq(e)oq ouvitprlot s(x) = /(x) + E{ ?rava 6cii'r 6r'
- - . Opoio:q,6eilte {tr1 /(l) -
/(l) /(0)> /(0) < e cErfli(ovracrrv
/r(x) = cx - /(x). tw,rp'ivcr06rL /(0) = /(l).
H oljlKrxpLdvnolrri onddn_Lrl rou 6fl, tra ouvriprtorl!e ndpdlotoprt6ivnp6ner !s
eivororoopi,dIErno),ldKoLvd olfEiq !etro otr66t1qlro! H.A. Sch\rar,tro! tivor
iooq I np6rrl ololnpri ar66rqlnoua60rlxs.Tolidzroro!, o 6r hup-/6! rrlq iror
v6pr't8. AeirEro rv0ouoL66g 7p,it+qro! oritv 'rdponouri[al] rnq BL0i.roTpoaiaq.
*.66. (a) Av / Eivorp1aolqosprisuvripqot. 16r{d0e ollleio ivorottsio romKoi
plisrourrlE/. Eivqr,tol,n'Il0sv6vq ouf0oiv6rl(dIl ldroro.0|.6!0xr ov n /
6veivororqopriolvdpltot:7ro nopdSelruo. ov /(x)=0 ?ro {<0 xar
/(-r) = I 7ra r > 0. A7ro6it1e, 6Foq, rprlorfonor6wo(ro flp6pitro 84 6Ttov
I / ivqr ouvtriq oro [a. b] Kqr Kde srlpiorou [d, b] oivoroiurEiorotrrxoi
lstioroD, 16Tn / eivsr oruopi ouvdprlol. Opoio,(1roIilnpinrooitro'lrioi
el,oliorou.
O) Ynoedor !6pa6fl Kdoqpeio ivorirro7ltl(6t)dtrolori iorrK6ldtL6rotro
r1v / (ilopiqvc o:ror),eioutE 6rr ppr{dorltLio rivol lorrKatrdxrors.idriiLiu
romKd !d1Lo1o).Ano6siq$ 61l rl / eivaL oro0epd oq 81!: Eoro
f(oi< fl6). Mropo$! vq utrooaooule6ft ,/(C,)<,f(x)< "f(b,) ro
a{ < .r0< h. (frati) Xplouonoubvroqro 6{ipruo I to! nopopfliforol ro!
KQol,aiol) 8. 6roppior ro [a!, 60]oe 6toarigoro 'rdvoolo o,roiqvo Lotisr
sup/-inf/<(/(4) /(c0))i2.EniorlE dLd.ilrrq riKn rov i6ro 6roorn'
!{irov vo ivor lrkp6tpo rou 4 oo]2. T6rE undpl.r dvoldtoLou,rodr{iorrllq
. b,
[o, ] !t /(o, I < b'
/t ). I rroriJ. Ir,vtxioTc [,loTo]rxd {or t pnouororciorcro
Odjprlporov Krpolrqdvov Aroortpdrov (Ilp6pirua 8-14)7ro vo Bpi{
orlFio .r nou6v!,ropivo ivqroi1erollx6 palrdlooul. idj(roro.
182 Ilapdyayorrar dn ,4pritpara
'167. (a) 'Evoollleio x ),6t0rorolFioTvidrou|lyiorournE oro A ov /(x) >

t /9) Fo
xdoy oro A !e y# x (ooyrpivrIe rov oproF6rou ouvloropvou ort$io!
Iyiorou).Tvo olFio rom{d lvricroulefiorou opi(ercrp rov:rpoqavrlrp6-
*,=[l
no.BpciTe610rq otllEioro'nroi rvio'o'i Ftiaro',rrq ou\aiprn6t6
x dpptlog
s
Mold(rqtti0ovolLq pLoouvriptlol vo dXeL 6votorrKdTvriolopi froro o Kdot
orliroio(qvxql rofiopcndvonopd6rllpa0qpropoiosvaoaq9d),flooKd\yELq).
Arc6i(r10o)E8i6.
O) Yno06rolp61r KdoEollio eivol dlueio ronrdTfiisrou lyioro! q6 /.
Ilaipvoulronorov6rirrorE oprep6,r xar 6rol.ilorlr6 dr < -xr< 4 lr br - dr /(.r) yn riioe j oro [dr , br]. oro -x?+ xr xriroro olrio
oro (dr, 611 6ral4oupsd,<or<xj<4<4 }r3 4- a1<+ dror 6ore
>
/(r' ) /(.{) l,a rdo.r mo [a,, 4]. tuvxio rs F' o,,r6vrov rp6r6,rcr 1p1ot-
ponoreiore ro Orloptla Kr9(orropdvov duoqldrov (np69l.rlpo8-14)llq vo
o6n,I06iro pu avr{Qaol.
ll. H o4paoiar4gropayriyou 183
NAPAPTHMA.KYPTEI KAI KOIAET'INAPTH'EI'

Av Korn Tpoerxinopdolaollraq ouvdplrlo( ,rnopiva oI8uo1i!e opx[Ii qKpiFK
f pdonflq n).rtpoaopiEqrou faq napdtrrlnopdToToc, rdnouexpuedqnruld(11( tpoqr-
xriqropdoroorlqonoKd,irtovrqLlr6vo[ q peldil rIq Ssirsplqnopoy67ou. IK6rrLpa
nqpo).6i\urynpolToDltvoqqur;qrrgl,tnof;peuE, lroli rl o16iqolTpqer(6!rqpoold-
orl eivarqpxer{inEpinloq ok6pon ov &v ao1oit0oite I' ouraE,l(orTroriol,rp6o01eE
ninpoqopiqnounoipvoupa sulvd 60va6i(oui,rov K6ro.EEdl).o!,or ooorar ono6ilrE
rrovoXerLrrlvoeorplpdrov tivor opxtrd 6$oKoltg,1600nourl dorltouqvq oivoro' 6vo
nopdprnla.nopd 6leq autdqrrg cnoooppt'wrxdq napaqpioEK,oqiqslvo KdvrKdnoroq
xflirrorou 116'rLtpoqopirE'rouropouord(owar e6{i,rrqri or dworqroulo(upro,Kor rou
(xoi).ouD,Eivqr'10l.6nro oTltrowlKdqon6 xdnoLopo'iotpo1'o vq oXe8dqorrtpoalKfq
nspoordorq. ErLnl.dov,
or onoSeilnqfXouv6vaeuXdpLora yotr0rprK6
dp{DFo noD6v
sL,vovrLdraro!Xvdo0{,priporoAnLpoolr{ol, AoyLoroi.trnv npoy!or1K6rrtTo, o i61oq
o
fjoorK6q oprop6qeivor?.ouerpr'oiE u'p'ie(0),';n
ro ljl'ipo l).
oPttMor I
t|itn I
Mrqouvdprnon/ )d?eioLxupri o' iva Dldorrllo,qv lu xriod (ql6 oro 61doqpo,ro
ueiTpotportrita noucv6vrra (q f la)) K'Jl(b. I l bt) Fpio\,tTor{ivillqn6rrl Tpoarhi
H leogerpLr!orvojxrlrou Fqavi(erqlo' orrdvlov oprouriunopivo Exepaoli{orf

ovotuflK6rpdno.,roupprKdE Aopdq Eivortrrolpiortof 7ra 116qro&i(crq-H eu0Eionor
ftpvdflun6ro {o. /{a)l xqr{b. /(6r rivqrrl }puorKrirupriorqolrI: olvdprlot( nor
andqv
opi(EraL
't(b) - t(ai (^-a)1
ef).) i=La fta)-
ppioKrarrdvo an61l./pderxrinapdoraolrrlq f 610.rovg(x) > /(x),.

A!,lri I srrosiq
6!),a6'iot,
f(bl l"ta)a o+ fio)> fl\)
ttrl l"t'tu- ^, t(t) f(a)
f(b) f(d) -2 f(x) - f(a) '

h-a x-d
'Elor4re
),orrdvdvcvroo6ivolooprorrdrlg rupr6rtr0;.
Mrqouvdprqon/ i;7srqr xupri o dva6rdoqlo. qv 1lo d,r{,ro( b o' qur6ro 6rdornpa

}lo<x<b.d1oqr
f(xJ- f@) - f(h)- f(.a)
r- a b- d
Av I qpdorll(ndvoa,r6,orov Opro[i I qvnxmooroerion6rrlv (xdIo an6Dri roodivqro.

ar 'l ovr66tIr0!o' Opra/oi2 ov (olooro0ci
oauTtt
rard,odt4pripam
184 llapdyotyor
flt) - f(a) > f(b) f(al

ba
nqipvol'rrovoprop6q( roil$ suvripqsrlq(rrripa 2).AvEivsr6 oko),ova 6o[p6n or
Koiiqouvqpflior(6ivoLoxprp6(oud(qgropqriE - f,6nout / o{vorr(ljplli.fr'ou16
ro ),6yo,ro rpiq rr6Fvq 0opriprq nq ng \-up*q ouvoprrloEq61o!v dtroolropioporo
Io Koi).Eq ouvoplioq.rdooonld nou6sv0o rdvoutl(ovrov Kdnovo ft 6rorund)ooup.
proerupnlE ouvdplrlorlg.
To tzifo I 6ip6r Upl(i( eoonrritrvq A60 nprilloro
Ford(ouv vs rqoouv:
(l) H lpaar'.'i napdsroolrrq / 0pioKerar ndvc)cn6qv eqamoFdqoro (4 /(a)) fe
sEaipsorlro i6ro ro (a, t(d)) (our6 ro onusio ).ir.ror 6IFio E a9i6 rlq
(2) Av d < b r6re I (),iorl rrtEEaarrotdvnqoro (a, f(a)) ivarfrxp'jrprlon6 rrtv

xliort rnq qonrorCviqoro (t /(b)l 6TlLq6i,n f' ivorq6qoDoa.
trrtv rpotlorLK6rnraaurdqoLroporrlprioeqEivoloool;q,Kor01ono6iEsL
Touq6eviver
6ioKo],c.
,4!s 2 t f i y aJ
'Eo1o
oEopHMA r 6rLrl / ivatxDprl.Av rl / sivorropayoyiolpl oro d, 1613rl lpoglrfii
nopdoroorlqq / opioxrruL'rdvoon6rnv porroNyrloro (a, /(o)), Il3loipool 10i6ro
10(a, /(d)). Av a < 6 KarI / eivorrapoyoyiorrnoro d'.o1 b, rdre /'(a) < /'(b).
^no$jrEH Av 0 < llr < l)r, 16r,6no6u,ro8crKvinro tli|ro 4,

h.J- Ib) - Itd I h.)- Ita)
t, ,".iIrt,o-+a '
Mnopoill[ va 'flipoul llo and6erBnnou vo IIv Faoi(ror oro o7ifo, d110oqon,j rov
Opro6 2, av rov reopudooutr oro a < d + t, < d + r:. H av,o6q1o(l) 6i1ver6fl o,
I@+ h)- fla)

It
10 , -
aeivouvr(odrq 0'. Eropd\roq
Itr + h\ ,/ t n-,tro
\
f tat<z:: ;
ti.' 0
(otlv npalpon{6n1ft ! /'(a) ivqr ro Ud]loro Kdro ApdTtq 6}.ov oor6v ro)v opr0f6v).
ALld aur6 olFoivsL dTl 1lo .l' > 0 it 6u0sitrrou repvdEr0'16 ra (d, /(a)) Kar (a + 1,,
ll. H 6qpao{arqgTdpay(ityoDt85
txn$ 4
f(s+ h)\ xE\rl,o),um Kl,ion on6 rrlv eorropdt4tnou olpoivsl 6n ro (d+1,

/(d + ,) xiIol 'r{ivoo116 qv 0aono$vrl (6KoIornopiKaveiqvo 6{iror
Froova}LurrKri
uerdqpdoito'rro'i ro'r nrylprirmoq).
flo opvn1lKd,n xorioroortiva1rop6Fold(t:0ito 5):ov rr < 1?r< 0, r6re
f(a+ h]) f(a) _ f(a+ h;) I@)
bt'k
A1166ilv0r 6n rl K],ioI fltq Eaanroldvlq eivoLtsld,Srepn on6
f(a+ h) f(a)
x I0'<0
(oq\rnpoypqrr(6rlrq
I /'(a)ivorros?dlrororivoapdyto6l.nvdur6vrovdpr0p6v).
Kl
|irorro /(d+r) ppioKrol rdvo 0,t6rrv saorrodq av I<0. Aur6oro8lKvil
ro
np6ropapoq loD06opritroroe.
trira 5
Y,rooiroDte
r6pa6rro < b. T6re,6ntrrq;jaoure (Ij(rito6),
riSnbroflorri'or
fb+ (b- o\-
. . <, -'---. f(o)
J" .to') h=;-
ooonb d\0
f(b) fld)
b
"'
!86 Ilapdyayotrot olo9l\pdglrd
trmla6
f(b + (a b)) f(b)

- "/(b)> 0qoia-b<0
ftd) lt.b)= f (.t) f(t)

ab ba
: r \ d 'u , o r - ou: ,- f : - r : u \ t trt t tbt a
10 OE6p!!o I ijlEr 8uo(vriorpoao.E66 oL otroij'ileLqo eivaL],iyo nLo6ioKo).8q.
Apziiorrpe! Evo].ri!f(l nounaiiEr]ra ro 'n6r'vo 0s6prtfirrov i6rop6).o! aDr6vnoD
nui(rLro O6prtqro! Rolleortv on66aErlroL, o'oprirLoroq M6olqTLfiiq.Io ,pi(sroL 611
or I /' 'iyoLoiaorioo,r6rEr./paerri nopdoroort.rl; / ppiorrdLl.,iroran6onorodiinorE
rrrvolor nouortrBanrrrs Eivatoptdvrn.
,\urMA Ynooarollc6r,I / sivornqpo?(07iorf!Kor6 | /' Ei\,ola'iEoloo.Av d /(d) = f(b)ro {dnolo.roro (a, 6). T6rro

li7loro qq / oro [a. b] Ep{poyiEsror os Kdnoroortloio}l oro (d. b) fs /(a) > /(o) KoL
aloLxd /'(rt,) = 0 (:x'ipo ?). An6 1rv dih ni'upri. saupf{t(olros1lJ06prra M6otq
Tltriq oro ar{iorl!fl [a,.r0],llpioKou[s6rLundpxrLKdnotoxLrs a < r, < x! Kar
-
/('q) 'f(a)'' o.
1'1o1=
&tr
npdTA{r nou q\,lrqdoKEr !E ro 61r r /' civar o'l{ouou.AL,r6oro6erxvLiL 6rL /(j!) <
fla)= f(b) rra o< r< b. Korro p6vonoD!i!L ivoLvo aroSei[orpe 6rLrccrr1
/(x) = /(o)sivur o6l!dr1 yrox oro (a, b).
Ynoo;rouBs 6rr fG)= f(a) yr(l Kdnoror oro (o, b). rv0rpiEourr6rLI / 5vivar
oraeEpiolo td, {l (ovira!. | /' 63! 0q irsv (Iiqotloaolo Ia, r] {ipaundprsL(rlriFo 8)
{dnoLoxL!E d <.\j < r Kar/(xr) < /(d). Eaapp6Eowflq ro Oe6p!!o MiortqTLrLriq oro
hr, i{l orunspai|olrr0 6rLlnripxeLxrirorox, 4ex, .< x, { x xcr
/rYr r''i-0
/(,J
'Oloq
/'(r) = 0llori oro x ixollE ronrK6pftroro. rra dl).rtfro aop{inl,16qv adoKL
p
rlv unooor6i, rt f' ci|,11oi,(d,oo.I
ll. H o\laoid r\q napqTd)for,787
16porI 'lvL*rirEpinroor]pEo),ypprKd
Etrritsrpol][s reI!oofolo rop6polol.Lqur{irou
rploruororiorlKovorlv ur66cril ro! Ooprituro;Misrlq Trriq.
I / tivor rclpri.
smpHMArAv n / ivornopq-/o'/iounKorI /' a Eouso,16r
AnorEr"HEoro o < b. Opi(ouftrq ouv{ipqorls F

t(b\ t(a\ ( '
cttt- Itrt-=-;
"J.
c(a) = C(b)= /(a). Eqqpr6(o-
Eivorsixo),ovo Seirs6rLKqrrl g'civqr oltouoo ox6p'1,
yroqm ).ipjro /rd q g, oulnspuivoulrofl
s(.r)< /(o) av a <.r< b.

M di),ai6yLa,qvd<x<
b,161
, l(b\ ftal
frt)-# (Y o)< /(al
f(x)- f(a) , f(b)- f(a)

o-o
'Apo "-t
il / rivo, Kr'pr'l.I
Korn TpaqLKinopdoroot lC / ppioxtoL

mpHrr{r Av rl / rivor nopqT0rTisurl ,rdv0)
sn6xd0Egomodvnt rlt slaipcortro! oilu8ioustrdAiq,16rrrl / (vorKupri.
AIoAFEHEoro d < D.And ro rXriFo9 rivor eovsp66r' uv ro (b, /(b)) 0pioKsro'n'ivo

atr6qv raonrojrdvroro (a, f (dD, Ktt ro (a, f (o)) PpioKeror
nriv{D on6Trlvseomoldvn
oro (4 /(b)), r6rEr Kl,iorlrtq panrdrsvn(oro (4 /(b)) npdnE'vo sivo'rsyo).'ireprt
on6
qv Kliorl rnq eaorroldvrlqoro (d, /(a). To Enrlipntanouoxo).ouoei ],66rour6oKpLP6q
ro npd?pc!E 6io qrod,osrq.
Apoi I rrporro,ri\toro /o. /ro, civo ] i pd,p,K'1ôpdoInoIrtq o!,!dptttotq
=
e(x) f'(a)6- a)+ f(a),
\or oaoi ro 16./(6)) ppioKEror
rdL@srd rtv cpoaro!ivt.i/o, pr
lt) flb)> f'ta)tb t1)+ f(a).
oroio!, oaodrl eao,rrofivrloro (b, f(b)) Eivorrl lpoarrri mpdomoq116
h(xJ=f (b)(x b)+ f(bl.
rol ro (d, ndvoord qv aonroldvnolo (b, /(6)),;ro'r!e
/(d)) opioK0ror
12)f(s)> f'(bl(d b)+ flb).
A16 q (l) kar(2)ar61qr 61tf'(a)< f'(b).
T6po,ro o'6ptpa 2 poql.6et6tLI / eivorxupni.I
Av,rd or'vdprlo'l / dler orpori dcrJrcprt
,roDd7o7o. FnopoiFrva Iptor,ronor{oor,!r.
fl( n).rlpoAopio(
,rou8ivolv alid ro oe(0pritorq 7ra va uvaKd,rlvou!rrq npLoXdq
or\
onoi;rt f sivolKrrpoiri Koi),1.Aq miporpe,yro nnpdSryua,
rI ouvdpriorl
I*x'
fr lru1n1t owdprton
2r
(l + r:t'
!88 [Iapdyayot
ru oloKlrlpdryan
'Apa
/'(n) = 0 F vo |lo x = 0.Karf(0) = l,.vd)
/,(.r)>0qv.r<0,
/(x)<0ovx>0.
Enn),6ov,
/(.{) > 0 ro '(dtux
t(r) _06r0vx--ri-4,
ri / sivordprlo.
tx1lo l0
EropfvoqI ypaerni ropdolaonrle / 0o go i(r xriroqge ro tioipq 10.Yno),oli(ouls

td,paqv
_ { l + x : ) 1 -2 ) | 2 x. [ 2 |{ + x : ). 2 x ]
"",.. (l + x:)l
-
_ 2(3xr l).
(l + ,t:)l
A0veivordioKol,ovo 0lspElvriooulsro
np6s!!oT]tq/'(x). nopqrrtpo6!,rp{irod1r/'(x)
ruivor;tqv.{= /u - VI i3. A,poi'r
l /" ivorrpoqov6eouvl6iq,
irpinfl vo 6(oqp6t
npdorllooE{qodvoq7t6ra oivola
I -. - \,611),
{- /l/r J-rlr.
(Jl/3'-)'
AQof!nopo6!Eeixo),ovq Dno),oyiooqrs
6rr,11onopd6srlla,
,f"( r)=+>0,
' f " ( 0=) 2<0'
=+> 0,
-f,(r)
/" > 0sto (- a, - \,t F) xarototv/in-, -t'
t" < o oro(- [t/3, r,/tr-t
l:).
Aeoi l f > 0 otuqiverdrLrt /' eivoloiEo'roo,
dneroron6ro O6prtpa 2 6 Tl/ sivoL
-
ropni oro ( -, Vl/3) Karoro (JVl, 6), v(ioro (- v4 /3, \-li, r / eivqrKoi).rl
(rxip0ll).
nopoqpeior6rLolo iJl/3, f)'r ppioKerarKdro0,16ro ora teerdro!
"eonTor,tv1
ttito rle lpoQlriqrqpdoraot(,oeofI / eivqrKuprrioro(V I i 3,-), Ka (ivo)q,rdro
ota sprorpri
rourlrifo tngtpoerriempdsrqoTl(, qQo6t / Eivsrxoil.n610( - !-tla
ll. H lrytdotarn; napayti)yor189
r / r\oLruprq r/.1\o,ii,r 4/trt r trrl
tx4ttd 11
1/t-l rroL1 egcrtopdvlSranepvd rit 7po$LKinqpdoroorl. rvrrd, a\rqq{'pr0f6qa }.d10-

ro.6rrri0 hdtriq rfc / u\ q "qarrouivfo-fv Tpoprriropoo,ooI tt: | 6told. I@)
. V l ] o . o V l 1 . , \ 0 r6 1 . , 0 K o t . r Tr f q
o . u o r : - . . r f / p o , p r \ i " o , o . , o - t ' - oo
.f(.x) lr(l + x').:rusL6ors 6rLI olJvei{rt"/"(o) = 0 ,'v rar PEFot6vsL
= 6n ro o sivo!
otpsio Kspnrir1lq / ro ,ropdiicl?rLo. ov f(x) = r'. 16r ,/ "(0) = 0, ql.).d| / ivor
{!pri, dport eeoffot'ivl 610(0.0) ai]oL,po3'v 6ranEpvd rit ?paaLr(liropdorost rlq /.
fLfl vo EivaLro d olfio {otniq f,oq ouvdpntortq /, ivorovoy{aiort /" vo 6rsrALuqo-
prlKdnp6ort}lsoprorEp,i KoLb8iLdr ro! a.
A r d r o r a p o d c r y [ u a ( p , / p dt 6, pr oc o . .^06rono,rrop:rc\u/p']oLuorTo.io-!cyLo
avoiioreonorodrinorE olvdpqorl /. Aqoi or'3ldoo!r'0rp6.lLpalrt ?paarl(inopdora-
ol, xplorponor6vroq lLqnirtpoaopi;nourapdxsrrt /' lLnopoip va t]no),oyiooup rLg
pi(sqqq f' {o1va rpooSLopioouirs ro np6oluor!q /" ora 8Loorripolq roL,BpioKo\,{oL
cvd!oooe6ra6orLKdc pi(q.:rs 6Lo6rritora61lJ!/" > 0 ! oljvdpqol 'ivoL{tlprri ora
8loofliloro 6nou/" < 0 I ouvdprrlotivdrxoiiit. H ,/vdrott0rvnEprolt6v orlq onoiqrl
/ sivorKupri KalKoi).1,Fos rpo{puldoor olZvdotr6 tropspftvEieqrov dilov 3e6odv0Jv
7Lor]v /. MprKdq ouvopflioLq, rou ovolnovror fL our6v rov rp6no, Sivovrut ora rpo-
!;.iL,rro.ro n"p'-xo' v rs, , o
iro on'f | {o ct' ,t/o,o
fLa vo o)"ol(],tp6oouu0 rt 6r('intorl niivrdorLqKUp#CKor ro0.'q oDvoprrio8Lq, eo
ano6iouue 6vq0(6!0 o'ror,iDofonoupnopeiiooqvoro lnovrd(orrih. Ei6o!661ror
KUprar xor Koi).s(orvaprio8lq;louv ltv L3,6rrt1o, xdosaanro[avr] ru0ciovo rirvsr nl
TpaprKri louq napdoroq !6vo o Evd ollLEio. A! oire6Ldosle F6pL{dqou!,opiilJs(.fto-
v6v va nLooirE 6rL 3E!'Dn,iproLiv dlicf. c{r6r otr6rLqnpocvdarposidt( !0 ourri qv
LbL6r1ru. H or66nl1 auo! ro! rcXuplolLoJ ci!u, rdl,iov (novrlpi,: :Iri(rur orovdpE
rrtr ('i63eLEI rou Oeopr'iraror 2 ro! nor;vo',K'adoiou, KoLtdi.).ov0orirovKo],irspovo
ovo0).1Ei Iixpr !lv ovril!0rort s{'ivrl( qC o1!66aErt!.
Av I / sivaLnupoyoyioLplo Evfl6LdortpoKoLrt ?poarKiqq nopdoraotriprsror ono

Kdo0aonrorivrllrtq !6vo lia qopd,r6rs r / ivu'rt K'rpfliri Koiit oro 6rdorttq olJI6.
YrdpXou\r
6uotLdprtoro E6prufl.
(r) Kal' opxrivLotupL(6loorE 6rr KflpiolreEia6vfnopiva r6!vLrt TpoaL{irqpd
oraoitrlq /os rpis 6roqopsrLKd or}Li0.Av qvirg6r0rq,utro6oows6rLour66uvd-
0o1vsoru orpiq (d, (b,
/(d)). /(b))xs' (c, t(c))rE d < b<c(Irrifo l2),16r'
,,, J\b) J \a) f(.4 l(a)

"' t o
OsopsiorsrT16uvdprror'l
f(x) f(0)
P\^)= 1ro\ oroIb, ct.
txild l2
190 Ilapdyayorxard.od.qptitpara
'Erol,
H Eiooon(l) ),"L6rrs(b)=g(c). an6 ro o6pnlorou Rolle,undpl8r
rd,roro(opr0f6s.xoro (6, d)6'10rs'(x) = 0, dpo
- f(d)l
0 = (r - i})t'(x) t_r(x)
, ..^, ,-,f*("n
, f@)
A).td ourd l.iEr 6fl (tlits 13)rl E$arrop6q oto (,r, /(x)) 6rdpt.torqn6 ro (o.
t(d)). o orrioonN rrlv un60rorifoq.
(2) Ynoedrolp6rL d0< b! < c0 Kol dL< b! < cL ivaLon|]eid oro Suiorrl[d poq.
Ofro!t
tXita Il x,=(l-rq+rdl
x=(l_r)h+rq 0<,<l
z,=/L-t)q+tcl
Trjte.\ = qxor x, = o' xqr(pldnIlp6phla 4-2)lq orlFiq x, xivrold),ousmq6a0
Kord dorovd),oyol rolupropoiLoliouv'/rord y, KoL2,.Eflt).Eov,
. \<Y,<2, rd 0<t<1.
Td'pa,osopior
rrl ouvriplitorl
/I! :l -\ - tr
- flx.t ftr'
pllt-
'Apo,
An6lo 10Fdpos, d(r)t 0 oro [0, l]. 'ir g(r)> 01ro6].0ro I oro [0. l], i
g(0 < 0 610[0, ]1.Arllqbi, tl / ivqrKrprriri Koi).rt(6u1l(pivarE
pTrtvor66Lirl
rou Oo)ptiroroq| 2-2).
TIPOBAHMATA
l. IXe6rd6lelLr ouvoprrisErqrou npoF),riIaroS ll-1, u,ro8arvriovtoq
flq rprotteolrq
oroiqivorxopriqi roii.[(, l(qe6qror to onfeiq Kotnriqroue(oopio1E6fl I (iv)
itL 6rn),6qorpioKo).
2. To ::{iua 30 o1oKQd}.oro
ll deilverrrl Tpoqrxinapdordolqe /'. ElSrdors I
TpaerxriropdorddrlqE t.
3. BpeireEio nupdsouvcprriosE/ KarEdrolse 60r /(r) = g(.{)ov r(ar!6vo ov o x
4, Aeier6fl I f ivor.x'rprtio' 6vo6lliollla qv xnr !6vo ov 7ro KdeeI xor / olo

8Ldorrtpailoupe
f l t x + ( t t ) y ) <t f ( x \+ ( 1- r ) / L ' , ) , . r l a 0 < r < 1 .
(Aur66evivardnots napondvo on6pu 66rpl6ror$nooniou oplotoi, ivsr6poq
)tpriortnl,
5. (a) Aro6eiqrr6r ov I / KorI g ivorrepr;ql(qrI / ei\,olqilouso,16rn /og
eivurruprri.(To mo $ircoi.o
ivarvo livr raprion
rou npop).'iro1o(4.)
(b) A601avompd6srtlt0d,roun g o/ 6sv6ivorKriprli.
(c) Yrooior dfl I / l.m ! g eilar 660qopd(mprto-rior!E.A6ore ILo dlJ,rl
on6&Ltrlrou p6pou((a),tsfli(ovro(TlE6r6rpE mpqy6louE.
5, (a) otLI / eirot6Lorpopiotpl
Yroe6roupe xor rupfli rdvo os 6voSrdorrtpo.
Acill
11.H orlpaoiarrlqmPaYtiYou79\
ri ur{tplsLu pt0!6q c laroroq6ors I / eildr

6r r r / 0i! or i auqouourt poivoL,oq,
qeivolo{r orl1 oprorpdro! c Ksr aiaouoo 6to 30E1{i.ou.
(b) Xplouonodots uuri, ro 7e7ov6q/Lovo6tbosr0lio diil (1n66Lqit 10! onorEri-
oroloe oro [p60ii]!fl 5(a) 6rav r / Ko1rt s Eivflroni6q 6Loqopiotf'!. (oo
npdnn vrl 'iorE iiyo rpoor:xnxoi 6rtr! o,rrKpivErs/'k(jr)) Kl1r /GC0) 1to
r <,v.)
(c) AnoisiirE ro (a)paposx,,piqvu |'no0dorE rn / 6raqopiotf!. oo rpan8lvc
noparo,,oreriorrt6).'q rrr 61oaopflK;q nEprnr6oetq. {ri).{t 3s! Zp'dEov!t1'
L61oiftpcieunv;r6itq.Ap7ioredciravowuq 6fl a! d /(b). r6rEI / i\'oLe{ri!o!
I I riraLai(oL,oi1
o0 o10 0p16r8pd io! (l.
*7.'Eo1o/ fL{rolv,iprrtol 6rjorpopdc ncpororioLptlts n( 'EriqrE16rlr3(:/(-t) > 01to
r > 0, | / enol 401\'ouoo, K(lr/'(0) = 0. Asosciqrc6rL /"(.t) = 0 vraKdnoLo :r > 0
(onor'!16 aloroio?rKiqouloriKq I / 0{r dlLottl'io Katniq oro i! 6w ro isELT-
'Oi6q lrnoedoeLq rou scopttlalo!
!o 3i\Erflron6rtv /G)= lr(l - -y')). or a!Ni
sivcrolrorooltKfs,6nor quiv'lor 0116rlr/ (r) = I rr. not Ss\rcivaL0lrKriTra Kd05
;r> 0 atr6rrv /(]r) = :rr.nou8svsi|aLaoivoloqKoLdr6 rlv /(x) = l1(r - l), no!
6EVL{ofonorsirrv /'(0). Ytr6d0Lqrt: Enrii7o,rtL\ > 0 fs /'(.ro) < 0. ^rv lltop8ivo
t6x{Et[' \y) < /'(.q) yLo6iu ro -r'> x;. rl(ri 6 ; Apo /'(.rr ) > /'(.!) Tra'.dtrorc
dL> ;r!.Ei6rd'orsrrv /' oro 10,r I.
*8. (a) Ano6'i:1s 6rrov r / naLKL,prri. r6rc /([x+-v]i2)<t/(r)+ /(.rliz.
(b) Aq |]no06oour6rL ! / L{avoroloi oufli 1! ollertKt. Aeiils 6rr
/(rr + 1l k)_y)< lf(:t) - (l k)/ Lv)6rovo r EiyoLprroqop,0!6q,!014'
iLi0 IroL1.rt( lopqiq mr 2". Yn6SErit:To |L.por(a).ivolI 'l6rKrinEpinroort
=
n l. Xpnoqronorsiols Enol{D7ri, nrroio,rFvoL to fapo; (a)oE'!d06Pita.
(c) Yrooirour' 6n il / rKovono'Ei q o!v0ri(r ror, r.porq (a)Kar6rLn / Eivar
p
6' v./'tc.Ad !, drr 1 7 -irur \' r1
.c
*9, Eorop , ....4 drflxolupLepoipe) p, = l. ,,
(a) rro ru{riolq opruoiqx,. ..;'x" 6eiire 6rLto l, ,4,r,priorercrcvaueocoro
FLKpdrspo Karro trEyol,irpox.
r b r A r i - ! ,r o r o r n - o rr ) o'.'nu' r- ) p
" '=*3
r.l q j r o , r ; - r -f t \ o I r . t t . r r ' r . 1 , n ! n 4 r a l ilu.\'o-,. o, ltZD\)'Z
p /11). Yn66aErt: XptolponoLsiole ro Ilp6l]tllLo 4, ntlp(lrtpd)vrai 61r
p I r.,lou,ooc{b'ipcru!' ,, /,oro ri:r'r o!'o,l r'!r' ',,r*'
oro re5io opLo|oi rrt; / ov ro iiiLo LoiLiertra roL,sr , ..- ,r,.)

*10. (a) r1o Kdeolvdpqor /. I noprilorlos(1n6ra dE;Ld,lim t/(a + ir) - /(o)l1l
o L , ! P o ] . i ! r r o!rs / ' ( o ) , K d r I r o p { i / t D l o (o n 6 r ' f l p L o r p d o u p B o i i ( c r o rF c

'(a).
I H tur66srirt'ror oroplifLoro; I orltv npaTla!rK6qta dEilveL611rl f-'
' lrndplow rdlrors ov
{oL it I I f ivcr {upfi. Eiiyire orr6v rov Lo'ttp,6!o,
'(a).
K a Lf l K 6 F (6I E i a l s6 1 1 n / d o Lr t / ' n n L C i t o u o e s . r < a r o r t f ( a ) < f
* * ( b ) ^ ' i i r s i j r Lo v I / E i , a LK l p f l i , r 6 r e / , ' ( d ) = f ' ( d ) o v K a L! 6 v o n v , ' t/ ' s i w ,
'Eror
ou!,rziq 610 !. ( | / sivcLnapayo?io1urloKpll]drqdrflv rt /+' sivaLou!E-
- a)
/i!.) Y r 6 s s L E r 1
: ( ] t/(i,) /(o)lr(6 o p i o { s r u ,{ o \ r r d a l r t v / ' ( d ) 1 ' a
'(b)
b < a K o v r do r o d . K a LI / e n a LH x p o r c p l c n c u t 6 r o q i i x o .
192 llapdyayorrar d,od'rlprlpara
**ll. (a) AroEiqr6rr trq kuprrlouvdpqorloro R ,rpnrvq ivqrouv6l1i6.

(b) A60rropd8Ltfqxupfliqouvopnlo8(D srrixtreroro$6uo ilatoq nou6Evivar
ouvtliqKoroErllEiore i6oDqoolvdj(orC
sivoL6uva#q.
12. Kal.iorslroouvdpqon / ooev6q
xljpri Eniv6q6rdorriuoroq
sv,lu a < , < c oro
drdorruoaur6,elollr
f(x) f(a) < f(b\- f(a,).
oa
(a) Aeiqrs6rLFidooev6E KuprriouvdprlorlEivqrKuprriovKqrl6vo ovl TpaerKri
(a) Evo ruprd utroo'jvoioro!uuido!
rnq,ropdoloollsv nprd1Er Koe6),ou eu06ypattartrilord. (Mepr(dqqop6qlia
aoovdJq xDprriouvriprnorKol.sirorarL6q(KUprriD,vdror *uprdouvaprrioeq
! rTlv6rKi jrqqdworaxolo6vrqr(ouotrlp6qKUprdqD.)
(b) Enova6rqlund'orE ro 0eopritols qg napoypriqou qurricyu ao6v6qKUp+E
ouvopfilorg.
13.'Evao6vo),o,4,oqpiovroDnrn66ou KoleitorKUpr6 uv 10A ftpr6ll to Euo,jtpoflo
4rrilc nouvd)vel onoro6iroc 660olFeio tou (4ilrd l4). fro Fiq 6uvdpq6n /,
6ortoAr ro o[vo).o(r:voqfiov(-{,/) ll' / > /(x),610r{irorro A/ ivorro otpsroo$-
vo],ooT]tv,ri )dvo 0'16rtv, ypoarK{'ropdsroolrrlq f. Aeilre 6rLro A eivarxrprd
cvxar g6vocv 1 / eivarqoev6q Kupl]i,pstlv opoloyiorourponyoufdvou npogli -
rb) Evo ur -nprd utrooirolo 1o! ftriijor loroq. fra d),l.sqrl.rlpoqopiq
ndvosrs l(upldo0vo),q,oufpou),eDsils 10Ull sqv
ttilld 11 nporrv6!evrl 0rP),rctpaqiq.
KEOAAAIO ANTI'TPOOETTYNAPTH>EI'
'Elorperripooq
6rd0eo!po( opKerdrqZ!pdqp66ouE1rovo psl,dtsor.)vop1ri6\'
0!16
nol,/qq)-Lirn.civordvor(0vonorrlTl\6 otr6rpo frvopflioov,tdvoong oroirqvocrpop!6.
'EZoLttc
oo!!r auldq flq jrr0d5or6. 6cr 8r{iaopor 6 rpo,role KarooxLrnq {orvoupyroL
-
ouvqpflloovon6ftq ndlrdE tl! Jrp6o0eon, rov 'rol.),o:r).oorcol1(i,
rl iraipeonxcr Trl
ouvorol - oild lplorFo'ror';Jvloq ourdctr6vo,FropoJtgva ,rdpor !c !6vo flq prlrdq
oUvop.riors(oK6llsxqr rl ouvdpqol sine,noDj(prloqronorriorlK noii ou7vrio nopo-
8eiypcro,6ev 61eroproreio(r6pa).lrsqFiooq 6tr6fsvqxoqdlarooqp;(iooujrtvq xolq-
oKs0d(orJpv66qdlvaplioorq ps lllo FowdpvoDq rp6rouq,uldpxsr6F0i(Iro arlo!6oio
lri0oSornou o Sl|Il.oordq8lolrtv npdql ritv otio KdsKorvoipyroq p06loDrou e'
AvOu1rn0dip 6npu sulripr!srl EivorUu suLtroyi016(s6n opr0f6v,iooqUoqip0ril

lqpnpril6qvq owrslpivoDls67,arq qiTq.Eror. an6 I ouvrip tol
/ = t(1,2),(3,a),(5,e).(13,
8)),
s= {(2.l).(a,l),(e,s),(8,l3)1.
= = I xo,s(4)= 3.
Ev6/(l) 2xdr/(3) 4,dxor'!8s(2.)=
Alsrut(rig,oulii I r6orprtlK{r6ia6sv6o!Iaj0rrdvto. Av
/ = {(1,2),(3,a),(5,e),(ll, a)t,
t6rn ou),lo,
ri
(2,i),(4,t, (e,5).
(4,rrl
sxr6eon6ro (4, l) Ka(10(4, l3). EivorAovrp6ro rori,
6evivqrouvriprilort,troli rop(dXr
PpioKra,ro np6p1.rua: sivar/(3) = /(13) vdr3 * 13.Aorri eivorKorn !6vn 6uoKo).iq
rou FroprivocFqovrorciqEi(srsroftvos vq ddooL!dvodvoFooflq ol.vopnioflq7rqnq
onoiqour66vouppqiv8l.
l-l (6rspd(srqr
Mroouv{iprloq/ ),61eraL Gvo-npoq-
ivr,) st I@)+ f(b)6noftd+ b.
l-1,ro i6roKarI E(ierpo,roroirlai
H 1quroflKriouv{iprlorl. l Eivor.npoeovdre rnE:
x, x+ 3.5
H ouvdpqs! .i(r) = i 6eveivorI l, a0oi f( t)= /(l). oi).d c| opiootperrlv

8(x)=x" x>0
(xqr6vopiooDpe rIv g /1o.x< 0), 16rrl g EivoLdvq-rrpoq-;!u,
yLorin g eivoraiEouoo
(aqoJg(.r)= 2.r> 0,11qr > 0).Aurrir napa1liptorl?cvrkcirorsiKo).o:Avr1ivaL[\rds
quoLx6!0p18p6q KaL
t(x) = x' x> 0'
1drI / ivqrl.l. Av o, eivoLftprlI6!. neIu7ait'oup rlouvdprtot
KdrL0{610Ka}.irepo:
!94 llapdyoyormt aKlnp(bpaftI
'/(r) = '{" 110Kdee'{

6i|aLl-l (./rori,f'(,r) = > 0, }Ld6l.0ra r I 0).
"x"
Eivarnoii eLlKoIo vo 6laKpiv${ovsie,on6rt'/puaLKi ropdoroor]ltq /, uv I / 'i!'ol
I l:r'toL,leri{lftu)+ f(b)tna+ b 6\loivsr6rL6vundprL oprldvrrd ypdpfi nouvo
lipvL61,6qopasrt rpo9lK'inopdo(ot fltq / (tlipa 1).
A! aw rorp6\,oL,rc 6to ro (en7rtrrtq(611uvoTKoorlK{iI - I olvdpfltortq)f rai pvoDpE,
oE
ro0erepirtorol.prnor,l,io7ri0116 (Ei?'1.IuvrltuDq
andxolrr on' ouri rrl Sto6rKooio
6rovr'l
/ is\,noLI l, q)"id6vudptLr.ovdvoq Ldnirspo(L6?oq7t'our6 ovli ?ro 6vov
oprof6pEnEpLoprorLraq ol]vori{egpropouutvo ndpoL,Jrtdvovoplot6 Kl;vo osdrprllo.
rLd KdoL,!dprrlolt, I avridrpoarlrnE f, noL,oLupoii(ro1 ]. ci\rolro6ivo1,o

[s /
(a,
6iov rov ftur6v, ,)?,o ro otroioro (cu1oq (b, a) o\,rtK61
6rrv I.
osapHuAr
H/ sivoror,vdprlot.a! {aL!6voov I fEir'ull-1.
,uro,rLr.HYno0iroup np61a 6n I /ei\qrl-l. Eor0r (a,b) Kor(a c) 6[0(0[n orlv f r.

T6rEra (b,a) Kur(c,a)alri(o!vortv /, dpqa = /(b)l(or c = /(c). Aqoi rt / aivoLl-l
tr.o\)pEb= c. Apsr / r'ivqrot]vdpilot.
AlrLorp6a0rq, aquroeaoolu. orLrt / isivoL6uvdprl6t.Av f(b)= fG).IorE\ f
ncpLdz',m (ELlr,rt(b, l(b)) Kt1L (c, = (c, /(b)), ripc rc (/(b), b) xal (/(b), c)
"f(lj))
Nr,! 6!!dprnot troLitv {i!tr, ovriKoL'vorrv / .Aaoir / sivarouvdprrot,6nsraL 6n 6 = c. Apat / sivqrl-1.I
o, ?p{'a,x6qnupoordosrq ro! / Kor / I 6uv6iovlcL1600orsvd,nolrsivar5!vor6vv(l
tritld I ,tprtorronoriooulL8lr ?paqLKiropdoroonrrq / ?ravfl aipoup8oro vouluq ol,riv rrq
/ . AqouI tpoarKrlnupdolaortrrlq f (lnofti'iruL an 61,aro (cilit (a, b) fs ro (b, a)
olrt rpoarKi ntlpdoraotrrq f, ntlipvsL Kflv'iq!t TpuqLKinapdoToolrrq / an ol,riv
Ilq / oildEovlo! rolq poiou; ro! opr(ovrio!KilLKaraKopLrqo! diova.Av r / 618r t
nflpdoradrt
lp(Iqrxri ro! qoiyeld'olo:/riro 2(a).
d ge 3 = aSii: i: isFE
, ^ a , 1 : 5 a : i-:
iEri.:"-
'i;i:: i:. -': gi:;
; 5i :-6 ; -< P.-:i . .
".
": -.9 ! .e 3+:: - i: r . .ar.*=
! - . - _; J =..,:: = E e:..- g
= , ;- 6 _r .. : : : _; i; , b
. o " a i :
-- , - - ? e; :
! ; : : I i s .= ! = i 9_l i 5 i
:=3P694.r.::i;!:6\3 '5
Alrrt I SLo6LKooio oivoL{dnoqdpoh !s ro PLPiioKrr qSrav6trtFrot)snivoKq/r'
o r o - v u - , r i T q l u n o r d p I , r' r s ; ; o , T p d n o , l ( 0 - o o l ' tr,qi ;r ' p o p< , i ;r o p d o l a o ' t c
rlq l . To ortl8iu(d. 6), (b, ll) sivaLot]pu8rpLKd 10dv(lIou dliou oq nposrr1!TpoqLKri
ncpdorflortrit. 1(r) = r, rou iayEroLI 6ror6froq(Ixi!o 4).rLo to ndpoul' rt tpoalKi
nflpdoruortrlq / , flni6c flvflKrrronrpiioup rI ]poqr(i rop{ioroortrr)a / rdvoro'
0!rri! rl\ su0'ia(:xiru 5).
, \0;6 n,.o;a\r {uronrprot-o; u; npoqr't broyrvro.rpo,pov;;,roc Q pr-r .o@ oro
olrroioor' 6no!isxrvioaFEfl1,r6ortpoivr6rL( / ) r=
/. roL,'ivor sniolc rpdvsp6 otr6
-ofop.aLd.:,07:.'tF,-oO'iptpu/.o'-rtto6,f'oit".,r.ootpovrrr't6vin.a:a\l
12.Aviorpotp4orvopniotq 195
d\dt6v\ot
k,d) ,/
/a
tritld4 txita j
'ivqr xr ourn l-l (7rari (/ I} rivsr

/ eivqr l-l o'rv{iprror, r6re n ouvdprrlon/ a
ouviiprilsl).
Yldptol,v pprl(doK6!ua,r)d npd-flimoTipo on6lE uvriorpoesqolvqpnioLq, no!
'tpene
Oti vc 61erern' dyrv ooq.
Aqo$ro (s. 6) avil(oroltv / aKprp6q 6rovro (b, a) ovrlKr
oritv / . d,rorcr6rr rl
b= /(a)onraivsloKprpdrq ro i6rose1lv a= f (b).
Ar).o6i / i(b) eivoro (!ovq6(K6q) qprp6!d yrorovonoio/(a) = b 7rqnqpd6erTso, ov
= r(b).ivor a,ro! rxqvororsifllvdJ = b. rctorrriqo
,f(r) rr, 16r/ o-fovodr{6soprolds
oprotdqeivoLeoprqrorl.rt Vb.
ToTs/ov6q6Tlo/i(x)ivoLoqpreu6q/yrorovonoiof(y):x,lnopivodLaru,loei
lovd oElrq noli 1I1o ou!ftli lropqi:
ttitta 6 /(/ (r)) =.y, rto xde.roro r6iooprouoirnq f '.

i(/(x)) = .t,
/ 7rqKdo.r olo nrSiooproloi rnq f'
L6&rltq,ov ovflxarooflioo'rtstrlv / $ rlv / I.
ould 'IpoKirrEran6 rnr' ,rpottorlpvrl
Aurdqor 6nooruovnxdqro6rnrreFaoporlv vu Tpqeoi!
f"f'=L
f''f=t
GKr6qor' 10611it 6rE i nIEL'po 0o6ILpyo).ilpo
nsSioopropo{ov ro neiiooprotol rrtq
|
/ ri rrlq t 6EvivoroLddtpo ro R).
MLoKorno).#f FoorKiE oD!.ap1lote60 oprdloiv oqvavriorpoqq dl),ov olvaprrio-
ov. ivornol{, otlovru6 10 vo Eitomeor 0a6rtvo 6rarpivoup nodqouvoprriosre ivol
'E1oup
l -1. ti6n !ro6ti6r'roLiEouvaprriotlc6ivardurdq,rouFnopoilEvq Zrproroilr
'no iro).o:or atqouoq l(oror poivouoe@vdpnistq,6rlo6ri or pov6rovS ouvapflioe(,
ivaUrpoQo\,6q I-L AK6I0,ovI / i\,u d[!o!oq,161sil / |ivarEniotqsi4ouoo,l(l ov
rt / EivsreoivoDoo, 16rxarI / |eivol Aoivouoo(Idr66rllt oqivslar ooqq).Enrn).6
ov,6vqno),i1priouonpd-rjrd nourp6r8rvooDpduoor sivol611l / sivorailouooqv KsL
u6vo0! rt -/ ivoLqeivouoq.
AoQq).6q 'EXoulr
6svroXftL61r.Kdol-i ouvdprlorlEivorlovdrovn. i6n o\'uQapsr;vo
nop{i6er7!o. nollr6po onl{ovi(lsroro lXillo 6:
I,
5,
txipa 7 T o : X i l o 7 6 e i X v dr f l u r d p X o l vo K 6 F aK o r6uteittaql-l suvopriosrgnou6tv sivuroire
196 napdyoyotKdtotrorAqpripau
ouio'rooqoir aoi\rouo;.Av oro( npo6n(0ioDrvo o'trdrdorr}tcprl(iqnopoordorlq.

orvrofo 0oolirqovrosrorLKdl]st-l olvExiqouvdprrtotopLoparrt o dvo8ldorrt!o.ivoL
po\610\rt.Eilur 5L,vflr6v
va 66oou[sfio on' uoioq
oii{i noIJn],oK!an66aErt lou mo
ndv(01./o\oloqoiid n.pr].apBdvErro
KUvltt16noiirijv DraqoprrLK(ij!nEpu16osrDV (no],1)
6loro !E exei\orou [poprriparoc6(c)o1orpotyoLllsvonopdprlfo). H an66sLi!no')
d{oioL,0Ei orsqrLqirodpolEqo!x6riemop6perEq,
onolni].rL flv Kflrei!flr!d],lov no\rlpri.
OEOPHTIT'
A! I / sivar ouv/ric K(Ir 1 I oE ltdnoro 8rdoriuo 1618 iva' 'i oiioL'oo ri Q0i!,ouoo oro
6Ldorttaou16.
AnorEr:uEoro d0< h ij,lo oprfoi oro brdorlpd poq Aqoi I / sivor 6\,unpoqivo.
iapor'rLrorL
.irE (il /(4) /(ao)> 0
(n) -
I f(4,) ,f(i',,)< 0.
oo !no0iooL+,r 6rLro/lslro 0) {dr 0odriioL,feorLr] idrodvLo6rlraLotieLrLaonorfl8iro-
!' d < b o.o 8rdoIrrfl. dlpo'1 t ivarultot]oa.('E!o( nop6lo,oqoliiol,of6i iiEiulrl
6r' a\ roxi8r! (iil 16rn / sivorq0ivo!6o).
Oirortrr
'r,r0
0 < t< L
-rt= (r - l)4 + lb
T61s.\ = .r0rflr x, = ll,KdL6).(1!a otpia r, KsivroLpElaii rov d! Kor d, (np6p1,r!(4-2).
Mro uv{tlo?rl ijiorLlnool LoXisrKor ]t{r ru ,v, ErotLevogro x, tuL L 0pioKovrar6),a oro
tr.ijio opLorrolq; / EnLtr].6o!. a9oL1a, < 4 KaLllL< bj iro,rpE sniort; 6rL
x,<y, 110 0<r<1.
Os(,ipoiorr
rrbp0rtv o!vdprlorl
c ( r ) = " f ( _ ! ) _/ ( I , ) ? 1 0 0 < / < 1 .
Msrpior roL,Oopripflroq 6-2.s[ro],apifnolp 6.1l s 'iva1o!v](ri(oro[0, 1].ErLr].iov
rt S(t) 6evsi\flr nord0, aqoL.y,< ,!, lrar f ivoLdvonpo;avo.Kald ou\rirsLo I g(t) ivoL
cirr 0'rLxrioro [0. l] ri op]trLxrioro [0, 1](0r].,6r ar6 io O6piuqTrtqEv6Ld]rcort! Trlrri;
eairov0 xdno',o.o [0.]l). Ailds(0)> 0 onoro (i). Erors(1)>0,noL,orpqivsr6rrr(i)
1o7ia Eniortq rar 71alfl a . b,. I
An66(D{o, nipo 0ouoloil0onpeo7e6ovnrox}.eron{dFEorivxeiq oiqouo;ri olvExsi(
ath
Aeivouosr6LvopTrion!oprolivr; o ivo DrdorltLo. Av / rilqr !ra !610Loou\]dprlol
lnopoir vo noif' aKp,P6(nor6eo 'ivoLro m8io oprotLoirlq /
A( lnooaoolrc npdrro61r r f eivo, pro ourrjg oilouoo ouvdpqot oro K1,ror6
irdorlro Id, b]. T610,ondro or6ptfo EvSrdtolqTrpriq.l / nqipvsL K{iosrL[rl ovdlsoo
orn /(d) KaL/(b). Apo. ro ns6ioop,orLoirrq / Eivorro KlrLor6sldorrt[u [f(a).
/(b)]. ofoior. o! I / 'ivo, orv'xriq KoLpeivot)oo o1otll. bl, r61Ero ns6iooplorroi.rt;
rsiv0Lro t/(b), f(ll)1.
/
Av I / ivorrra olv'xi; aiioL,ooorvdpqort o 6!a ayollrd 6Ldoriufl(d, b) n avdl,u-
ot TiyElaL Kdn(,ri DuoKot 6lEp!.rra v opTiooDtrr, oq6Loiiqo!$ {droLootpioo1o(a. b).
oo 6oLlp rp6rfl noLt I'!iq >/(c) noipvErrt /. Mlo K6oXiivqrva nsipveLI I
oooiiritroxep7dreq 1L,fq(t/i!0' 8).t a'rfliv rr}'r0pinroot. rt / mipvErd2r; q rr!6q
> /(.), 6ros npoK'lrrlL'tn610 Os(iptpaEvdrdrsorrTlui_(.Av, on6r!\, dLil riuupd,I
/ij!noiplsrooodinorsfsydl8!.rfiq.r6rero.{=i/(,y)r.<i<b}Eivordvo$pctu
!o. dp(t10 A 6xsrav(Iidxrorod\(Dqpdllo o (:rri!{r 9).Aquoeioolls rdrpo61r/ sivo,
KdroLoq aprepocFE/(c) < _v< a. T616rt f raipva xdno,onfri /(x) > -y(7Loiid 6ivaL
ro 0).d/rorodlo q,pdtud10! A). An6 ro Os6prlo Ev8Ld$atgTLH1!.I / trpinsr\(
12.Arriotpotpelo'rvaprfioeq 797
troipva rur rtvflpri -v.nopornpsiorE 6rtI / 6rv [nopEi vo 6IeLoov n1$i Kot10 i5ro ro o.
rrari a\, o = /(x) u0 a < r < 6 Kor ijLdrrEou!r !' .{ o, nou ivo1
l16uv0ro.
AxpLftlq io i8ur cnrlsrpipola aolJtsnolvKot./ta lrq rLrdqrLslr{p6rpeq on6 /(c)r ri I
/ ea naipvL6lse rq flpq rou Eivo, i,LKp6rspq (116/(c), i 0a wdplEr ivoq apLsl6q
tr < /(c)rtroLoe 6ors I / vs nqip!0t 6ie(Itq rrl;q ovdlsoa orovp {oL ro /(c), uLi'i 6xr
lov ilLo rov B.
Oio{lrtprt uulri I an6ijs,ln fropsi vn srovahqoei av I / 6ivor geivouoo,Ko1tiv 10
n E 6 i oo p , o u o Lr,r t q / E i v o Lr o R i r o ( 4 . - ) i 1 0 ( - - , a ) . : u v o v i q o v r a s i q vf e i l o r l r o
oLrvjrrig Uov6rovl ouvdprlol pr neoiooptopotl6ttt 6rdor!!a qq !opqtlq
(o, b), ( -, b). (4, -) 'i R,
i EivoLdvo8r{iort!'a itq
r6rs KaLro ne6ioop16!oDrrtq / }opariq olrrlq.
T6pfl nou ol"o{irlp{bo(l!EauTrivitv trpoKo.(pKrLKri flvdruon rorvauv76vl'l ol]voprli
oov, 'ivo, LoIKovo aplioourE vu sq'rdqoL,!8nor6qqFovo{6q t6L6rIlqltss l-l ouvdp-
qol! {hpolrououvloL on6 rrtv ovriorpoari TIq. Mc q ouv6/eLq6sv lndpllsl Kavdvq
np6l]ir!a.
oFopHN{r Av l / Eivuloulstiq Kor I l o alu 61dorrtua.16rI / '.r oLrrrlouvelrlq
Anorrr=u :ipou[s otr6 ro oe6p!!a 2 6fl I / tivor tLov6rovt.Mnopot]rt Kdl'lLora va

t]no0dooure6rL I / sivol oqouoa, (lqoi 1lo rnv {ifin nspinroort ijsv ilo']l napdrva
o9l1ptooolAro 1v0r6r6rdxvaopaFs rrtv f.
TIoinEL!o ijeiiouur orr
l i T ' r ' G ) =' r ' ( b )
TruKde b olo nrSiooprotorl qq / i. KdoriroroqopLe!6q b ivolqq fopaiq /(d) rru
,(droLov a oro n'EioopLoporl xlq /. r,oK{ioE> 0. e6}.ouf'vo FpoD!86> 0, rfroro{ior',
yLoKd0er.
n v/ ( d ) t < r < / ( d ) + r , 1 6 r o - s < f r l x ) < a + 8 .
To tzrito l0 uor 6'ijtvErrov 3p6!o ?ro vu BpoirL ro 6 (euuesir 6rLov rorrdqsr!
n / o / u f l , . i ^ . r ' r n p u q r \ rnt u p s o - o n t r t /- : o o o i
a e<d<d+
f(a r)<fla)<Jla+E)-
troiplorBsoovd ro urKp6rEpo qn6rou! /(a + E) f(a) Kor/(t1) - /(a - ).ro:xrt'o
l0 nepr;rLol,6Kirp! rrv an66EL:l6rL0!16ro d ltdqxdvLflur6nouqllo].ouooi,
ouo,a-
orlKdcilol lLlo,rspLTpoqi nouPpiorowqr!6oq o oulrivrrtv
p).6710iov n).rtpoqopldrv
H srTl).orirou t l'flqDll(1r6ver
6rr
lla E)< lk) , KlI,/(d) + rt< /(d + 4
Enop6!oq,qv
txittd lA /(a) ,< r< /(d) + J,
,f(d s)<x<"f(a+')
I r rr.c. cnlo'c o' to'.u. 'u' naip'u,r'
A.po,I / f,vorui:oL,oo.
|'(lla E ) ) <f ' A ) < 1 ' l l t u + E ) ) ,
6r).a6!i
t < f t ( x ) < t 1 +E ,
a
no! ivdru{pLp6rour6no! e':ioL,fc.I
198 naptif@fot Katdtod'1prlpata
'Elovrog
eloKplpdor prflflr1io ril duv61srdril6 / r, sivorI'l.eioc ),01116
vo awlF-
ronioouue KoLro 04ro nlq ,ropoy0)Trdudrlro6-Ku nri).r,10 6,lilo pdq Droorrlrjrto
ooor6 oroi6).opo. To: ita IIii1verrI tpaerKrinoprioroon froq l-l oovdprlorlqt llt
eonrolr.vn rtv I oroolleio (o, /(d)). Avol6rLnpn oDrrlnnaprioraotovaK),aorei otrl
ii'old,v,o.
paq6ivErrtTpo$rxinqpdoroor rnq / Kornlv caonrotdvyl l'oTo(/{d).o1.
H {iion rnq l'eivar ! qvriorpoarlrnqK}.iolqrrlq I. M d ,o },6-rlo,qoiverm6fl
I J ' ' t \ f @ n -- L
f'(a)
ADr6qo runoqgropeie( isou xq)d !o ypoqciIE riroro rp6no,dJovo rqpd(Erdpoa
rnv (/ ')'(b),'/'aK'ioc6 oro r6ioopLsfo[rrq / ':
tztiratt
(f'l(b)=
f'(f (b))
Avli6Eruqn6Itv ai66Lerlqqouvdlroq, ou1JiI onrLxrj<an66erlqrneprr),dretcrrotd
KrinoLovrp6no, ov rpoonc0ior
KoviEvs rnv 6rapopq6or ! ova).unl(6
rpdro. YttdpXL
6!oe fro d ,rl npooS/trslnou0a jrnopoiodrEvo 6oxrFdoolge. Aqoi Eipotue6rL
f(f'a\\=x.
rov Kov6vaqe
ivornaroog6qv' orodsiloupsiov fliro nou 0 .outr,eaop!6Eowos
A).uoi6oq:
I'U-'('l) ' lf "l(x')=t,
dpa
(,r ')'(x)
=
/'("r'(r))
Aumul6g,oui6 6sveivarandlerln tlq ncpcyorrorF6rrl&q rrlq / r,-rrqrio Kqv6vogqq
Aluoi6oqp'rop(voqop$oori,t6voovti6lldpouF6rrrl/rEivormpq'/otiorfrl.A
o oliLorogd; ls(Xvrrr 0oapdnr
ol)16q va ivaLn ( / ')'(.r)ovrl / ivarropolo)Iiorpl
Ka, rtropi va lprlotsororrloei?lo vo rdpoDrExdnotr om$oif npoKorapxrtxdq
rdnpoQopicq.
ornpHM^ r Av / EivoLtLo gl,vexiq I-l ouvdpqol oprotdvrlo' ava 6LdorruaKor

'(o))=0,r6rcl
.f'("f /- iv oivorrqpqro?iorF'loru
!.
'EIoup
anoaEr:lr
ftf GD=x.
Av I / i rov Kov6varrlqAluoi6oq0oilotE
irav napolorTioLFrt
o1oo, 0116
'ta)J'
f'(f 1f \'(d)= t,
ripo
0 (/ )1d) = l'
,rourivor nopd),oyo. I
'Evs
/'G)=i6 o116 Jrop'i6r7la oro onoio qqpg6(ru1ro OE6pruo4, ivur it ouvriprlot
= AA06 = 0 xar 0 = r(0), ouvdp.Iot |
t(x) x,. -f'(0) t n / 6vropololqflr oro 0
(triro l2).
'E:(owaq
qoKpr06oer r6t frc cvriolpoertouvrip1rlon 6svuopi vo mpa-royi(tor,
dlrooft r6po drorforva qno8ilollleouorrtpd6fl, 6' 6).E6n6 npurr6orc q napdtotoq
divsroron6rov niro rou i6Tluaro8iqqlle'lre6io 6roqoplrKoierp6,rou(. naporlpeiorE
', frlv onoioiXoutrl6rt
6fi I an66rqlnouoKo),ou0i lpnorponoEint ouvilraqe /
ano6iEr.
12,Avt[oqotpqoDvspnloe\ 199
ofnflr,rs Esro / Iruouvelig t-t ourdprFrl oproudvrlrd!r, o. dvaordorrlFo,l(aroE

unotcoourc oir n ./ tvurnopolrlyiott
t oro / {b),Fropdy,!/o/,(/-{b))+0.Td1c,l
' Iel rcpoft
,r lo olo ,, roL
'
{ l. rytbl= 'tbt)
I If
'Eo"ro
AnoaEr:H t= /(d). T6rs
-'to+
',-f---- nl 7 r,t1
:'li' i'
'Ibthl'a
-=, f
l'$- /,
B60au,Kdoeaprfu6Eb + ,r mo n6iooproloirtE / | tpdQrol orrllopqi
b+ h= f(a + k)
?ro,valovo6rr6t (od',rpnr
ouofltp6rcpovolpdiDoLF *{}). ol}.rieooprco:roiF
oro
K 7Lovo qnloloiUoowr rq 'rpdytqro).T,irc
_Lf lf(a+ k))- a

;n lG+ k) b
r-oJ\a+k)-J(a)
EivqLAovepd6n DproKoloorc olov ooor6 6p6lotALvEivor6uoro).ovq 0poiFE!ro qrpF
prl Ex9pool]to 10 r.o9orr
b+ h= f(d+ k).
, f-'1t+ tt1=o1 1
n
k= f_(b+ h)_ f t(0.
T6po on6_ro OE6ptlo 3, rpo{0rrr 6rr n ouv{iprlol | ivorouvEtri!
/ oro b. Aur6
olpoiver 6fl ro * rEivroto 0 6rav rc ,r rsivEroro 0. Aqo6
-
___kl : 1qa\. I.td)=
,:- -Ik+ ", f,rI \b|jt|.
I,f I
tr-'ro,==)_ .l
I \J lb))
fro rn 6ou).ELd
rou rdvouErdvo orrqowiorpoqEq 6r,vaprriosrq,0aotsrp0oilc nl.oioro
op,orcpo.vq oKoql(rh,a tilcoo Faproto.fra n ,cprn6. doro)
,r,(x) = .r"ira rri'e .r'
f"(t) = x" x> 0.

T6rn /" i\rarouvEtiql-t suvdprlol I0 otriorpoatqv
c'@=lE= x"'
Ani ro O6pnF 5, tla x + 0, naipvouF6
200 llapdyayorrar oTorlqpdpan
= |
"" ' t , t f:(f,'(x\)
n( f, '(x))'
n(xttl' I
tl
=!'u,, '
n
'Apo,
fl/ /(r) = x', Kolo o EivarsKEparcq ri o awiorpogosv6qADo.r(oiop10Fo6, r6re
= ax" '. EivorsiKol.ordrpova t6f6oDl6rr aur6qo niroq roi(6.,ov o d Eivol
f'(n
rutoioq plr6q opr0F6q:Eora)a= n/n,6.n01)n ivol 6vagaxdpalog,Kqrr quorK6q
cpr0p6qav
f(xt = xd" = Qtt\',
r6re, ofli-iov KovdvoqC AX.Dsi6aq,
'
r ' 1l r
f'(x) = -1"rr';'
"1ri"1
= L., t-a - t r'ttrtrtr't- rt
=m ' ,t-o t.
Av Ksrr6po ftouls vovrfro 11orlv /'(x) 6rov /(x) = x'Kor d pnde,I IEMq rrlq
ouvdpllslq t(x) : ./ Ita dppl@ a avoF6tr1,rar- !Xpr o.n$16 6svq6poq[ ofr Kov
.tvdwou v6qsup06lou oov ro xf1 Or ovliorpoqeEnd!'roeouvoprrtor60oavapflIeofv
dvrovoorov op16p6roDx'ylg dppnrod. npoytoflKd,ora opooEen6|revo rcEQdl,o1o,
ro),MExar ortfdvrlr(CeouvoprriorE0o oprsroiv [ rn 9orielgrov ovrrorp6aovrouE
IIPOBAHMATA
1. Bpir rlv f-'Trc rri0eFiom6 ng froD oKoXoDeo0v
(i) /(x) = xr + I
(ii) t(x) = (x- l)r
(in) _f{x) =l x' x plros
t-x, ropprlroq.
-. ^.. l-t'. ,x>o
trvJ J{x, =lt _ x!. x( 0
lx. t + a,,....a,
(v) /(r) x = a . i 1 ,. , n - |
- a , + , . x=
tdt' c\
(vi) /(x) =.{ + txl.
(vii) /(0 . ara,or...) = 0 . o,aror...
(Xplopnorofpe6{o6r{inapdoroot.)
( v i n/)G ) = - 1 , -l(x(1.
12.AvrioqorptE
ouvaprfiotry207
2. noprlpdvrsflt ?poaLKiropdoroonrrq/ rdrov

(i) r/ EivoraiEouooKarrdvra 0errK'i.
(iD I / Livo'aiEo,os \oUrdvroopvrr,\i.
(iii) r/ eilor qeivouoo{qr rdvro eerlKri.
| l \ ) q / ' , ! o ,q 8 , v oo,o r o , ^ o v , oo f v f , , r , t
3. AnodeiEr xoLprnv/
6rr,ov I / sivoroilouoa.r6rEro i6Loouppuivr otoioqyrq
ou!dpiioeq.
e0ivouoEq
4 . A v I / K d r s E i v oari l o u o e eq i,y cxLa rq f + c t H f ' c . H f " c ;
5. (a) AnoSsiirE 6rL,av n / KaLrs sivoLl-t,r6rs Kt1r rt /.sivor l-1.Bpsirsrrlv
(/ds) orvoprrioarr,rvfrrur s. Yn66rErt: H ordlrrtot 6rr Eivo,
| .c
(b) Bpeirsrrvg 'oLrvcprrlonr1q / , ov s(r) = I + f(r).
6.^s:t,'d, q I(n c i ! s ,l . ' o r , o , / d v o u \u d b c r 0 . \ o . 0 0 - . r .r r \ /

;
o ouriv rtv nepinroo'].
7. re nordSraoliFoio[a b] ivaL1-l oLouvqpfioLq
nouoxoioD(]oivr
- 3.rr.
(i) /(.r) =.!'
(ii) /(r) =;5 + r
(iii) /(.r) = (l +.r') '
1;"1 11,;= l1-! .

8. Yno06or6rLrt / ivordra9opiowrt!E nopdl(,ilof'(.y) = (l + rr) Lr. Aeilre 6tr
l
r s - / , K a v o r o , c i r r v . p i \ ,; - f , r , .
9. Yno0irouf56n I / ivorfLa I I ouvdpntortKoL611r / 6/Lnopdy(Dlo noD6v
IlE vi(srornoL,ocvd. Ano0tiErr6fl I / ilqLnopalotiorpl. Yn66srqt:undplsrllfl
nol,l oivrogl 0r66a_Er.
10. H Kard Schwarz nopdtrD?o(. ,/ opio0lx' oro np6p).lpa l0 17.
(a) Ano8ihs6Tl, nv r ?l(x) rndpTn /1o 61,aro x, 1610I 9/i(r) 'riorq
!,rdpttnyrq6iq rq x oro rdioopro[ou1!q /
(b) Bpsirodvovri,ro 110q! , f t(x).
*ll. (a) AnobsiLr6rL utrdp-tr nqpq,oTioLprouvdpfltorl/ rarorod)oret/(x)li+
/(x) + r = 0yro,.deer. Yr66erqr:Êiqre6rr | / eKepd(raL oavovriorpoqrl
oDvdprrlort. O EUKo).orpo!rp6nogro vq ro x{iveiE,ivoLvo gpirrtv /
Kar o 6ljKol.6repoqTp6ro!r,rqvc Kd!rsdurd,civoLva oiorx = ,f rcr).
(b) Bpsirtrlv /' o'rloprrioLqe /. rprlo,lonordJvraq
r(ardD"r).oesdjpnpool,roi
rou KseaI0io!.
(c) Bpsirorrv f' r' dD.or!6no, otrrdrqropoTrDriqowoq rlv lio0Jornouopi(r
H ouvdprrortrou npo0l,iloroE ll l.6re6ux\rd 6r, opi(tq,nenl..tpivoon6rnv Eiooorl

-i,r+J'+x=0.HnspinroordroeorrricqsEio0rotqei!'qrnoiir6rKi.'Onoq8irver
ro en6pevo npijp),lto, fLo qiooor auviooq6'v opi(r, mr).syrdvopro ouvlipqor oE
ol6x).lpl xrv EL,siq,v6 o pprKdq nproxdq sivol 6Dvor6vvo opi(ovro,nsn).ElFdvo
rTspl6o6rDpgon6Uroot]vopniosrg.
12. (a) nodq sivoro'6io napelo/ioltr'( olvoprrioerq/ rou opi(oworn'nl?pfvooro
( t,l)fln6ntvsEicoortx:+l= l,6tlolri rour(qvonorciv rtv xr + t/(x)l:= I
7lo Kdes .r oro ( l, l); Ilopottlpcior86It 8cvurdproL,v ],ioEq opLop6vss dqo
01610 [- I, t].
202 nqpdf@fotKatoloKlqpd\tora
(b) no,6qouvopflior(/ r(ovonoroiviitv x: + [/(-x)]r = - l;

*(c) Io,de ropololior$qolvapniosLq/ r(qvo,rororjv qv [/(x)l -3f(x)= x
\ ^dEErEl:Oo porloiocvo otf6rdocrrp6ro rr1 Tpcarxrjncpriorool rqq
ouvriprnolqg(x) = xr lx.
fevrxii,ro vo rrpoo6lopiooL,F
orord 6la6ritoro opiqeror
nrLfpdvollq,ropsTo-fisr-
jrt olvdpqorl on6llo outrxp#tt eEioolol,lnopi vo sivdrtu).i ).e'Ilrtun60ot,r(or
rnv le),srdlrrol.ftepqorq rr).oioro
rou rpoXoplf6vooA,Trpoorlroi Aoyrogoi.Av 6fq
unoqioobttt6n / eivqrlro riroro nopotoyiortrl).6on,16rproporigevo cro8ei{oupe
dvovriro yra qv /'(,{), oKprp6(dfi,r( oro np6p}.ltq Il(c), napololi(owqqKarra 6io
gdII qe EiooonE,rol, opi(sr rilv f ([l0 6Lo6rKaoio Tvosri oav (mn],6yp6vn
ll. (a) Eaoprdoro!fli q pd0o6o oqv EiooolI f0)]1 + x1= L Ilapqrrtpior 6rr
ornvandvqoi ooe0s mprdXeror ro ./(,(I6sv fropoioolEvq npqrdvoul Kdrr
{ol6repo, oQo'iundplouvnproo6rspE( ord Fra ouvopnioer6 noDopi(owor
rcr).e7pdva o16r1v eliooor I + .r: = t.
(b) E).atqrs6fo6 av I qndvrtoi 6o! 6or,),isr Kar]la rre560ouvopflioEq/ nou
gpriK0r oro npdp).lp0 l2(0).
(c) Eaop!6orlrtv i6raolJt]ip60o6o 6Tt! [/(x)]r - 3f(x) = x.
14.(a) :Xptortonoriornsnl,T fdvl 6rdA6protIo va pprir. r1qf'(x) Kor/"(x) ]ro
q o!vqplliosK f nouopi(ovrornsniTrrivs rioo rte rqio0rolqxr + J,i= 7.
(b) Mro 0'16oula(tq / nql,neairlv ozdorl,f(- l) = 2. Bpirernv /'(- l) Kor
lnv /"( l) 7'' ouriv rtv /.
15. H ouD.olti 6).ov ro)votFcilDv(x, y) aror 60r 3xr + a.{l - xl + 2J,'= 4 olTllori(r
prq opro#q xolnilrl rou s,rr1li6ou. Bpsic 1!v sBisorsrl qC qalltoFlrteueiog
srqv houd).lorT,i.oro on/.io ( l. l).
16. O oulFo),rop6q ro! Lcibnizivaldloirrpo 06Xprtolos-rra
rlv nrl?t6q nopqt6yr-
ort.Err8riro y j(plorgonorim1orr,ci(6coovoiwglsl roD/(r),1liooort oq rrpoq
.xKory nouopi(rmntIldvo rIv /,duroldroq ovr(Ka0rord rrtv.iooortro! unori
08rqr6n rrqvonorein /. Me lov ErK6laqoutpol.rotr6n6_c 0o yprieolerov uno).o7r-
ol1( 'roDol.o}.ougi:
Y'+Y'+rY=l
4' d\ ^' d' dlx. ' di ^v d J+ v + x d ) t .
E= qy'+-,
d^ 3y'+,
l?. AAoi ipoe oro npooKrivro o or#Bo).roI6E 1ouLeibniz,ed npenvq lrvaQdpouleKar
lov 0'r!001,10!6 roo Lcibniz-rror( nopoy6Toug qvrrmp6qovouvoprioEov-Av l'l
d/dx ougFo),i(ou!. lilv rcpriTorlorlq /,r6rerl nopdyoiocqe / rouppo),i(eror pe
d.{,/d/.fpdwe ro O.6ptto 5 I our6rov oufpo}.rojr6. H Eiooortnoutrpoxinrreo
ooSdsiE&dvovoKd9otrdlo-rLarov onoioo oulpo).rol6qrou LeibnizdjtsLl6ooDe
ro),Ioiq ord6oig.Oo oElTiqrar6!o, o nor6oIpin rp6rrervo uro),oti(oulsrlv
( / r)', 6ravXprlorroloLouperov or|Bo).ro|6dxldy.IIod ivdrrl ottaois rounopoKri-
ro urol,oyLofon;
d,x'' dy_ | _ I
-dt ny"
12.Avtiotpoqeg
ouvaprfioery203
lt. Yrodrou'ur
ritr / eiwr lLo mpayoryioLpll-l ouvdpritolnouI mpd70)76E
It( 6sv
L(x)).A'ro-
In6vi(0ro1rou0tvd,'(or dn f = F'. O6roulsG(x) = r/-lx) - F(/
6i6rE6flClx) = /-r(r). (Av nopoF).dvoof ne ).e'rror6pflee,ould10np60),r!qll'i(
LderKdfl ,!oi,[ varaqdpov: ov i6po'rtelro o0vdprrlolnourl rapdtol6erIE eivdr/,
t61si6pou!xqrliano! I mpdyoy6qqq ivar/ r.Al.).dn6q0oFnopo6o Koveigva
pavtEVELrt ouvdplitortC;nprypdqo!p 6io Sroqoplrxoiq rpdrouqoro IIpoplrilu-
ra 14-18
xqr l8 l5).
19.Ynoedroure 6n /l eivarlra ol,vdprrlor!s ,"'(r) = sitr'Gin(x+ I )) ror t(0) = ]. Bpeir
(i) (r 1'(3).
(ii) (B ','(3),6no'rP(x)= ,(x + l).
20.Bpirs rivovrino ?rorlv (/ r)"(i{).
Ano60ihs6fl ov ! i(x)) u,rdpXr,
tqr 6Ev'ivor !rt6dv,16rundprrrl
( -')'(.x). "flrt"f
"f
22. (a) Amdeir6rr uo on6o'rooKorlro goivouoaoovripr4oltipvov,arro no),6o'
6vooltio.
(b) BpEire8fo ouvrriqu'jqouoq ouvqprissrE/ Kors, rdrorq60rr f(x) = g(.{)
gKprFdrq6r0vo r sivoroK;pflroq.
(c) BpirproouvXiaiqouoooDvdprltol/ xar praorvel! poivoLroo olvdpllor]
g, oprotivqoro R.nou6svrdlvovroL,rouorvd.
*23. (a) Av r / ivarouvxiqouvdprnoqoro R, xo, f = / i, 6ie16rL u'(iplr
rould orov avo .r rdrcrc dlor t(x) = x. (Ilord rl 7ouetpr$iolfooio qq
otvsirle/= / )
(b) Adrors SdaoporqpodsitForo 6!v7oig/dro,6aft f = ftKstf(x\=xt:3
;vo aKprF6q flpoorqoiorvo Krivs1trtv / qoivouod{or ol)l1l-
x. Yrd60rErt:
ptlvid rou Fdpo',((a).M1o,Il0qvdrwocivorro loXir
eEirer! ?rotrsrprkri
far= x.
(c) Aiqc'jrrdv rl / sivaLoilouoq ouvdprroyldr6t dt6rE| = f I, 161't(x) = x
yra6Ia to.r. Yr66eril: Av '.orrl7oletprKriptrlveiqsivorue6oSnrorrKti,
rt
on).oiorplord6ret(nepinou 660tpoFp;6)eilar va ororloiorfl( trEpurr6-
sErq/(i) > .r l(a' /(x) < r.
.24, no16qouvaprrioerE dlouvrnv r6r6rrtrorl ypoQrKirouqrdpdorqol vo sivorKorrdl,r
lpoqfii nopdoloon olvdprtorlq 6rov qvok).dori oq npo-crl'l ypqQrKirapdorool
qq -/(rlv rcvr1610y6vro')r
25. Mroouvriprrldrl/ ).iY8larr+e0ivoD6aov /(.x) < /Ly) 6nor,r< /. (rto vtreilloor
mo qKpr9Eiq ed Jtp.,rovo oDBqovrisoupEvo eivorirdsrruo ro n6iooproloi116 /).
Mrq pl-o66ouao suvdptlorlopiqerar! 6loro rp6ro.npoooXirMsplKoiou,lpoqiq
ro (oilouoo' qvri ?roro (Fl'tqoivouooD,
t prtortronororiv Korro q,vnoiorqo EouooD 1l0
106tK6luq (aiqouoqD.
(a) AnooEiErE 6t(, av I / eivqrrn-qivoloq,oL)d 6rr oJiouoa.rdr n / ivqr
otaopios Kdrotodrdoqro (oulolteil qr6 rc ].oyorroiTvro: ro (6 qriqouoqD
6svivolro i6ro!e ro qrl-afEouoq').
(b) AnoSiir6rr, ov n f civdrnopoyoyioLF txdr lit{p6ivouoo,r61E/'(-x) > o-ru
xdo.x.
(c) AnoSEiqrs 6fl, dv /'(.r) > 0 yraxdo.r,r6rs I / sivorprt-Q0tvoloa.
'26. (a) Yroe;roDls6n
t(x) > 0lla K{iox. Kar6rLI / ivorQ8ivouoo. Ano6i(16tl
r^6pa rE ouve'/.46qgirouoa crrvdprqoq g, tirorc drolc0 < s(.x)< /(r) ?ro
l(doeir.
(b) AriErc6n lropoitl va ro KoropdpolFr iLor iorr I g vo rl(ovororrixqr rnv
t(x) = 0
Iims(.r)r
204 llapdyayotrar d"ot),rlpripau
IIAPAFIHMA. NAPAMETPIKHNAPA'TA'H TON KAMIIYAON

To nspretdlrrooL,roitot, xegq),oiou dlersov or6j(ova d6oErdpeqono kdfl ttouonpF
6ooIE0116 nprv:lro r(opn6),rt penoti opdidlqdvrol dvivo (or' ovritKi! il lporpuoi
rsp(ioruon({inoroeolr,riprilol( (Elitd l). M dr}-o).67u,pnopEivo litv livorqr vo ri},
rcprlpdvoutoo! llJ 6ivo),or(dvditprio! (r /(x)). OuoL'.dUropivq ?ivlsrvo t!
nsprtprivoup oq\'10 oilolo rov olltoi0)! (f(x), x). fro rup{i8L7ps, I Ko[ni],I ro!
tl{poroe I sivql 10 oivo),oti),<ov tr,rvolllsio)r,(xr, x). Al)d Kqroud 10 ri7voopo6ev
oro5i6rrLgnploodrpeq qopdg. devyaEemrpirervo trrprTpdvolFs rov Krjl().o,
nouivol
6io to (x, -r) ge.r: * y: = l. Kqr6rv !,ropsivo Xprlorpo'rorlosi lro vq nprlpdvolp tllo
xqpni).rloa!'sKivrl lou tlipolog 2.
O anlolorpoq1p6noq vo 'r8prlpdvolusrolrnlEq, ev]avl,eivaLpe srrolpoQliorrl
rruoooi6worqllaq (qg]Il)ll!. oov6rq6pogri cvdeori[afldiol,ro! KLvsilcro1ori,rs6o. !s
K'10rXpovrKri orLlltriI, ro ootari6ro !pioKsrulor oplagavo6rtlsio, no! i10rijuoolvrr-
,zita I
roytivrs: rro vo EriqourcTltvEdprtortourd)vflr6 rov Zp6vo,fl( ovotdqoul'ru(r)roLr,(l).
'EloL
Koroliroul s tro oL,vdpflidrLq. Avl6rp6qoq, flv 8oooivd6oouvspfliocrqu, !,.
rtropoipvo 0eorpriooup qv(opft[].rt ror olrviormordtr66].0rs oIpEia(u(0, r,(r)).Adtc
16 6rr traprordrqlrapafrrprrd p,o3)firvlj {ar u rarro (ajloEaur6l(a}.ei1or ropoplpF
rri nopdorqol rtq Koprilt6. H ra! j).t quni onorr.i1oron6 6),qrq (67i1(r, y) $
x = u(r)Enr,y= u{r).ttj(vd ncprtpdq.roroqvdt xqpnn),n.{ = u(r),/ = u(lD.trundorr
6I|I Tpoqrxinapdolqonlroi o!,vdpqorlet fnopeindworevs6oeinopqfrprxd gdsor
Ardtu\urortioKq!n'i).nilortTpdqr'('lndpriolootouvdplrlotEUrqnopqfrrpr(
,rprTpoQi fnoprivo snrrsutoliIs ro).i rro 0r).6rp6no-:ovnopd60rllro 0olepruvioou-
!e lio qn6 rr!,flo ErdottcqmlnJie oro ro
loertp(flK{i, xuK).oerffq.
Aur6 opi(eroroovrl
xolnrllrl nouivqr rt 6rolpoqripevq
dLcdpoprl o16olpEiorouppioKror oroZiLoqx!),r6-
fevourpozoi q{rivoi q. M,rop0irva 6eiravo6popqoKuxlor6dg, qv ko),}.r1@re
dvqv
ovo{lsolipq olo Zsi},oqvdi rpoloi ro6t}.drou{or ivog qitog oa; ro o6nlrlorsurd
lnpoofli oro p?d,oe6rq roL|owol(lvrirouooq rlv !iro. Av 6vdl1equroKivnro.
noiiroro i 6vov{0},6Ai}.o,ouuFrpooriIr Ucour6rolj 6ivrto llitu 3.
trito 2
t'risa 3
fio vo npr?pdlro!'fero K!K),oer6dE

nopo!8rprxd, 0o 0dooutu(0 xqr r,{0Ilq o!vr-
tuyFav{ rou on$iou orc leiioq rou rpo;(oi6rav;:(n xuiio& rord yovio r. Oo fsrp{itr
rrv r or oridvro(K'qdi.oLo15)dror60lrro r6Eoon6ro Poro Q ro'rli).ouE, oro tltilo 4,
vo dlerlil(oq l. Eq' 6oovo rpo76(|(u).{it iv{flerioyl(Kolyltrn6oloonqn6ro 0 ldlpr ro
Q. B)iror,tr ciroiq on I ,ropapErpuinopdoruolri|or
uG)= a(r sint)
u(r)= a{l cost)
To:7r o 5 6cilrcr flq (oFnilegaor raipvo'pcav rlcroorool ror,orlfciorro,roro r;\'1po
lou rpozoi ivor(a) prKp61pil qn6 qv oKrivo.tq!
016 rlv orrivo ri (b) Jrr1ohi,tprt
SfLrcplsrrrincpirr(,lol.rt{otntlt6cvciv0r/poq,riropdolaolor,vdprtolqoprotdv
qopdqlooltgio Krlsilqrrpo6la nio0ro!'roLotpol6Exwirorrpoq10lnpde!Iro l1ipo
tzittd 4 I (oypqqiou!ro r!x1,0L6dg oovlpaqLx! raptioroortorvdprlone,al.).diooq ovqpord-
12.AvtiotpoqEeouvaptiog 205
ttittd 5
or r{iE Iropo6IE vq iFaoroiloupol 6fl irol alsr npdlpcrr1 xorriotcol. 0 ou}'}.o1-

op6qI' flur6sivorrol.00[],69.Aqoi
Ir'(r)= a(l cost)>0'
n ouvripqot u ivorciloloo, ilor Kd0rx 0iva1u(t)^trt ivt ttova6tK6l, 6nl.o6ri.o
'Eror
t = u '(x). ro Fova6LK6 olFeio roDr.DK),oe$o6e uerpdJq oowrorudvrl ro x eivor
ro oilpEio
(r, u(u L(x))).
M dl,)'o1,6yra,ro ruxloer66c ivorn lpaerKi rqpdoraot rlq / = u o ui.
AvDrdptr rp6roc vq 6o0itu olu)'ururi cKqpqorl pEoov6Eldvo rinou, rlq /
(66ir6ro Ilp6pl,rllra 6 lta lrlv 'tro l(au ttpoo6ytroylIoD o4ralod, al,ld n rapaFtprKli
tropdoirol Fopei vo1plorFonornoci 7rdrovono),o1tot6 onoroD8riroie ttprifFqloE,
nooo
rinoq rne / 0o;6rve.flo rrqpd8nlfa,ro np6rorrp60l,nlaroDoro),ouoi 6i1vrn6Sva
Ppo6u rq saa'rt6treveE o' dvaKurl.or6iq.
IIPOBAHMATA
1. Eoroix = !(t), /= u(t) Frqnopalsrp1{rlrloprioroonKapri},Tlq KoLuno0Crou|'ls
6n n
u sivor;vonpoe6voo' dvq6Ldorntq,6oft ppoE rrlg KotnrlltEva DlvortoT pdqlld
rrq,f=uou-r.
(aJ Arillr 6fl oro otFEiox = u(t irouusdn
f.@=!!J)
u'(4
Arol.ou06woqq lpqqri roDLeibniz rpdgoule v8rKrrxri
dy
E= dt.
dx dx
dl
(b) 'EXouUe rniolq 6fl
u'\t)u"\!) - u'(t) u'(t)
(,'(t)'
2. oc0)pi6rstLa suvdprlol / ,roD opi(erar rErl.rudvq!6so qe EElooolq
r" .i" = L Ynotroliorro t'(rj $ bio rponouc:
(i) Mi6o ,retr).E,pdqg ncpoyoyi60)C.
(i,) orupdwoqqv nspoFrprrirop{ioroorlr = cos'r,y= sin'r.
3, Eorc)x = u(l),y = u(r)I rapo$rprKrinapdoroolKolnu),ng
peu xoLu oraqopiorllgE,
206 napdf@fotKatd,or),qpbpara
Aeilre6fl ovro onrioQ = (u(r),',,(t))srrt

Kordor(0P = (xi. /i) orloio ror 0r1na6ou.
Kauni),rivorro slrirqro oro (x0,y!), 16rr rl suoiarou 8rdp1Eror
on6ro P KorQ
sivorKdot trpo{irtv eeo,rro[dvrln]qKoIfl0),Iqoro Q P1ilo6). To {3rodnordlopo
roxierov ro Q rivoLToridov poKprv6 oltsio an6ro (x!,y!).
Lro nopdpqta rou Krqolsior,4o!(ltiootL 7ra rt /poarKtnaprioloot!ioc
ouvripqotq / or no),rxdq ouwEra1ldveg. Autdeeivor6vdr5rK6 ,ropddrtlro
'ropol-
rprxriqrcpriorooqqr<cgttilrlg:
x= f\e)cosq, y= t@)si,ne.
a. G) AsiqrE6.l./rq ntv./pqprKrinop{ioroo!Irt! / o no}.rKdq
ouvrrTotldveq, rl
K?,iort o1oditgiouro),LKie
1lg Qolrlopi!,rtE (/(0), d)ivor
ouvrsraltdvq
triua6 /(d)cos,+ /'(d)sine

/(0)sinr+f'(0)cose
(b) Aii{e 61,ov /(d) = 0 xa, / 6roaopiorfnoro 0, 16rI uoeiqElqrnq apzris
rov o66vovnouotruoriqcrtovia d prov opr(6wro0erLr6rilovoeivcLeguro-
ftr'rl rnq ?pq9rkiqnopdoroorlqrrte t o noirxagsl,rsro./pivs6.Xplorfo-
nolsiorsourdro orortopa'l,rava npooodosrs oq ypq-
).Enrolapet8q
JrprKdq
'Ql{ri nopdolaortlrte Ap7uibstoqoripoqoro napdprrud rou K8qq},oiou 4
Koo{iqKdroflq ropooflioLq rov npo0}.ntdrov3 xoL7 o ou16.
(c, Y,roodrouledrr ro ontEio !e no),rtdqsuvrro.rFwq(/(d). 0) eivarro no
poKprv6, on6rlv op i rov oe6vov.016oJtorcdrirore dD,o1n6lpqorxricmpd-
oroot, rrlq /. Tr ptropritrvo nrire 710rqv reonrolivn rou ?poolitoroqoro
on|llio our6;Eu'/Kpivoc rr ro np6F).ruo3.
(d) Yno#roule 6n I cQonro#\'!rou ypoeritqroqrtq / oro onpiog notrrKdq
ouvrsraTp;ves (/(9), d) oTrtrori(rtovio o rc rov opr(6vrrodEovq(I ito 7),
610r{6ore n tovio tmil rrlqE$onropdltql(qrrrtqaK'rivqq qn6ro 0 sro or'usio
-
00 6ivora ,. Asiirs 6rr
t'litla 7 rao\a-q=!J!L'
f'(0)
(a) tro p6plrtfq5 rouIropapqBaro(tou Kegd.aio!4,BpiKo[di( ro ropSroEr-
66qr= I - sin9npr, (rr + J.r+ J,):= xr + yr.
pdarmlrniolq ur6rrtv-Eiooorl
Bpeirsritv lc),ion1le eaon.odvl( o' dvo otlio rou KopSrocr6ori)q !s 6io
(i) Me nnl.qdvl lue6pLorl

(ii) Ma Xpion ro! npon./outdvou npo0?.ilorog.
(b) Eidlir dfl ortv optri rov o66v0)v
or rpo'rr6rvq
Eivorxorok6puqeq,
6nos
sjrq0viqowsLorc ttito 8-
Aur6 ro '!p6F).I|r0XptorFonoGitlc dvr(orpoeS
rpr ,rvolerprKEf
ouvopfliotS
Kar
rE L5r6rlrderorq (Kr9dl.aroI5).
(a) Eoro)r = u(r, 'y= ,(r) r raporsrprKirapdoloonro! rtu(losr6oiq.AEiETE
61r
y--glli
u(| J d arccos t \-Uo. u(rI rr r ) .
:/4t!a E Yn66rr:ArloTEnpdxqro, ouvqprrioErrou u(t).

(b) To np6ro [Lo6rou ,rp6roDr6qourou Kuk],ofldofqeivorrl ]poqrtri nopdoroon
t1qg r,6rou
t1t1= o *uo59-J , \o! - y)y.

12. AwiorpogeE ouvapqoeq 2O7
?.'Eoro u ror u suvEle{eolo [4 6] ror 6csopi6ue6oto (4 6). Tdreor u rar o 8ivouv

Iio nopojrrprrirapdo.oort tuq Kopoiltg otr610P = (u(o), rr(r)) oro Q : (0(d),
u(b)).folrprrd, 9o{vsroto$ooq (tlipo 9)6fl ordroro oqpeiot1g rqnillg r1
pqnroprarnivarropdltrntr! o.o aroitpopfoqripo piog6P xar Q. Aro6EiEr oDr6
ovo?LurlKd.
Yd6oGniADr6ro ,rpdpl'nfo 0a660rFioyeoFsrpuoi epFlvia 1to6vo
0l!6ra eEorpillala
rcu KEQal,oloo ll.
KE@AAAIO OAOKAHPOMATA
H ropriyoyoq 6evpqoli(L 6trt qEq 60volrtropdjr6vo6ravouptroj(lioL [ to (o)'otd,ri-

pol-roD, q 6drpTlKfpraiwora tou lou MapooE. tlylv opXri,uDrtlI 6wolo u,Iop6ivo qovi
lelsioq qsorparropdvrl - o'ou16ro rQdlalo6vtUqoviqowar nqpdytr,or ofre fruqopd!
'Aorlo!
(t.r.E.: Err6q on6rnv 26).H f)dq l(l)voloKl.IpoFdrovorqlrEirpoylatrtd
peydlrl fipoErolpooio,oX,fui0116q ofl ri ,toDaui rl rporotopKnKri 6o0letd 0a dlet
oDunlnpooi, ra ol.oklrlpdlro1o 0c livolv ivo cvr.riFlropTol'EioTlo vo 8YlFroDplot_
ps r.olvotpluq ouvoprtloerg, ror I ropdloyog 0o EovoeFQavtord oto KeedLarc14,
,rspr6o6rporolofli nopd rotd.
Av KorrEl,Lxd0o oprorEip dvqvird),lovn0pi,r).oKo 1p6no,ro o)'oxl.ipoparurororci
prdarrl.ri,6uroortrrKri6worq- ourrlvtou efpo6oi.tiF$ovo ! 6,rr ritoul6Etoq dJpo,
'Tpsmvo sKn),rioofl 61l,o opLqr6qFro(8loro0nflkiqfworaq
6v0d Kavdvov ro 1Eyov66
gnopivo nopooor{ioer g7dtr q 6uoro},iE - Kar (1o p0d66v,Ftoala Evororslei
taipon.
t'!n oroL1r66! fop8lpio,oJrobErxvSowolrinolT lolajrpoidro,6verur66ovolrlpd-
rov, aDd sv ol((p{oi|l lito 60 606|r[611ordvro 6ivrror dvqgqro6eKr6E optotrigrou
sppo6o6. To ppo66v Lrrqq rnadvsroq pprKdq Qopdq opi(rar dqv ro rl,riooq tov 1rpot6-
vo)v,jrr n).eupdq liKouq l, nou (IoprivD orrlv nrodveto. A),I.dotrrdg o opr6t6q Eivar
o6r6p0otoovEnopKriq lra onora8rinore nupdvtlo, er1d! oft6trq onlotiortpcq. flo mpd-
6r?ta,6voE KdK).oq paKrivol, urroriostqr 611dlt6avsppo66 rov ripprlroopr0fdJr,o}.),d
6veivalKo&jl.ouoaede1roitpqivr(,' lrpdTovaD. Ar6Io l(1av oeopriooDlE dvovKdl(}.o
oKrivdEIi Vr, nouDnooenKd d:(erEppo66v l. eivorno).666oKo),o vo rer xcveigp ro16
rp6noj(opdr dvqlovo8roiorelpdyovoo' our6viov K0K),o, l1loxor8eveaivror6uvqr6!a
6Lsrpdooup ro uova8raio rerpd?ovoo ropFirro ,Tou, Kor{i ,Ilo 6u1erqf6vq,va olrl-
roriqouvdvavKiK),o.
t' our6ro KeQd).olo 0a npoonroioorip vo opiooul810 lpol6v irdvoKdrorov,T016
edrK6vnqqvrd)v (!tiF l)-ow6v noDepdooolraran6 rov opr(6wroriiova, rtq
Koro(6pL,qEq dra (d, 0)Kor( b, 0),Korrrl TpoArKirtrprioroonluc oDvdpqorl( f, ylo ntv
4ita t onoio /(.r) > 0 ro x{ieex oro [a b]. EivarFo],rx6vo ourFo].i(our au iv rnv rrqdvEra
ts R(/, d, b). noporylporlpe 6r, os aurof rou ei6ouq fle medvslq nEpri,ap0dvowar rq
opeoy6vrc l(orlq rpiyo)vo, {o06EKu no d ,}.soirouiaialeo!rpr(d o1rilqlo.
o opr6l6q nolj 0o 6oooqr rel,rl(doav Ipaidv rou R( ,f, a, 6) 0o ovojrooriro olox,l ri-
papaqE f a|o la, bl.Lrlv npq-rfatrK6rtro, ro ololcl.ipouaeo oprorri oK6toKorTlq
ouvoprrloerE / nou Eev Lxovororoiv iI o0v0{(I /(-{) > 0 yra K'iex oro [o, b]. Av /
ivor! ouvdpltot lIoD61ou!eo't[6rdororo IIiIo 2, ro oi,or).ipotm0o nqprordvEr rrl
6uQop(iovdpoaoro t0tr66vqE sl.oap6qoKloopdvnE sn pdvElaq Korro ppa36v qq
dmovoor.roodqq 'rq{ivnoq(ro (o}.y0prK6 sr0o36vrrou R(/, q b)).
H r6dorou BpioKrar rio{o qn6 rov !}.),ovnK6oprstri, gaivIoroto l1rilla 3. To
6uiorqfo[d, 6] 4(rSrarpoEi sEr6og3paunoElosrripota
t4,r,1 F,,il [r:,r,1 [r,,r.]
gdoorr,rvupr;r.rr4. lr. rr. rr. n lro 1016o,roiolqroXier
tritld 2 a=4<lr<lr<lr<q=6
(I opieprtslrov601ffdrv 6oreo peyd,irepoqSEiKrnEvoivqr
opli(eLF0.6101 {soqts ro
'r},ri0oetuv uno6roorYllrirov).
13.d,or),4pritpara209
txitld 3
tro rp6ro E iornlu [ 6 , tr] rt oDvdprnol/ 6:(tttldtLotrt flpri ,??iKdrldyLontfltti Mr .

ofoio, oro r-0166rdsrruo[],-,, 4] dsro mrn s]d1ls t lrFriKor14 l ldylorrl llsri rr( t.
To doporoto
r='r,(t,-to)+q(,r t,) + rrr(r - tr) + 'l(q tr)
naproldverro ouvol,rKi upq66vrov opooyoviov ttotr ppioxowcr Eoc onlv ertqdvnc
,R(/, d, b), sv6rc deporolo
s= Mt(tt- + M]o r,)+ Mr(rj- q) + Mi(r4 rr)
roprordvrroouvolw64rpc6dvrorvop0ol,rviovrou ftprd1oDv rnv rlr9dwloR( /,4 t).
H opti ,rouioq Ka0o6rl, poqva opiooug
i orlv ttpooniieEd ro !Fo66vA rou R(/, d, b),
eivotI napcrlpqoq6rr to.4 0d npereva rrcvonotcirq
s <,4 '.or A<S,
fcrour6 0d 'npft vd ivar aaar6, tiCrcra $ rc n69 uno'rurpeirar to Suiotnpa La, bl.
Elni(orJp6rr I oDri6rrgqrorrrioerq eanpoo6roprolito A . Or oproFoino! oxotroueo'iv
apliqoDvvo rDmnorciv ourrlvq ouqilrlorl, Karva rEogavi(oDvl(drolgan6rrq uro0dosK
mu Ivov olofilpa.
oPr[M0t
'Eolo
d < b. Mu 6la,rrprol rorJ6m@iparoq [a, 6] eivoruro mrpqo#vl 6ul],oyi on6
oyluiomo [4 b], 660arr6ro oroia ivarro a xar ro b.
To ol|ltia o llo 8rqpaprort

Inopoiv !u opt0pl0o6vr0,...,l, iror 6mE
a = 6 < t t < . . .< t " - t < t , = b '
6rr dIErTiv0rrdroroui6ouE
rdwor eo!tro06.oDFe opiellol.
YrooerooFs 6fl n / Eivargpdyudvloro[4 6] KorP= {to,...,t,} EivarltaOudptot ron

[4 b]. Toro
m,= inf {/(x): 4, < x< r,l,
4= sup{f(x):r,,,< x < 4J.
rnE / yroriv P, oDp9ol,iqraL
To Kdrod0pol6po t(/, P) kor opi(srar
'1
L\1. Pt Z n,(.- \_t.
To 6vo d0por6parrq t Io qv P, outrool(rdl U( f, P) KoropiqIor
ull. P)- > M,k,-\-).

270 llapdTcTorrat d.ari41ptipatu
To {dro K(L ro dr0r dopoLojrdovrLororXoivoro oepoiouols s KoLS lou npollo!!6\,oL)

nopodriJ,Ioroq!no.i0ror 6rL ovrLnpoorDnELiou! ro o!vo].r{{i rtLpoddlov op0oT0rvirrv
roL)
ppiolrovror Kold KoLrrivu ono rn /popLK! nopoorool r!( t l]oparrpor)pe 6poq 6n,
napd ro lorrorpLKd(Ki|trpo', ourd ra o0poio[oro ;xouv oprori oKpLBd,r Xopi! {orLri
flvaqopd6rrv fvrcra roL,(cp0adou'.
dLr6i'nlofdpErr olov oprop6aiqoL'!Kdnoroo76).ra.H onairrto! \,o Eivolapa?r;\q !
/ oro ta, bl sivo' anopuiirllrt ?ri1vuopiqovroLo).oro rr {oL M. Iloporrlpoirrriolq. orL
rirq! i1\qtKrlioya opiooL,fslouq opll]tou( m, KaLM, oo! inf {o1sup,ropd osv minima KqL
marma. ali rt / 6'\ dtL'rnor8o'i oDvcXir.
'Evo
npd?lo 'ivaL aa\po ?Lo ro {dro {or d.!0rdopoiopora: ov P silor onoLaSirol8
r ,r,
a,u,r'p,ort.
L\f.P)<L\f.P)
-l 4t r' ' P\:\ ntt | \
) , M,(t, ).
KaLtra Kdosl dloufs

n,(r, t, t)< M,lt, t r).
An6 rrtv d;.il tr7,0!pd,
Kdlr].rt61rporpoqo!6q0d'zp6nva Eiv(rfll,I0Lv6:AvPr '(or4
oival8io oro,ro6rrorr 3ro!0piocrq rou ld, bl. r6rs 0{t 'npEns!s rol,leL6ir
r("f.P,)< u("f.P,)
rlnriI(/,Pr)l]d npEns!orirov<srpa36vR(f.a,b)r<drU(/,Pr)0d'npEnsvolirov
> EF0ad6vR(/, tr. b). A,rri I noparriptort &r'ono6Lr\ri0r rinora (7Loriro "sppflE6v
IoL'R(/, o, b), dEvdlsr KavopLofti oq r6pfl). aiid;eirv', 6n. o! L,rdp.lsrKdroLsEiniaa
vo opLorri ro 'ppa66v 1oL,R(/. o, b). npfnr vo npo'rrrto8irrlo an{tdDril rrq a( /. P,) <
LI(1, P,). H an6aeLit nou np6KELloL vu idroo,rrL. 0a6iirru1 o' dvo ;.ippo nou irL yo
'Jr''|,'qo'Lnrp'!ofi r . ' o - u r o r d \ d o e p o r o u i l - o v . o r roT\ l p , l J o o a
. otu ,o^ pl
ia!0dvovrdl o rro 31al'dp1ol.:io :xi!o 4, I 6Ldfpror P nepr6tsrru or sia roL, 0ivo1
paipo, KaLr Q nrprdtlru ortl8id notl ivar fo[po {0, ourd tro! sivoL}Kpi(a. To orri!o
rnodlidrlsL o1 !o opl]o.rd,lLs
nor ot6rd(ovrol lLil rtv 61a!dplortQ sivoL{aii pl npo,
6ilrLor1 rlq srLqduLuq R(f. s. b) o.n 6,rL auid rrlq upxrKriqdro}tiplolq P. rLd ,,d
u'r'ya A! ! Q rplix'L rtv P(ijll. qv6id rq otpi(I rtq PoviKouv snil]rt( o!r1! Q), 16r'
L(f, P)< L(f. Q).
u(f, P)> utf. Q).
rroir,r:H Aq oeopriooufenpr;rflrtv LdrninpinroolGrrt!o 5).orl! onoia! Q nepLt
/n (1{prll6c;voo!llEionopdn{ilo)on6ltv P:
P = { t , . . .r,, l ,
0 = { 6 ,. . .4. r ,u , r i , . . .r,, } .
d=6{4(...{r, <u< rL<. <t,,=b
D ' = i n fl l ( i r ) : , t r < . r n.!.-t.-t,

'r_J 3
L\I,Q\= Zn,\L ' t,-t+ n'lu ( ,)'m'(r, - u) | L n,lt,- t, ).
Enopdvoe,T
Lqva aro68i(on$tu L(f, P) < L(f, Q) opKivo oEiqourr
6rr
nlq- i )<n'(u- t-'+ n"(4- u).
Td'po,rooivo].o{/(.x):4-r<.r<4impdtr6},0rootolteioro!l/(.{):4
Karnl0ov6vKdrrolaor6to pl(p6cpa, dparo U6lloroxdlo Qpdl$ rou np6rc'rsuv6).ou
Eivor'utKpdrEpoi i6o ani ro dlloro rdro opd,fo rou direpou 6n).q6ri
nt< n"
Otoioq,
nr3 n'.
Erop,!oE,
4(.r 4,)=,r,(u-4 J+n,(i-u)snl'] \t)+n"(4 u).
Aur6ano6rrruJr, o ourtivrlv.61rn npintooyl,61la(/, P) < I(t, Q).Hon66er6tdrr
U(J, P)> ' U(f, Q) sivaLi6ro, rcr orpl(vetor
os sog oav lrc etxo),L aDd 1piorprl,
do{rtot.
Mnopoigr6po vo ovaX0o6pe orlv levrx{ mp(moorlaprrdE6Ko}.o. H 6u}riproi Q
npoKinrfl 0r!6rlv P ,rpooodrovraE pu
ivo ol!io x{iocAopd [' d).],q).6Iu, undpXL
oroiou0iq6rolepioov
P - P t '4 ' . . 'P " = Q '
tvs ortFeioropordvoard qv 4. T6rs
rEroladrorrt P,+Lvq rtprdj(croKprFdiq
=
L(f, P) L(f, Pj)< L(f, P) 3 ...< L(f, P")= L(f, Q),
u ( f , P ) =u ( f, P ) > u ( f, P ) > . . . >u ( f , n = u U , Q ) . 1

To oEdipllanooedla$ vo om6iEo'rle
ivara,r).iouvineloouroi rou hiHroroe.
'Eoro
oropflM^ r 6fl Pr (clPr ivar6rd|16pioerq
rou[q 6], {qr / praouvdprlonqpoypdln
sro [a, 6]. 16r
L ( f .P \ t su ( f , 4 \ .
AfloaEEIrYndplrlro 6rqrliplo! P nounrpr6Xer rdoo rnv P1600ror qv Pr (n.jt.I P vq
nepriXr tijr$ovu pr ro A{pso,
ro onpidrrlq P, *or rrs P, dxpr86q).
LU, Pt)sL(f, P)= u(f, P)< u(f, P).a
A,1610Oriptlr I inetqr6rrl({iedvodoporsloU( /, P') ivorivo dvorAp{ilUa./ro
ro
o6voi.od),ovrov KriroaopoLotrdrorvl(/, P).Iuvr6S,Kd0E dvod0porolloU(/, P) ivor
peroLirpoli i6o an6ro ,tdlroro dvo Qpriypodl.ovrov (dro ooporotrirov:
supll, ( /, P): P oropdplot1oula, bll < U(f , n,
1lol(d0P'. ADr6,Ferl oetpdlou, srpoivEr6rrro sup{r(/, P)jivor6vaxdro)apdrpa7ra
ro oivo),odl.ovro)vdvoa0porolrirovfitq/.I!vsr6q,
suptl(/,P)l< inr{u(/,P)j.
6rr outoi or 6io apr0foi ppioKowardvduoooro \dTo ror ro dvo
Eivor ,rpoeqvdc
'ioporotoqq f.rlu dtr< flE 6raFpioe(:
L(f , n <suplL(f , Pll< u(f , n,
L(f , P)< if\\u\f , P)j= u(f . n.
2t2 llapdyayorrar oToK^tlptiltotd
7ra{d0' Erd#prorlP.
MropiKd).),rola
vq ollr0ci
supil(/,P)l= inl{u(/,P)l
c ourjv qv repir<oo1,our6( oivaro toyddrr.j6opr0!6grou ppioKErolavdloqoro
K{iro{oL ro dvo deporofaq6 / ylq 61.6q
rrq6lol1piasr(,xar erodvo)qour6Eo qpr0B6q
Eivarr6ovrK6qunovrieroq
tro ro Dppq66v
rou R(f, d, b). A)r' 1!v d?,1.1
rr).rrpd,
ov
supll(/, P)i < inf{U(/, P)},
16rExdocopr0p6E
x ovd$oo orc supll(/, P)] Korro inflU(/, P)l 0d rxavorclinlv
L(f,4<x<u(f,n
-rl('6),grq 6latepior6
P'.
Avivqr Ka06).ou qov0p6ro n6rs orgpciverpra riroro lru1ilqoigrrool. Ta 6io
,ropa6si7pars rou oKol.ouooiv,av xar 6veivol160oevSrcadpovtc 6ooaurrinor oriwoga
eo er$ovrotoiv,6silvouv 6rr ror ro 6riorpcrv6peva
eivar6uvcrd.
Aq uno0dooltr np6ra6Tr ,f(x) = c yrq Kde.{ oro td, bl (t1itq 6), Av p = {6, ..., r,l
Eivorruxoiollopdprortrou [a, b], 16r
c(t,- t; t)= clb- a),

;
t c(t,- t, l)= c(b- n).
: aurrivrrlv rrpinrool, d),oro rdrorrar dv(D

aopoiopatoaivorioo roL
sup{I(/, P)l = inf{U(/, P)l= c(b- al.
Aqoeopioolpsrdrpo(llrifo 7)rtv oDvdpqot f ILarlv oroia
xdoorloc
,r r r r = lI 9t. .Yprlroq.
Av P= {4,....r,l rivorrutqia6ro!6prol, r6rs
,r, = 0. oaoi !,nipXrfvqqdpplroEop16Id6
oro [r, r, 1],
,t, = |, qeoi undplrEvoqplr6e dprolrlCoro [r,-r,t].

Enodvor(.
Lll, P)= .|''11'.,
U t' J1 . P t > t . ( r . I , r - D - a .
'Er6r,
o' aunivrtv mpinrosrtoiroupqdrv rotiL6n sup{I(/, P)i = inrlU(/, p)1.H
apXi ndvoornv oroia enp6rerro vc poororeiooprol6erou!po6oi,6rvmpfIcropKsriE
ninpoqopicqdrorvo ,rpoo8ropiooufs rdnoro ouyKeKpudvo p0q6dvtra ro R(/, d,
b) ororoo6inoreopL0ldqald|lsoooro 0 xor ro 6 d gor{i(rto i6rc l(o},6E. An6 rlv
{iii.t n},rupd,n s,fladveLq
R(/, d, b).ivor 1600o}.),6Kortnou8rKarc}.oltldvq 0ollnopo6-
ootrvo qq opvleoi! vq 6t.r Kdnorogpo66v. Mnopo6ue rpollrolll(ii va roluproloilrs,
supt.(/, P, I br{u(/, P)},

13.d,od"qpritpara2L3
lsniadv1flR(f,o,r)sivoLr],ioeropdloyn,dpodevoli(l!o61c1dvaetpo56v.'O'
SsijlvslKo1rt npooqud Fcqorl ftin lmopdiolo,.iFoor' ;ro4to1va Ka].lvouftl!
d'yvo(itaq Jrsopo),oyio.
OPIIMO!
Mla ouldprrort / ro! sivorqpa?!*q oro [4, b] ivoro].o'dru66urloro td, bl, o\'
su! II(/, P): P ivdt3lo!6prolIou [4, b]] = inf{u(/, P)rP ivoL6raftp16rrou[4, 6]l
to ol.o|rlip(0po.rtq/ oro lq ll xoL
t' ouflivrrlv mpinroort,o oplep6qdur6q)"6?erqL
o'rulloli(Ertlrrs
l" ,
lr J
(Tooippoio.li6'tsrorot'l Palo aioKlipuoat&t itrovapllKd6vosnrftKupdvo s,otr6rrl

iiel sum"(= doporopa). Or flpreloi d {or b }.e7o\ruKtiro Kdttivo 6pLdtne o i'
,Do?..rTo o;o'îpuFaJ, / L;1cro,cflor, .o,FflrE6v ro, R(/. a. bJ.drot f(,) - 0
yraxdeox oro [d, b].
Av I / sivar o).oxttp6oLFl. r6rt on!$ovo ir' our6v Iov opLot'o,

It
Llf ,P)<1. f < U(/, P) 7raKde'o,orLfplort
P rou[o, b].
tnrLtov, toJ, / sivcro sovadrrdrapL8r6(u' aurrivrrv raL6{lrq.

Au16qo oprofoqon)dEunodELKvi1, KaL5sv].Livst,ronp60IrtIonoDouqltrioqAnpol-
7otlptvog:3vidpoltLrTod;ouvopfliorg (oureEfpouperd'q !o
eilar ol'oKlrtptboLpq
To p6vonou
rrq / oro l(l, bl 6rov I f iva1oloKhpdroLpit).
Ppoirro o).o{}.ripopo
trposro rep6vEivorSio nopqaeiyForoi
E6poLirE
(l) qv /G) = c, 16rrr f Eivo,oloK).r'tp6orrlr

oro k. bl r(lllj f=c (b o).
slFoiiov0v6qop0oToviou.)
(napofltpoip6r, olro ro oio{}.ipoIfl 6iverro ovofv6}tvo
{ 0. r doonroc
rTrov -/ rx, - ) /, / frrvLrvar
o).o\inp;o,Ffo-o [4. b].
L Y prlroq
oo 6o0oivnproo6rpo Io.a, rprv ou(IriooDpeoui,i to trpop).rlfora
nopo6Ei, 6lsio6F
Kd-AK6paKarTLoourd rq nqpo6ci,
Jrura6loq.0a drolundroouuc
Dorteioervo Fr ooarivero
ro nllpoKdroont6 xprrripro.
oEopHr{a? AvI / EivoL q'porfill oro ld. bl,r6rsr1 / ivororoK),Ip6oru olo [4. b] ov
KdrJr6\,o
av yLoxriee > 0 !trdpls1lLlaSLojraptonProu [4, ,], 161010
dr6r!
U(f. P) L(f. P) < E.
np6to 611?,o{{i0s > 0 undplstlLu 6Lo$prorlP 60i

arorLi:H YnooirouFe
u(f, P) L(f, P)<E.
inf{U(/,Pll < tI(/, P),

s\plL(f, Plt> L(f, P),
inf{u(/, Pll sup{t(/,Pll < .

mr olo ,tlptbparu
274 Ilapriyoyor
our6rorioLtlo xdos > 0,dr$ror6rr

Enr8ri
sup{I(/,Pl} = i.flt(/, Pll
'i61e,016 ro! opro!6.1 qvriotpogotrroXtiprotLot)
/ sivar ol,orlrtp6oqrl. H or63elEnrou
si!'o, 6!010. Av r't / eival ol,oKl,Ip(ijorpl,r6m
sup{I(/,P)j = inrlu(/, P)}.
Aur6 slfdivL 611?laKdees > 0 undplouv SLqFpiGr! P', P"I0
U(f,P1 Llf ,P'1<t.
'Eorr'rP rou,r0prdl Kotrnv P'roLqv P".T61,
urodtof6pLol |tsro Aippo,
ouuqdrvo
u(f, P)< u(1.P1.
L(f,P)>L\f,P1
u(f,P) Llf,P)=ulf,P1 L(f,P1<31

Av Korro rr{vrKodpoq rn-(ono6srErlq xoro}'ofBdvs, {dnolo16po,ivarooqiq61tro
OE(i)plfa2 6svsiva,rirore npro06rpo qz6Frd6LoaopcnKri SrorLi'IoonroL,opLoroirl!
oioKtitpoour6q!oq.Eivor6poqJrLu ro)'i elilplolrt SlariroortTrari6svundpXr Koirio
ovopopdo supxoLin! ror orXvti 'ivar SioKolo vo ta xeLproteiKaveiq. To en6pevo
rapriSerTpac:roouglvi(n o!16ro ort[Eio,Korox6polploLye[crocv sra xc].i etocytrltj
oro {6oqrrdvono6Eilsov tro! analrEio ro},inloKoqopLop6r rolj o)odtp6lLaroq,oK6!q
KaLo noli oni6gnoprrrriorq.
Aqopioolfe rrlv f olo [0,2] oq EEiq:
r , , , = {( o \+l
". l, r=l
6rLP = i4. ...,r,] sivaLpro6rqpdptolto'r [0, 2] I'
Yno06roL,fs
I r<l<1
(P).inE
Iri!0 8).T6r'
n,= M,:0 ov i+ i,
d"id
Dr=0 KaL,q=L
r(,r,4=ii', (,,-t, )+nj(tj\,r+l'],t', ,,,t,
\ )+ Mj(t,\,)+X,,,r4(r,-r,,).
u\f,P)=r,tM,(tl
6XoL,!
u (l , P ) L ( f , P ) = \ tt,.
6rLI f eivol oloKi.rtp6ortl: rro vo rdpoltL[ Fla Srafiplo! P pE
Au16anoSsrKvieL
u(f,P) L(f,P)<e,
apKsi!6vo vo dlo).dloDfErrq Srdpdpldrl!0
1<l<1 K01I tr<8.

AK6po,eilqr qdvEp6or1
L ( f , P ) 3 0 = U ( / , P ) y 1 ok d s 86 L o $ p L o IP .
undpxeLf6vo iva6 opLBf6qovdll8oooE 6io ra Kdr{, xur
Aqorj I / ivo, o?,oKLtpdjoLpr,
d!'o opoiouaro,ouTKcKprl;varo otro(l"ripofo qe /, dpo
13.OloKlrtp(i4laru
2ts
t2
I r=0.
Ar (ar rl aouvdlraqE / rlIov utr660DqIo flg 6uo(olieg o' ou1610 napdberyFa,
or6$qtrprirpo ,rpopl.iporcTwlodwor1lonol.i onldsorvI{E oovopniorq.fla rlopri-
6r1!a,dom /(x) = .x,KoLyro DxoltoeEopofFe Cvo6dorrlFo[0, b], 6rrorrb > 0. Av
P= [6, ...,t,] Eiwl Fa iroFdptorrou [0, b], r6tE(xrriFo9)
ni= ti_t K$ Mi= t
rcotsropdvoq
L (' 'f , 4 = ), r,_.(, r_r)=lD(4 6)+rr(,-tr)+... lr" r(r,- r. r).

i7'
g
u ( J , P ) - 2 . , ( r - r ,r ) = r ( r r 6 ) - r r ( r , r r ) + . . .I r " ( r " -r , - , ) .
Kdvtvsq ar6 roo( E6orirrou 6vivor droirpq Irl)6TlK6s,qlld xor or 6io qr.lorororl-
wol ortfqvrrkdy1o6u!p(oelqP, = {t0,..., t"l o r ,oa uro6laoriporq.X' alrriv rrlv
ti - l,-rrou Kdouro6loortitaloeivorb/r,6ro]r6vog
fiplrirooq,ro g1il(og
2b
lr=-'|(Atr'
Lt f, P,)= Z t, 1ftt- t,- |
_ t l r , - r , o l .p
i1' n t D
iF.l6'
\a-,1 nl
Av oujrTtoo|l3 tov r{ro

_. t(*+l)
2
0ur6!rcpei va lpaqsi
r)(n)
trt, p)=(o
n
n tb'
n2
OIoios,
- a-s
,,1= 1,,,1,,
u1y,
216 Ilapdyayotrato)ox),rlpripara
{,b b
4;;
n h + 1 \b t
2n1
_ n + 1 . b 1.
nz
Av ro,? ivolno).$Jrstdl.o
,rs L(f , P,) KatU( f , P,) eivorl(arro 560Kowdmo
+, Ko1
!' auriv rrv noporiprlol eivoreirol.o vc c:ro6ei6oufs
6n I / ivqro?,oKl.Ip6o1urt.
Ioporlpo$pnpdJrd 6rr
L t r .P .-t L tI . P " t - b 2 :
+.
Aur6 6ei:(v1
611Drdptolv Sroys
pioerqP, 6ors ro U(f , P"\ L(f, P") va.tivrt 66C
lrKp6 061,ou!.
An6 ro O6prua2, n ouvriprnol t ivol oi.oK).Ip6orpt.Em'l)dov,ro
J, f lnopird'povq Pp03i
! el.dlrort 6oo]'sd.Eivorsavp6,rpdlroor' 61.0,6n
' L( f ' P,) <;< u( f , P")1& KdeE
n
Auri n avlorirlro bsipsr t6vo 6n ro b']l2ppioKror ovdleoao Krirolar5rKd dvo xar

Kdr(0sepoior'oro,ar.d F6).Kr6po i8apE 6rl ro U(/, P,) ,(/, P,) propivo,rivsr6qo
t1Kp6dloufdpoundprertdvo iya( apr0p6q p' oDrrivrnv 156qra. Aqo$ro ol.oKl,rl
po-
po oi?oDpo4sr qufllvIrtv Lbr6rrlra,
tropoSf va sulrcpdvoutE 611
f" L2
Jor-:
noporrpodtr 611ourriI Eiooorloq 8ivrs!0a56v rto evaoo0orrirnorOitr,:voW
f
Bdonror {\yoEb (trila l0). Kdvovroqr1o oiv0rorEDroLo.rrouofq,
i aopr6(o!"roq
ro
Oc6prlpa4, lnopoipevo ano6iEo0us6rL
t/_ita IA
H ouvdpfltor/(x) = xr ropolord(er ax6po!6.ro),6rspse

6Doxol"iq.
t' oDrrlvqvnpi'
nroat (xrits I l), avP = {4. ...,r,l ivoL
proSrotdprorroD[0,b],!6r
n,= f (t; ')=(t' )' K'i Mt=f(t)= tt'1.
Arol.a?ovroq,Ilqpu qK6poAopd,U1tr8iopdproltP, = {6,..., r,l or] ioo KoppdTlo,or6re
i.b
rq Kdro Kor dvo ogpoioporq.fivovrdr

(
I L(f, P") (, ,)' (r,- r,-,)
t)titd I I
_ At (i-1)'\+
_ o ' ,1,,
13. O).orAqpritpara217
f,.'.t,. ,-,r
*,,a'. a
3'nn
4{,,
o'A'
Av 0ujrneoip
rov roiro
r , + + F = + k ( k +D ( 2 t +l )
an6ro npdpl.rtla2-1.aurdro aopoiolaroFnoporiv
vo ]paeo6v
hjl
r ( / , p " ) = : _ , . ? ( , _ l ) ( , X 2_, t ) ,
A1 |
U (f . P , ' ) = - . - en l n+ t ) t 2 n +t ) .
AEvivorroL6 6torol.o vq aro8iqoD|lt6rl
h3
L(f,P,)<i=u(f,P,),
Kar6rr ro U(/, P,) - Llf, P,) r\',pei la /ver 600 [rxp6 &].orrs, cv 6rctdloupea
apxcld Urydl,o.M Trp iSraqrflol,6frlorl 6no! nprv, gl;roul 16r6rr
f' b'
3
M auro6Erou6uno),o1opfg qrrioopexui)'c6 o' 6volil rrpr4rvoaroldl*ogo ro
e1rpc66v qq mprol]{q rou Qpdsorqrsn6 liq tupopo},ri 6evDno}oyi(elor ou\,ieo)Sofll
ororll66rl follErpiu. To oror6l.sFa6foc rirov .).\,oo!i orov Aptqri6yl, noDro mol,{ir-
oEouoroolLKd [ rov i6rorp6ro. H p6vr]u'lpoIrinoutropo6pva 6rex6rxlooop, sivor
rirroro Err6l1VoKEAd).aro0oovqKa),6voupe dvavrolf qrl,oljoreporp6ro,flovd erdooDl
o am6 ro ouli?dp(tofo.
MprKdon6 10 srorMolard laC Uropofv !u ouvov.olo6v oEEi(:
= c . (b a) av /(.r) = c 7rdKdeE
x,
J, f
t, 22
ov /(.x) = r ra Kdo.{,
l)' =!:_e:
33
av/(x)=f,r./roKdoEt
Aur6qo Iu p66Kard).oyoe 6eilveL drLo oupol.tot6qJ_/ Cta dvoWtoudrrqlo:-o, Icinrt

6vaqxardLlitl,og oDlpoLrojr6glla fle oovapniofle nouopi(owcr penhor,g. fr ' uur6vrcv
?L6yo,
dvoqwi,tlaxnrc6coDlpo),rolr'e., ovdl,oyoq|lerov lim / (r ), eivdt Erior|g tpriorpog:
r o durporrotr6qj,
/(,)d: .{vdLrpd1|1dff,i o not odrlpo! xd, 'i dflpd edrv irov o sjvog ltd ro oloxripo.
jra. O l-.ibriu lprdloroiry! qw6 ro ojrForo !ia6i oqtfioo 6r, ro ob(ripoF
im! to deporono(rc! ro
drF ioE !. to] ) aEipou rl,igoq op0oyoviovli. 0v4 t(r) r& .t'6r@t&,m . nldro{
d}. Meersrd.-
poroutrpdp.ig tprtcLtorolloov :i, ... 4 ?i! w owpo).toouvro dtfriq lrLaq6BjriArnq, xdr @nollorpqeKi
218 Ilapdyayorrar oloKlnp(bpara
- is. t -.[" /.
/"1t'la' .,ru"i"*"+,P(i,q
'EroL "
l, cdx= c'(b a),
J,xax=, t.
IloportpoirL6fl,6]ioqorovouppo),rol6lim/ (x), ro ofirpolo x lnopoivo owlKamca

eiorri ororo6rlnoted).},o?pd#a (rKr6qar6 /, d, ri b, p';porql
rb rb fd lr lb
J, Itxrdx J, l(t\dt-l"Ib)do-J,I{),),t) )"1('\d'.
To 06!00).0d-{8Ev6:(ErKotia 6woLoqn6p6voIou, 6noEKorro oilDolo x - lv d1er
Kavdvav6tro, tEo o]1610(lim /(.r),. trrrv eqio{,or
f' b a
| ) t ' o x =- - - '
"J3
ro ,r.,lipr(oirpo) o r':dr f,ropli vo ofopqoli oivr!to'l -rtEqpdot,:
I orivdpqot t }rq rtvonoio /(x) = rr lta xdox
Aur6qo ourpo),ror6E 7ro ro oroKripola ivoLro i6ro sir(0FrroE600 o or,fBoltol6e
lim /{-x).To rapo8eiypqronouqKotroueoiv!'I0 pivo polorioouvontveptnveioEloa6pov
8166v njirovrTo!rqovi(ovrarouxvd droupeK{ivL rpTist I(,)vOoptFiiov 5 ror 6+.
ll"f"h"'
l l ' I ( x I y J d x - l , rd , rl - l r d r - = :1 \lb-dt.
)t'
tt,t,"^!
r7l l(!-l|d! ", lar ot.
lldy ltdl I
ot l.'(.'t+'ta')a'=!.i,
* or' 'rr'
,,1" G a)d.r
- tt thn'I
rl;- a'b- otl.
2
al|]8iovdvrof,, x, I rrto.1x,.To oroxr'ipopoopi(6!oroqvro 6pro,&ovio /xi trpodcni(&io 0, ro!

o0po6rlirN: /(tdi Gm ovoiolioe ftpo! to kd-ro(oLdvo d0po6$). To reTov6q6fl ro 6prolqrBdvtoi
or.r.dhEo( ?o tr cJ , 70 /(rr) dc /(r) xor ro ,4r, 06 dI, lorTnn rc,.,.orq.
npoKc(|ilouo dvo./v66|rqvd unv &loheoi qn6ro rdoq,61ov5rp{4cr d,J.opLo).id,

I eEiooor(1)
ro.d;"_o'u0o"ov'r1a'-q/'oq.H.,orqa'ri..pu4\'idroj!',d\d0\roo,.or]iDut"o'4.frvdot
6il; / no! I Rionp'i /(r) ivoro opr0u6q /. AUd o KlodftE 6utr0ol6pq,ouxvdrproLrotroEiro/ o'l
e r c o / . / ' r 1 0 . i o ' . r o ] , d \ u i o p l . . d o F u d v " . o o ) . o r ) o u u o\ d 1 o . 0t-u y a , ce \ d o r t o r c r
13.0.or),rlptitpan 219
I""l,o o*';-;1*
rrr/"(i"r'*,ur)a,=
=\) ot' \o- ctJ,xdx
2ltb-
= l i2d-t . l (d .tb: otl

cr\t-tl
2lto-otl
Or urol.oTr6t'oirovJ, x dx xarJ"xr dx ior,:gr.rno8axviouv (aviq

6rL,ro vo uro),o?ioer
o),oxirtp6po1oivarrevl(d66oKo).o i o56vqro. fu vo igooraxprpiE, p6Uo-
ro o),oK),I
ro 1ov rcproso+p0)vor,vopflioovEiwr q66volovo xoooproloivue axpiFero(ov xor
jrmpo6vvo uroio?moiv FEororo8irrorePoet6orpiFroq06loutrs,ono].oyiqowoE ro
'OnoE
Kriro)l(or(ivo opoiolora). 6|crq0o 6onforo n6lsvoKadloro.ro o).oKbipoto
no ,6v ouvoplrioov lnopivo uro).otLorift tl ,TteuKo),io.
Av xqr Ta n6ploo6tpa o),oxhprlpqro&v gnopori)v vq urotrottoroivo(p1p6e,ivqr
oitpowrx6ts6poutrou).rilLotov r6te grcor.rvdpr.lol/ eivqlo).orl.lp6ot[I oto [a, b].
Av xqr ivor6uvor6vo norjp orpr06qrods otvapriocrqivoroLoKl.np6o$6, ro xprrri-
prorrt( olo(),rlpoof6qrqS oivortd).Iov 66oxol.ovo Sroronooi c66,Kor0o rpdnervd
rouaororllc]ro ri dpoli orortio[oIo. Tc rlro'tpliouo afioltsta 6a 6Lmuno0i
rripc,o)J,rl0c uno5rrloeiolo r6loglou 7lopvou l(qotroio!.
ompxM^ ! Av I / 6ivorouvs:(ieoro [a, b]. rdrr n f sivdro].ox],rpd'o4rn oro [a. b].

(noporrpoi$ 61rdvZprd(Eror vo uno0oou!. dll n / sivorepol#vrl oro [d, t], ]'6t0)
qq ouvdl.rqq.)
Av KoL0!16 ro O06pllrorapEfl 6),r( flq rllpoQopkq JrouEivaLovoyKoirg 1lo rlv
Ipi6t l(Dv oloxl.tp{,rfdrcDvo' ourd ro pLp}.io,0a to6 Ldovonoroior r0ploo6rspo vo
dXoufedvo rdroc rrs?d,irepo afl66[ao]16o],oK],rlpdrortq ouvoprio0K.ApKrirrpop],r1-
foro oo7o).oi\,ror).ErrorproKd r' our6ro (rilrua. Oo Ponoo(,os vo iroull[ un6vnro
oK6),ou0o ipid 0ropritora,io'J 8ci:(voDv 6n: I / eivaro),oK),!p6orpn 6to td, bl av rivor
o),ox),tp6orl'n o.o[a c] ror oro [c,6] 6rr n t + sivo' ol,o'(Irlp6orprqvivoror/ Kor
g xar 6fl rt c. t Eivoro).oK),tpriorFluv rt / ivoLo).orllp6orp! Kdrc sivarolrorooSi-
ror 0pLet6q.
fov urli rqdptori aur6! rovoeopru{ftov.aqoDprleoLiu 6rL,av rt / ivar0, rr6qqr!6
dvqorlFio 6,rourl rqli 1n( ivqrl, r61t rt / oivaro).ox).rlp6ortrt. noLia coui(oncq
dDtiv rtv ouvdpqort$ c. dreror6tr ro i6Lorqlier xor ov rt qri qE f dIo v 1,6T0)
ortusiorival c. Ilpooociowoqprd r6rorooL,vripllol os llo o).orl.lpdrorprl duvdpllorl.
F).dnoulr'dlr fnopoflr[ v' q).].d(oupr ruXoiorlv lrpri pra(o).oK],Ip6orurlE ouvriprlot( sE
dvooluoio, XopiEvo Kdroorpdvou|r8 rrlv o),oxl.ilp(!o1F6rrIq.Av ondoolll[ ro 6rdo1l!o
oe 'ro),)dunoiroorrigalo,p),i,ro!ps6rr jriropoitl8v ol.),{i6ou!rqv lqri or ooq6l,rorE,
,rsrrpaoFdvo! .iooDq,ollsio.
01o,ro6iqK orr6v rov 00)pnFiro)v ouvi0o6'tplouonoroivro va).}-ot rlKdKprrnpro
o).orltpooLr6rnro(rouOeopiforoc2 6'10(Aovrp6voLv lEprxdqo,rdflc npolyoilcvc(
uro6i_Erq foq, or ).rropapeEr rol, ol,),ioyrofoiouj(vdoDyxq).6nrouv ro Kpiorlooll|.rrio
'qq ar66erlrlq.Eivoror<6nr$o vo npoorsoioorvo Kdver6rKdq osq qnoSiqr(, kqr vq
outpoll.utsiruuliEno! 6i!,o!,rar66oov dvqr),uroio Koraqlj,ro, ri tLs 6),y1o.
Aur6
,n0ov6vvo unosoertvioer IlE oro6iEe1e. l(ol oiloupo 0o rivol prq rol.ri ldqxrlorlsrrq
rrlvrKd6nouZpioFonororivror oL rdnoroon6lq trpo0l'1!o1q.
'Eoro
ompxraI d < c< b. Av rl t 0ivoro),oxi,Ip(bsurtoro [a, b], 16rI / eivor
o).oK].rtp6orpl orold,.l Kqroro [g b]. Awrorp6qog,ovrl / oivarolo Klrlp6oru oro[d,
cl Karoro [c, b] 16rrrt / eivoro],oK],npdrorgl
oro [a, ,]. Ta],o(,0v Tt/ ivoLo),oK),Ip6-
orrn oro [d. b], 16r
220 EapdyotyotxaroAo ,4pdtpdn
[",=["'r[",.
Jr! lrt JtJ
AnoaErrHYroodroupe dll n / EivaLo),oxllp6o1lit o1o[4 ,]. Av e > 0, !,rdptrlro

6rapaprqP= {6, ...,t } ro'r[o, b], rdrolo60r
U(f, P) - Llf, P) < e.
Mnopo$|'l eniorlgvo uro06oout 6rr c = lj trq xdroroj. (Al,I6q, 601(,)
Q il 6rqpdpron
nou
np#j(er ro 4,..., t" kor 6 16rrr Q neprfrsrqv P, dpa U(f, Q) L(f, Q)< u(f,
P )- L \ f , P ) < E ) .
T6poP'= {t0,...,tieivaLFLo6ro#p16tIoD[a,.] KoLP"= i1,...,r,iEivoL tLo&odpron
ro', [c, b] (tripo l2). Aqo6
t'/iw 12 L(f 'Pl=L(f 'n+ L\f ' P")'
u(f,P)=u(f,n+ ulf,n,
dIoW
lu(f, n - LU, nl+ lu(f, v) - L(f, P"ll= u(f, P)- L(f, Pl<E.
AqoSKs06voqaJr6io!6 6poDe sivqrUnqp!il1ll(6!,(aeivoqeivarlrxp6rpog
orq a-fx'j].q
on6. ADr66eijtv6rdlt rl / sivaro),oKhp6orlrl oto [d, c] Kororo [c, b]. napartpofpe
cmolqoll
_L, t, ,f . , n
_ )/"lr t <_ u \ f . P ) .
L(f. P)< J-f < u(f. P1.

ropavog
f, t"
L(f, P)< J"f + l, f < u(f, P).
61(
AQoi aur6roxrjeltlo xdeP, anoSsrk'vrirrar
t" t"
J , f + J , t ==! [, '.,
Ynoftrouterd,podrr I t ivoro).oxhpd,orfnoro [o, c] ro, oro [c, b]. Av e > 0,uriip;(rr
pra6roldprotProD [d, c] Karlro 8rotfprol P"rou [c, b] drol6ors
u(f, P) Llf, P) <12,
u\f, P,) L\I, P1<8t2.
Av P sivarI 8tofdplol ror,[d, 6] rou ftpriXrd].qro ot!io roNP rar P",16r
L l f , P ) =L ( f , 4 + L \ f , n ,
u(f,P)=u(f,4+u(f,n'
u ( f ,P ) L I J , P ) = l u ( f , Y ) L ( f , n l + l u ( f , n - L ( f, n l < E . a
To 06plFo 4eivalI pdolT rqxdroreq,prl(pri6
orlfqoiqq,oL,tFdorqolo!
oDppo),rop6.
To olo\l ipolo J, / opiotlxL f6!o yro r < b. flpooodror
Fr r,iJporoLqopropoiq
t" t" t'
J " . r = 0 ' , o rJ , I - - l , f av a>t.
t, lb
M ouro EroDqoprsroiq,I Eioo)ol]"t + J. / = j, / ror{fl .rraKioe4 c, b ux6rq Kar
qv 6sv roxrifl rt a<.< b (I ar65(rl ouroi 1ouroi(upLotoiyivrsr!' ivov ldll.ov
Boprd6).Eyto6).ovlov rpundroov).
227
13.OTotcArlpritpata
ato [4 b], 16rKorI / + g ivqroloKlrl'

oEapHrlAsAv or / Korg ivaro?,oKlqp6orFs6
ptiorpl oro [4, b] xat
t'.,. t'" ' JI', 8 .
J , U I B \ =I , f
moarrs'Eoro P = [b, _.,r"]ruloia6r]tpror rou[d,r]. Esro
a = i n fi ( / + s ) ( x )t:' , < x < t , ] ,
mr'=inf{/(x): l, i<x< r,},
mr"=infis(.r)r r, <x<41,
(oLoqopiooup M', tt,"IE 6lolorp6no.AevrsIljsrqva1l(do1l]{{i
ro 11,4, 6rr
n,= n,'+ n,",
ol.).riroxifl (np6p),rp0
7)6rr
r,i> n,'+ n,'.
'orolo,
MiS Mi',+M,".
Eropdvoq,
.
L ( f , P )+ L G , P ) < L ( f+ s , P )
U(f + e,P)< u(f. P)+ UG,PJ
L(f, P)+ LlR,P)< L(f + I, P)< u(f + s,P)< u(f, P)+ uG,P).
lrdp1ouv6lot pi]LreP, P" tLE
Aao601/ Korgeivorolol(),Jtpdrsrpee,
u(f, P) - L(f, P) <E12,
U(s,P1- L@,P) <t12.
Av!u P nplf1L
rlqP'xraP",16r
u(f, P)+ uG,P) lL(f,P)+ LG,P)l< E,
U(f + e,P)- L(f + c,P)<t.

Aurdanobslwrj& 6fl I / + g ivaL o),oKlrlp6ortn
oro[a b].Enrnlfov,
l 1 \ L ( f , P )+ L G , P ) < L ( f + E , P )
< J , ( f+ c )
< U(f + s,P)<U(f,PJ+ uG,P)'
f, t"
(2\ L(f, P)+ L(s,P)< J, f + l"c < u(f, P)+ uG,P).
ra U(f , P) - L(f , P) K r U(s, P)

Aao6 uropoip vd KdvoupE aG, P) 600 l'1rpd
od?,oDpE,
inror6 ro
U(f, P\+ UG,P) TL(f,PJ+ LG,P)I
pnopieriolq vo yivL6sofLKp606troup oJrd1le(l) ro1(2)dnoro1
Erroldvoq, 611
lb lb
r
J " ( t I B t .l , I l , B . l
222 llapdyayotrard,or),rlpitpara
oEorHrrA6Avrt / Eivaro?,oxlrlpdroLprt oro [o,6], r6rETrordet ap1p6

c, rlolvdprrtorl
c/ iv(r o),oKl,rprijoruoro [a, b] r(or
l' . = c . !f'"
lacJ 1r.
Aflodfl.H H dn66srh(nouoivornol.Dirloe$llol,ror' 6,r' aurrirou OEopril'oroq
5)oqrivs-
rdr oEooq.M,a {oli Ldda
ivalva XElprorirsqxopLord nq neprmr;rocLq
c> 0 Korc < 0.
fr0ri; I
(To Oed)prtq6 ivoron).d'tpro r6rri rcpinrorotro!,rLo'ysvrKoiScorpiporoe 6rr, r)

.
/ s eivoL ol,or],rp6oLtrloro [a, b], ov 'ivdr or / xor g ivaL 6!0rqop{rrd SSoKoIo \rn
ano6rr0i our6ro oufndpoola(bsqro np60i.rua32).)
t qur6ro x0edloro,ra t6vo rp{i/Ioro rou anoKotiofllsrirov dvoqrol,inl,oKoqopF
o!6C,rr0plKdontd eeopriroru!s lnlslrdveq onoSEiEErq, Korvoee6p!!o lopiq Koprd
an66crEl.Aur6,6xr-rroriro oloxhp6poro eivornro6ioxo).oedpoon6rL! nqpoydr7oug,
aUd}lori no],i roIUpdptq),eio, trouavom!i)(el{ovoetrpotlorj$voKad},oro, aad0itrov
vo rupoueivoriv os o6pdvro.H 1I1oottrovnKi ovdr.dl,DvlroDorrrpoorLKoD Lo,/lolon
eivorro 1yov6g 6n ro o?"o().ipopq {o1I rop(i?(,)}oq oDv66ovror or0vd- or' rI orlyFi
noueo pdgorip in o16ot louq,ro olo{Iipofq 0o}ivLro i6rolpriolto Ferltvropd,o?o,
KoLro i6ro siKotrooltv jtpriot. H s1,q ovdlooooe napa'y6touq {ar o).oKlitp6poro
oEi(eLavoErop,oi6rsed).aLo, o).).rioLrpoetoLpcoisE trou0o Kdloruso' au6 ro KQd-
loro rnopoiv va lpitoqrrjou\roov un63'r61.Ano8rKvioot np6.o rro a,!?,riovro6rrtro,
olrrrKrifs io o?,oKLnp6uoro, no'r0oroiEcrKdroLo p6l.ooc rio],ldortrovrrKd0srDpriporo.
6l rl / sivoLo)"o{llp{i,ourloro [d, b] l(or61t

i Yroodror|rs
omprMA
n< f(x)< M TroKd06 x oro [d, b].
T6r
n@ a)=1"
f < Mlb t).
Aflo,\ rr Eival pl1vcp6 ofl

n(b - a)< L(f, P) Ktl U(f, P) s M(b a)
'/,a Kd0-6,o,ri0,.qP. Aooij- sJp li I /. P,l - In' Il { I. P)1.r avro6-rToro,
/
odloup6nrqrdrooo.I
Aquno06ooup16p4 [u, b]. MnopoipEvo
611rlf sivflro)'oK)'tp6orpitoro pro
opiooup
ouvdprrtq Foro td, bl, tDq4iq:
Karvoip?ro
i' i'
F(x)=l"f =
l" f(t)dt
'Eloupe otL
(Arir6 Pooi(elqroro ocdrpqpc4.) 6at 1 / flTopsivo ivaLoloxhp{Jorprl
al(6pon qv 6rv civoroDverriq,
rar ro npop).rifctc8ivoDvropoSciytorqolo{ltpdrorFov
t/iw 13 noDEivoropKErdnreoloTr{tc.H oDtrpraopdrlq F eivorsnoudvoe
ol)voprriosor! pla
rol[ sDxripLorrdKr?,rLl.
offuxMA oro [a b] KoLI F opi(eroioro [4, b] o]16rTl

i Av r / ivoro).oKhp6o1prt
ox6orl
Fti =I. r,
rcjrErt F iv0rolvttq oro [r, b].
13.OTorT4pripara223
[{},b],0a eivor,
Ano,\rErjfloipvoute;voc oro [d,6]. AAo"rl / sivoro].ox]"Ip6oLprloro
sEoprojrof,apatpdvroro [a, 6]. Eoro Mavoeopr0t6q#roros d]ort
l/(x) < M}l0 Kdo x oro [d,b].
Avlj > 0, r6rc (:ri!o ll)
t' | - 1|.
rtc ht Ftct-la r ),f I.
M< flx) < M llrKel8 x,

an6ro O66prtro?;nEroL6rr
|,tt
M h<J. l<M h
p dll0 ),6?0,
( t \ - M . h < F ( c + t ) F ( c ) < M 'h .
Av1r< 0,pnopoifval(oro},rilouts
oILonap6loro ov166fltro. Iloporrlpo'j!
b
- t'
ftc bt ttct-l
rl . ,+ l' , -l .
J .t
ro os6prua 7 oro 6r{iqqpo[c + ], cl, trlKouq ,, noipvoDpe
Epopp6(owac
l'
M h < J^.1.: Mh.
Koriro?,rqnlqord(ovro( 6lss rtq avro6.rlrq,

t's l, noDovrLorpfqEr 4oul5
12) M h<F(c+h) F(c)<-M'h
o, oqoortrlq(l) KaL(2)!nopoiv!o o, v6uooroft.
F(c+r) F(c)l<M. ,.
Enopdvorq.
ov > 0, CXoutE
lF(c+r) F(c)i < e,
ro i 6rr
< s/M. Aur6 ono6erxwsr
limF(c+ll)=F(c)
tL dl,la 1,61uI F eivorotvr(iq6to c. l

t"
To tr(ripo14oly{piva rlq / KorF(-x)=J, / Iq 6fiaopqauvoprrioq/: qoivIor6fl rl
ndvra Kalipo o116rrlv /. tro n6r'vo K9d).aro
F oritrepLa6prar 0o 8o{t ]1600
IIPOBAHMATA
t"
l. AroofrtTroll J0r'd,r b'l4. nuipvo\Tac oL n ioo | flo5,aotf/ara.
6Lo!,jpjoc, Kor
o; ro! rino ro, ppiKot-.oro np6prrl.lo
tproruo'ord,v z-6y'u ro t r, o,16to
f, .
ivorva lurl8ir6 .oDqDnolotLofoiqoro KEir,cvo.
trp6pl.tl'o,ro p6voroL,x prd(eror
224 Ilapdyayotrut d,oKl\priryaw
d.),d KoI6 0o irov va 6661prq ru'rrKrlqx66sl6n,66r va pporoeeire

61161,0ro
].Dnrdolpeia rou oul),o,roFoirivarooqri.
l'
Ano6e,q!s.
otoioq.6flJ0x'dx = b'/5.
*3. (a) Xplorponorrirvroq

ro np60).tra 2-7, 6iqrs6 pJropo6!va q6pouuero
Z iPlr''r dooKovr{i
0dIoWE
o1oI (p- l).6ro).d}ovroc
ap('1dfcyd}on.
tb
(b) Aro8eire6r1J0xed.{= b!+ri@+ 1).
Arto To ,rp6p)"yu orrdypdoidvov iqu,rvorpdno uro).olroron o'

l""uor ro
T =
0 < d < 6. (To orori),eo|1o10 d 0 rrponirrro16 ntv ouvalsra.)To rdtvooFo
ouviororoLorl tpion SlolrspioE(Dv P= {6, ..., t,} yLoTlq oroie6),oLor l6yo1
r- ti l, r eivoriooL,ovri rov 6ropepis0rv
lLo rq oroisqor 6uqopqr, 4 eir,or
ioEEi
(a) AEiEre
6rr yrdI'rordroloErapdprorl
P arourr
t=achvec=!.
rb) Av /( I I - ,r'.61;qrc. xprorgonorulvrcc ror rrjnotor,npoplipcroq2-5.<jtr
-a
L l t , P t - - d " ( l - c ' 1) { c q r ' ' r
- laP - bp rrb_r ' '

I ci!+r)rn
I
. t;r-t .! i',.
I cr ...+.p
KorFpsir' 6vovovri)"oyo
rino.ttl ro L( f , p).
13.d,or),rlpdtpata 225
(c) Eofnpdvaft&r
lb pt _at-l
'I" x t d x = - ' p + |
5. Ynotlo orlopie vo KdvrE
rpdBle
tcl
tt _
0 J_,tlt-idx.
lt -
(iD J_,(l + 3)Vl - .t' dx.
6. Arcdlqt&l
f' sinr
| -dr>0
yu 6l,ar0 x> 0.
?. Et1dot6,todEond irg etdFveqouvcpr(oeEeivorolorllpdroqregoto [0, 2], ro1
o{olo1ioi6ro olor},lipopa,6lroupnopetftr
,'' or"'= l& o<-x<l
I x-2, l=x12
(rl) J(r,= [ \. 03r(l
| t<"<Z
"_2.
=
(iiD /(x) r+ Fl.
sv] Prr6q
{iv) /{,x)= {r+[x].
r u, ov; dpprlloq,
( v ) f ( x )= [ ] , x n l g f o p a i q o + b r fw q b p l t o &
, u, x o aurrKqq uoponq
f -f, o<"<t
("i) r(x)=I [aJ
I o,- r-0ix> l.
(vii) / EivcrI ouvriFlon rouhitraros 15.
tnip 15
rov 1oplovrou qpdooovralon6

E. Bpir6ro oFpood
(i) nEtpapll(d(mpaotdoErov /(r) = x'l'(arg(x) = + + 2.

(ii) ItElpagr(4napuardon(rov/(r)=r?(org(x)=-r ':l(or116 '
rorqr pueEc
u0ig
noonpvo[vofi6rq (- l,0) xor(1,0).
226 llapdyayorrar olod'tlp(iryTa
nopooldosql(l)v/(x) = x? rcr g(r) = I - r'.

(iii) flq tpaQrKdq
(iv) rq'/pq9rK66nqpooldoetc1ov /(r) = xr xorg(x) = I - r']ror.b(r) = 2.
(v) rLeypoQrKdE rqpoorior(lov /(x) = ./r.org(x) = r'z- 2r + 4 xorrov r01al(6-
pueodqovq.
lrq /(r) = Vx, rov op,E6vnodEova,ror qv rororG
(v') rr ?poeLrrl,Topdoraarl
puQrtuoio,ro! npvdcr va ppirrcJo V.r
on6 ro (2,0).(MIv npoonoeioI
dr 0d rpnFKd,rorov rp6novo fuvrivrTc Trv ondvqol, XptorFo'ro(nwaq
roo riEI yvopi(rrr6qvo rd u,ro].o1i(er.
[6vo o].ox].rlpd,Fqrq Ia epolrigoro
rio!Tsvvloivrcron' oui6 ro ,ropdEer?Fo,
eEsrd(ovmr oro llp6phpa 22.)
9. Bpeircro
lrt lr
,\,
!'\J J t)ttEUtot)a^
l" I'
rovJ, / Kq'J.g. (Au i ivo'r'1ododrlorlr(ilo orov olFpol,roF6,
olj\,apflioer ptrLo
dot KdiKrtolqeivoLpaoLK6 vo ova7vo)pi(sr0
fla oraospd6rovlrpavi(lor.)
10.AnoSsi!ft,lls lov ou!po),rop6
rou Oopriloroe5, 6Il
- n,'I n,"= infl/(4) + s(x1):r, r<-r,,.!<41<l,,.
ll. (a) node oDvopnlo16 4ouv ilv r66qra, KioKdrodeporollava.ivar ioo te Kd0.
dvo deporolo;
(b) IIoGgouvopfliol6ilouv qv r6rdTl]ro, rdnorodvo doporouovo ivorioo !E
Kdnoro(dii,o) xdro doporofd;
(c) nordqouve)(iq suvqprrior(frouv rnv 16611110,
6Laro rdro opoiollqravo
*(d) norfq o),oK].rtp6orp(ouvop loLqaTouvrlv 16161110, 6l.0ro tdro oopoioFo-

Id touqvo (volioo;(Outnei1e ivqr! f{x) = 0 rlq
6rr prarrou ouviiprnoTl
.x dpprlto,t(r)= liq t$ x= p/q s\d^tap.) Yn66erEn: Oo 1pEroorirlrlv
6woLulou flrrvod olv6i.oujrou opiorlx oro Ilp6plrlpo 8-6,Ko06q(ar ro
oaor).doIoio rolj npop),lf aroq3l.
12. frc 6o0dvKlsror6 6l(iorltro [a, b] oropoitLsP, rlv 6rspdproirou os r iod
(a) Xprtorlronor6wae
ro O06p!!o I rou [opsprrigcroqKegc].uior8,leilte drL,ov
r / 'ivaL olvcr{q oro [d, 6], r6rs !1 u(f, P,) - l' f Kt I" f - L(f, P,)
lrlopo$vvo livolv 600io 6uvqr6vprKpd6ro),6yovrdE ro , opKrri p7d).o.
(b) Bpitlrio o),oKllptirorglotvtip,rlorl, /, oro [0, l] Korivo s > 0 CroL601
r!
U(I, P)- J" | >.1&ol.src n.
Avd<b<c<droril / 0ivqrolox).rlpdrorprloro[a, d], orobdqrs6n I /ivor
oioxLnpdrorlloto Ib, c] (Zopi(rol],4 l'nou6prs).
(a) AnoSiqr 6fl. qv I / rivor ol,ox),tp6orprlolo [a bj Kor/(-r) > 0 1lo rdoe.x
oro ta. bl, rdrJ. / > 0.
(b) Ano6iqrr6r', ov r / Korn s ivarolor).qp6o+so1o[a b] Karf(.r) > s(.()
-rrordex o1o b]. r61cJ, I t6
[4 ,f >J" s. (Aevroel,i(erorvo ooenpoedoroLrioolp
6r, av 6oul.ivsrorlrlpd ?roro UipoeO),z{ivrerov xcip6oaq.)
15. An06riErcdrr
l.'rurr=l*,tun*.
13.U.od,rlpritpara227
(H?eol1rpl{iepprtveio 'rrpne ro Koolardnol6}.oyrK6.)

Y'I66LEI:Kdo
0d vo
SroFapron P = i4, ...,r"jrou[a,b] yEwdEt P = ili + c,...,r, + cl
I1o3|0ldp16rt
,ot [o ] c. b cl. Ksr0vlo1p6,pu,.
*16. Aro68iir66rr
l" r l'r f"'l

t-dt't-dt | - dt.
t" fa
Ytr66eqrtlArnl ?pdaroll t l t dt = l t l t dt. KiEE8rqrapronP = lr0,...,r,l rol) !,
b
dlT wdLprqolaFdplonP= [t0,...,bt,].ou [h ab],Kflrovflo.p6aoq.
*u. AnoSsi6rs
6rr
16
- c )l b. l n t t d t
I ItItd
"
([aporrlpio.E6fl ro IIp6ph]o l6 silor E,61KirpirroortoDro'1.)
18. Av 6oesi6Tril ,lrQdvsra rou replx),eifilon6 .ov fovd8loioniKl.o 13 sqioocll
.x'{ y'; J, iler eppd6v z, rpnorronoLEiore ro p6ph}o lT 11ovo 6iqsr6rLro
6!po56!rtq snladvEroqnours pLKiiLI aller\rrl pse(iori6t x:/ a: + yl br = I eivaL
nab.
19. Aur6ro trp6F),rlpo
omaypoAei touJ, x'dx- XploLpo-
vovaK6ft rp6nouro),o11oton
qr6 rov Cavalieri,
roriir'tKE dvo8paoripropshparr(6 np,vllv eqE[poil
to! Aml-
poorrxotAo11cto.
rdr 'Fo.u c.-J. .r d.r. Xolorgonorrol ro npopl lpo l7 /,o vo 6c:IcrL6r.
l"x"dx= c,a' '

(b) To [p6F),rp0 i5 6ei1vL
6rr
t" ". - l"
ln {'dx I a\"d^
"(x'
our6\rro\rrino ro vo oroSiler6rr
XproLponolsiors
2",s '", I[).

(c) Trlpqrpnorponorio ro n p6pl.npo2-l l|0 vo ano6i6sr0 6fl c" = I ir+ I
20. Yno06rout orr n / ivoLqpoypdq oro [o, 6] l(qr 611rt / ivorouvetiEo xdea
rou [d, ,] pernv qoipon
oTtpEio rou x0oro (4, 6). Aro6i{t6t1I / ivaio}.or}.n-
p6orfn oro [a, b]. Yr668rh: M,FIsir6voar6 m ropo8siruorooro Kipsvo.
2r. Ynoedroupe 6rr q / iva!lrl qei'/ouoooro [a, b]. Iopqqp8ior 61rI / ouro!,ir{,)E
ivorepoypdvn oro [a, b], Trori /(a) < /(x) < /(b) TLox'ieEx o.o [a b].
(a) Av P = {fi,..., r"Jsivorprq6rop6ploilrou 14 bl, nor6oivolro r(f, P) '.orJtor6
rc utf, P);
(b) Yno06roDtrc6fl t,-t, j=(' yu rds t. Anobilt8611Ulf, P)-L(f,
P)= dtf(b) - f(s)1.
(c) A'ioseiEre
6n I / ivoLo),od,rpdrorpr.
(d) A60r';vonopditr,
to prt qeivouooq
ouv,ipqonsoro[0, ]l,nouvo eivorqoDv
j(rig dnErpo
ottLio.
228 flaptiytttTotrar d.oi.r1pi4raru
'lo0r;
ooq svdraqfp8rlro oL,?Kprotolroi rou npoPLiloroq !Lro siiq or6oro6la aJl6ra
Principiaro! Newton*.
AHMMA II
Ay ot tDtdio alitd AacE,Eouapi{ttut atu ia opef: ypawd( Aa. A, rdr rt|rdrtr,l, acE,
cflpdtuorytoratarditoa dptqt1 tapdt^tlioTptit+avAb, Bc. Cd Ki.n..rar utuA;rcDq6n
t/ourioEalJdoda^B-BC,CD,Ktrt.,KdL6ttot,tuptaBb,Cc,Ddxi"t.tiratruptjil\i.qorn
tna ,aptj Aa tut oritt(Toq.ru oD! ,\pttooDttcld rdpd,t,1?,ldlpdlr/rd aKbl.blcm. cl\,Id!,
,n., vh, ar 8aqioaap) 6u ro iidtu; ani)v tuy tupd^^ti,olptjt+(Dv ddtt(t!&aL rat tu
,iqa,ra\au:dvet tn dr.tpor,tottpitottit,jtLott,$oi).67a1tutAaixotetot/rtlpatrttvo
ozita AKbLcMdD,to xEpt"/typa\ftw o/ itd AalbncndaE,KdLtu Katrtu).dypdt4oaxiua Aab-
.dE. tu ad ttt ro tt^Lo,Adtitor t,ti"/otto6t\tu..
{ I o . / , o r : I i j o q o o o ' , ) E t y c l p s , r L r i v oorr,d r o r r p . y " ; p c L r . i v oo 1 1 ; o . r v o rr o
dpoloparov nopuihior,pdftov Kl, Lm, Mn, Do, 611,.(on6 ritv ro6fltra 6lov rrDv
prios(,rv), ro opeo?6vronou opiirroL on6 rro on6Irq pdosrq!o!q Kb Karro dopoLofo
6Lo! rov L,v6vAa, Srlaii ro opeoldv,o ABla. Al].d our6 ro opeoTrijlLo, rEr5i 10
n t . d J - J A B , r o r i e f l u r d r r . ; u n o v - r s r . n d n l r p o v .7 r v r o , f . { p o o p o o , o o l o r o
6Itort 6oopdvo!Pq66!. KaL Enol;\,oq (on6 ro AiIIo l), ro rEpryrTpolfilo xal ro
c77e7p{ttpfvooXripotivovror rsl,LKdro iva ilro trsro dLio KoLax6!q nrpLoo6rpo,
Toe\&d!oo Kotnul,6lpatlo o1rilo ofl civorrcilKd ioo !s {qofva qn6 ra 6io. O.E.A.
*22. Yno0arowc 6T1
r / 'i!aL o'iqouoo.To :xrirLo l6 !,roEfi{\r!0, 6rL
f" fj
J"I
:bf (b) al (a) lj "
,,1.
( a ) A v P = l r i , . . . , t , l E i v r lpLL q6 r o ! 6 p r or ro u[ q b ] . 0 6 r o ! pP ' = { . / ( [ , ) , . . . .
'(1.)1.Anoijriir06rL.onoqqqivrorr(iondro:IiFa 17,
/
Ll f t, P) + u( f . P) = bf (b) a f r\d)
(b) T-p,/aroa
f",
G) Bpri roJ, Vi dr rL00 < a < b.
23. Yno0doreorLr1/ 'ivor uiioLod olvdprlot, ts fa0) = 0. Atrod'iirs6rr. 7roq b ) 0,
iXo\J$q\ ayto6tnrurcn Yaung.
r"
ab=J. Itr)dxr J, I tx)dx,
t"
Lotisr qv xoL[6!0 ov, b =/(d). Yn66'rir]:Kd!IE 6vaoTri!0'oa! ro

{oL I Lo61rt1(
:ZiFo 16i
2{. (a) AnodeiEr'6n, o! r1/ sivoLo}.o{Lrtpd,o,r!orc [d. b] x{tLD < f(.xJ<M,tnt
6ic ra x oro [a. b]. r6rs
L
t L n x d r o L o vu p r U to. 6 1 0 ' n r p ! M .
Anoijriirc 6rL,ov rt / sivoLolveri; oro [(. b] r6re
I. ft\\.1\ =th- ^\ ftl\
" Aln.rpn ro! \e on.N{.rdoDo6td,FldnriCajori.UniE6ilroICalituniaPres.Be*ehr,calilornir.l946

13.OTor).4pritpan229
71oKd,roLog slo [4. b]. Atiile ! 6va nopd8flluo ort rl ouvii{eroivor

oDor0olrxri.
(c) nro 'i,vrKd,
uno06ote o1oI d, b] KaL6rLrl s eivqro]'oKII
6rLI / civoroL,vt(ri(
p6out,.or ptl 0pvnrrKri
oro td, 61.Arol'iqrs 6rt
t' t,
j . . r , , r s t ^ ' a 'n L t l " c t x t d r
11oxd,roroi oro [4, b]. AtLrr5to aroT6].eoya ovoltti(torOs6ptgaqe Maonq

Tuiq 7lo ro O).od.rtp6uots.
(d) tufmpdvrsdrr 10;{6r (qr llrl 0tlx4oro[d.
to i6rcov n g Eivorol,ox).npri}oLFl
bl.
(c) Aei_Ere 6n I lio a't6tq 6$0ouraquno06orE 7rdtrtvg oivorolotaorrr.ti.
25. : oDr6ro np6p).ruooopoiFsntv tpaarKi napdoroorlpio( olvdprrlolqos no].rK6q
oDrrra7t6\,q (Ke0d).aro4. tlapdprrtlu).To tlifd l8 6oiXlstilo K!r)rx6 rolda p
ttira t8 'otuv
PaoLKi7(Dvio d. n $rpcirar oeorrivro (Kcad],aroI 5),r1sm$dverq
d rouloffo
A
r:1ereppa66v I Oeorpsiors 16portl! rEproxriA routXiForoq l9.6nouI Kofnt-
T
).I r r!or n ypo,pLxrirtopdorool oL ô).rKdcoL\Tcro?.ri!fq tlq otvExoiq or'vdplnolc
/. êiqrc'trL:
t['
A=
ep.pa66\)
tJa.f t0)'d0.
*26.'Eoro / fio orvXriolv,iprnonoro [a, b]. Av P= {ro,.., r,}sivqrlro Srqp;prorlro!
ld, bl. opiEou!'
rov opL0!6
t vt -l-t + t/(J _/r-il.

o opr0!6q1(/, P) rap(old10priKoS [ioe no].uy(0vLKriq Ko!,riUq c/16'/po$t6!'IEorrl
TpuaLKri nopdoroort rlq / (plin Iliro 20). Opi(our810 qq
!1ixog / rdvo on6 ro
la, 6l oav ro supremum rov 1(/, P)1lo 6leq rLq 6layepiotrP (ur6 rrlv rpoijn60'oil
6rLro aivo),o6),ovour6vrov opr0y6vsivaldvo apuyfdvo).
(a) Av n / sitol tpopttnoioro [d. 6], Seiirs6fl ro sriKoirlt / Eivorrl ondorool
rcmqrjro'l (d, /(d)) Ksrro', (b, /(6)).
(b) Av n / 6EvivortpotsLxi, qno5iq{s 6fl 'rrdptr6nl6prol P = {4, r, 61 10l]
[a bldror60rro/(/,P)voivdru8lo].rpoqn6rlvqn6oros!rou(4, ^d))
0'16ro (6, ^b)). (OotperqorEir ro llp60).ruo4-9).
(c) turrEpdvor6tl leloEi 6lov rov oDvopflioov / oro [q b] le /(a) = c '(ar
'tpopfll.ie
flb) = d, n fri|(o( qe oDvripqorlisivor10 lt|ip6lepo.( H, 16
outpoflxri o).]d anc),ftrorr(d lnpdcldrnopo).otio,61ri(i uoioivarrl nto
oivroprton6oraong1ol$Srjodttsiov'.)
(d) Yno06or 6rr I /'oivqr gpolFdvrloro[a, b]. Avrt P.i!arllXqio drapiplorlroD
,xittd 20 ld, 613iq1o61r
L & E + ( ' , p ) < r ( f, p ) < u ( \ - l+ o " L P ) .
yno,\tEH:XpIorlonor0iotro O6plpaM;onqTLprif.
1e) r,oti ro76ersup{r(,,/l + 1/ fP)l < supu(f. P)};(E!xo).o.)
(l) Aritrcr6pa&, suplttI . Pt' ia\Ln,J| + | l- . Pil o,IodrKrio\roc
i,o, o,l
l"
ro !,ixoqrnq / rdvos'roro l a. b j ci!a,J, r/ t l r li* n J t t r l' r,-_i*'
o).oKi,rlp6oLtn
oro [o, b].
Yn66srql:Ap{i vq oiEoure6nov r61e
Pf(r P"civar6iotl,;(qii6Lsfpionc.
230 flopdyayorrat oiod 1pipow
Loxftr6n l(/. P') < u(\-l + Ul?1. Av rt P mptrj(n ra oit[cia Ko1.l( P

{o, rt( P", no trloxdort frru\i t( f. P') KtJtrt(f, P);
(s) 'Eoro 31.!) ro rrl{oE rrtc?paa,{iq rap{ioroorte rrts / n'ivrDon6ro [d, x] Kor
d(.{)ro r',iKoq.rts euosioq
fsraql ro! (a, ld)) l(o, ro! (x, /(x)). êiqrs6n
IT# ='
Yr6SErEit:
Oo Por0locirav K{ivsi6Ln?,{rprior'trou OEopri[oro,c
M;orq
TLpiis.
27.\.4oo,vdp,,tot(opo,rivto,otd.bl).i&,o,ri,tporo{orvriprlol.orrnriplu
8,orip,olP={4,...,r,lrou[a.b],rirora60rlivaEivororoo'prioe{d0e(t,
rLlfe qe s 6ro l, uropiva rivoronot3dbrirols).
(a) Ano8siqr'6fl. ov rt / silol o?,o{Lrtp6oLtrt oro [o, b]. 1616yro rdos c>0
' ! d r r , . ,L , o , r , u s , , u -or , v o p , r . q\ , / t * l ' -
, I"', ". \o.n:,o, u,ri
\ L u n \ o roi 'v d p r n ro.r t * 1 " ' . l " t ,
(b) Ynooirours6rr yla {d0E> 0 undpxouv Kluu{orre olvopnioErqr, < / {dr
fb rb
. >/r:ror.q;orsi ' l. L . A 1 0 6i 4 r " 6 n I / L i v ao. ; ! o { ) . r l p ; o . L n .
(c) Bpsilsfro ouv,iprlo! / noDvq ltv eiloLrhloxr,rri, u).),dvo rxovoroLei

rt!
= L( f, P) lto Kenoto8roudprolP rol, [4, b].
J, f
+28.Ano8iir6rLo! rl / EivoLorox),rlpii'olutoro [o, b],.6rs tLoKd06 > 0 undplrfro
|, l,
ouvrrlcouvriprrto!s< ,f p4,, s. Yn6Ssrqr: ndprE'rp6roproxiuqrorni
"f J, c<
Korlsrd lro oulsrri. EvooXri!o0o oort0oioE
ouvriprtonr' auriv rtv Ldr6rrtrq, ro
I671010.
29. (a) AiEr61l, qv sj KoLq ivor x).rfdKoreqo',vaprioLq610 [d, b]. r6re ro i6Lo
LoIUn {dt lLd rlv sj r s,.
(b) Arooeilrs, topiq vo xprtorronoriosrro orhpruo t, u.' / t",*ol=
ts rtsr.
(c) Xplorronoisiorsro l'ipoq(b) (daLro llp6phra 27)7rova SdrorE
frq 6vq].lo-
K.,Krior63c1qrro'rooopriroroq5.
10. YnoodroL,fs 6rr r / ivoro].ox).qpdrorsl olo la bl. AroS8iqrs611unriplerivaq
t' I
opr0p6q x oro [4 b] rdroros6meJ, f = J, /. Asiqrc!' 6vanapd6eLTpq 61lrv ivoL
nd\rud'varov0610r,Eo, Lr ro \ o'o ld. bl.
*lr. O 6Kor6qaL,roilou rpoPiitqroq ivqLvq 6Eils,6rr.uvn / 'iva, oloK).rtp6o1prt 61()
la bl, 16rr / npnsr vq ivorouvr.ris or rcl).d ort!ioro', [d, b].
(a)'Eor{, P= {t0,...,t,j lrq 6rq}6p,or rou[ir,b] rE u(f . P) L( f , P) < b d.
AroSii6iL /ro Kdroloi oivaL,\4- m,< L
(b) ArobEilre6tt undprorvoploloi dr Kur b, pEd< d,< 6, < b KaLsupt/(x):
a <x<b,j-inl t / ( r ) : a i < x < b , l < 1 . ( M n o p r i f tv o 3 l o r 6 q rl e
d,,
=
6I [1, L,f,] 016ro lLapoS (a){rdsovi= I ri1r oi.rdKoro our6qrrq5l,o
nprnrd)o\ rlo no].i anL6rd.tvuofo),Dvsr ro np69hpa.)
(c) AnoSiEr'6fi 'iTdpXou!' op,ofoi a: Kor,r !0 a)< d, < b, < bt xaLsupl f(.{):
13.O,od,qptitparu23L
a 1 < x < 4 1- i n f{ / { r ) :a '< < b ) < + .

"
(d) tuvElisr p' qut6vrov rp6,roKorPpsirelra oxol.ou0io 8laotrlFdiov/, = [d,,
6"I rdrorov6ot lup {/ (.x):xoro 1,} - inf {f (x): x oro 1,j < l/r. Eaopf6-
oT3ro Oe6pruoKrpolropfvovAuorttdtov (n p69l.npo8-l4) yLsva 0pcirEavo
onfrio x oro o,roioI / civorevrlri{
(e) Arodiq1 6rr n / ivorolv[lie o d,rrlpootpia rou[d, b].
*32. Ouftoile,on6ro np69),tlq la, 6rJ,t 6 > 0 ov

/ /(r ) > 0 ra rdox olo [q b].
(a) A6orsivo nopd60Llpo 6nou/ (i) > 0 7rqxdex, KaL/ (r) > 0}lo Kriirolox
oro t4 bl, Kq,J"/ = 0.
G) Ynoefroup
6 f(x)>01loK{ioe r o1o[o,b]roL6nt / eivar6u! iq oro
.xo,oro [d, D], rlq ro o'mio f (&)>0. eroaeila orr,[" / >0. Yn66eGq:
Apx8iva ppift6voKiro d0po'otqI (/. P) no'rvo ivol0errr6.
(c) Ynootroursdrr rl / sivaroLox).lp6orplo1o[a, ,] xfl /(x) > 0 rrs Kde.x
t"
cro ta,6l. Aro6irrd J / > 0. Y,r66eLEt: Oqj(prodxcils10n p6pl.rtfq31.
"
Korl{i}.roro,ar|16q ivqg}.67097ro
EivaL rov oroio outnpr?dpole ro np60tlla
3l o' aur6qrq aoxioK.
fr
*33. (a) Ynooroull[6rr I / ivalouvrtiq oto [o. b] xa,.J,/s = 0 r,q 6].sene ouvE-
riqouvap iorsI nouopiqowoloro [o, b]. Am6dEre6ft / = 0. (Aur6eival
EiKo),ourdplrtrd rpoqovriqg rou InopEirsvo 61d;qEr.)
(b) Ytro0drouf s 6r I / otvorouvsr{qoro [d. b I xo, or,/'7 g = o 1o er"iv"q
",q
ouvslieouvapliorqg oro [a b] no! rxqvororoivrrtv mnfiov o'rv0'iKn
s(d) = s(b) = 0. A'rodiqr86n/ = 0. (Aur6ro soriosritv ri\urt1e1ov6!qro-
rii 6voorou6aioLrillo orov ].orlold |rropo].6vp].ineoq Brp].ro1po9ia.rtd
mpdtroFrtc.)Yr666rlrl:Ksrq),rlro ovri$ooqqKrv6waE p rrv unitoorl
/(&) > 0 ri /(,\)<0.Hs rou 0q 6ro,,6q18, loprdrsrqn6nt s'rrnpreopd
qq f '(ovri oro.r! .
31.Eoro /(x) =r rax pnrdKoL /1x) =0llqx dpprlro.
(a) Yro),oyior10 L(/, P) rn 6)( q 6ulrpiorq P lou 10,ll.
(b) Bpeire ro inflU(/, P)rP Sndprort10![0, l]J.
*35. Eoro (x) = 0 ov x dpptroq,xar li q sy x = p/q ovq(D.vo. Êi(redtr 1 / eivcr
f
tl
oro [0, l] xar 6ttJ, / = 0. (KdosKdro'ieporspo'rpoeov6q
ol.oxl.npd,oqrr eivar0'
rpirr vo Ppir6;vovrp6ro tLava Kdvcro dvoro0poioloraprKpd.)
*36. Bpsir6io 6uvopnlor6 rcqrg nouvo ivaLo),ox),rlp6o1jr0e, oi.]d ! o$veeoiroug
/
/ . g vc 1t1vaivor.YrddeLlrt:To Ilp6p],ruo15civarq(rnx6.
'37.'Eolo opaysdvyl oDvdprlonoro [a, 6 ] KurP gro6raFfproilrou[a, b ]. Ynooaroup
/
6rr ra 4 xor II), 6,(oovnt suvrleLstdvrlrouqolgooio, Kal ra M,' l(qrm,'dlouvrrlv
cnioroql olsccic 1o q ouvdprlol l/ l.
(a) Ano8itrs6rLM,'- n,'= Mj- n,.
(b) Ano8iq1s 61l,av I / EivqroloKhp6ortl orc [a, b], 16rrro i6rooulooiverKsr
|ls rrtv f
(c) Ano6iqr 6rL,ovl / Kort s eivorol.oxl.tp6orl1s(oro[4 b], ro i6roeivorKor
ormax(/, s), min(/, s).
232 llapdyayotrat olotd,qpripara
(d) Aro6iir6tr I / tivdr o).oxhp6orprloro [o, b] ov xst ]r6voqv to d1rr6qe

tapoq'mar(/,0) lcorro (opvnttK6qe pdpoE, min(/,0) ivorolorlilp66use
oro ta. bl.
6rr, ov I / ivoloLoK),Ip6oLpl
38. Ano6eiT oro [4 b], 16t
ri^ r f6
(t)tdt
U .| \ I t d t l = l " I f
Yn66erin:Aur6npoKirrrflSxoloqn6}ro o8rpliolloorrirov ronp6plngq l-14ivot

o1uk6,
*39. Yno0iloll1s6rrrl / korrlg Eivoro).o()'IpdrorFq oro [d. b] t(or/(x) > 01lo Kde -r
oro [a, D]- EorcrP |rlc6rap6prsrllo![o, b]. MMi'Kqr n,' 6up0o]'iqoulo r(ordl-
l.Il.o rup xarinf.ru np / r(or6!()10opi(outEro 14- xaLm," ro qvg, r(orro rr4 l(qrl',
ylo rrlv /s.
(a) AnoSeiqrE 6rr M, < M"M,' Ku ni> n,'n,".
(b) Atiire 6r'
utf s.Pt rtIE.Pt<\lu,u,'- n..:|u, t.,1.

(c) Xptorfonor6vroqro TeTovrig 6rr 11/ ror 11seivotgpotFdvE,
tltodi /(x)1,
ls(x) | < M 1a Kde0 .{ oro [4, b],6ei6rs6rr
l+ s )
> tM - n.1u - r-,\ + >.1M,' m,"l(r- r,,)1.
Ut f E.Pt - L( t e. Pt < Ml(f.1.
i1.
(d) Aro6iqr6rr rl ts eivoLoloKllpdoun.
(c) T6poaqorp;otlov nsploprold6fl /(.{) > 01rotdot x oro [4 b].
40. YroodroDlrs 6rLI / t(oLI I ivorolo(l'lpdloqrqolo [4, 6] H Qvrddt\n Cauchv-

Sclva.z ro:(upi(6ror61r
,ft \ ,fb r,tr r
1'111.r,
U.rc)'=11"
(a) Aro8siqrrnv qvro6rTlrs
cauchy-Schwarzurpletp6noue, lqro[!vol plo ono
flq om6eiisrg qq ovto6q1oq Sch\tar g1o npdplqla 2-21 (Xpt'i(etdr
qowooro.)
(b) Av rot6rro&lro, ivcrovoyroorrxdoogl6 61t / = lc Yturdttoro,liAvrl f
korIgEivorotvliq;
(c) Aro60iq16n rl dvrs6rnra SchwarzivaLt6tK{,rpirroonrr\Eqwodrlloq
Cauchy-schwarz.
(d) A'rosrir.rc6rr s 1o0 xur ro

toria ,o il,o av owrxoloonioou]r
U0 /)' [, l').
lprodKarb;
*41.YroodroL'Ic
6fl n / ivor orvrlie (or liq'/{r)=4. Ano6ci(a drL li4 1
I'
Yn66rqn:H ouvoi(t lim/(x ) - o ottroivEr6rLIo /{l ) civorrovrd olo o YtsI >
tv+r
N. ArrlooTlpoivr
rccirToro dfl roj^ /{l )dl rivor xovtd oro Ma Av ro M civrr
oe o;1io1pr to N, rdrero Mo /(N + M) eivotKovldoro d.
;re1dtro
13.OTor)"qpriparu
233
IIAPAPTHMAI. AOPOI'MATA RTEMANN

'Eoro
61lP = {6, ...,r"} ivorpla 6tofdproilrou [a, b] ror 6a Tra xdei 6ral6lourErdrolo
oltcio xi g1o[4-,, tj]. T6r Etlqovdrg
61ouF 6tl
'c
L'(' f . n < > f l x . l l t ' -I . t < u t I , P ) .
i7-
Kd0cdoporopo -
Z /t.x,)(r, t,'t) KELt.rotliqporcpaRicrnaffrrls / lLq rylvP.To EIiFq I
664vrrrl yoFerprKrtpptveid ev6qd0poiotaro( Riemann.Eivcr ro ouvol,rr6 eppo66vn
opoolovituvnouxiwaLEvFdpL Kdlo KaLEvFdpeL rdvo cr6 rq lpcarr! roptiorool t1q
l. EqardaErcu aDeaiprou ip6ro! prov oiroiodXoov ml,eyei ra 6vrl i0)vopooyoviov,
6vlnopo$$vo noi|'l8|'13orloupd av dvaooyKeKpqrivo d0porotaRiemann eivorFu(p(ir-
t"^...
po i !ryo).irepoondro o).oxi.foouoJ,/tx)d,y. A).).dooi!eraL.rpriyFa . dlr oLErLKoli-
\rrq6vitouv lTdbl olpaoior ov 01pdorE 6l{,rvrov opeolo)viov

sivolopKEflio1Evd6,
rdrs ro dopoloFoRiemannogi},L vo ivarxovrd 6rlv nFi ro'r ol.orl,lp6ForoE.To
oeriprlgarou crol.ougei,
6uru,!d)vrro nopandvo,rs oKpipsla.
empHnrl -Y1ro0&oup dfl rl / 6ittr otJveliq oro [q b]. T6rs, 1lo rdoE0 > 0, ondplel
r.d@rot> 0 dlolo 60r,ov P= 110,..., !,1ivaronoudinol6ul6p1ort10! [4 b] f 610
Ia priiat r, - r,-, < t, dle
rl4t'l
l' ?
) 1f '{ x x r . -r , ) 'l , , r ( , l )ld<-.r.
,/u rdoedoporopo
Riemarnrou o1llffiqffor ov 6lolaqooue
a oro [t;L,r].
AnoaErlHOn0)6!e fllv on6641dfl pra oDvEIie oDvripnlol Eivoro1.o(l,ylp6orprl(O(i

pnpo3),oufli I ond6rgltptorponor6iro Os6pll1ot anrito nopriprqpo tou Kerpol,,ciouE,
KdrenoFvoqiooEodl.er vo trlv nopol.ivre.
A).Id ov i6q iter 6ro0dorfllv on66r(t
roDOopritqro( 3,our1i.66eor),160lsorporloio ortvrpd6Tl ivaroj(e66v or i6rEC.
Av 6o0Ei
s > 0,8laXdlt8 Cvad> 0, drol60rTra 6la m.{ xar/ dm [d, b]
o v x _ y ( 6 . r 6 r cf n fat <Vfiy
Oopior r6po onou8i,ror8rofdpro!P= {6, ..., t,l I Kdost, - tj-r < ,, Korrdoe.{i
oro (f, | , l). T6r,droe si6opotrtv ot66ElqtroDOorpiloroq3, dlouls
0) u(f, P) L(f,P\<E.
Atrtrdq(outedortidfl
lc
(2J L( f. P) - L flx.ht, t, t')' u( f. P')
f'
(r) L(f. Pt<J,Ia)dx< ulI. Pl.
H smoqltnl ovro6qlo ouvd16ror
oldooqan6rrq(l), (2)Kar(3).I
To 6i6oruq aurlic rrle 6top(aE eivdr 110)6,
orlEiror qoivslor dav Iu xo),i lrpo6d,n6rl
6v6Eo),oKXtpdlgarog 6ivor*ar ofltv ,rpotporrx6rtro,oprri 61a rc piq r,- t, I lov
6rqorntdrovorrl 8LatCplorl, va ivolopftrd plKpd.To oro6(Eop6 oD!6!6vo .fLoouvXEiq
/,d,l6ortv rps, tsnx6rlro roliEr 1lo orondinors o),oK),np6surrl/. (Asv6ivouBslrtv
ar66s(i lon, n06i lvo1pdl,lovouyr(elDlrdvl Kor6Ir lSl0irspo66ol<1rKi.)
234 llapdyuyortcaro7o .4priryan
IiPOBAHMATA
1. Aur6 ro rp6FlqponpnL vo proa6per ro lrivuporlg npolyoifvlq napoypdqou pe
rlo peydh tp$uort.YnoiroL,le6rr or / {or s ivorouvxiq oL,vopflioLq
oro [a,6].
fro prq 6ro!6prorP= i6, ..., t,l rou [a, b] 61o].i6r8 dvoo'jvolo an6otr,io { 610
lt, , l,l r(oL
dno dvaotvoro dn6 dtrLEio a oro [1, r, Oopciorsrodepolotro
i,].
+
) l(\,)gtu,)(t.r. t).
tlrLrdJar
6fl aur6d6vsivor,{iopolouaRiemann
rtE /g tlo rlv P. Ev ndaelmpF
nrrhoI,
6si(rs6rL6ia ourdra oepoiororoFpioKov*, * *u*"'n , *u -/"7r,
opKEirt Sradpror Pva drsr6l,ara riKrl/, r, , apK.dulKpd.Yr63s1qrt: E{rrpiors
irt SraqoprirsraEi v6qo0poiotaroqoav ro rapondvo,xol 0v6quopoiotoroqRie-
manneq lpelooftirEitv ofor6fopel oDvd-terq.
2. ADr6ro,rp6p],ltoivor6poro,qv KsrKdnoqSuoKoi6rpo, perorpoq,oipevo. Eoro
6rL/ {drs sivoro!vEr8i(r't dpt't {iS o'ivopl'io{q oro [4 b]. rro prsirotipLot P,
SsoJpEiolEr0 00poi6Il1rl1
+- I
.).
' ! - //(.,) s(',)(' ', ).
Io
AciIrcor u, .ri .o copoioporo fcror"vro oLsndo-oonI aro roJ, V/ s. a\ ola
-o r r. -:vorapKcrd
Lr\pd.Yrdoct,t:XptoLt-oro.cior"
ro 7"7o\6q orL.rl o' vap-
fltor-rE'rpurovlloipiqosivoLotor6lopaoouvsriqo' 6vaK),Eror6Sdorrta [0, t4.
3. TE],rKd,sitoorE6roLiloL va ovrrrsronioou!xdrr ono!6aio!(tuyKpivorE fs ro np6-
Phta 1326.)OopEiors lLu Kopmjlqc, nou8ivsioL napopErprxd olT66io oDvopfli-
oE\ r r(oru olo [o, b]. r,o pLo6rapfprolP = {t,, ..., t,} rou [a b] opiqouuero
u(r,) !(r )lr+ [,(t) !(. )]l
O sprep6soDr6snoprordro p,iKoqproq7rTpuptivrq noluyovllfliqxap ).rq(tlr-

{u(.!),!(rt) sll 2).
Opi(oDp8ro lriKoqrrlq c oavro c).dr1oro{ivoapd?rLo r0rvl(f. p), ov llndprI.
6},0rv
Anodeilrs6rr, av rt u'KaLu' iv01oL,v'lsiqoro ld, ,1, rdr6ro r'riKo(rrtc c si\ro,
tb _
J' Vu"+ '/'
ttiw 2
4.'Eoro /' o'rvEfiq oro 8Ldorrtru[d!,4]. AEih6ft r TpoarKirupdoroort.rtq/ o
ro)rhiqo,vr.ro]lcvLq.ro\u anoa' ro ro 6,dorn!o.jl-, !iKo;
l ' \ / f ' +! "

5. Av Dnodcouls6fl ro Oc6prttroI loXirl yro 6).cqmCo].o{Irtp6ousg/, Seih6rLil
ovro6rrro Cauchy-Schwar,(np6B1,rp(tl-40) 'ivo, ouv;nslorlq ovro6rlror roL)
Schwarz.
13.OTorA4pritpata235
nAPAPTHMA2.TO (KOIMOflOAITIKOTOAOK HPQMA

Apxrxd,ro{itaprq o},oK},Ip6Foro ,rpoKn!vou vs ppo6}rt10 [po6'ivtil6 ]rsprolriq
xdro an6rn tpoqrKi lloprioroolprogowripqolg, alJd 10o),oK),ipopo sivarKdtdrotr6
rro norKr,6popqo lrpdylroo,r' our6.
fra ropd6sl?l-ro,ro np6pr,lga | 3-25lprloqlorioirlos10o),od,{poFo?ravo 0r.epdot ro
!po66vp1o6nEpLoIiqvrl6qdtr),ouei6ouq. Enrldov, 10 [p6p).IFa l3-2666srq 6n ro
olorl.ipopo propie,riotqvo xpnoLlonorrlei yro vq etqpdoerla fiq KaFru)'dtv sv
Kqr,6noEi6opsos ,TpottoriFrvo ropriprlpo,'lpri(Iornoll,ii pfooiafro va owuer{,)
morin 7vrl(llnpirKo)oyllTo IluraiooDr6orordlsfa itov ttroovdlq xar)'ito iKn]'rlqn,
pola 0oiv14r,
oaoi ro o).ox},ri onp6q Forlli,vo eivar6ro6!io&1t rimpBrl.trtvnpdqn,
ro or,oK].ripollar.rivfl nlv rpadvrori rorr oE apKrofqrop.tprxo6( ll)ltouE,nou 0a louq
mpououiooupe o aur6ro rop{iprllo. fra qv eEaTo-rri outd)v1(,)v
titrcv, 0o otopriooul
tvoord pprxd onote).iofqro qq oror;(r65oDqtoprpioE (Kol 0o fltpiryoutnor ).im
rpolLpo].o1io). Awi va kard9oufora lovo6l(i6roroovlrl(ipvo, 0o api(iooute! rlv
triw t ovrLtrsr6non!prK6vrpro6rdolatorv qvrLrrFdvorv.YrdpXouvKdnotar6rKd orped,rov
oroiov or 6TKorproporjvvoox9pqoloivtdooo).oK),Ipo)tdlo!'. Toarlo$olepoon6aurd.
y, sivorfvoq6yKoqs( ffplorpo9iq, ro! rponjnrfl 0]16rrlv ftprotpog{ qq nproIli(Kdro
ondrn lpoarKi rapdoloortplqq / > 0 oro [d, b] yipo on6lov oprq6vrrodqovq,ov 10
6nin6o ronoorrUdvo
0eo)prtoei srov:(6po{tl{l10 I).
Av P= {4, ..., r"j sivorrro ororabr{roredrayiprol Iou [a, b], ror ln, Kor14,6zou!ro
oovn0roFivov6npq,r61t 10 fln,'1(, - ti r) ivoro 6yKo6v6qlioxotj no'r Kirarw6q"!.u
orsproi V (ttrita 2). Opoiac,,rM:(tt- tt ,) eivoro 61Ko!v6C6iokounounpGtErro
rurita rou yproqi.,-, xor 4. hvEn6g,
.qg
, /n.'n,- r, ,) < 6yroqv1 ' ZMilk.- t,-.).
:rita2 qqavLs6rqrdeeivolorl,6q10Kdt0rKaldvooopoi-
A).}.dra oopoiotararovdr<povsDl]iq
olaro rrle /] oro [d, b]:
n L ( f ' 1 ,P ) < q K o e v = t . u ( f ' , P ) .
Erojr6vo!.o 6r(oqlou V rpimr vo 6ivroran6rov dno
6ffoe v= nl" f @tdx.
Auni rrl p60o6ou'ro),oropoi rov 'ilrov, trlv ovoFiqout1oiisurrkd qr60o6orov 6isr(ov,.

To t1iuo 3 6i1vfldva'ro rpini.oKo oreps6y nounqipvouton6qv nprorpoq{qC
npro:(riqKdroo q ypqqrKliropdoraot rne / yupasn6:ov Kd,aKdpuqo 6Eo\E(rov
ivqrro srp6nouqnopivrdrov qcKrutooutr! rov !Eyd),oni),rv6poqK1ivaqb rcr
oqorpdooute Korrov p1(p6K6),rv6po aKlivoed 1.orro orpe6I ftouppioKrar aKpr06q
ortv Kopuq{rou).t' oDli qv nep(iroo!, Dno0droDFe 1600drr a > 0 600Kor/ > 0.Tq
t/iraJ d).lq nrovdolitoro yroro v.
ti(itaro 4 xqr 5 68itvouvtrspLKd
4iw 4
236 llapdyayorrat olod,tlpi)para
rd (Keiiqt, trounpo{nrrou! otr6 !r1! mpl-

fra prq ijrsfiprol P= lt!, ..., l,l e{DpoLi}LE
orpoai rou opeo.roviourLBdot [t, i. t,] KoLrivo! n], ri M Griro6). npo60drovro( roL'(
&- - 6TKouqourdrvrov KEluqov,noipvoup0

c*
,Z,', r , d l K o cI r
Ztltr:
t:1.
ro onoiolnoponusva 7p{t\youtLE
oov
s\..- t\nu t.tt r.) d/ro:V rZM(Itt rt t).
Aulri ra oepoiotLorar6po,5svEivarro ndvori Kdr(D Alid xo p6-

o0poioporqxcv8v6q.
pl,rt!o i rou npotyo[pEvou
nupapfli[uroq6ei/vL6rL(deEdoporsfo
+- - r r
/nLrr L .t ,rr
,=i " u L |i -m
l
r
f!
Fnopeivo npoo7 ro plixrt r,
r,iocr,600 oil,o'ruc.IoJ,r/(x)dx 6u).drovraq t, LopKcrd
urKp{i.To i6lo ro1ieLlla ro 6sELd 6o1sppio(orJp

oopoioAotu, r(Dq
f"
6rKorv= 2nJ,xf(x)dx.
Auri sivoLrt urToKoloipevl(lioodoqrov Kel"iqorv,?o lrt! Etport6?xov.

,ita7 To etl]ad6vfltq snLqdverog nprojtdrv
oprotrEv0r! an6KsftrLiisg,
rou rTprt],Eio\,ror Fno-
nporo{ vo qvflprorioo!}LE
poi cniolq va sxqpoolitidooo),o{),Ipotrdri0v. rpin}.o{oq
nspro/6q, ea ooqoeEtrio1sla plKprinov{i},I\un
ororrLo66v rlrt0v.
TootLrplK{i,v
To lrripo 7 6six!'s1 opoi
rLlo irupotiSonouonopd(srolon6 rpi?ovo p pdoslq piKotrqI
{or rivouqs. To ouvo).1K6 Eppa66v rlq nopdnl!prtqEnladvslaq rrtq rupali5oqEivoL,
I
tp",
610rp I nEpiFcrpor 7ro pdott,vo '.ovov1](6
rrl( 0dortqqq. Av 3roidqoL,le no).'iyovo!s
!'ldi.o up10rd
dsup6v, p],6noups6rr ro etpoS6v
0v6s op0ol)KUdLKoi K6vou (:Iripa 8)
tritldE
t.- = nts'
Tl2tt )s
6nous sivurro (on6olltro, (nLd?to[\yoq).T6],oq,eeopsidtsro! K61,o!po {6vo pEon6'
--- ---------- l oirt!,r r KaLoKrivrsrr {oL .: , 6r0rq8rilvr ro lri !o 9(a). Iupnh pdvowoqrov {d)vo,
6n0qoro trripa 9(b),dto'rr'r
_1=!_11,
\,
ritq (nopd,r].rpt()
Iun6q, ro ppo66v 'rrladvero(civaL
r'r r.l - r s ( r
. / '(r\| 1! \ )-,'. r. r.t.
txitta 9 qv 'r1edv'la no',otrlpariqsraL

Oe0rpiors16po an6ritv nprorpoqrqq ]poqr{ir ropd-
13.OloKlnp(iltsw 237
oraonqrlq / ytpo on6rcv op46v[o dlova.flg lla 8uUiprot,) = {10,...,r"l fnopon!

pla oro},oueio016 r6loupou6r6voDq,6nngqaivmldrc Etito 10.To
vo l}p{iryorrFE
ouvohK6!0o66vrrnadveroqoDd)v10)vr6troup0rvx(ilvovit'ar
V(r.- r. )1- lllt.) - In.. tll

I ZIf u. ,) -f(r.)l
r+(11!I-/QJ,, ',,r.
J'0,
And ToO6pnpoMdqC TrFie,oDr6Eivsrioo Ie
3_
t Llf!, n r/(r,)lVlI /{a):(q- r,,)
-flu Kdnoro.xioro (t,
r, l,). Avo?pdlowqgorc np69l,nls I rou npoyuouEvounopopriF-
roq,oullnpdivoul
6 ro Fpoodv 1116
rrlqdvslaqEivar
t" -
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fro qv drpo,ouroi or ewunoordKoirfnor 6ev0a Fogoqslioouv rar nol.6,plo xor ipaorc

1600o6ai(ero vo unotroyi(oujlo,rlv rrpdlyloloxhpd)llolo. Av l(or ro r6Fvo redlqto
qnoKotr0nrsr ro pqorx6puorrlidylo rov uno),oyrop6 o).od,Ipot&ov, 6v0oao(iooupevo
lrv6Fsr npotpqrrKd dpnrpor o' ourd,ldXpr ro kAdloro I8. TtrIlpopl.ipra qDroirou
xgo),aiou.ltepdtouv nt rl06pq nopa6srp&ov dnououroi ol rjnor i{ptdq1onorc6r/rar.
q,{
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KE.AAAT. t TO OEMEAIOAE>OEOPHMATOY
AIEIPOETIKOY AOTI:MOY
An6 flq Drro6iEeq

rou 6d0!Kovoro npottotllvoKeqdl.arc,
lrlopeiva 4r kaviE{6rl
Iavrd\rgrronp6to 06pllsautotrou kEQol,aiou. p6oF
:dpoDp6Tl,ovI / ivqlol,or(l,n
fL r6re I F(x) =J" / ivoLoDvEtie.oEi(slvo p{,rr1i6oDpsouppoivfl6lov rt oplrri
oDvdprrlorl
/ ivqrouvIiq.npoK6n1016rr
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ivolE6a1pru.d
an),i),
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oro [4 b], KarI FoproFavloro [4 6] an6rtv
I'
F(4= J. f.
Av I / ivoroovIliq oe xdnoroc oro [4 61,r&e I F ivar mpolo)yiaqrrtolo c, rdr
F(cl = f@'
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AIIoaEEHOa Dnooioou!6fl ro c gpicrsror oro (a, bf ot 6rolg rpoflonouioEt(.llo

c= d ri b Inopoivvo outurlqpo0o$vcn6rov cvolv6orl. E'oprop6,
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I
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np6r06rr l) > 0. Tdr
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ra rri KarM, o( Eie('IriFa l):
q= infI f(rlt c< x< c+ hl,
M,'= sup{/(r): c< i< c+ l}.
Andrc Os6pnlrql3-7ir.lot 6t1
m h=J. I<M.h.
EnoEvog
hl- Flc)<
n-<Flc+ Mr.
h
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q = t a r l fl x ) c: + h < x < c l ,
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T6r
f
r \ . ( _ h . ) = J, " f < M . ( . h \ .
14. To0q ,tit64 9eritpqpa
xoDaEErpooxtKoi
loyropoi 239
AOOO
FG+h) F(c\=f f =-[,,hf,

ourri 6iver
h h> F(c+h) F(d>M h.
Korr{t"r qv avro6qro,on6rdloupro i6!o
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6roe K01nprv:
arlor6lEspq,
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- <F(c M.
h''
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6!r
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- ' + n) /(')l
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ro dvo 6prorlq ot'oK)'ripoortE,ivd on),6rftvaoto 6ixverTl ouppaivr6rov ll3rdpd]'1.ror
ro Kdro6pro.Avn G oplorsi0716 qv
f"
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oro c, t6r
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s66,sivorrol,n po),rK6
To rp6olpo qiovDron sgeaviE01or 1(arloe t,ntp6nerva snffEi
ro O6pnpoI ax6FoKarornv mpirroot rou I oDvdpnlon
voutr
F(,) = ). f
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rar oTorTlpriyan
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I
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noptrrrtpo$fs6flkarorrq6io rprnr6orq, Tlnopoyotrou6qrqqq Foro c Eoogo)'i-
(eror0116rtv oov4flo rTlgt oro c Kur!6vo.n'ivrrlE,ro O{iprlpoI qnoKfliro flqtrfrE-
potrvSlopipovlou 'irav I / eivaroDvej(iqo6l,0ra ottlio ro'r [a b]. I' aurliv rylvnpi'no-
or, n Feivor nopay0)lioqrn or 6).qro oqtiorou [a, b] l<ar
fvrrd, sivarlorpflKd6ioKo),ovo 8ldKpivsrKoviq ov tu 6o0ioaouvdprrlon/ ivorn

'
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nourpdftr vq 4EL! t. Avdtl(r)q I / 0ivd1ouvslric,6svudplL (ovdvorp6pl.tto 6iF-
qovo pro O8(bpilpo l, ! I ivatI rtpiq@lol KilroroEolvdpllolq. Kdr6uTrExplFvo,
rIe oDvriprnolq
F(x)= 1"f.
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mflru^| oro [4 b] Kcl jf = g'fro Kdnolooovdprrlollg, r6i

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c Iropei 6'(o).q
vo uro).oyr6rcinapoqporrll
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A116
rrlv dn6drqlourodrou aopiopotogp:ropui,pe Fro1rp6q !ftl(i, vq eqivrar6fl ro
n6prolaeivoriilploro: l}.lKri,'1660l.0L6ivqrvoldp6rxovsie6r
= c @ \ -E ( a )
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qv I I civoL.)Lo ropdbrllo.n g{y) -J, /: To ororooflKdoyljrEio
civor.rp,or\d. 6n eq
loytopoi
1abp\patuDanErpoorlKol
14. To AIEAIIIiEE 241
qlrllv rrl! Lijr6rllfl

uroporiova E;psL{ovsir lru reieioq iroqopctr{ri ou\rdprlon I p
fr0 n0pdder?pa,
oI
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6
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opr0!6q
9!orK6q Ksr s(;t) = x' i (n + l), c'(x = .r",'ipu
16r )
f" . .
J"'" n I n
rra {dos{p!oL{6opr0!6r,1ouvriprlol "f(r)=r "8EvEivaL ipp(17!6\loc Ka\'flo
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n | -D1 l
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- noiT.oiqol-
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t"
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"ro
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;
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t"
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rou [4 b]. An6 ro Osd'prlloM6otq TLpiq
un,iprL
6vaoTtpEio
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= f(x)(.t' t' )
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1 4= s u pi / ( x ) :t , , < x < t , ] ,
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qpdrooovlol0116 flq ypoQudgnopuordoerq nplooodpov1!( lrog suvqprioov dva
np6Pht!ono! rnopeiollvd, avdioTopErqvnspinroorl,vo ono,rEipril"! rioTpoqia. Aq
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vo Ppo ! ro e!0o-
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noL,qflivErororo :Xrito l, ovdfeooolrq lpaqrxaqropaordoErq rcrv
/(r): x, Kqr s(i) = r,

\ujtp1paroaattarpoorLtoi)'oytspol 243
14, To 0epe)'rit6eE
ttitts 3
tfipa )
610SrdottFo10.ll. Av 0 <.r ? l. rors0 < trS rr. dpoI lporprKnnopdoroon rrc I

gpiorctqr;dr,,rcnr autrlvqe /. ro clBo66vrlq crrqdvroEnor gos civot
rvbLuqiper
efpo66vR(f,0, l) - t[Fc66vR(s' 0. l)'
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l"'r -
"'
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nouooiooeio, oot.,q f Karg, aK6PaR av ot / Kqrg sivorrdrou upt'rltt(t! o-nto
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op,err6i*roroi a-" o, / + c Kars+ c vo ivorprl-opvllrdqoro [4, b]' r6n rlsm$d-
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qprisorar 016rrq / + c KalS+ c- Enodvo)(,
t" I'
c F F o sl6l v= F p o 6 6 v Rl "' -\ l r'l I,G+'l
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,tiitd 4
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ovd[sooorq lpoQrK6q
rou nprl()'silor
rnq ,rLqd!,troq rapssrdosq lov
=
f(x)= x'- x ror g(r) 'r:
To np61orou TpErd(crur ivorvo Ko0opi6ou[ aul{v qv tlr0rivsroIE lld'it8pl ot(pi-
Fsro.Or ?poatrfqffipuoldoqlov f rar I l4rvowot 6rov
244 llopdyoyorrordo ,rlpitpora
ri jr, i, .r = 0,
ri .r(,r' i l) = 0,
,i .,=0,'*if , 1-v5
Iro 6r{iorrtro(l y-s11r,o1;1ory,'''-'>xrxororo6rdorruo(0.[i+f11z;rilorpe
x'-rr r. Auroior Loluprotroi
sivolnpoQovsiq qr6 q?poqrxaq nopoordoErq (tXita 5),
a).ld unopoipcoixotl1vo rouecli/EoljlE roLpiov liq rp6ro: Aaoi /(x) = s(x) rr6vo
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6loorriloro (l V5li2,0) I.or (0, tl + V5lr2I dpo ro rL6vono! rps,d(EroLeivorvu
napolrtprioo',t'.
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t,titld 5
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f' fl-,'3
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rqq snrqd!ErflE.Yn{ipXouv.6poq,nLoouoraorlKd rTpop}.ritaro},o}rKiqDAiE ,to!Us {Dq
rrtpo opiorro eu0o36v !L6t'o{dnouDvnoli r61K6v snleoverdrv,'roL,6evnEprl,afpdvoDv
oir (ovrrq EmedvrEq rovoroiojr,ro !ps6df6i.Lqr6po ljro].oyioopeI Anld)qDnoodootrt
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'ti16rtrsqroD(t'p06oi,Loriouv.Aurdqor nopuqprioerq 6evdlorvoron6vccog<o0rloouv
va l]Eopirsrtv qd6{lot srov unolo?ror6Fpo86voavxrirLri1p1oro,al}.rivc uro6ei
ioDv 6r r undp101rro KoIJrEpltrpoodrrroro.ov oploiL6rovefpoSdrv, ov KorI arolKlinte
0dot ivqrKdnoD orov npotrDptF6vo AnLpooK6Ao./1ot6.H nroDpia va opiooul0ro
14. Tokpd,uit|ag9etitplparcuarapoouKoi ôyropoi 245
q'Po66v,rlrovro xivrlrpoTrorovopror6rouo).od.rtp6!oro(,1600o a'rr6ro Br0].io600

KorroroplK{i.d}.}d ro o}.ok}.ipota30vloq SivErrrtv xa}.llep! }ri0o6otro va opi(ou!6
0ppadd, pyalsio1&v0 .'o DnoloyiEorttE.
ov Koroulvd sivorro Kord),lrt],o
'lorDq
sivdronooopp!vtLK6 !a !a0aiverKoveiq6rr,ro o),o(Ltpd)pora 66vcivqrKordtr),Itrr
-rrorov i6Lorov o(ond ftourpoKdlEoE rTlvnv6lori rouq,otrid oivrota 0q Soipn6oo
snqpaiqru sivoryrq dl,),o!6o(onorjq.H nrootyqwLrri tprid! Iov o),oKilpoudrovdlr
i6rl enrolpqvoi:qvI / ivotolve)tiq,10o)"oxli potq pdq6iv.r prqowdplnon_v,rdroru
y'\x) = f(x).
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oq rpogUro@vdpqot / ro! mpL6lL nopa16youg rrlq /). To Oepir66qOe6pntorou
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o!\,q0iE.:. cr6p.vo Kogdloro.l(or o 6rd0opanpop),ipoIq.0q ),ioor'!c nLooiveIeg
eiro66er(,ol).drt l.lorlol6dvflivro 0aoqpi(srurxord Kdnorovlpd,ro olo ol.oriipoUo
yrava ).ioorfc uraSrooopr{iEEiodon. rivaravoy'(diovo {ordoKerdoor FEFra|(drvuip}ro
orvdpqol, rurro o),or),!popasilsr dvoqon6rouqKoiirspouqrp6flouqlLova,rerilouue
Mra Kol oLnopayoyiorlcqolvopfliolerou loq nopdXsr ro 0F07,166E

06prl[o ro!
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sivol nol- orou6oiovq rqro)dpeLroviqdrr ourdeor ouvopriolepropoiv vq ouv6uo
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ylo vo 66oo!voKdpo
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nouor mpdToyoirouqlropoiv va ppooivt rov Kovdvorfi Aluoi6oe.
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Aquro06doug, 7rqnopd6.r7Fo,6Tl
f' r
f \ r ) = '|o - d t .
l+srnl
A\, xor o 6rUBo).rd[6q tp6ro, vo ororpriva 10 /./ov6q.
ivr. KqldKdnorov ! / EivarI
orjv0con r{Dvouvap ioov
c(x)=r' K0t o1'1 f'-' 6''

Ilpd]pqTl. /(x) = F(C(x)) !' d),ia ],6yrq / = F. C. Enopdloq,ondlov Kov6varrq
A).!oi6os.
f'(x)= F\c(x)) c'(x)
= F'(xr) . lx:
= I . ,--'
",
Av rl /, ovri yr'our6, opi(sroroov I l sin:xr
f"r
/r,, -r d,.
J, t,in,
/'(r) = - -L li)
I + rin'r'
Av n / opiqsror
oovI avriotpoqn ai.|g'a\,
tf' I
ftxt - I ,,)'
" llsint
f'(xl= c'(Flx)) F (x)

^t[' ]' -a,l'. --j-
,rr
\'. /
l+sin1 l+\in'r
246 llapdyayorrar o),otrlrlpritpara
Otoioq,ov
iG)=l'"'ri.i dr,
er'r={",;loa',
,(,)=,h('/" ,ri,
r;t"i
/'k) = - l- cosx,
c(x)=r+# --,
l(')=*'0"
ri.r'4 t*;t
H qoP6pi,ortv 6\iq, ouvdprrton
. l"r=lo:#'),*so,
'Apa
onolE,i Eriorqoivosor npd,torr / = F o F.
=
"f'(x) F(r(.{) F(x)
. tl l .i I sinrr
r s.n'tI dt I
\,, t+(in, /
'Onoq
Eitvou\r olrd rq nopoai.ruoro,
t napdorqort noDspaovi(ror ndvo(ri Kdro)oro
o'iFpo],orrq ol,oKl.ipootsqsvp(ivsrflt ouvriprrto!rou eo lqovrorsiqro d{rd6rov
ypdvorFertv / oov o'jvooil.Xqv re).1K6'rop{i8rtlo,sE 66rdoouterrr rprrlfq
ouv0;oel(
t" _.^*t , ,f'".';'',.1

pt,r-it
r o I n J' ' , r I
,/(\J-l a,, -d' t .
| .in-r |Isinr
nol'jrnopouv
vo ypoaouv
f=F.F"C {o1 s=FoFaF.
Ilapa).sitrovros priforo(nouFropirvc or:pn),1p6oere,
rovardpsoo cvcroodveore
avc-
I ",
--r lr*l-' "''
r+,i",1['
vo
d,)
/
l+sinl
I
,+,'"'lff,r+;') '*,'"'(" '*""'

*#"] ,*lor,)
Oloioq,pErq ord.o$orpegncpoTrolioerqrou Kerpo),oiou
10,auroioltgrpropoiAaivovral
rrc e{KoIoLov qaoxteiKoveicpElepLKdnpog}.irdrq,xor,6'roqKolro rpoptri[oro ron
Ksqo).oioui0, qurEq
ornopay.otioslesivoror]drqUtodol(itol Korav6rtone
ro|)Kov6vorrlE
14. ToAep ui6eg9tdtp4pa
rcuampoomo{ ),oyropoi 247
A),uoi6qq, oro ridnoEdpoolo rloioro rou fo(,ropdXn ro O!shd)&SOriplpqrou

A,!srpoorLrioD Aoyroforj.
Tq rolupdqrole).doJrdro nou0o 56oeLToo),oKlipopaoro n6!voKcad),aro, Fooi(o-
r,1or6l-0oro OFr. i6qOd,pnfo, nop d),omt' n o'r66flqlouroJrou ocopitmoq itov
opxrdri|.o),I - eoivEror6fl 6).oqo ouorqsflr6qx6nosInriKoro vo opioou!ro o),o-
K).ipoto-ItIv npofl-rorrrdTrlro, oDr63vroxisLor6l,uro.frq vo e$aptr6soupro 036pl-
}|o I o0 fLoouvIri ouvdprto!, j(peroq6paoT8vo lvopi(oulo 6rr:Av I f ivaL
ouvslrie
olo
ld, bl. 16rrt / civor
olo'(Irtp6orpr oro[4, b]. Avxcrilougerj6l npooqiper praond6erll
ol]roi rou 010rr),60!010(, undplsrvoeflo ororzl(i)6lq lp{inoqnouiooq nponpioet.
!o\,6}.3f ei (ororXel(i6rg' onoSeiEflq,
efnsprtjar rXvdotoro,altd aXerrnv opIli 6rr
elovolxd(L o Fia,rovd).rlvlroDOorpritqroe l
Av / oivqro,ron8inorEouvdprnorQpoyFdvrl oro [a, b], r6TEru
sup{.(/, P)} l(qr inf{U(/.P)l
undp7ouvrqr lo 6uo,or6paKLovl / 6evivoro).or).lpdoL!1.Auloi or sprotoi).alovlor
!o xriro oloxtri pofd rrx / o.o [a. b] Korro dvo oloxli poporrlc / oro I o, b]. ovrioror-
20,{trr 00 ouu0o}.i(ovlsr !u
Ll / {ot Ul /.
Tu rdto rcr tivo o).ox).1p6parq d;(oL,v

l(01106[0 Srdaopq
l6l6rr]rrqro! 6lsr ro oloK].i-
p(,)po.
E1ELK61opa. trvd < c < b, 16r,
,J)
, =rl,'r *'.1"r .".ul.'r =ul)r * ul"r.
Korsv m < /(It S Myro rtiex oto [a. b], rol[
n(b-g<rl" ! = u l , t < M t b - o t .
Or onodilerqrov nopondvo) oerivovroroovdoxla!, qgoi ivorrs).rioqi6rEqFs1\ a!rl-
ororlqano6Eiirq yrooloxtr! p6taro.To oulnepdotoTo?la ro o],oKl.IpdJ|orosivqrolrtv
rpq-ffq x6r!ro nopiogqlol{,rv oulnEpooildrovyrqrq l(dlo Kordv(oo).o(lrtprirporu,
aQon
I / rivar oloxltpdortt oKpLF6g 6rov
{""r="1""t
Oo ono6iqo!$drr trd ouveliq ouvdprtol / sivorol.oK],Ip{irolft.o,roorxlrjowqq
61r
ouri n rodqra rot6rn{ivro7roouveliqouvaprioaq.tlnv ,rpoytanKdrllo,ivo1u{o
L6rpovo Seiqouf&r
="1"'
4.'r ,
yrqKdox sro [a b]. To ldXvqoloivorvo mporrlpiooute6rL Io ro !e7q),61'po
!6poq
qq on66rErl(rou Otopildroq I 6Ev lperdoqx Kov ro lsyovdq 6rL rl t i10v
o).oKlrlpdroLpll
etopllrr,r
rrt Av I / eivqro0vElrigom [o, b],16ren / s(!aroLol(l,tp6ourloro [o, b].
anoarrlHOpiqou!nq olvapfliosEI l(or Usro [a, b]oq EEiq:

fi
Ll^t - LJ,I Kot u(xt=LJ"l.
248 llapdyayotrar d,od,4ptipara
'Eolo
x olo (a, 6). Av ii > 0 |(dr
,!r = itrf{/(r):r< r< r+ [],
Mr= sup[/(.): r< f< r+ r],
tots
tit t*'
E,.h<Ll Isul I<Mi.h.
'ipa
l | , r ' h < L ( r +h ) - L ( x \ < a G +h \ U(r)<M.h,
rl
^ .Lll-D:-!@. !!)-!):-!!) . u
Av, < 0 r01
nr = iDf{/(t):r+ r< f <x},
Mr= sup{/(t):x+ n< r< -x},
,roip!tKovslC
filv l61dovlo6rlto, sxplp6f6n0)6
oqv an66eiqq
roDOsopilrotoqL
Aeodq / slvdrouvclligoro r, 4oDF
' !it44= tinMt= I(x),
ror cor6c1ro6rrv6r
6Tr
LU) = aG\ = flr) ylo r o,ro(d, b).
Aw6 orlFahrrdrr Dndp1advaeapreFt c, drcrc( 6ore
U(.t)= I(r) + c rta rd0Er 610[q 61.
U(a)=L(a)= 0'
o dproFdg
c flpflrvo Etvarloogfe 0, dpa
U(x) = I(x) Tlo Kdor oro [a D].
E16rK6rEpa,
ul)r=wo='rot='.1)r,
Kot o|Jr6orlFoiver6rr tl / ivol o),od,rlp6otl|n oro [d, 6]. I
TI?OBAHMATA
1. Bp6its fle napol6loDgrov oDvqpflioeov
/
(i) F(x)=J, sinldt
(ii) F(r)=l(''r')
I + sin"t+
(o F(d=ilf I
l-fC*sint
dtldv
or rt r=f -lj+,r",, d.
(") F(") =/, ot.
l+tz+sin"
14. To0!d,(66q qedp4parco aretpootrorl),oyropoi 249
(vi) =,*il"*u'
F(,) sin1drdl).
(vii) F '.6rou
FG)=l
I
(Bpil' rnv (F r)(r) ouvopflio'lqg F-r(r).)
(!iii) F , 6 n o L , F ( x ) = /
2. frc r<doe gia ar6TrE t ,ro0axo),ol)0orjv, qv F(x; =,[ 1, oe noU olpeir x rolier
F'{\) = /(r): (npocrdonoilqi F ropeivq owFaiverFG) = /(x), qK6ron av I /
dvivorouvElri(olo r.)
( i ) / { x ) = 0 d vx < l , / ( . x )= l 0 v x > l .
( i i ) / ( x ) = 0 o v x < l , . r ( ' f )= I o v x > I .
(iii) /(x)=0ovx* l, /(x)= lsvr= L
(iv) /(.r) = 0 ov r dppt:oa,f(x)= liq w t(= p,/q,i,r.oD p/q svdqa.p.
(v) f(r) = 0ov x< 0. .f(x)= x ov x > 0.
(vi) t(x) = 0 av r< 0. l"(.r)= I/li.rlovr>0.
(vii) / eivq'r orrvdprrtotrou 8eitvrro trito 6.
(viii) /(r) = I avx= I/rTra Kdnolo,oro N, t(x) = 0 otri,l(i)q,
3. Eolo t olod,lpdJsurtoro [a, b] Korc oro (4 b), Kor6sr0)

f'
F ( x ) J df . a < x ' b .
fra Kdo6vavan6 lou( mo K{iro roluprolofq, E6orsri xiinoroar68slql

avrll!(tpd6rlla:
(a) Av !/ 6raqopioru!oro q r6rs rt F8rq9opiorlrloro c.
(b) Av I / 6rugopiotgloro c. r6rc F'orvcrriq oro c.
I
(c) Av rl /'or,wriq oro c. T6Tc r Fouve.t'iqoro c.
4. Aei(re6tr or npig rtovnrc Kdroropoordo[ov6rv slopr6worqrr6ro,{:
f' I fr ' I
{ i ) J dl + : d r + J , - r+ t d r .
250 llapdyayorrar otr"or)4
phpara
f - |
{ii) | _:-dr.
5. Bpir6
qv (/-r)'(0) av
11 y1,y=/', *,io1"r,1a,
1ii1 11,1=/'*1,tn4r,.
(Mrlvrpoonooiosr
vo ppri?6
tEfl tvarorpf6e iol rl /.)
6. BpsirDlro o0\,tprlon A Eror6sr
(t l,'ts14at=,+
t.
Sri !o' tgltlat= x+ x,.
7. Bpcitd),E
rrqoDveleig
ouvopdo6E.ja,ro! rKovonoloiv
tl oldor)
I"'r=uor'*".
6. Yno0Cardfl or / ral g ivar 8ragoptsusgoDvqprissq ,roDElral,leUouv
rI al6ol
f" re=xrat.
Aiqre6flA(0) = 0.
t9. Ynoodtowedrr Tl Etvor6roQopiorpt
/ Kqr/(0) = 0, 0 < /,< t. AiBrE
6fl,fld 610
ra 12 0 EIouFG
I"'r=("4'
*10. ps !, orovr + O
'Emotf(r)={
{0,dtcv .r = o.
Elvolrt ouvdpqotF(x)=/ 1 6ragopiorpl *o O;Vndderlrlj
KDndrs noti ,rpoos-
. mrKi oro KEgdTLorc 10,l,ito Fsrdrrlv on66eqnroDKov6vonle Al.uoi6oq.
11. Xprtorp,roreloftro [Ip60t ro lj-24 1lova 6ilidru
I fr
(ir jA=J,JGldxs .
(ii)
isJ. vr+Idr<f.
12. Bpirllv F(.{) av F(r1=/"71r1a,. 6r ora.rtol dsr lval.x/(x} 0a rp6,rer
rr
\aip4parouutttrpoomoi).oytopoti251
14. To0epe)ati6tg
Kdver p1aoj(uorrop6
dvdv,rpoeovri sro ol,orl,ipoponprvnpoonq0ri
sErrvu Ppeire
rlv F'.)
13. AnoDEiqrE
6ll, ov rl / Eivqro'rvxriq,
r6rE
I' t tt
=
Jt ftuttl' utdu lt\J, J tltdt)du
Yn6dErin: l(qrro Eio pal,nKdvovrdq

IlapoT{Dtiore lprion rou npo0?.riroroq
12.
ro npdpilrd ll7ro vo oro;ilsrr 611
"14. Xprlorponorior
t' t"l',1"
l, t tut, uta,-21,11
V, J tttd!),t''ldu,.
ls. Bpsirsslo ouv{iprrlst /, rdroradjoTc7-111= ll u/rT-Gr' 1l!16 ro ,rp6Bhuo
llnoricror6fl eivoriKoio srlvropepuviorrrl )'liEr(BprirD).
116.M,o ou\dprrorl / td7rortrlpro6rni,116'trpio6oo. av /(x+ a) = /(x) 7Lqrdosx.
(a) Av n / ivq'npro8rxn r npiodod Kqroiod.np6ortn oro [0, a],6riEre6r'
t"
1 7"= 1
l*"
1 7roxdoe6.
(b) Bpeire}llc ouvriprnonf no! vo !r]v ivaLrsp1o61Kri, o].].drt /' va sivar.

Yn6derqrt:Arol.dlrrllro neplo8rKis yrqrrlv oroio va tropo6| va cy'luloo{rE
I'
d rl /tx) = J,s 6vLivo'acp,o6'xi.
(c) Ynoe6roupe 6r rt /' ivqrtrEproirxir npiodoa. Ano6Eilte6n it / ivar
nsp,o61K1i
rE 'rpio6o d, av xar l'6voov /(d) = f(0).
l" "-
17. Bpeireroj. fidr, povreriowaq prcouvdpTloI / [6 /'(x) = fi, KoLlptorlonoui-
vroqro A'jrepoOelslL66q Odrplpo ro! AmLpoorr1(oi Ao116Uoi. Meld o!'lKpivort
$ ro IIp6Prtuo l3-22.
.18. Xplorponolsiorro Oetel.Lridg OE6pngqtou AftLpoo xoi AolLotoS(sr lo IIp6-
o).lllo ll-22 ?ro vo romi.iqsrr oro ournpqossnou 6raru,rd,0rK oro tlp6pirFo
t2-t8.
19,'Eor0rq, C Karq Kol"nilserolj 6#prowarafldrnv opj(rir{DvaE6vov6nosaoiveroL
o1o l1itro 7. Kd0EonNio rrtq C [nopEivo svoocip dvaor]piorrlq q p 6vq
ralol(6puaoEUoypollo rtrtpo Kart iva orlusiortq q pe op(6vrro uoD?poplo
rrriro. Oa lf|] 6rLI C Srrororri rrlv q xar q ov or nEpLoxdq A KorI drouvioo
Upo6d lto rdosongiorte C.
(a) Av C, eivu n tpqqrxriropdordot6rn6 /(r) = .{r,x > 0 xar C 1116 /(,t) = 2rr.
i > 0, ppril rrl! Cr,6rfl 6ore I C vo 6r'lorotirlv Cl KorrylvCr.
(b) fEvrx6rpq,pp6irr1v C, cv 1 ( eivor11lpcArri nopdoroonritE /(x) = .x'
raL Crl( /(x) = .x" /ro r.dnoroc > l.
f'
ro\ F{u =J, I rdrKor6r\r =J, I rdr.
r'
20,iar Bprircrc rapo'/6youf
(b) T6po 6661slro raLvoiplloor6E1qn
1Lqro np6pl.tso l3-16.
'21. Xprlorpororiot
10 Osteh{i6gOedtplpqtou Aftrpoorrxot olropot Korro Odr-
pnlq roDDarboux(np6p),Ila ll-54) a va 6d'@tprqvdl,),Iqn66rlit1ouOeoptifa-
ro{ EvtrdFonqTuri(.
22.Ano6riqrr 1 / ror I g nopoloTrorte,.
or,0v n h ivorouvc7rj,. xcr
_ . I '
-
f(xt 1t,,,httl'dt.
252 llapdyayotKatotro
"r1pti,para
16iF1x) = r(s(x) s'(x) h(f(x))' f (x).Yr6sslErlr[pocnooiorr voro tlvold-

tcre orLE 8io Jr8purrdrorle nou Edp'rsi6rl vo tnpiEoors, $ lLlo6ro00pd ouv rivo ri
Kdroi6proqq o).oxl.ip3)ot(.
23. Ynoedor 6rr,'t /' 'it'or o].oxltp6orprloro [0, l] ror /(0) = 0.Ati(rE 6n 7ro610ro
r oro [0, l] dtoure6rr
.f(r) <
diqrEniorq6rr I un60.or /(0) = 0 rpErd(rul.Yn66LEr: Ilp6ptrfs 13a0.

*24. (a) Ynoodroute 6fl G'= s KctF'= /. AnoSeiqrc61l, av rt ouvdprrtaty lKovoror0i
flt 8lopoprKisEiooon
(\ sj(x)) y'(x) = f(x) y'o K'io.ro Kdrorcd'dorrua,
rdTr,r,ipILriv,rgopr0L6qc. r;roroq;orc
f+) GLv(.{))= F(x) + c yLqKdoe.ro' qur6ro sLdornrq.
(b) Asiqrt,ovriorpoAo, rrlv (*+),161sI / sivorliorl rlq (+).
6rLov I / u(ovotrori
rLr BpLi.L no.dor\0riK'lnpin".vc rxcvonorrit r cr
(,)j#;
(: olilv tilv nrpinr0i6rlg(t)= l+ t {qr /(l)= I + t'.) Md (hiroc, Ilq
tro vo Bpci6]$( q buvorisiioerq / ({oBrdliorl
0(1oiir6s(no'rrTpoK'jnro'rv
8Ev0oivoloploueq o o1,6K1,rlpo ro R).
(d) Bp-:r"ro'd ouveiKnrp:mr \o rKovororci nJ.uv
|
I + 5[y(x)]"
v'1,)=
(Mloo!'o6poUri
oro [p6p].!to 12ll qoqqnio6r 6t ulntmol,v
at)\apliaEr,
no!lrxovoroLoiv r!v 'iooo! noL,npoK',trE1.)
r c ) B p " i r L 6 ] .U
LCc o r \ o p l i o d , ,4 0 { o v o n o r o ' v - f v
Y(x)' Y'(x)= - x
Bpsirrrt ].[6r]y 1lo rnv onoioy(0)= - l.
25, XIo Ilp6p),tto l0'1? PpiKapE

6rLrt {urd Sch*arzropdTr0}os
tG) 3lf(x)\1
r<,t t\|(t)
rirov 0 yra /(.{)=(dx+ b)i (cx+ d). rdrpo r,troeiorE6rr Tl / 6ivar oDvriprtorl [s
Schwarzn0pdtolo f n3dv.
(al A-i(rrdn r /",, fivorora0rpf or tdplrol

l
(b) ^siqrs6n r /4erq[opai flj=@x+ b)t(cx+d).Yn66rEt:
oopsiore
u = /' {ur qopf6orE
xonpol.roitEvo
np6p),r!o.
+ 2 6l.o d e . o l \ Tt ,J I". o v , a d p i no . , p o ) i ( f ruurrtJ-, r r ; J t_- / r x r d l r K o),. i / , , o ., / r v , .

r(suff vooroKi,ip(Drsr.
{a) | | p 0 o 0 ! 0 p . orr0c J \ d \ . o v r < |
{b) Y p t o , , r o n o , " o . r , o I T p 6 0 }t u o l L l 6 7 r o v o 3 " . : " ! r o f l r o J , l / y d y 6 L v| f l d p
/ 1 , . \ n o d n i r T L r o p c r - s . , ,n . i r c .y , o r o ' / l . , x d ' :
14.To0tpd.ni6e;
9etbpqpa
rcuarcrpoonroi),oyropoi 253
(c) Ytroirolr'drl /(x)> 0 yLn.r> 0 Ko,61,-l / r,"tore,.eroaeireoll, w

0 < s(ir) < /(,r) rra {d0sx > o, r6te LrnriplaxcLroJ, g.
i-
(d) Elnrcim8roriroJi I / ( I + xr)d.rurdplsr.Yr66LErt: xopiors our6ro oloxr{
popooro I
o],o{}.rlpripalo
27. AnoAaoiorsav ra nLoxdr(D?EvLKeupivo Dndplouv:
ol
(ii) I
(iii) J
*28.ro ysvLi(1,!6vo
oloK)"ipor"/",r r," -" *" lo
"piq** "p"r*,i.p6"", |LJ" /.
A),),ddvo d).).oci6oqlcvrKeurdvou o),oK?,1p4[o.oq, opi(ercrl ivav trt
t- l! "oJ-l,
npoqovirp6no:sivarroJ, "f +j -/. tL6rlv npoirr6eort yvrl(urivo
6rt KoLro 6110
o)"oK).Ip6!uro rir{ipt(o!!.
*
G) slrryeiorerrct ro/ li (l + xl)dj{ urdpxs,.
'
(u) EErrcioa yrurl ro/'xd.{ 6vDndplI.(AlId naporlpeioaon to ti,ln/ x ax
(c) AroseiEr 6rL, avr"i -,, *Or,, * u- l-r *or" *' *" *
"*" "r*
I ' r 0 , , q . " . " r " . , ' " r ' " 1 , , - " ' I ' r / , , ' " r r ' " - o rr a6 i o\ a L
t-
frq i].oyt rvi,.slorllov ,ropord-
elvarioc seJ - /. Mnopireva 8rarurdrore
vo; (Av 6svpnopir, eorol,a1,roprt0ei.e
no),{npoora0dJvroq
I' durfqrq slaF
KiqnplI1dro\!)
*29.Yrdpjt0rdl,lo 6vaEiSoq (yvrKeu!6vou
otroxhpdjfaro? 6to onoioro iildoritFativol
\lputtt\a , d.l.d \ ot)vdpt4o46vEilor$poy[dvr:
(a) Avd > 0,ppir
ro o*u." up,oor;ppor,igrtc,
ue/ r1\,&ax,
liT/."'iu/ir,.
o! {o1 rt orvdprrorl /(x) = ii\t ssv sivorapo?Btvroro [0, tl], 6roq l(Lov
opioou!ro /(0).
(t) npeirero/ x'ar, ov - I < .< 0.
(c) xprtolrororiorero l1p6pl.lfo 13-16?ro va 6,iq*" o" lo/ r 'ar 1." c1"
6wor0.oDrEoov6pro.
(d) ErLvoion
6vdv).oyrl<6 Io roj" xl'dxTroo(0roruro).oTioretona
oprop6
l<r<0.
254 napdloyot KatoloKlqp(iuam
T' -
(e) A60r;vov),orK6oprop6loroJ x') ocvdoporola6io opiov,Kar
,0 "'dr,
6ei(redrl ro 6plc DniproDv.Yr66tt: rrari or{iprerroJ +.r)-'i'!dx; nloe
,(l
rr' rr?
ou,Xpivrs ro (1+x) r ro 0 - l) rs 1<x<0;
t rI r\
10.(a) Avn / rivorsuvcrtiq
sro 10,ll.unololiorcrol.inxJ.','''dt.
(b) Av r / sivor ol.od,1prio4r1 oro [0, l] Karui!'iprl ro linf(x), uro]'oyior ro
I'ftt\
lim xl + dl-
'-n' t'
"
31. Eivol 6ovor6v1ctrrKd, vo ouv6Ddooup
rq 6$06uvorfqrKrdsqrlq Ewotaerco
o].oK].Ip6laroe.
(a) Av /(r) = 1/\,[ ro 0 < r 1, FpEftE
mf f @d](
(o{po$oro{pooiorEr! 0a npdrcrva sllrairr).
l'
{b) Aciqrr 6n ro J0r'd,r 6cv 6r, rold fwoLo. (ALaKpivrftrrq rtptm6ocrq
- I < r< 0 l.or r< -1. trrl llo mpirr{ron ro npdytorqtaldv oro 0, ollv
rilJ,1 nepim<,r1 mo - yrar = I 6lo'rprp69?.nlo Korsro Srtootlrio.)
d |rxf
th
TY
KEOAAAIO .-tr- s., OI TPIfONOMETPIKE'
>YNAPTH>EI>
0l opLopoiiov ouvaprrlo0lv sinKolcossivcrrrol,inLonpilloKolcn' 600 0c unonru6-

1avrcveie.fr'our6 ro ).6yo,0!1610xsqd),olo opli(ErIs xdnoloDe druro!6Kor6uro0nr1-
Koiqopr6[oi6,,ToD6v0d ',TpEn vo clsraoro6vEovutrarrrd, a9o6odwopq0oavrxora-
orqoodvfc rou6 nrKoriE oprofoie ,Torrrrp6KrrolrllKd vo lploqronorioouF.
!q ororl8.66n folrpio lro tovia ivor arl6( I ivool 6Don}rlueedv|l xow6
aptrx6orucio(X itro |).
,r/
4ita t
nro lprioqrg Tlo filv tprlorvoprpiaivoror ('IpooavorohoElrq yovieeD,toopnopoiv

vd oopnoo'tvog (siTI (./r,1:)tIEU06d'v pro i6rc op r6 oltio, oeopofllvee6noc o.o
4ri!o 2.
triw 2
Av 1lo /r 6nt!ryoofe rdwor6 ro 0rrK61106roDop(owiou d6ova,lro rpooavotohoj*-
vn lovia nprypdqIorqnol,fto( arr6Trl &6ftpq rlu08io(t1riFa 3).
Aqo'j Kdoqlreuosio1d$ver rov lovo8raioKil(lo oxpt96qo' evaorlp6io,Froirpooovtr-
totrloF6vrlyovia mptlpdqetoraK6Uomo on}.d,qrd dvoousio orov fova6uio K6K).o
(Xtipo 4),6n1.o6ri,on6dvoor rio(.{,/) ! x' + y: = l.
256 rar olod.\pLttdrd
[IapdTatTot
Tosine Ksr ro cosincfro; rpooovaroirojr6\.nq?ovioqfnopoivldrpo!q opLoloi! o(!lri(

(:zipa 5): Fro npooavorollo[dvn lovia rpooSLopiqsroran6,vo or]peio (r, -!) B3
.\ J I u,.rr..t-7uv.ocop,-o'.-roJ.\urc:co.ine'o.r.
nop6).t rrtv oioorlol arpiPLoqnou ononvderI npolloLifuvl tropd?poaoq, dcv frol]ls
{rr(iifurci rirosl!0 rou_(opLopoiqrov sin xor cos.Ilpq/poIr{d: F6}.Lq r(ipo opXi6ul. Auro
no! opiootrr cilor lo sineKaLcosinelroq npoouvoroirotLalrlqr,orvioqour6 nou dtiot,i/t \o
opioor,trs,0i\ft1rc sin.r Korcosx 7Lal(decdprdlrdx. O mo orvrtLolivoq rp6roq ?rl1vtl ro
n'ri7ou!r l]aoi!sror orlv qwroloirLol Fros]ovioq at {d0Euple}6. H nr).ror0prt!d0o6oq
ei!oLvo (Isrpri!r flqTovisq !Efoipsc'. MLqyovio (tlrqqoL6{),lprtq 6rpoaiqD ovflorotxci
oro 160.r,LdTovio (llroriq orpoqri(' avflorort8i oro 180.pLsy{dvio(olpoq,is r!6; rsrdp-
ro!D o1o 90 xln. (lxilo 6). H lovio nou avrroroLxri,p qur6v rov rp6no. orov op,6F6x.
l"i/sror (l r,oviir.r lorpr;r!'. H 7ovia ro! 0 !orp6v EivorI iiirq lLstt-/dvid xcrv160FoLpri!.
xLolrl rt orqlPolio oKllivo nxr8ivsrqr,dli. pro r,orviq90 forp6v tivor striorMolio
.160+ 90 roLprbrKl,n.Mnopi rdrpqva opior KsvEiqlLo orv{iptttol, noL,0aq owooii-
i o ! ! s ! s s i n ' . 0 qo q i q :
sin"(n) = ro sinerlq.r0]!i&q r IoLpd,!.
Yndp/ouv dlo 6LraKo).i0q, o rrL,rivrlv npoodnLol. A! xaL pnopli !0 eilqr qul'cpo rL
e u , o o i p sf . f L o / o ! i o 9 0 i 4 5 f o 1 p 6 v ,E ' v ' i v o r K U L1 6 0 0q a w p 6 r L E i v f l Ll r o T o v i a V 2
porp6\. 7io nopdSerlfo.A{6B0 xL a! pnopoiootr8ro nflpaKdp\UoLrp ouriv rt 6uoKoria,
poivEraraniqvoor,T6ro 1]i6rrtrd rd o3r?rlosr os Kofrydonort 6opara,Kae6qlaprdraL
on6 qv l,xoio rr,).o11 rou oprl]ro'j 360 0a irav rtirDq ouFnr{dpo1rK6 r't olv,ipItol
sin" \ro d7n (o!ldpLorq, paeiuorrK;g L6L6rllEq.
H irdrprtoit oE rad (ql(ti!La), pqdvi(eronKovri !o 08pon0io01ouriq n( oral,ELsq. Av
loeei 6!oq opref6; x. d,olaTolr';vo otl8io p orov fovadroio KUK1,o, rdroro rijor ro
priKoclou r6io! ro! K[Kiou noL,apxiEa an6 ro (1, 0) KaLKrlruiri?srrs qopd avriosrl roL,
poioTLoi oro P, vo 'ivor ioo !0 r (Ixrt!ft 7). H npooovaroiLopfv]lTovi( noL,Kooopi(!(r
on ro P iil'ror (rt lovio rrD! r rad,. Aqoi ro friKoq oi6d.!po! lou KUKioL,Eivqr2,r, I
tovi(i r(rv r rad r(orrt lorvio rr0! 2r + x rad ruuriiolrur. Mnopoius rrbp( vo opioor,pE!ra
7
oudp.lort sin' (j)('_Eriq:
sin'(-y): ro sinelitq Tovia; ro! :{ rad.
i U { o ) . vc a ! r o e r t 0 yi r a v a o p L o r EKi q rI s i n ' a q o i e d i o l F ev q
H i d i o f a 6 o d o ($ n o p EE
Lol[Lsin"360= sin'2n. pnopoipEvfl opioolrlr:
tlitd 5 .2nx= . nt
s r n"_ x= s r n srn
360 t80
tJwoufl ea xoropyriooupurov 6eixr1 r oro sin'. slo {or rt sin'(Kor dxl rt sin') rivtll rl
pola6rKi olrvdpllot no! 0o lLoqanoololricrr rpL! ro cnrtclpriooulLe.rrljldiiorol lLro
rLKpinpoL6onoiro!.
O . I a p , J o l o o . . ;s i n \ K U r. i n . \ L p ' , p o n : , i f d p + ' o l
sin:r os fad,
oiid o!r6( o o!IPoiro}6q 6ivornoii (1nonpooamroironxdivqq qpLI6qr.1vor ani6q
iva; oplel6q 8EvKpflrdsLpLoot!nia nouvd Lrno6LKvi8r 6rLsi!flr (o poipEq'i (os rad,.
Av I dvvor lou oL,ppoirofoLircllrr' Ei!flr o[aroptroipe!t, ou rio{r; pordr xa\Eiq:
(o.r ErtrL oEUoip,tqit oc rad;,)
-/' qlid flur6 nou e!,roiEivar:
(ovvoeift ,.sin1,ri lisin',,:'
AK6!u Kur?rr1trl1ettolrKoiq ,roL;ior'q(pdoeL1cxprpoioyi,l, rrL,rdq
{ pno-
"p(rrfnErq
15.Ortpryovopctpxtig
ouvaptllotr6257
pfl vo rpd,vovror rcprrrd6.o).ld8rv0d np,rL. )rori ro vo fl( a?volofi(o!.,( /ropn vo

ro! o6ll46cr 06 iooqriva ffitt.fipxte, oe Kinow npop,lrilora(6vompd6r1?go 6(vroL
oTo[p60iuo l9).
Av Korrl ol,ldprnonsin'rivor or'ni nou0o06,.afvo o!t0o).i(ou!eanl-6(f. sin(|(0rvo
rtv 1prlollonoroitsonoxl[torlxri oro ctiE), slAoviqErqL lro EuoKo).ioor6uo Korolov
opro!6rrlqsin'. O oprop6;ro', nporivape, 9qoi(Ior ornv dwora roul'rixouEr\,6;r6qo!.
A! KaLeo t,ropori,oopt vo isqutou[eKqLvo opiooult ro triKoq,orr]vnopoiooedol 0ivol
noli c!Ko),61epo vu !0taoj(nforiooutr rov oprop6,noipvowoq6ov0dortro stpo66vno!
trnopoill va ro ILprotoitctrioo rou oloK],lp6poroq. (flepLTprirpoupc
ndqpropeiroveig
va Zcrproriro ofuopEpdol ro [r]Koq,oro np6p].r q 28.)
Yro06roulrdrLx EivorTotriKogro! rd6ourorrlovudroio!ririou atr ro ( 1. 0)oq 10 P
dpo0!16ro r6qo,repri'lr x,2r on6lo ouvol,rxd lixoq 2r tlq nEpLq6puq ro! irolo6roio!
MeS o'rrpori(o'rtsrov (rorda' noraah'6roroto tziyq 8 osqpdooEroL0,161oy
x'l'r).or,.
tovodroiox6d,o,rov opr(6vflod_Lovo xor qv nlr!0io,ro!,opi(Erarorrt ro (0.0) xqr P.
,ira 7
To rFpobdrro' s 0d rr'uu ro Livu,ioo f, ro 110066! ro' rourLp,xoi, To,
; aopdg
'Apo
Kixio!. rou Jropudvoute va civorioo jrr n o S ed npoft va d/erppo66!
2n)
Mtopoipenofitoq vo opioollE 10 cosxxor sinxouv rrq ouvrcrcTlive;torro4geiot,P
no! roopiiEL ivo! rotdotgpq8oi.ri2.
M outdsrq nopotnpior;oq ur6pcpo,pnopoipT6pq!o npoloprioorrforo!
ouorrlpdoprot6 lov ouvoprior(r! sin r(1rcos-O rpdlro( opLop6q rotjri{rro ,r !E 10
EppsE6v rou lovq8rqio!Kri,xiou axprPiolepo.
!rro irri<ioro ror rspcdorlev6;1grxr,
(ttito 9).
K),ior,
r = 2 J, t / t x,dt.
I (O oprop6;ul,16qiivnoi(cr8rorooln K6 p6;.o ?(q!q opiooutefli tpr-rovofcrprKd!

ol,vsprriserq0o;{pLqoivu opiooLirKor'qpZdqro sinxrarcosxF6votro 0 <.r < n.}
O 6irpoq opLo!6Encprlpdq[l,?ro I <.{< l, ro e}pa66v A(.r)ro!roFddro!,qpdo-
oerorg4$r povo8Lcio xixio, rov oprE6vflod6ovaKqr rlv rurruosionoumpvda(1n'ro
(x, V I - x').Av0 < ;r< l, our6ro c!0o66vrnop0ivs 0Kqpqolsi(:zripo l0)oqro d0por-
otroro! E[Po6oiEv6q!pLtdvo!Korro! 0t0o6oiUroqerr{rdvsrqq nou]lpioxrorKdroon6
ttita9 lov trovoaLflio
Kixio:
Lvr, x r lJ--idr
O idror dtroq olp0oiveL\'q roTir Kuro.rlv n'pinloo! - I <.r<0. : arrriy lrt!
nrpinrodt(:tif0 ll), o 6po(
"\,ti 2 "'
civoLap!nrrKd(. KoLnoprord!ct ro efpa66\,roL,rpL16vo! no! nplnrl vo rle0lpr0ciq16 rov
6po
t:/ip l0
I ',fi l at.
258 llapriyayorratolaKllp(i)ltdra
Av l<x<l,Ior8
A@="{- +!.'.,tt t'at
IId porrtpoD[e6rL,ov - I < ir < I , rorr] A nopo?oli(sroloro -r Kot(lprloLponorrnvroq

ro
OspElLdr6q Osrlplporou AnErpoorlKot,Ao11 6poD),
t|iya 11
rvr x_
I 2xr 2(l r')
zvr x
-l
_
rvr-x
IlaporrtpoDpE (tripa l2) 6rLo1oSrdoritpo
nioTtq A q0ivsran6ro
[- I, l] I ou!,{iprrl6rl
l_
4r-lJ 0rl Jl 'd'
)
oro A (l) = 0.AL,r6npoKLinrerdpos on6ro! oproF6rrlqA,ol,l.dKol0116ro y?ov6q6rr I
nopd'i,o16qrrq ivaLopvlnxi orc ( -1. r).
frs0 < x < tr dl,ourrvo opioou!0rocosx Kolsin.xoqrq ouvrsra?p6veq sv6rolpiou
P= (cosx.sinr)ro orToio vo ppioKErar ndvoorovlov,r5loioKrl{Io{o, va Ka0opiE01;!ov
rotr0 !e rtpooov (rtnlfl rr),M 0/r'0r'o7ra:
2
,(ip tl
Av0<.r<,r, 16recos.rl",lL
rov Uovo61{6 rou ppioKcraL
opre}'6 orol-1, 1l{o'
A G o s)x= ;
sin=
r V1 (cosr):.
Xp{d(eroi p'Poi0re Kdrora6ivror! arflol,6 ort 1l sur6vro! op16[6.rro \ro0PortD-

0 o u' "o T un a p p c v o , 0 p u o -r'o v a , K f l v o n o L . . r r t 4 Ujt - n o , p ' o ' r ' n a u ' 1 r o :
rLqrrfds 0 {o,;
6n rt A sivo, 6uv6iiq, KaLnoipvEL Aurri I oronrtpi npooauli rlo
Os6prt!oEvdrdpeolqTuiqri\rdrKpiol!rt,dv 0dl.ouIEo ripoooplv6q poqoprdF6q vfl ivo1
o \ p r p i q .L t o ! r a , o L , . t u , o , f i o ) . o t f o f r . t o v o o r o u o r r o ! . / 4t ;0ppoov'aFnr o o 4 u p i -
oo!r 0pKro-rpI10p0.
15.Ot tpryavo!rprKiE,
ouvspNfloe$259
tJIrRMrrAv0<r<r,16ts
cos'(r) = - sinl
sin'(-t) = cosx
AloaErErAv B = 24, rdle o oplop6e-4(cosr)= x /2 propivo fpqQel

B(cosx)= x'
'Elou|l8
I dl'l,a L6tw, I oDvdpqon coscivfl ortl6E rt o!"ri6tpoprl qq ,. lih DnoLo1i
2\/t - x'1
on' 6nouolprrEpoivouF
6fl
I
D'(x)=-_-:.
Vl-xr
E roFivog,
cos'(r): (, r)'(x)
_l'
B'(B t(x))
I
V-l_ tB-'(r)f
- il-r.*']
=-siDx,
,lqo6sinx= /t ii6ii!, Fropoilr 'riortqw riipoqr

| -2cosr. cos'(r)
" Vl - (cor.x)'
_ cosxslnx
sinx
= cosx.!
Mnopo$p!u lprlouoro 100016 rq nlr]pogopfue fioD,rsprslovtar610O6pnfaI 1lavo

olE6dooDI6flq tpo0lxiefiopoordorq rov sinKorcosorc 6rdor4lra[0, r]. AQot
cos'(r) = si <0' 0<r<,r'
I ouvdpqoncoseoiverordro coso= I orocorr= - I (t1litq l4).Xuwn6e, cosy=0yla
dvskdrFova6rK6 / oro [0, r]. fu va ro
Fpoftr y, rapolnpofp 6rr o oproldErlq cos,
= '
e(cosr)f
srlldher &!
AQ\=+,
ETfua14
dp0 v = 2J^''/t - tldt.
Eival ririolo l,o 8odlre6fl
260 llapriyayotrat olod.\piryan
lr _ lt _
, = -
J ,/ | t, dt I , \/ | t1 dt .
dpapnopoirssniorl(vo lpdvour
t, -
tlitlq 15 Y=l,\E-'il=+
T6po6j(oup
(ro, o' < r<1

2
sin'rxl= cos.rI
o
ll <_ -o < ' < o,
)
.. trl .^
o p o r _ { n c r v o r o r q o r o d o r o L U . J l t c s^m u : u r ( 0 r sLr nK o fr L r oc r v ooru i v ooroo r o
l ^
)
,\ !F sin,r=0 (txriln r5).
[;,
Or ruiq rov sinxKarcosx'/rox doon6ro [0, )r] opiEovror nrolKo],oos 5io lil1orq }l
!r0 6Lo5rK0oi0 ou7K6tr ).tortq.
(t) A\ tt< x= 2n,r61E
sinx=-sin(2n-.r)
cosx= cos(2r, .r).
q lpoalKd(mpdordosqrov sinKorcosoro [0,2r].
To trripo 166irvL
(2)A\ x= 2nk+ x'\\o Kenorc!oKdporok, l(qr(dnorox'oro 10,21t1,
1616
sinx= sinx'
cosx= cos-x'.
To t1{fo 17 68irvrnq }paarK6qnopoordosqrov sin ra, cos,oproFvov, rrhpd,o
o].6rlitporo R.
tlira 16
trird 17
'Etovroq
nK'rEiver
rq ouvop1jiosrqsinKorcosoro R, trpinLrrhpova el.6.Goufg
6rr or
poorl(6q
r6r6rrreqourd,vr{Dv6u!,oprrioov
e6oKo}.ou0oiv vo rojr6ouv.
trle mprqo6rpEq
nprnr6oLq
our6ivorerjro),o.
flo nopd8eryld,
ivorrpovepri6111 e{iooo1
sinrr*cosrx=1
rolicr /rs hd0Ly. A,(6Lo.6cv
Lrvo,6ioKolova 6ci-ol,ir.
orl
15. Ot tpryavoperytrig owaptfioeq 261
sin'(x)= cosr'
- - sinx.
cos'(x)
nouro i 6evivornol,IorldorcroDJr flo ropdblytro,
oqv npimoon ov z< r < 2r,
sii' = - sin(28 - x),

dpo
sin'(x)=- sin'(2n x) ( l)
= cos(2n- r)
= cosx,
Av ro x eivornol)'srtdoro rou Jr,Koraaajyoupeo' 6vordlvadpa opri p6vovo saap!6-
ooutrro O6pnpoll-7 ylo vs oulnspdvouF 6rr or i6rordrot rolioDv Koro' ouIrivrrlv
suvaprio( 6Evropouord(oDv
O( dl)"qWoor6qrpryovofrprKdg xcprd duorolia.
Opiqouue
t
x+kr++
O|IpoerKfqnaposrdoelC sivorols61oo#veqoro ttripq 18.AvivardoIIFq 16iavo

npooroeioIvo risrroueourorjcoa6ofl, Tlyvrri popei rlq KteelpoqlKi( ropdo ro-
onq propi vq npop)'ee0eia'Id qv ropd,oTo rnq KdesoDvdpqote,noD6ivro!oro
Er6pvoodrpnpo(6vDniptfl l.6Toqvo oupftqrxavigrouclotoproloiq roDsopliporoE,
oaodrnopsiva rouqo'io6iqrqsvd,onor6ino1s rouetpaoori).
tzitld 18
262 llapdyayot xat d,ott)qpritpara
oraPH!? Avx+ ln+ t/2,16r

sec(.r): sc.x1anx,
tan'(r) = secrr'
csc(.x)= cscxcotx,
cot'(r)- cscrr.
.\no$Eg Aqrivloloooq(ar' eDorioe

uno)'oyrof6e).1
Mnopoil niorlqeixo),ovo 0po[f rrq nspa]6-rouq
rov avflorp6qovr0rvrpryovo!-
rprx6vouvoprrioov.OLrplrovolrprxdq ouvopriorqlev ivqriva npoqdvo,enopdvoq
Eivoravq$siovq rrqnpropisoulE'rp6rooexqdl),rl7.odloooilarq ro plohllpo6uvq-
16 prixoqnoufnopoip vc rsfliouts ivorz, xar ouvrlor,:q
6rclilougc rc 6raor{parc
(:1jpa l9)
L - r r . r / r j 7 r 0l n v s r n .
t0, rl 7L01tvcos,
(- n i2, n 12)' tu r!! tar,.
(Or avriorpoa6 r{iv d}.),ovrpL?ovoprprx6v oDvopflioovj(prlorFororoiwar 16ooond-
vLono',8v0a l'E ol'(rl'iooupKae6lou666.)
H avriorpoenrtq ouvripqsrl(
t/ittd 19
f(x) = si' \ 1tl2<r<rj2
ourFoiiqrrar$ arcsin (trrito 201ns6ioopropo[qq arcsinsivorro [ - | , I ]. Anoa[youl8
rov ouppoiro!6sin-rrqri I arcsin6evEivarrl ovliorpoerlrtq sin(rou 3vivqr6ru npoq
-r
6vq),sil.d rlq nEpropropdvrl( olvdprlortEt o oup9ol,rop6q
sin 4er ro np6o0ro!erov6-
Krrluo6fl I sin '(x) ea propouseva nqpeplnvuoei {rqlisin.x.
H avriorpoqrlqq outdpqonq
c(r)=cosx'0<r<'t
outFol,iE0rar
tLsarccor(tl{to 2l) rs6ioopLoiroirrlqarccossivoL10[- l, l].
H ovriorpoprtrtq suvdplrlotg
h(r) = taffi' r12< x< nl2
ol'lpoii{erur s arctan(trripq 22) i arctanivorfvo 0,16ro o'r}.oiorsponapo6itparo
nopqyoyiorFlq ouvdptqol(nouivqrepqTttvrl,ov Korivordvarpoqdvoo' o).6Kirlporo
R.
Or nqpdlolorrov qwrolp6$ovrprtovoperprK6v ouwprrisorv eivarKnLnKrrK{isni.6(
Kor6v6)touvKolrd oI6oI tr rprlovoprprKdq ouvoprrlo[lq.To vo opoile flq nopo-t6-
20 Touqeivaronli udoo!, q),].d-rlqvo Iq xepdooup or Uror(0rd),).I),IlopQi npdnr
vo
,is q,riouorsooullerxepdoeqoov rq
:/ita 2l
15.Or tptyavoperpwiqouvaptrioeq 263
Mlo lrrpti srx6voEivqro KotrJrpoq rp6rcgyro vo 0Dpdrqr xqvEiqfl( oooldcon),onori-

olq.fro nopd8ryto, ro &i po 236i1vrpurpooavoloholdvill0)vioqq onoioero sine
ivor .r I ycrvionou 8itvoutEeivqr lou6v pro tovia (arcsiDx)pg6 onodvoq ro
co(arcsin-r)6ivorro liKoq rrt( dl.l,rtqnlr irpri(,rar ot lKs{puavo,civorV I - .r'. Ilrivtr,4,
orlv d,r66{I rou er6uvoD Ssopritqroq 6sv0q l(olagifoulrsor rdroreE r(dvsE.
emPfiIrr]Av- I <x< 1,16r

trira2J
I
arcsin'txt= '
vt-x_
-l
'=
arccos'(.x)
't1=7
Ak6po,?roKdex ;Ioqr
I
arcsid(i)= (/ ')'(x)
sin'(arcsinr)
I
cos(arcsinr)
T6po
=I
+ [co(arcsinx)]r
lsin(arcsiD-{)lr
6TlIo61,
.{1+ lco(arcsinr)]I=l,
cos(arcsiu)= v{;1.
(npdn6rvo flipoDfr q oerrri 1erpaTo}rl(ipi(o yLoliro arcsinralireL oto (- Jrl2,r/2),
snoldvoqco(arcsin.x)> 0.)Aur6ono6rrvir rov np6rorino.
H 66r8pn oltol 6tri6t orro6ErI0ei(olnv a1td6qn rou Ooplipolo(l). Mropoip
qv qt63LEItro qv np6q 0160!,oovlro l(otri doxnorl av r(6ivrl
rniolc vo prptoo$lr8
n or66Erhropoloiqo8dDoKollEq. H rpiq oXdonafio8rKvisror oEsli(:
=
arctaD'(.{) (I-r)'(x)
b\h-'lx))
I
tan'(arctanr)
:l
secr(arcranx)
Arqrp6vroc
ro1m 6uofd),! rnErour6rnroq
sinrai cos:o= |
pecos_a,nsrpvoup
tan:afl=scc:c.
'Emlor
6!r
+ I = sec':(arctanx),
ltan(arctanx)]'
264 llapdyoyort<aroTorlqprbpam
't
f,,+ I = secr(arctanx),
rou ono8srKvi ntv lpir1to.t6o!.I
H nopo8ooro,oi = cosr(rs),ine
ar6SsrElltq ot6otq siD'(,Y) qr'aurivrorl
8raqopErrKri
oro Ilp6pLruq27.Aur{ I ur66r4n pooi(eraroro va 8eiloupe
sivo']rc66)nsplypdq0ror
, sini -
llm--i- l.
Koloflt! ({Totrr6rlrorlq np6o0EonE,

sin(r + y) = sinx cos/ + cos.rsiny
T6pa 'rouor nopdloyol rov sin ror coseivarTvoor;q,riropoif0vd 8siqourrajKol,oKorrrE
iiio Lo6rrtreq.H rp6rn ivol on)d'qI 6L5rxinspinr{Donsin'(0)= cas0.H 6airp1torrpiEe-
tar o ivsv 6!0pqo IapoKrIplol6 rov ouvoplrioov sitr Kor cos.f1fl vo xoror{qoutE o'
our6 ro atro16l"ofq,rpcraq6loore avo ],irl1o trou I or66!qi rou orarrsi ivo dqlJnvo
rdxvootro 0q 6dJsou[eprq mo d!or] or!66rEloro Tdlopro Mfpoq.
\ H v v { Y F o o i r o rF L6 f l n I ; X n n o v r o i6 c i T r p nn o p d } d t oK a l
f"+ l:0,
.f(0)= 0'
'/'(o)= o
AnorFM Ilo),l.anl.aod(owae
roLro 8io !f)"rl qq np6rrc s6ioc)otrll /' roipvoDpE
f'f"+ f f'= 0.
t(f'f + f,l, = 2lf,f" + f f,)= 0,

noriv0r!I (/')r + /r eivororo0spriouvdprilort.An6 rLq/(0) = 0 {o1 ,f'(0) = 0 inercr
6rLI orfl0rpdoivaLro 0 dpq
t/'(x)l' + [,f(x!' = 0 Yroxdeex
= 0 7lo K'iox.I
"f(x)
oropHnArAv I / qfl novroi SeJrep!ropdyotoKor
f"+ f =o'
= a'
f (tD)
f'(0) = t,
/=b sin+a cos.

(EL5rx6rpa, =
ov /(0) 0 Knr /'(0) = l, r6rE / = sjn ov f(0) = I Kar /'(0) = 0. r6rs
AfloiEEH OdroulLE
s(r) = /({) _ 6sin.{_ acosx

T6rr
15.Or tpryovoyerpriEouvaprfloeq 265
s(r) = /'(;r)- bcosx+asinx,

g"(r) = /"(x) + bsinx+dcos.{.
EnoFdvcrq
o"+ o= l\
c(o)= o,
= o'
c'(o)
rpriTpcrouSeilver
6rL
0 = g(;r)= /(x) - bsinx- acosx,
?roKdoc
x. I
oEorrN 5 Av x Kor/ eivoL6u6 opLepoi,16r

sin(.r+ /) = sin.rcos/ + cosxsiny,
c o s l xf / ) = c o s x c o s / - s r n x s r n y ,
AnoaEErr rro KdooDTKsdprpvoopL0!6/, fnopoDpevo opiooupprq ouvdprrlo! / !i-
/(x)=sin(x+/).
T6r3
' '(.r)= cos(r+
f /),
' "(x) = - sin('{+ /)
"f
Enop6voq,
f"+ f =o
f(0) = sin_i,
f'(o) = cosY
An6ro Oe6p!!o4 fftrar 61l
/ = Gosy).sin+
Giny).cos,
srtiaari,
+ /) = cosrsinl+ srnycosx,
sin(.x ra xde-x.
Apo 0alropoiodpvs qsKrv{ooupE y, drLonoSerr0ei
!s onoloSrinors r np6 t or6orl
H 6irp!ot6ot oro6srKllreror
! rovi6rorp6no.I
Iov enro#yoofooDroirouKqoloiou. KaLoovnp6loyooroKad),oro17,eoovo$6pou-
rrprosvallaKltr(]i
npoo6,
tLol orov opro!6fltqouvdptoqEsin.
A$ol,
= --l-
arcsin'G) ro l <.r< 1,
v'i='
0'16ro AeirspoOers?,uii6q
Odrpr
na rou Anrpoo'rrKoi
AoyLotoid'iror6rr
I
aicsinx=arcsrnx-arcsrn
o=l'rt
ar.
l-t _ |
Oalnopoioopvondpolt!a!fliv1rl\rliooollroop!o/.jrrlgarcsin.'Apsaeotrpo6
= I
arcsrn'txt
a I ,'
T6r 0o p,ropoioopsvfl opioonpxrlvouvdpqorl sin oE (arcsin)| ror o dnoq nc qv
nopdloToavriorpo$leouldprilolg 0oaijrlvoiL
s,ni^t v4 -in ^.
266 llapdyayotrar o),orL4pripara
ro oroio eq opi(qu0E cos.r.T),rxii,eq FnopoioEva 6itErxoviE6rr A(cosx)=.{/2,

Koro],rilov1aq,oro r6Loqr1q ovrinrulqq,orovoptop6! rov o,roioopj(ioope. Av rqr Evo
fyd),ouipoErle flopouoloorlq 0o ,rpolo)poionrcTpilopo, o oplojrde0o 6FEv xopiE
orrrc),6ltorl propeio oL,lfpqqiaqvo eil kqrdvourl Lorl(rl lov oprotr6v,q}.].ddlr n o
qorqrri!, orovoroio 0' o,TsD0uv6ov! nop 6Laaurd,6no(0o6oiForo KAdl.oro I 7,!1o
rdroranpoodr orlsivurtprx;gqopagrpqyp(Kd ro),i ),orni.
NPOBAHMATA
1. nqpololims n6Eiqouvop lorq:
(i) f(.r)=arctan(arctan(arctan.x)).
(ii) .f(r)=arcsin(arclan(arccos.{)).
(iii) /(x) = arclan(tanxarctanx).
(l!l
./ r \
"/ ( , t l = a r c s l nl - l '
\\'\t'l
2. Yrol.olioreperov Kav6varou L'H6pitallo ({C6pu:
. . . s i n ;- r + , r r i 6
t" - _T----l-
_ .. sitrx x + xr./6
ru) irT --
.... ,. cosx-l+.{rj2
ull, l|T-
, , , . . c o s r -I + r ' l 2
(IUl's--__]-
. . a r c t a-;i-.
n . r - x *v " l
r"r. ,tT
(vi) Iim(l -]-l

I sin'r v=v
l-
3.'Eotof(r) =l '
tl, x=o
(a) Bpeir
rrv /'(0).
(b) BpEir
rrv /'(0).
t qurd ro oilgio,ivoroIE66vFdoolo6110q:(percoreiva lpqorponoLrioere rov
Kovdvarou I'H6pital,d,l.d oro KA{i}.aro
230o pnopoileva Ppoil rlv /(I0) 1ra
xdo*. t0)pieva l(oupooroipeKa06).ou.
,1.XXdrdor rr( onvoplriorq
(a) f(x) = sin2x
(b) .f(x) = sio(x').(Mnopoipvo ,rdpoD[s dvtrno).riclro:rpeniqoriroo curr]gr1g
Tpu,tLxri6 ,rdpdoroot(TpI6rjrorori!.Tockdvort ypaqr\i nopdoruonrnq srn.
frq vo no6f rlv q).i0crd,rl qqvrooiaivorn t6vrl soq l.ni8oo aur6 ro
np6plrlpq, Trori ro va rpoo6ropiooupero np6oluo qE napq-r6.roo
f'lx)=cos(x').2x 6v ivor s!xo).6rspoon ro va npooSropiooulr fil
ol'rnepraopd tq i6rqqrrq /. O rino6 rle /'(x),6soq, unoEerxvljL dvqorpq-
vIlK6 orortio - ,f'(0) = 0, rou npi:rslvc r616e(oQoi n f ivardprro,rcL
'rper
ed vo ivorqavp6olt tpoqrri oaEnapdo on.)
15,Orrprfavol!rptKiE
oDvoptioat 267
ic) /(r) = sinr + sin2r ('Iooq oqe potoiosr vo ot6r{isre np61aflq ypoqrl(dq
,ropoordoflC rov g(-x)= sin, xar i(-{) = si x rpooxrrxdsro i6ro o6or!!a
oq6vov.on6 10 0 oq ro 2t. ror vo pqvr6vc16 p rr eo llord(tr ro d0porotq.
Mnopirs Ko).ova ppsift 'r6oar<piorlrditpio4Er n t oro t0, 2,rl eerd(o'
vrof rrlt,ropdloyoqq /. Mnopirdnrftvc qoKprp6o1e rn q$ol our6vrov
Kpiorgorv otfiov ppioxovroq ro,rp6olto rrt6 / oKdosonpio'ro 0l516ooq
nr0ov6rora 0o 6iv0rrlv ordvrlon).
(d) t(i) = taiir - r. (np6ro eE[Idor q oul'repreopirrf,f a1o(-,t12, nl2j sro
6roofliparo(kn - ni2, ,k,r+ ,ri 2) it lpdqlKriropdoroot nte t 0q Eivqraxpr-
p6qrl i8l0, [6vo ro! 0aErl p0roKlvleixqrdrL.frqrl)
-
G) ,/(.x)= sinx x. (To u),rKorou nqpqprripaloqrou Keaol.oiouI I 0o odEsivor
rdrairepa xpiollo lL' aDri nl ou!"tprrlq.)
I sir't
l- 't*u
-i.
(An6ro I6poE(d) 0a npdner vq ioqoro 6dol vq Ewonioetr( pi(rqrng /'

xord rrpoodTTrot. nqparlpriolr 6r rl / eivordpnq ror ouv.IrlEoro 0 6r{i-
or ol(6poro p6lEeo!ritq / ILat7dl,q,{.)
(g) 'f(r) = 'sinx
H uroppol.Lxii onipa ivqLro -rpdella /( 0) = a i , o 'rol.r{deoDweratfdv! (KsQ{i-
l.aro4, tlqpiiprlFa).lte6l(iorouni qvKapnuit, rpood:(olroq droilepontv 6urn-
pLeopd rrle6rovyl d ivorxovrdoro 0.
Aro8sigrsrov r6noqq rp6osoil(11o1!\, cos.
1. (a) A16 Iov riro 1!6 rp6o0ot(lra lrq sinKaLcosouvdlerer6norLq 1rarc: sin2x,
cos2.r,sin3i, |(clcos3-r.
(b) Xplo+onorriols orrro'iq rou(rinouE1low ppsirDneelieflgi( rov rprl(ovotr,
r prxrivoLvoprrios0Jv (ro, oLvi0(!qurod xviovrorIc yrojrerpr'(d
ftrIcrp'itorq
orrl orort1661 1pr'/o!oFrpio)l
n \ll
un i'= r,
I
8. (a) AoiirE6fl ro ,4sin(.x

+ B) lpdglororqosin,{+ bcos-{yla Kordl,Ll}.oo xor b.
('Evq 0JI6rosop'iroroauroi rol, Kqd).oio! 6ivLrrLodr6SeltrnEfro(.rpop-
'rper
liq. Od c?doqq vo lropeilo vo uno),olioe$10 a xor b.)
(b) Awiorpogd,1lo 6oo#va a rqr b, ppireoproloiq A Kor B, rdrorouq6ore
osin.{+ bcosr= Asitr(,(+ ,) Iro xriosx.
Xpitorpotroreiols10 (b) pfpoE?rc vo o"l8rdoer ntv /(x) = vf sini+ cos.x.
9. (a) A,robelEre611
, . lanx+ lan/
t a n { x ' -y t - -
t_ tan\tan,
Irrov6po6fl rox,/rorx*y6eveivarrlqpopgi6kr+ ri2.(Xprouonori-
sr rouqrinouqrtg rp6o00ol(./ranq sinKorcos,)
268 llapdyayoLrar oTorAq
ptbpaw
(b) AnoseiEre
6rr
/ . r+
= arcranLil' v\
arctanri arcranY
0;ro\,'roq
rougonopoirnrouq reploprouo$q ]la ra x ro1/. Yn6lslh: AvlrKqft-
or8iorro x parctanxl(qrro / ! arctanyoro (a)!6po(.
10.Aroiir6rL
arcsinc+ arcsinf = arcsin(dJT:T + plil a:-),
E]rloltqivowag I6v nprcploto6s oro a {dr P.
11. Ario8eiEre6 , ov rn Korr eivcrnloior opr8Foi,r61e
sin,zxsin1?,| = tcod,r -r] )x - codr' +, ).x1,
+
s ; nn x c o s n x =j t s i n t n + , ) . { + s i n ( ' , , ) x l ,
-. -"*' ^= j r"*t. +,)x+ co(r,- , )-{l.
61r.0vm (0r n rivorquorKoi
12.A,IoEciEu opreloi.16r
. n+n
tI ' Srn =
nxsrn,x o.x I\ \
l 0 '
m= n,
n+ n
tI ' cos rrY cos rx dx = I1 0 ,
t'
J,s,orrxcos,idr=u.
AL'rdCor aXaoKEivorno),$orlfovrrKdsorl 0opiarov orpd'vFourier.Av Karo'
dur6 ro odlrtro 66ooulsrposolri p6voorTlBlpl.rolporpio,
ro n6pevorlp6pl.ntq
iv01pla dv6(I yu In oluooio rouq.
13. (a) Av rl / eivqroLo(l.rp(i)ortrr
oro I a Jr].bsiers6rr rt Idrrg1r rrrri ron
t'
l."t lt^) acos
D^t'1dt
olupoivsr6rov
o=ll'" rurco"*a,.
K0rrl cl.drroll rLurirou
l" - dslnnxid^
J.,( [txl
I I'
a=-l
f\)sftnxdx.
"
(teKdesrspirlIoon,qdprro a 6eoa'r6roo$rpol.ortE o),orlrip0:o1q,
noipvo-
vraq!1o'rrpolovuiinopdoroonoq rpoqd.)
(b) opi(ouF
I i"
a,=;J f?)costL\dx, n=0,1,2,...,
"
1l'
b,=; J f(x)sinnxdx, b=t,2,3,....
"
15.OrrptyatvopetpxiE
ouyaprjoEq 269
Ailr6rr, qv c, Kor4 EivoL

ono,o18riro.e
aproloi,16r
i "(n, F- I ..""'**
+'i",'])'*
=l'.rtur'*-'^1-+\,""'"+
a.a.)+
"l!* 1".'*'"')
=/.rru,r''(?--
1".'- n')
-4(;-71'- 4),),
l,',"),+(4-
6ilvowog drol 6fl ro rpdJro oioKlipopo elqlrsronoli1al 61ov a, = q KoL
b, = 4. M dl,iu L67ro,ovripeono 6),ousror.rs<lpclLrLKoiqo!v6l]o6!oDq,,rov
oDvoprrloeovs,(.r) = sin,x xor c,(:r) = cosrx lLo l < r < N, n ouyxKprpdvl
oDvdpqort
."'.'z? 1r\ o c o . r Yl b " n n x

",.,,
sivorrl mo (Kovrrvi,orrv | .Jrot- tt, nl.
14. (a) Bpsir6dvovrinoTrorosin.r+ sin/. (hterdjols 6n o,.jr6s
6iv'r ivav riro tla to
sin-x siny).Yn66LLt: Bpsirsnp6rodvovfljno 1lo ro sin(a+ b) + sin(d b).
TLKa1"6 6rErorir6i
(b) BpeirsEriortqrov rino 7racosx+ cosyKorcosx cosl.
ls. (a) EsK,vrlwoqar6 rov runo?raio cos2x,oro6eie1
dnoL'g7rara sin?xxur cosrx
ouvopriocrro! cos2x.
Atrol'iEr' 6rl
{0r s'n
r .,1-;
2 t: V 2
'r4o0<x<nj2.
tb lb
(c) ro pfpoq(a)yrovo ppEilEro]" sinlxd.rxoLJ,cosr.{dr.
XptoLFonorsiorE
(d) txo8ldorrrv /(x) = sinlx

16. Bpirero sin(arctan.x)
Korro co(afclan.r)oq nopoordorqnoub8vtrsprdlolvrpl?o!o-
or votrrtocr:.
\ rdSLrI'l:
n - arcLan\
o't,roilcr
6
!Drp.<Lq J
x = tany= sinr/cosy- sinyt.,/t - sitry.
17. Av x= tan u/2, Kapdore rs sinu KorcosuouvapflioerroD.x.(Xpnouonoliorcro

np6Firpa l6 oLorowiocq 0o rpdnL va sivarnoli ortdq nopa6rdosrq.)
18.(a) AnoSEiEr 6rr sin(x+ ri 2) = cosr (Oqrr[paots8rdqotsflq rpualKdq
nopoor{i-
oLqrov sinxaLcoso(lv!o ro Eilollun' 6vrt poq.)
(b) M rr sivorioa 1oarcsin(cos.r) xoLro arcco5(sin,r);
f' r
lc. ra, Bpfir-ro'I! . d/. Yrddc,:f:H ar{ivrlof 6d fivar45.
tf t
l- t
( b ) B p r i a r c' 0I .dr
t+/
270 flapd'7ayor
rar d.o ,qptitpsru
I
ro limrsin-
20. Bpir
21.(a) Opi(ouf8 It( oL,t,aprrioErgsin" {oL cos" rs sin'(.x)= sin(nxl180) xor

= cos(rxil80).
cos"(.r) rtv (sin")'xor rnv (cos")'ouvoprrior
Bpir rov i6r3rv
aur6vouvaptriosc)v.
.. sin'r I
(b) bpcrftro rm- Kqlro rm ^srn" -
22. Ano6siqr 6fl KdoolFcio !l! fovoEloioqmprQdpsrqq Eivarrlq popqiq(cosd,sinr)

Ira rou).dxLorov dvav (Korflolivo('j/lodftrpou() aprofoig0.
23. (a) Aro8iire6rr o reivcLro piTroto6t,vcrrjgiiKoqEv6qaLaorrilaroq oro oroio I
sin va Eivarl-1, ror {irr avd tiloro 6l(ioqpo npfrr vq Eivarlnq lopqiq
\zkn ni2,1k" + r i2).
(b) Ynoedore 611oarou!.g(x) = sinx7rox oto (2kE- n i2,2k,t + n ir. not& Eivgr
rl(c );
24.'Eor0r /(x)= secxyLo0 < x< z. Bpsils10m6iooprofori) rlq / rxoroXe8Lriore q
'/pqqL(lrtq nopaolqo!.
25. Anoasiqrs 6rL lsin.r- sinyl < L.x y ?roorToLouobrinors oproloiqx rary. Y'r66sF
l:O i6roi rotuprop6q, qv ovTlKoroorriooutr ro < !s < ,ivolriFon olvdnlov6g
,Toli raoolon 8topriloros-!e Kdnorouq orioiq oulr'rl-IpolotlKoiqouuotLstoriE
Fnoprirc;nerro vo 0e).fl6oLrc ro i of < .
'26. Eivcryta xcitl 8orrpi .rroq 6raioerlori oq( vq npoPiavsrrrtv flui ro!
t"
l'gJ. ,fG)sin,rxdx
Or ouvrlri! orrvoplrior(
ivqriooErro npoorriqorl8loiohoL ol.).duv ooq6peril
ooori,6d(l rrq o'r66erlt,uropEirssixo).ovd uno).olioer
ro 6pro?roKdoo).ox),I-
1a) ae(reon rirn,fsin;.rd.r= 0,Lno].oyi(ovroq

oxprp{i,C
ro o}.orc),ipol'o.
(b) Aiqr6fl, dv s eivoLtuuK].Uoxofliolvdpfltortoro[4 b] (prrlvopololio rou
i"
upoB).npoioq -0.
l!2r,.Totr limJ".r.r'sin,{.rd)
(c) T;),oq, Zprorlo,rore
iotc ro np6p).1po 13,27 7la vq 6iErs6 lin --
tt
=
J /(.r) sin2rdr 0 7rox{iesouvriprrtot / nouivaro),ox}.n
p6orlr oro [o, b].
"
Aur6 ro onordkotq. 6ftrDq
xoLro np6pl,npo12,noiqroilrowrK6p6l,ooq oeopio
rov oe1p6!FourieroivaLtvoor6 nEro Aippa Riemann-Lebesgue.
27. AriT6 ro np6p).1!onrpr?pdQer lrtv K).ooLKri

rpood?yrortorLq rpry0rvo[srprKdq
O o(Lds!6!oqKUK).rK6q
ol,vuplriorq. rotdaqoTotlrito 24dILsppu66v,r/2.
(a) OE0rpdlvro(lq rpil{,rvqOABl(qrOC, oftoaiEr 6rr, ov 0 < r < ni4,16r
-t-2.o'*-
2
(b) ttrpnpdlor
6
a - (t,0)
:1ita24 "o,"1!M41,
15.Orrptyuvoptrp*tg
ouvaptloeq 27L
KoL0ro6eii.s 6.r
'lrT='
(c) aur6ro 6pLoyLova Dpire
XpqoL[onorEiore ro
,,,,,I_leY
(d) \pnoLponoL(ijwoq ro p';pr O) Kdr(c),KoLrov ri)ro rrlq rp6o0eoltq
yra rrt sin,
ppEirsflt sin'(.r).flpxi(ovruqan6rov oprof6rrq rapoyrbTou.
'28. A .o .o roo0).rtuc 3i$r ,r 0 ovr.uLr(l],r.oI
.uv rp,?d\o!rtprKuv ouop io'jt}r
'Eoro
xpriortfltq iworoq ro! priKoDq KorroL,[poFl,iroroq l]-26. /(x) = Vl xr
yLa I <i< L opi(oupE.v-(x) ro rriKoq.rtq/o.o[x, l].
(a) ÊiiTE6rr
, ,.lr
,, r,
1l ,.d,.
(Aur6 PdpoLo
ivoL6vq1vu(su!6vo
oloKtripopo,6noqro opioapEoro np6-
Phpq la-29.)
(b) ^siErs6rL
r0 - I <.r< l.
\'l='
k) opiEorip a., n rc y\ l). rra o<x<,r, opiEou!0ro cosr 0]16rtv
3.(cosx) r, xaLop qoupsinx= \-1 cos'r Arossiqr6tt cos'(x)= sinx
=
Ka!sin'(,i)= cosxYLo0 < r< ,r
+29.O_(r6pu a\,oQipojrsJroDvrofioaro KiUEvo
{a1tlov d .rl avdnrlerlT3)v1pllc)voue
rprK"i,voL,\flprioLdv:r\rvdiwocL,r!,. ovriorpoo"c 6' vaprial,q.op,ot-ivc:ono
ol,oK),Ip6para.Eivormoixo),ov aptiooupeIs rnv arclan,Tl0ri aD.rin oNdp.tcrl
opi(EroryLoK{tsx. f,o vo iiqEre dur6 ro rp6pinpo, unoKpreeire 6 6valre
a{o'o, I nor;?rafiq rp.TdvoFerprKcq
o, vap.rtod(
/ d ) E o - d o r r. ) | ' . . ' r l d ' A r o S f i E r L 6 f l n a f i v f l ' n c D r r r i

J.(l
6rL ro lim oG) Kol m lim a(x) urdp;(ou!Karrd 6io, l(or sivqrqvrioIo.Av
opiooup,r = 2 lim o (.r),r6rs rt o I opiqrororo ( ri2.ri2).
(b) ôiirs 6rL(a X,) = I + ta (")l'.
(c) = a i(xl. Kar6nv opiqoD-
fro x = ku +.{' pe.r'+ ni2 it n i2, opi(,a}pEtan.{
ge cosx= t]1/t + ran*, Io x 6Xrrrtq |op'A\c,kn+ 1tl2i kr- nl2 Kal
I n\
-1i" jJ .0. Ano6.:E1c rpuro o,' co.'{.{
| ran{cos.y. KaLFrrd orr
-
coY(x) = cosxlLq 'de x.
r30. Av drouperrtdutoolvoSsreo 6rLxdnolsqSroao prKds0E166onq aloljv).[o!, 16ts
ts
xr ri)").1prarpooiylLol rov rprtr0voprprKdrv
ouvupflioov
'ival 6uvor{.Yro0doIs,
6u?rsKpuivo,6n L,ndfierKdnoLo ouvriprlortnou dEvEivalravro[ 0 {nlt onoio
Lrcvororcirtv_v;'+ /o = 0
(a) AnoSsiirc6rL! /0r+ (/0')r ivaroro0epi,xol ollLnepdlor 6rr /0 (0)+ 0 ri
yo'(0)+ 0.
(b) Ano6si4rE6r, l]riiprsr fra ouvdplitonr nou LKavorori fltv s"+r=0 Jrr
2?2 llaprtyuyotrar doK^qpillta
s(01= 0 Ko'r'(0) = I Yn66EL(rt: AoKL[dorE s rlq popqiqa-v!+ b_vo'.

Av opioouussin= s rur cos= s', r6re ore56v6),06oqE6poL,!E ]ra nq rpr1or
voirsrprKi_(oulaplio8rq TivovroLrErprplavq.YndpIEr6tLoqiva otFeio nou
onoLriK6no vo nopdlou[erov upL0p6r. Aur6 /ivErarrLoeuKoiu,ovZpr]oF
ponoLriooup prodoqol qn610IIdp{iprrtf( ro! KEqoioio! lli
(c) Xplouonolisrro [p60lr1!q 7 Iou l]opop.riuoroq ro! Ksao].oioull ?ro!'o
'En'raL
{rtrodeilers
6n ro cosx6Evf,ropcivo 'ivor 0rft{6 rao{{i8er > 0. 6rL
undplsr rlo ).dX16to 4> 0 $ cos-\= 0, {or lLropon!0 vo opiooult n= 2I0.
(d) Ano6iErs 6rLsintr' 2 = L (AQo!sin' + cos'= 1,itouFssin,ri 2 = + I ro
rp6Pitpo eivoLvo snoquoioErE ?raIi ro sinui2 EivoLeerLr(6.)
k) BpeirErfl cos,r,sinr, cos2n,Korsin2z.(ouor{d,pnopiIsvo xprtor}LonoLriqer
onorov8ritrore dro 7ro rr! np6o8sol,a$ououroi onoScLrtviowar, ov qdpolfc
=
6rLsin' cos{qr cos' = sin.)
(0 Arc6eierE6n rt cos{or I sinsi\ro,r6p,o61d(!e n'pio8o2r.
11. (a) Msld fln66rt rn ioDiELdnouKdvqp 7Lqvo opiooup !r'tsin,eairaviop?rorF
x6 !,oovoKol.ivouue 6tl I sii 'i!dr lelLr{i prtri ou!{ipt1o1.Aro8eilre6rL6ev
eivor.(YrdpXnlld oi i 1316n]ro nt( sinnou8svfropsi \rolrlv atcLrrLoprtri
ouv0Prrlon.)
(b). Ano8iqre 6rr r'tsin5svopi(raLoire {ov nsnl.sy!6vn ar6 lro a}.TEpprKrisli6o'
ot titraii, ijvDndproriv ptr6qoDlqprioeq /!, .... /, , riroLsq6o1e
(sinx)'+ /, (i()Ginx)' ' + ... + /0(xl = 0 7toKdesr
Y'r66Ert:AnoSiLrE 6rr /0 = 0, {ipar sinpnopci!o B7roq Korv6qnapd?o-
vroq.O rqpd-rolrraq nouqno!6vL eivur0, e(169iorDq(n6 !a no?,lun?dora loD
2n.All"d 0!16ortpoiver61tEivdL 0 ?rond0rx. (fLqri;)Eioaorr(i,pqfroLFoL 7ro
!,a 0r6dD,irtt 'ro?oyri.
*12. Yro0iio,rpE6rLor d Kard: rrovonoroLiv flq
O i ' +c t d ) =o '
O; + h6.= o'
(a) Aoi<r'6rL
6 i o 1 - 6 ! , b t -@ - a ) 6 & r =a
(b) ÊihE6rLqv dL(x)> 0 l(qrdr(x)> 0 ro KdeE:roro (a, 6). r6rE
jl'..,.
fd.'o, 4'd I \ 0.
Kor outnepavarsolL
-
t6'(b)$.(b) 6ift)flaJl + td (b)d:'(b) d,(d)d:'(d)l > 0.
G) Aihs 6rr o at,r'ivrtv ncpinroorldEvrnopoirs vu ;to'rfo dr(d) = d (b) : 0.
Yn6dsrEr: Elerdorero np6ortporov d'(d) r<ordl(b).
(d) AeilrE6rLor Lo6fltrErd,(a) = 0,(b) = 0 sirrorEtriolqol vorusov d, > 0, d, < 0
i d <0,dr>0. I dr< 0, d,<0 610(4, b). (od npnevo }rrop0i10 vc ro
KdvErs oxs66vtopi_(mdiov 3ou).sld.)
To rt LK6ol]lnfpaota l1UrolroDrTpop],ritoroq Srarundrv'roroq e6iq:ov a
rflr b ivarSt(ldoxrKiq pi(qrrtq dr. 16.3n d rpdn0,\ru,X!1t,o pi(o {dro!
a\]drEoaoro d KoLoro b. AUrdro aror6)oso.os tLlos).oepdj!1'vlK6rsprl
tLopqi,ivarpoar6 oq ro Ord,plfo li$prolf ro! Sturm.Og oDlKe(pu16lo
rapd6Lrrd. {{i6siiort rtq SroqoprK,ir siioootq
/"+ (.{+ t)v=0
trpineLvaizELpiaeq01o\r01rK6
op'(6vrLodqovo,rirorsqnouvo(lnirorivrr'ftiI
ro'rqro nor! z
15.Ottpryavoperprtouvaprrloeq273
33. (a) Xptollorouilwoq rov 16?!0lld 1o sinx siny roDnpopl.iForo( 14,63iqft 'jfl
*(i +j,),-'r"(*N,=z'i"i.",t'.
(b) Aro8ier
6Il, avsinxl2 + 0,6rc
; + cosx+ + c"',,=+:l
cos2.r+...
zsrn t
'Onoq pl'Iprirov, I r1o
!E Sriodl,Lo o,Iorsl'6olora oEourt rlv ou)').o}li rov rTpo
rdvo eqisoq sival nol.i otlravnKi oq pe)'6tqtov oerprivFourierKc1rlv
tpnoruororcipeeniol6oTanpopligara l8-55xot 22-19.
(c) Oroios,aroSeier
rovdro
. /r+l \ . i,t \
s'nl x/ s,n\t x/
2
sinx* sin2x*..- i sinu=
ont
'Evog quoml.oylK6q aDroiErouq'lrlnoug,eopQtrraoT8i
( flo rp6noEvo Eoydyoulr
.oro IIp6PUF02614).
(d) Xprlsrprorsiorsro r6pn O) Ka!(c)yu vo ppeiraro
tb lh
an6tov oprol6rou oloKhp6loro(.
J, sin.xdx Kdl J" cosxdx or' suesiaq
xdq.t
g
KEoA Alo o /r EINAIAPPHToI
a'r6 rov K$proKopt6 rou prpl"io'r,o'rlurspd'op9d-

Aur6 ro frxp6 Kpd},oro,roo drToK]'iver
vs'roryro vo ono8iqer6n eipoorsi6r o 0d6nvo ?Il:asrpriooDf Kd'loraloonForrKd
emvoritora.O),6Klrporo Kedl,oro ivoroalpopdvo oeploorortr6h o'r6616t rou6n
'Ororq
o r ivordppnros. KoLo ro),16qdlleq (ororlr65eq)aroSei4erc eeopTlpdrov r
pE1d?,oqPdooq,mrld priporoorrlvo'd6Erqipoq6vrroponvvo ortroloynooiv'iop' 6Iq
aurd,[nopiKovsiq, m0ov6ftft, vo rapoKolo!0iosrri]v an66(nPita rrpoEp1ipa.
Srionopaqpioelenplv on6qv 0r!6618l.
Ilp6nslvo dlcturr(i)oouUe H rp6q aqopdnl
r ' (I {)'
".
"nl
I oroio rpoqov6qrl<ovonol8i
filv
I
0< f,(x)<-1lo0<x< L
Mlo onou8oior66rnro rrq ouvriprrlolq/, oroxol,fnrrorov Erdoour

fllv nop{iorqorl
'rouraipvoDfsKr),6woq rov no1"]'a,rl.ooroop6
r'(l x)'. H r!Kp6rp!Efvotn rou x
'ioDeo paovrorsiivorr, Korrl pe,o),6rpr66vopnivorq 2r. Apo n f, lrropeivo
6roruro0iprrl ropari
f "@=:'2,"'"'
6nouor op|osoicriivo! ardporcl.Eivoraovp6on oonivrlv nopdoroon6rr
f = 0' a! k < n i k > 2n.
""'(0)
/"tr(x) = . lrl c, + 6por'!ou'leprftouvro x]
*'\n - I
f I l)l c, I dpotnor ftpdxoLvro xl
,lln ,
'
I
f:'t( x) = .l(2nttq,l.
f ,t )(0)=
"",
/"k+,(0)=(r+ l)c,+j,
f,t'\0)= (2n)(2n 1) ... (,+l)%,

16.O r eivatdpp4to6 275
'Apa
sivor6)'0roK6potot.
6nouor opreloiora 6E1d o
/,'''(0) sivordr':"a'o( yroKd0er.
H o1dorl
- - x)
f J,(
"(t)
40oqdli(8,61,
/nctx)=( r)lto@(l,il
/,1'r(l) eilalc'{orlq drlpdro( yto xde*.

H o'r66riq6rr o ir ivordpprlrosanorrcitrloot 6[a ropofliplol: av a ivaronorooEri
noreopre!6q,Kor > 0,16rfro opKrd!y{i}.o,, Soa1oDpe
-"'
rl
our6,ropoqpo$pe6rL,ov,1> 20,16r
fLo vo onoSsilouJr
d"''
. d ' < 1-.2
d". _ a
. (n+l)l ,+l nl ,l
Aqoasouy
rirpor0xdnorov pE11> 2o.T6r,onoubrinor
opL0p6
aDalt.6 rrFrirftovdt31
ro
(,'.)l'
l)1or6pevqrudg rKovororoivflq
o,"-' . I
( / ,+
, I)l-t (,J
-l o " | | 0^
ln, 2): 2 (a'l)l 2 2 (n):
laL
- <-_?,r- .
{'f + *)l (a)l
A\ ro * civdrapKcriBcyd),oijrorr,''-< 2'. Torl

(,tr:L
d@"+t)
(,, + *)l '"'
'E1owoq
rou ivqrro suln6po6fanoD06],0|13. KdvL aur6qrq roporrlprioLE,
ipsoi
droqoLyroro tova6rx60ed,prl;rl
ouroi rou Keqd],oiou.
oropHM^ r O op10p6q rivardppnroqyrqrlvoxpiFerq,oIivordppilroE.(Iloporilpci-

or0 6rr, ov o nr sivolippTlroq, inror6rLKaro r Eivordpptroq,Tnri ov o r lirov pIr6S,
r6rs PdP0lo 0o rirovKo,o irr.)
6rr o n: ivorpn.dq,ond.s
rlorErls YrooftoDpE
_2_ a
Tlo Kdrolouq0rrKo$q
uxpoiouE
a Korb. OErourE
276 llapdyayorrarotrod'qpritpara
(r) nh 1f l@+i'
G(x)= b"t;'f,(x) 1/"11(x)-...+(- l)'/"1:")(.{I
noportpoip66rr Kaedvaq
on6rouqouvr],Eord!
b,' " - brt t " - b'(s)'-"",r

A$ori or /,1|(0) {or /,1i)(l) sivqr ol(fpqror,qur6 oroSErl(vir6rr or
EivaraKdpoLoq.
C r 0 )K o rC ( l ) f i v o r a K i p o r o r .
napoyrDti(ovra(rlv C 6Doaop;(, roipvoupE
\2J c"(x)=b"tnhf""(x) nh'|f,'4)(x)+...+( t)'/,':'+:\r)l

6poq,( l)if,rl-:(x), 0ivo1
O re],lroios ne (l) ra1
iooq! !n6iv.on6rs,rpodedlowae
(2)axo'rre
(3) G"(x)+ nla(x) = b"Ek' f ,Q) = r1a"f ,(!).
T6pa Sdroul6
H(x) = c'(r)siat x 'c(x)costr(.
T613
H'(x)= nc'(x)cosnx+c"(x)sinnx rC'(x)cosrx+ rrc(r)sinJB
= tc'(t{) + n1c(x)lsinrx
= nrd't(x)sinrx,01T6rrv (3).
An6ro &nIspoOc[e].1(i)ice
Oe6plUo rouAmLpoolrxoi
AoTropoi,
= H(t) Hl0)
n'J,a' f ,(x)sintudx
- = c,(l)sinn nc(t)coln c,(0)sin0
+ )rc(o)cos0
= Etc(l) + G(0)1.
t
nJJ"f (xsinaxd\r.i\dttK-pan(.
A,16
rnvd),h rl.upd,0
< /,(x)< l/r!yro 0 < x< I, dpa
o<*f , A ) s i n n x < 4 ? r a0 < . { < 1 .
tuvEi!6q,
..t'
0 < nJnd"f,(x)sinn(dx < =
Aur6qo oullolop6q irqv releioq ove(dprlroqar6 rtv tlFri rou ,1.Av r6pa o , sivor
apxrd!7dloE,r613
ttu'
0 ,rJod'l,r sio,rxdxr": < L
A).ld o!16sivolropdl.oTo, trori ro olo{}.iprrpoivoroxdparoq, qKdporoq

{or 6vurdpj(Er
lsraE$rou0Kolrou l.'Apoil opllKriloeun60ort npdn voivqrl,ovoop6v!:
orrivqr
dpprlror.I
Ilapo8x6roore 6fl ouri n on66erqrt sivarruontpr6Slq no guorlpdleg ioog on 6i.c
eivoro rp6noq! rov oroio ro n lnoivsrorrv o'r66LEr rordE0ro1s66vaovr,oono6si-
qop6rr o ,r eivoLdpplroqtopiqvodrourrE 'rorovoqdpr
dvovopror6rou r. Av tavoKol-
16.O r dvat dpp4roq 277
rrlv or66e(!,0c Soipe ot, oKpt0d)q

dqoru npooKrL,.d ro! jrivaL
pLo Ldr6rr1lo
sin(n) -
H qr66s,irl,np{i7!orL,
paoi(er01onq 16L6rnreqrItqot)vdpqorlrsin,Kor(1n05srKv,l5r6rL
o
,dx16ro( 06rr{6qopL0!6,cr yrurov oitoiosin:{= 0 Eivqrdpprlroq.
tntv npoYlarr(6rrlru.
no).';rTrqLdr6r'tTLqrqcsrn
lprrclovrut.t uto'7r$otpivo
in,
sin(0)= 0'
cos(0)= t
A(6prl KoLolrri I ),iorotLnopi
vo oDvrolrLroi os ox6ol !e rnv an66sr6l! coslnop8i
rd).horo vo op160sioav sin'.T6rr or r6r6rtrqrrtq sin nouo,rorroivraL
orlv on66srqr
sir"+sin=0
sin(0)= 0
sin'(0)=l'
A!16 06porodsvlaq KnliooeLxoe6).o!,oqo , 6noq6i6ogE oro rpol, oipvoKead),oLo,
!
o' ri, or rSd.t0r ldpo\rtpiqor r) i.-, I I6' \i1.
voptna't
NPOBAHMATA
r ' ( u ) Aroo.iq,cofiro "u0o6ar'\ ro.7;\uvoAa KorOAaoro)ti/o I oL'vddo\ror
.4
!r. Int roo,l.0
oAc=+
a,P0s6v
lx.0)=, (1.0)
Yn66cllrlrA6010rlc eElod)6Etqxy = 2(ErF.OAB).x'1i y' = l. os rposy.
(b) Eoro P. ro (qvovrK6 ro)"i.rovon rrerpdlvnor sl./pda'ro1orov lovoiroio
rd{Lo. Av A, sivoLro '!0o56vrou P". 6siq1s
6fl
A.-i,/2 z,l1 '2Ar,' .

ttitd t
ADr6ro onor6],opa, lqq nrlpdnsr
!o n(1ipvouu(6)"0{qr nLono}.rjt}.o{oug)
rinouq?raro A:,, EKrvdrwog =
fs Aa 2, xqrtDrdvounoi"oyioolIro ir tt 60rl
o{pi Psro06l,ou!(o$pqovo!Eio np6p},Itq 8ll). Av l(oro8u$ovroroivxqhl-
rspeEIdooSoL oro Ksadloro19,lLo troapdnopa?,iotiaurig itq npooi/ytorlq
ropdorao! yLoro ,r:
6ivrtla no).ljcvSt0adpoDoo
2, (a) noipvovr0eur' d\nt 611
Erp(oAB) _ ^"
, tFrOcC) ""
dsiqrs6rL,av (r. sivaLr on6orooTl
roD0 on6pLqnlEupdrou P., r61E
(b) ôiiro 6fl

2
278 llapdyayotrar oloKl\p(ilrcra
(c) noipvow0q',r' 6q,rl6rL
=
xc, rovntnocos.r72 l5),qno6i6r
6r,
{=ryOp6phpo
a,=v't;
l-
03= .vrrrvr.
/r t./l
t------------i=
I l./r t./l
) 2\2 )\2
Kln.
Mo(i r ro pdpoq(b), our6 Seqvqt 61ro 2l it ,rp&qEr,ol
oq vo drerpo trv6$vo)
2 =,1+,1+.+E
+.+
flo vo qKpr9ol,oto6tr,
oDrriI ro6rrlroorlpoiv0lril1ro.rrv6pvororvrip6r0rv,
ropot6vrovpropi vq ivsr600 Kovrdeil"ouFsorov 2/,r, ov 8raLdiou!,
opxsrdIsydl.o.Aur6 ro yrv6pvo,ovaxal,iqenK oJr6rov FrancoisVietero
l5?9.xarrivoLl6vottdafldflq trol).d:
to qrLUTrxiErrepdolrc yroro n. F prKd(
sr6 Tlqoroies0o avaqipoupeopy6rpa.
KEOAAAIO H AOTAPIOMIKH
KAI H EKOETIKH XYNAPTHXH
Iro Kspd).arol5 ro o),oK),ipotopdq66ooEavovtp6ro 1lavd 6lorur{iroou!0 ouor!prirov

qpILKdoplol6.ov ouvapnlo(0v sinKorcos.t aD1610K09d].o1o, ro o].oKhlpotorai(t
drsvoKdFano o, orosrKopoIo. fro prp,(iqouvoptttoaq. aK6Fa{r d\sqLroaTdyL,{6q
oproFdq nopo,ord(cr6ro{olicr frs aapd8crTFa. qqndpou$In o, vdprlort
''
'f(r) = l0
Auri I ouvriprlorlunolio.loL6rr opi(ror'ôl(dox xoral8rlro awiorpoerlolvdprnorl
opro$q Ia eE'rLr.d x, tor' oivqro ().oyripr0jroE
I0 pdorll0D,
/ (r) rogo.r.
tTI\ du.ppo.ro l0 opr(ersr oLrr0o,,r6v"/,o p4foi( x. cv,i,o optordq yLsdoprro'q .\
oroorondrdrlsrp6ro.Mraorjwout avooK6rrlorl rouoproloi yLo prt16.{,6X1p6vo
EIyi
ouriv rtv mpdirvrl,a).)dlos 0uri('l Korlro o'ro!6aio616qro nouKpi,prlornioc)an'
qprofoi_c
To oippol,ol0'opi(ror np6rayla aDor'(oiE r. ADr6qo6urpoirop6qqtroacL
Kvi.a(qolpflKdEuj(ptoro_c,
rSro(Iepo61dv -rrarov no].).orl,qoLqoir6
'lp6KeLror ,Iol,[
Iotd).ovopr0!6v,yrqri
H ndxroor]rou oplofo ro! l0', tLo pnr6x '/ivorolf0 rdrororp6nodiorEvo SLarnpiror

ourj 1 elioool. H i6ro o,railtoil, uo( erlBril.).er
ouolaonK{irov ouvl0ropdvooprop6.
A06o!6vou 6n ofloul vo roxierI lo6rnro
vo opiooule100= I oaof 06iou!6vq rollEr I roorrlru

rpdnL
l 0 ' . 1 0 ,= 1 0 1 , =
t,
vo opiooufs l0' = l/ l0' oqorloatoDurvq ro1ftl il ro6rrtrfl
fip6nL
-i" =
10,.-.10,=10r.+ t0 = r0,
vo opioou!l0r '= i/i0 tr4.oq,caorl0dl,oupe

npdncr vo rq{[r r rs6qro
t o ' | ' . . . 1 0' ':|
npdr$ vo opioou!6l0/' = ((,/10)'

AuoruI6E,o our6io olpeio ro rp6'/poluriuoqKolaliyr 6s o61iEo6o. O6r tei{drr
0,16lov (qv6vo 6rr To l0'0q npdml vo oplori dror 6ore vo riuqols pdporor,rof
l0! r = l0! . 10r,ql-).doufli I qp146Evlro(6ivrL{ri,rorovoni6 tr}./eoprKd
1p6trooprotoi
'
lou l0'Tlorippitrox. fr our6vro L61o,0anpooroerisouu8 Ur mo oiTzpovE!e06toucvo
ppoil prqou\dplitorlt, raloLa6ole
C) /(x+ y)= f(x') /(y) 1'o K'io x Kory.
Ev6roqp6udor0
96pou ro tro ouvliprlol rori vo }|tv 0ivarrdvroi Ft6dv.tnopo6p
280 llapdyoyorraro)orL4ptlparu
no!6v0rq vo npooodoolF fit ouvoriq /(l) * 0. Av trpoo06ooul rtv mo 6rKi ouvoixt

/(l) = I0, 16ron6rlv (*) 0d npensvo rdrt /(.r) = 10,rq pnloiq.{, Kqrro r0.0q
pnopotatys optorE{at /(,r) tro ro rrT6}.0r,!0x ytvlrd, 10 /(x) 0o ivoriso p[ /( I )],
7rc p1r6-r.
'Evoq
tpriroqyta vc ppoipeprc ritora cuvriptrlol,6roqoivsrorov 'lpoonoe]ioouts vq
lioolF8 CvaqorvopvrKd 6uoro).6repo rp6p).r1pc:va ppoi)ltt\0. Edpay@yiotpn ou\dprrt-
f(x + yl = f(x) . /0/) rra xd0E.{ xqr},,

/(l)= lo
Av unogdooul &r Dndfl(eL tro r&orq ouvriplr)ol,eilqors 6e 0iorl vo ErnXrpliooulE
vo
ppoits rlv /' - trori ov qdpoullrlv ropriy0)to tC /, ioo]qitol)pKd,roraiv6(t l<ar
?ralov oprop6qq i6LaE rrl( /. T6po
f(x+ hl- f(x)
h
flx)' f(h) f()()
h
-
- = f l x ) ' .. f(h) |
ErofCvog,I atrdwqol Eaprdror

on6rrlv
frot-t' !J!)1
Ae unoodooDur,
npogrc nop6v,6rr our6ro 6ptoondplr,Koroq ro olupo),ioorrf
tE d.
Td1r,
=
"f'(r) a "/(r) ru rderr.
Ax6FoKrqv Inopo oolrevo !ro),oyi6oul0ro d, auri I npos6-fytolQaivror vo !rov-
tIi. H nopd]orloq
rlq / el(QpdorlK
ror ndl.rouluprrioarlE /.
Av ler{ioouuE1rlvowiorpopl suvdprlol / | = logr, rt 6lI xqldorool qreovi(rur
relioq6raeopsnxi:
I
t o-s"; t x l - -
Itf'txD
_l
flf-'(xD ax
H rapdToToqrrlq / | oivardoo on),ri0q uopofoEvo rn qrlri,@rrovig!KoL our6
qn' 6lo ta o),or).tp6paro
nou Eivor ro nro v8roQdpov,
J"x'dr nou e{errioope
npol'1o,rpiv.q, o),ortrtp(,rlro
/'t d . { c i v o r r o l 6 v o , ! o L 6 cj vr n o p i s a F E v o r r o L o y i o u u F L .
"o
AQoi logrcl= 0,0d 'npEnE
vq rott61
| [' I
d r - l o c P Y - l o g o -l l o 8 . o r
;J, I
Aur6Iq(6ivflqvl6dovoopiooulerovlogDroq(liallrrdr.H8uorolioeivct6ttroa
ivcrriTvooro.Tvqqrp6ro6vo EErEpdooup
ourrivrn 6!orol,io,rivor vo opiooulr
'rogn= i ' l_dt,
_ rI) t
xqr vq E),niooujrs
6rr our6 ro ol.oKl.ripold 0oEivqro).oFpr0pogoq trposxdnorapd6r| nou
rar q *9enrri ouvtiot4otl 281
17.H ).oyapr9prrf1
'Onoq
0a L,no).oyrorei
io{Dqspt6rpo. Korvd 'tLro npdypo,rl ouvdpqst nouopi(oupe
p oDr6vrov rp6ro eivoroiyouponro)'oyrl(]i,0?!6loenporrxridno!,r1,or' 6,n n logrc. H
Ipnou6rnrarou logrcoqEilroL
orovorouaqio p6lo rounqi(r ooprofdql0 srovopqPrK6
ouppo),rsp6 (KoLP6porq olo yyov6q
6rLd:(outE66l.06dtFul.o), sv6I ouv,iprlol los fas
6ivErdvqoippolo yu 6varqorprrl(d on),6o),o().ipo!o, no! 6vpropsivo rJro),oyro1i
I0
Pdor rLqri6r yvool4 lto( ouvoprioELr.
OPIEI\IO!
nc,=I,'ld,
H ?poplKriropdordonrrq log qoiverororo tlilo i. noparrpeior6rr, ov x > I, 16.

log.x>0, Kl ov 0 <.r< l, 16rlos.r< 0, oqo6,6noqatoupeoupqovios!
l" I f' l
I -.dt= l -:dt <0
fra x < 0,'6evgnopoipev" -" ar,, Jr' rov i6rorp6ro,'/roriI / (r) = l ir iiv
1v01apollLdq oro [x, l]. "O*-u"
ttittd I
H alTlo).61itollor16u[p6].o!"log" tiverorpero en6pevo

O6prtlu.
oroflrMAr Av x, y> 0, rdrc

los(.xy)= log.x+ logj,,.
Ano,\rEHIlopantpo[pc rp6ro dfl log'(t')= lir, on6 ro Opl"Ldraq
OsdrpTlpo
ron
AnLpoorrKo6AoTropon.
r6po avovapr0!6y> 0 l(or06rou}l'
dLq),6youts
/(x) = los(x/).
Tdrc
7 1 r 1 = 1 o g 1 r 9y.= L . r=!
'Apo
/'= log'. ADr6olpoiv0r6fl undpxsL
dvoeoprep6(c, r6roroq6ore
/(x)=loe-I+c ?loKdex>0,
6rl).06i,
log(r/) = log.{+ c 1roxdos.x> 0.
282 llapdyoyorrar olod'qptiparu
per1v nopcrtiplol 6t1,Tla x = I raipvoutr

c propiva unoloyLorei
o ap10F6r
los(l y) = los1+ c
log(.xy)= loer + log/ Tr0l.6ex.

Aqorlqur6rori6r yrol(d0sy> 0, ro tu{iprtld dleranoaErlri.I
ropDr r Av, sivqrq!61{6eaplep6!Karx > 0, 16r

log(r') = n logi
AnoÊEHA$rivror6s ooe(xpnoljroror0iore
royoyri).I
2 Av x, y> 0, 16rr
floPrrM^
r"e(1)= r"e'- r"er.

'Err0r
aflo^rEH an6rLqro6qrsq
/.r \ /,\
- losl . losl- yJ losl-l losr.I
To OdrprtpoI tdE6iv61orltavnKdq r),rtpoaopi;yrarlvTpaqrxrinopdoroolqq log.H
ouvdpntotlogsivolooa6qo6louoo,a],ld oaorllog'(x)= 1/x, ! nqpd?otoq ]ivErarno],$
prKpi drov ro .{ TivrorpEyd?,o,rotivoq I log ouEdler6)"0KornLo qp1d. A8v 3ivo1
npopavdq ro ov I logeivqr$po-rfivl i 6xr oro R. nopofitponu
6uoc,6fl'ylot d0auo1K6
opre!6r,
loc(2i)= nlos2(Korlosz> 0)
irrqL61lI log6oveivordvo apoludvrt.Otoiore,
/l\ -
los{
-'2"/l loel log2 nlos2
dpo I lo8 6EvEivor(drorapotFdvr]610(0, l). Aao6t log 'ivnl ouverrlq,roipverrEIlKd

6].cenq ruiq. Enolivoq ro ns6iooplotoi rrlq ouvdprloTtqlog rsivor ro R. Aurri T1
onou8oioouvriprlol axsr;voL3rK66vo!o,nouoivroto 0oaovin6ooraLpraor6 eivqr.
exp,civcLl log I
H ((eflrcisuvdpntortD,
H TpflArKinopdoroorlrrtqeip qqivrororo tlipa 2 AAoSr1logx opi(srolU6vo.r1o

.r> 0.dXoufsrdvrorexp(x)> 0. Hnopd.rologrlqoDvdprlolqexpD,roloTiqrol6Ko),a.
ornPHM,\
I fra r<do
0pr0p6x,
exp(x)= exp(r)
expl()=(log'tlrt= L
r o gI o g l x |
I
I
rog u/
:tiuo2 = tog r(x)= exp(r).I
17.H Aoftlptep$fiKatrtKerLKi
ouvtiprnon283
Mlo 6[rp1onpq!'rKi 6r6rrlrarlq expsivaror],i ouvdrsnlou Osopriporog

|.
r AvrrqrJ civorRXoiorqpretoi.lijrt
otnpHlt^
exp(x+ y) = exp(x) expcv).
'Eoro
AnoaEr.H x'= exp(x)xcr y'= on ."
""09r,
r = rogx
y = locy'.
T61
x+ y= logx'+ logy'= log(x'y').
ADr6olpoiver6rr
exp(x+ Y) = rt'= exp(r) expo) I
Aur6ro Oe6prpo,Koe{i4 Korr ou('lrnor ornvoptirou Kaa}'oiou, uroSerKvioov6fl o
exp(l)ivori!o?,6
orltq!'rrx6q.Yndpj(Er, ;vo r3rx6sfjrpoloTr' our6vrov qprep6.
6vr0rq,
e= exp(l).
Aur6qo oprop6q
ivarloo6ivotoq
!s rrv sEiooorl
| f " -ot.
)oge Jt l -
triui 3
'Orroq
qaivErorolo Xllipo l,
l, l
J, idt< l, yrori I (2 - l) sivqrevadvo doporopo yrorTlv
/(t) = li t orotl,2l,
|,I ll
I dt> 1,yta;l. - D+T(-2)=
,-(2
rrlv f (t)11
ivarivo K(irod0porslaTrq t a&1, al.
Ap0,
j ,
o,r-['
t
0,.['
,
0,.
rpd'no no! 6ij(vfl 611

2<e<4.
284 llapriyoyorrard,otclrlprlpara
:ro Krad).o1o i9 0o 0poi!ro).nxo).nropq

npocctliocrq1lorov e. Kur0o6ciloltL6
6r o t
silol ripprtrof(r1or66rErtsivor1101,6
rro ajdolt an6 rnv an660,(Iro! 611o n sitor
{ipprlroq!).
'Onoq
ontr6oou3ornv aptri roDKEafl),aiou,
an6rnv qiooorl
=
exp(x+ Y) exP('Y)exp(f)
exp(x)= texp(l)l-
= e', 7raKdep4.dx.
= ! fltv (09
AAo[ rl expopi(roly106],am x {o1xp(x) e' Irq ptro'jq ,y.eilor o'Jven;q
16po,piort lou cKoIlKoD
oulFolLororjro \rdopioo4,, ro c" oq exp(r)Trd{dosx.
flo KdeopLep6
r.
O 6poqrcKos1$i ouv{iprTlot)
i\,oliripfl ooqiq.Il0riXousvoopicoulsro e'11oororov8i
rols(oK6!oKuldpprtro)K06rrl:r.
Av;xou[soK6lLo opiofi ro d', ov a + e, oildundprr
tLlo,,o?rKi
6{d\ynnou vo
lnopri lLoe Koooolyiosl o ouTrivrt! npoondoero. Av o x EivoL
a'= (e:4o)r= elhs
A),).d,oqol rl riEUroionopdoruonopi(raltro rltrr;. ftroporj$!d ritv rpttorfonoui-

ooutsTLova opLooD[e ro d .
Av a > 0, r61E,]ra rdot rpsTlqrrK6opLeir6

r,
(Av a = e, oui6qo oproF6q

oL,frinrsr&BqlaFerov nportyoipvo).
H onqirror a > 0 ivor&vqyxoio,

tro va opi(erarologd.A!16 8Eveivur{{ifl ro !rpllo1,1-
rd rEpLoproirr6,
oqoLi,}ld uopdisrTlq,5vpnopols oirE Kavvo opiooulsro
( l),,l\?r l.
(BaBoLo,7ro{dro,o'iEprlroiex, ro oirrpot"od'iooq 4eL 6wolo,oip{povoprov no}.r6
op16F67i0 nop{ibryp0,
r- tr - /l- LJ
O op.o.d;.aC/,o ro o'. 6rj0tr.iror ' 'orcr u rolicr
(e')r = e'r ?r0l(d0e-Yi.aLr'
'Oridc
Ka!ci(.o'rni t lo6rrtro6loKoiou0'ivaro/isr 6rdvro e qvrLKorooroesi
0ori).n1(c pe
onorov8inor op10p6a > 0. H or63'ql rivoLtlo ornxd ro).rjrl,orr1{toxrlol ndvoorrlv
opo?,o,
io. Tour6'tpova,
ano6rr{vrjouj10 KorrK d],Iq6rt!Lo!'1rx6q
L6r61trq
rlq a'.
olnPHnA
I A! a > 0, ioro
(1)(a')'= a" rta xdeeo, c
(nopa.rtp'ioro6Tlourofriroqro ai civoremr{6,dporo (di)' opiftror'
(2) d' = a Kat a-t = a' . al ?o rdoE ', _y.
17.H Toyapr1pnfrar 11er1etwfi
oauipr1o1 285
(nopoqpeior86Tlan6rrlv (2)dneror6rrdur6qo oprop6q tE rov noh6 yLo

rou a' oDpaovei
plrorlqx.)
A n o , \ E E H( l ) ( d ) ' = edqd
(Koodvoar6 ro pipqrq o' ouflivrlv a?,Doi6a
on6Lo6rtreq,pasi(erqrorovr),uraio
por
opLop6, oro yeyov6E
6rr exp= los r).
i
(2)at = ett4"= ew"= a,
To llipo 4 rqpolord(lrl TpoQrl(]i ropdolool rrtc,f(xJ= a' yro 6roeoprLKd a. H

oDpnpwopd rnq ouvdprrlolqelopr&at cr' ro cv a < l, o = 1, i a > 1. Av d = I, 16r
' '6olj!s
/(,y) = l = L Aqunoo 6n a > L x alntv rlv npimodit,logd> 0. Apo,
t!\ x< y,
16rr .rlogd< /logd,
{ipo en4o < ei4q'
6rI., d" < ar.
Erog6voq,I ouvriprrlol"f(.x)= a" eivoraiEoooo.Al!6 rrlv dl.).l n]"upd, ov 0 < d < l,
on6ft logd< 0, ! rouqidrougou),lo1lotorlq 6n
P)"irorJtr I olvriprrlol /(x) = a" eivar
qeivouoo. {qr orLE6io np1nr6osrq, qv a>0 ro1d+ l,i6ftrt /(x)=a'sivol I L
Aqoi I expnoipvsronon6rinorseerrxrir1!r1,sivols[xo),ovo Sori[s6T1xor rl d' noipvl
xderorrx1ilui.'Apo,lavricrpoQtouvripqotopiEsrdr610oivol.orovosTlK{irvnp
porr.6v op,0f6v,{o1 noipvfl 6}.E r1qrlj1dq.Av f\t) = a", 6'ce / ' eivorrl ouvdprnorl
,rouo',viooJs pelog"(txripo 5).
ou}'pol.i(Eror
AKpL96E6rioqn o' Inopivo (qpooriouvapfliofltIEexp,610r(0rrt log"sxr0pd(tar
suvopnioer rnq log.Ilpdylon,
0v y = Ioe"i,
16r x=a!=e'tqo,
ripo logx = /loga,
. los.r
' loga
M {ill0 }.6}1a,
\ /(') =tiil'
\ita 4
4ita 5
286 Ilapr)yayotrot do tlpritpora
ol nopdyolorrrov/(x) = a' Kors(x) = losr Uroloyi(ovrorxot o, 6io eiKola:

=
/ ( . y ) = e , e " , d p o / ' ( x ) = 1 o g d .e i 4 ' l o s d . o t j
-. loex = l
8{x)=tos;0P0 g(xl --
Mnopoil EniolE ajKol.o vo nopdyoyiooutelLq nro oiv$q oDvriprtol 6roq rl
f(x) = s(x|',
apKeila 0\r6W61E6t 4 oprcloi ,
/(x) = e'(nh11'
dnrror 0116rov Kov6vortE A],uoi6oq611
' " , . LI l , i Y r l o g g ( x rh, t,,. ,rcl 1 , \ t 1

,/'{rI e' -l
.
- g ( \r I " , j ,"r ,,s1 1
1 9, )-.l1
[rt)iloegrfl
Aevundplr).6yoqvq oDldrolKavEiq our6vrov riro - eQoppd(ouus or].d)erlv r6danou
0pioKrorriooon' our6v,o (d0 rllK{ ,rEpi,lroo1
rou peovi(8rol. Boted8l,6}oe,1o vtr
0ut6ooors6rLo np6roE rapdtol"ror
orrlv rapdyoyo 0a ivoro a'.
s(.r)
JrDpinlodit
Yrdplsr lLo L6rl(1i oDro$rou riroD, rroud{i&r vo rlv 0Dp6toors. H ouvdp-
=
rrlor /(.r) x" irsr oqrd'po oploril6vo.rrq pqroiq a. Mropofllo16po vo opiooDpeKot
va pporlfsrtv rapdyolo rrq ouv{iprrlonq/(r) = r" yra xdosop1ef6d ro anordleopo
EivoL oxpLpd'Cour6noD0oreprpdvoup:
f(x) = r" = e"'v '
t r;,t-!e' '=!."'- o^" '.
rIvdolorors rLqKorrKEq
Tu otryeppr{ri ouvqprriorq
0oTivoDv I8sirpri ooqaion pE
',rpr6
),in !{io{norl va eup6ooore !6vo 6r! rToD
6}.0101ro!6vC 0d vo rodouv,6wog
rotioDv.Or pooLKfE r6r6rlteqqq expsivot o,too6'iroreour6qnoD6rarun6et{ov6ro
Oopitqru 2 xoL3:
exp'(x)= exp(r)'
xP(x+ Y) = xP(r) exP(Y)'
IlpoyrorlKd,Kdopra on oul6exlq r616q1ee o136vtapoKfi]piqtrTl oDvdpltonxp.
BdForflr exp8EvivoLn lovo61rriouv{iprlon f rou tKavororirnv f'= f ,Itad N
f = ce",T6rEf' G) = ce" = /lx ) 6poetruriqivaroLt6vEqouvqprioLE !' on.rivfltv
616rtra.
5 Av il / .ivol nflpaToyiorJrn
oropHMA KoL
/,(x) = /(x) ra Kdex,
r6!e Drriprsr6voEopr0F6(,, ldroroe66t
.f(r) = ce' )'1oKd8x
/{t)
,,"t-
lloxi e"+ 0 yla Kdos.r.)T6r

(ADr6nrrpdnrq\
e'f'(x) f(xE'
(e')'
rat 4 a<\eu<fiouvripr1o4287
17.H ToyapLAprcil
'Apa
lndrpTsL c, taroro!6ors
ivaqopLeuo(
g(r1=ryL =c ' r o * d E xl
rrs q 3i1Eprpoo,,oirsL6rrrornq exprperdlsrd,no 61'Eo31Kri

o'rqirTloI.H o'rvdp
Il'tor exporoo8inors6svivaL! !6q ouvdplrlo! / rou tKovoroLei
rrtv
f(r+ y)= f(x) f(y).
H olvdpritol f(x) = 0 KoLonoroSinoolv{iprton rIE topaiq ./(x) = a' Lrsvonotoiv
0niolqqL,rri!ntv cliooort.A].ld ro 6io 0dpoeivoLno].i,no orjv0.o Dndplouvdnsrpss
noL,lKuvonoLoiv
dilEc oL,\,qpiri6Lq ouflivqv rb16rrlro,
o)'ld sivdtaSivotov(1flnoSeiqoL,-
fs rlv inopirt ioro Karproq 6ruaopsrLl(]isor' otlIdq
noL,ri6n;Iouts avaqdpI, EKr6sov
xprtolFonortoou!6 mo rpoit(Dptf;vo poolpoflKdlA!r6q Ei,lorKoro l67oq-rra
rovoroio o
opLou6(rtq l0' ivol 1600SioKoloq:urdptolv d,rclpsq ro nirieoqouvoprioerq/ nou
f(x + y)= f(x) f(y),

f(l) = 10,
-
rol rori r.oFicl
r r' uLrrdq / (x) = l0'! fl{ivroqroTiLro iriq (d0
6svivaLI ouvdpxrlorl
or/r4Eo \dprtot /
"-
ftx + Y)= f(x) ' f(Y)
Eivoroiroupaqq pop$riq/(x) = di i /(r) = 0 Go np6p)'rrd19 uno&LKvis,rov l p6no
1 r ov o ' o o ' o 6 u r c L t cc.x u r r i f u : K f l n v a r u h s r y r o r r 0 o r v t l " ' - o , v a p l i o l r c t - o u r f v r t v
,516rlrl}.)
EKr6q on6 rrq 6io posrxdq 16,6rrtrserou 6rorur60rtdov oro Otopripara2 Kor 3, rl
oDvdprrtol exp dxsr pro olr6lq L616ntronolr tivar noii ontovrLKri - I ex! (oDEd\3rrojt[-
rspo cr6 ddl]Ero),u6vutoD.M dl).o i61lo,
orofl$r{6 fra Kdeequor{6 0pL8f6t.
h m a- * .
Ano,\n-HH an661Ert yivsrorprifo rpoq0i!l0.

B4!a L e'> x rt'r rdoe x, sropivos lim e' = @ (pnopoitvu noip 6fl auri sivoLrl
rro !u Ssiioutsaur6vrov Loruprof6(ro! si!o, npoaovriq

1lo x< 0).apKEivo Ssiqotrp
.r> logr yLaKdes:{> 0.

Av .x l, 16.3(txi}a 6),o .x I ivordvo
yLort! /(t) = 1it oro [1,r], 'ipaloc.!< x l<.x.
{ivod0poroirfl
Blpa2.tni- = 6.
fro vq otrodEiEorlc
0!t6, noparrlpoirL
6rr
lz \21
An6 ro Bita I npoKinrsr6n I nop{toroort olrtv nopiv0sort0iro1Erat[r8pr] ur6 I, Kor
:tittq 6 jim e' : = -. ADr6olloivsr 6rLlim e', x = -
288 Ilapdyayotrat d"orJ4pritpara
IIapornpeio16
dlr
e'__ (e"')"
{a)'.,,
H rapdoraort orilvnopdveeonyivrarooobirorpT
dll,6noe rponjrrero]16ro Brilo2,
pEld)'I.I
dpq! ,-oofii 6tvoprloitoupoInopivoTivrooo6rinor
'Etolpr6porn 6Dvor6rnro vo ErdooufenpoaeKnKd rlv Eriq
no],i sv8Loqdpouoo
ouvriprtorr/(x) = e-r', x+ 0. Tj(oupE
f'(x)=e"|'2
/'(x) < 0 rla x< 0,

f'(x) > 0 Tax> 0,
yLoopvTlrrKri
6n)"o6iI / sivoreoivoDoo -r Ksro$Eouoo x. Ax6pa,ovro l.x
7rqoxlKri
ri''
Eivqr!Eld),o, r6rs 10 x': ivar!T(i)"o,dpa ro - I / xl eivorKovtd610 0, of6rs to e ivor
rovrd oro I i:Ii!fl 7).
tripn 7
H ouf,rprqopdxlq/ r{ovrd6100 sivolfto v6laQ;pouoo.

Av ro x eivaL!rxp6, 16rro
l/.{':ivsrpTdlo,dporoerr''sivorfsl{i},o,on6rsroer''=li(er'')eivarprxp6.Aur
6rorl'ruFdvo
cnrlripl!0. K01dtr).1).o LLc KaL,.5ciXvcrdn
liner"=0
Eno!6v09,0vopioonls
{ e '.,r+0
, r ( x r =1 0 , . r = 0 ,
16rI ouvdprTtor/ eivoroDvgr{q(lrito 8).Kor}td),loro,n/ ivornopdyoyiouqoro0:
rar q er4emfiouvriprlo4 289
17.H ),oyapr$prrl
Ilpriylorr
I
T
36poup6
i6q 6n
AK6pompros6rporox6 6rr
'*x
Kl our6 qfaivfl 6rr
Ercp6voE
"',"-1."*o
0,
Mropo0pflirpo vo Drrololidoo9erlv
/ "(o)- L;.l-l! l--l'(o)

, 2
"-',n.
=I'4- r
z']'
- l i m,-. " ,- r , - - lim----- -[D )- 'y 4
r't b'
Me ouX),o1topor,5ibrouEpe rov rpoq foiusvo, 6i1vou[E 6n t"(0) = 0. Apo
{e|''.-"*e|,'-'x#0
f"c)= 1 ./ x"
t0. x=0.
Auri I 61o61Kooio ouvqi(eral XpnolFo'Iolti'vraqrqyoT1i,llnopoi[s vd &i6ow (np6-
4l) 6rr (i)(0)= 0 yu rdor k. H ouvdprnarl ELrat.arpdpnra qmlrd'tta$ 0, Kal
o],rud f /
ftl.n61dEfloro 0 r6so ypli, opo,rou pnopivo Kolfi{s ro},}"6edvnpo}'ie6d}'},ovsuvopl1i-
oov.rLs iopd6rrtFo(tttitd 9),oqunoeioouptoTl
rr"'.,;o!, x*o
"
0, x= 0.
AnoisrKviror(IIp6P?"lpa42)6fl 1(o1yr'ounivrn suvliptrloylloder I /G)(0)= 0 r,c
29O llapdyayorrar d,od.4gipan
ttiw 9
rd0e k. To nspd8r,Ia our6 6ritv6r, Us to\r mo e!'.rJrosur6 iooq rpdno, n6ao Kor.li
pttopivo ilur }lta ouvdFtorl, xar 'Iap' 6l.0oll1|ivo eivordn rpegqopqnapoloyioqrn.tlo
40 MdpoeeolErdooljlls qK6pantonEproproru(i( ouv0ix6yla Froouvdpqq, rrourl.r|(ri
0a o'roKl.0ioonv or.rpnplqopdEouroi rou r6rrou.
NPOBAHMATA
l. napdyolior. nE sBigouvoprr{oeq
(oup1oeite
dtr ro a6 ndv'laourpo}.i(!tu ar').
(D
(ii) .f(x)= los(l + loc(l+ los(1+e'-'-'))).
(iii) t(x) = Ginr)d*r.
(iv)
(v)
(vi) /(r) = lo&.,)sin.x.
(vii)
(viii) /(.{) = (los(3+ c'))e" + (arcsin')ia.

(ix) /(x) = (lo&r)4.
(x) f(x) - /'.
2. (a) H napdyoto10! loqo f Ei.vu1, f l f . Avli rt tKtpo'I Ka),Eir rt lorypdpKi
napdptoC tne f. Ei.Larautvd n$ E6ko),rlvo uroloyrorst qurli, 'lqpd I /,
oeori10Trv6Fvoror or 6uvd|rEE orlv aqpdorooqqq /, Frarpdnoworo
aopoispa Karyrv6Fvuo.qv rrop'ioraolqqlog o /. H nopdyoyog /'pnopi
oril ouv;Iu va ovaxolweri oni.6q p ,tol.LarLaowol6 qq ).oyapr0lrKiq
rapat6you ,ri rqv t. Aurq I 6lo6rxodia16r101 lofapfi!ftt rdpaf(iyEn.
(b) Xpitorpororoior ,Topoy6rrotyra va Fprils qv /(x) lov Eqriq
l,otapr0prKri
ouvaprrlo0ov:
(i) /(x) = (l + xxl + e,').
-
(3 x)"rx'z
(ii) t(') =
(l-x)(3+x)'r
(in) /(.x) = (sin.r)-'+ (cosx)'"'
(iv) t(r) =
e"(l + ir)
17. H Loyapfipwfirat 4 xqetwfi oovript4oq 297
3. Bpeir
ro | + dr(yta/>0 orota.6l).
4. XIE6Ldor0 nopaordosqruv olvaprriosov

fle tpoarK6q
'l
G) /(r) = e'+ e (IrYKpivorsa'rr6srLqypoqLKdq
napodlrios(16Ttqav{oror-
(d) = e'- e 'J rov expKoL
liexp.)
/(i) Iq
2
e'+e" e:'i 1 e"{1
5. Bpire!s rov Kov6valou I'H6piial ro Eiq 6plo:
L x xlz
llr llm -
. ,. e' I x - r ' 1 2 -^ ' 1 6

l i rm -
.. e'
, .qr-- I - x- r'/2
tIU -'
. tosll 1 ]J Yix_/r
,| |,ul| o- 1s' ( l+ r ) r+xrl2
. los{l+.!) t1 x1t2 xtll

(v,i rrT-
trr
6. ol ouvapflioeq
_r_.'
2
.'
{o}.oitra1urspgo),r|(6 nritovo,onp0ollr6ouvlFitovo,Kol D,rppor'rKi 9otltoFvl.

o\rxidrorlo(al,ld olviooe 61o0d(ovrar sinch,cosh,Koltanch).Yrdpxouvnolldeovd-
Iofise a!d!6oa o' our6en( cuvaprrioeKKoLro ouq0rol6vo rprlovo!rplKdrouq
o\rricrolitfl.Mro ovd.olio nsprypdamr oro xtrifo l0 ovaFdlloL,}lTro ro En6lvo
{'qd},oLorrtv or66rqlro! 6fl I nsproxriroDl1{poloe lo(b)61errpdYporrsfFoS6v
xi 2.Tlod o oDr6o qvatrdqollp t066ouqL,ro).o.rr6$oi :ro n6-
o).oK)'rlpopdrov.
tsva lpio rpoplilora dl).eq
lsrd(oljtr dl.)"{i
ova)"o,iq, 1!o lrq ovo}.oYiq
Fo61sp(
0onp;nElvanpu6!o!pt4p1ro Kq(i).o,o 26.Av60;xerri6lert)'ion lo np6pLl-
:/ird ta po 4, olSuiorgrrqtpoarKdq rapoo'flioLetov ouvopTioeov sinh,cosh,Korlanh
7. Aro6oi6re6r!
(a) cosh: sinb':= l.
(b) tatrlh'+ l/cosh'- L
( c r . i n b r , r + J ) - r . n n . \ c o "-hc Jo r h , ) i n h ) .
(d) co"h(rr J | - co\hr.oshy
"inh,{rinht.
(e) sid'' = cosh.
(l) cosh'= sirh
(g) tantr'=
292 Eapdyayor
ratd.or)"4prigara
E. OrouvdpnioErg sinhl(artaohEtvorl-l 01ow{otpogdg tolq sinh-rror tari-r,1ro!

oDl0ol,t(ovrtrlpeargsinhKarargtatrl (to (6prolro,,roDo,r0p0ol1ro6
IFn6voDKal
EQamo|,l6vtld, ivoropralavqoro R Karoto (- l, l), avdotorXrt.Av n ;sh rEpropr-
otei-oroI0, -), fuErawid?pogi,cosh_',,rouoDgpol,iqeror peargcosh,rar opigerot
oroU,6). Anoi16t0, tplouronodwoE fle,ltqpogopie6 rounpopl,ripcroq Z,iti
'x) =
(a) sitrh(cosb V/ --1.
(b) cosh(sinbrx) = ./ -1-r-rr.
( c ) ( s i t rrh) ' G ) = + ' . .

vt+r.
=+
(dJ (cosh-)'(.r) yrdx> L
vr_ I
I
(e) 0aah-')'(-r)= -,lto Jxl < L
9. (a) BpEtrA,ovqxplpi niro yu 16 sinh-', cosh-r, xar latri. | (l.6vowo(fiv liooon

/= sitrh'x oGrpoc r, oD\opniottorr/. Klft.).
(b) Bplr6ro
I' t
'J.76,,4l
fb I
J"G=rO, Y wa ,b > l i t a , b <t ,
[.]-.0, t a l ,t b t <r .
",
IDfpivar 10dnoi6lqld oogoro rptro ot orl.i p{)pa,p' cwr3:rourcipwte cv
YP0'l'etE
| =rl--l-+ rl.
l-x' 2Ll x l+xl
lo.Aifte
tut
t, I
FG)= l,
;*rat
6vsiva! gpqFiq mo [2, a ].
ll.'Eoro / Fid FI p0lvorroo
suvdpqol oro [], -), l(qropiotrlv
[' al'\
F(r)=J,?dr , r> r.
A,ro6iqt
dfl I / slvdrapolEv! oro [], &) av xar ldvo ov i] F/log stvor{ppotFdvl
oto [],6).
12. Bpeic rd
(a) lin a' Fo 0 < a < L (OuFrl0ir
iov oprojl6!)
I
G ) h '-"
(los.r)"
(c) tim-I@)-
'
t rr-
_t"
(_ t),(to8
(d) limx(logx)i.
Y'rd6ertl: =
x(lo&{)"
I
(c) lirn,x'.
17.H ).oyap0pnfirat 4 ex1etri out'ript4o4 293
ll. tledLdolrI TpqQrl(riropdoraortrrtq ,f(-{)= x' -/rar > 0. (XprtorFonoreiorr

ro IIp6p].1f0l2(e).)
14. (a) Bpircqv EiliTrornrqri lnE /(.r) = e'li' /ro x>0. Kqrqr,pnpdvors dTl
f(x) > e'/n' ,LI'x> n.
(bl XproLBonordrvioq rrv ropdoroor f'lx)= e'lt( n)ix" , onodeilre 6n
f'\x)> e'''ih +l)"' yLu.y>, + l. i.r 6rsr66orsrru d),).!o:r6deL[1 ror,
=
lg rt'r -.
15.:Z6rdortrt /poarri nopdor(orlrn; /(x) = c' r'.
16.(a) Bpcirero lim log(l + _y)i_y.(Mnopcift vo XptorponoLiors
rov Ko!'6vororl
I'rl6pual,olld al]!6q riruva!oloio.)
(b) Bpcire ro limxlog(l+ lr;rl.
G) Anodriir6r'e=lim(l + I r)'.
(d) Anod'iilc6rre' = lim{l + a x)'. (Mtroprir va 1(]ndpol 016ro p6poc (0)!'
iva !rKp60ite0pr(6 narlviEr.)
*(e) A,rosci:re 611logb= '- l).
liT*(b
17.:lEiirndrl rrlv =( + (Xprtorfonorriorrio Itp6pi!}ru
"f(.y) I lr.{)' 7ro r > 0.
16(c).J
18. Av prur pdn(o6ivsr d rorqsKurdr6lio rov / p6vo.rorElra opTrxri Kard0solidrt $ I
rilEtuL /(l 1 d 100)ror{i !tr{j I Zpovo.A! n rpdn(oouwnoioTi(crro! r6Ko(61r.
!0rpri6rto!rrioLor6xooovFfpo;ro! l(eoi,(rio! xaTd10! uoioTLop6ror,r6xo!,rou
enofsvo'r1p6vou),i6r0 | ap7Lririxard0eolorEtivcro 1(l + di 100),lsrd on6 t
'|p6vLo. A! unooaool]p i6pa 6rLo rdKo!6ilsioL6udAopdq ro! Xpdvo.To rhr6 noo6
psldon6, Xp6v,o 6tr (l + ai 100)!,ol).df6vo 1= (t + s,200):,- a!
6ivor.6r,0lt,-/6;.
rior o rdro( Kor(rl}(i).lerqr d!6 qopaqoutvdtepo.npdnerln urodrnioorrioouge rov
r{tro or rde0r,,ro).oot6. yroriivora 2 ovd[r6d Zp6!o.AL,r6TonooriivorueTutr)-
rrpo ono.l(l + ar 100)".ai).{i6ltrtro),ulsloiirpo. Ar uroefoor,p r6pu6fl I tpdn,
(tl orivL,noioTi(er rov !6xo 6uv0tri(,3liu6i I rpdnlouno).oli(cL n6ol 0oTLv6rov il
Kordrotu!' o rdroq 6rv6ruvI'i?opdqro Zp6vo.xor lerd n&ipver!o ld)trororivo
ApnTuo6iov ur,r6y ro\' opr0jr6!.n6ol 0a dlEr ThELpLsoplrrn rordororl pLq;
dpalfii trrdan66v(1 7p6ror
1 9 .( a ) O i r o u t E =
/ ( : { ) l o gi 7 r a r + 0 . A r o d c i i r r 6 f l / ' ( r ) = l , . y 7 , a r + 0 .
(b) Av /(r) + 0 yLo6),qrc ir, cnodeilte6n (logI f ll = f t f .
20. Yno0dro!'!s 6Tl.etricvo_. druorifaroi. I or,\'dprlorl/. rxovonorcirrlv /' = c/ 7Lo
xdnorov0pr0!6c.
(a) Yno06rovrqq 6rLn / dsv'ivqt,rord0, rprtoL$onoLiol5 ro np6pLrt[ul9(b)tra
!q 6ierE 6rr -f(x) =le",7ro K{irTorov 0pr0!6l>0. tumpoivolue 6Tl
/(x) = ke" tro r{inolor.
(b) AiirE6Tluurdro anoldr.oojrq Lo7iertopii rn! mtr;.dov Driierorl6Il n / d!
i!c'rtrol60. Yrd6eri!: AiEIdlr rl / as\'lnop'i va livor 0 olu dKpcovo(Ktori
.Looritaro( ?rs ro onoio6evivartro!evd!!6dv.
(c) d(lorr fro c)rio[olEpl on6ijsrlr]rol, 6n /(r) = /re."?ra{dnorol.oeopdrvros
t i l y s ( x ) =/ ( r ) ' e '
(d) Yroo;ore6r'I"= f E.^.il:t6tt /(.r)=*d!"7Loxdnorol.
*21. Mra p(ijrs!'0p76; o!oi( cinrr6vsrur!c pue!6qvdioyonpoqfit onTlLoiaTtt pd(u
(a{pon ILU 610 ro droto rt nr0av6rrt!o6LdonqolqsivorI i6ro.rt olvolLKriar{ionqoil
eirar u!rilo|] Bs ror' {rpr0r6rarva!6fov rou onotdiror,!'). At n(r) ivoril fd(o rrt
ZpolLx'iofl7fn r. ur'rdotFai\'r6fl /{1, = .A(l)7Lu Krinoroc (,routrsprord\rrr!!
m0(1!6rfradrdonaon(rv6; dr6Bo!).
294 Ilapdyayor ptitpara
t<antLorL4
(a) Bp'irExo A(t) o'rvaprrioEr nrq opzlKri!iLd(ocA0=,{(0).

(b) AiEr'6Tl!ndpxL 6voqopr0r6qr (r "rtrLlmpioSoq (oiq,'ro! p06levspyoioror-
l8ioD)IE Ilv r6r6rqraA(t + 11= 11t1,.
'22. O r6poerqa
t/[ent w Newro,torupi(sraL6Tl,6vqodua ],iXoroif pue!6avdto.ro
rpoq'nt 8loqopdrts 0Eptoxpcoiaq rou o'16q oeppoxpcoic mu pdoourou ro nepr-
pdi).sr.Bp8irorI eeproKpaoia r(r)roD o(iiparoq
rrt rpovLKri
orLTtril, ouvoprriosrrrl(
0tptoKpaoioero!, ?i,'rn Tpovlr(riorrytri 0, Dro06rowoq 6rL rl oEpfoKpooioron
rprpd).iovrof610itpirororo0spriKqriort pEM. yn66rql:fro va ),riosrs q 6roQ0-
prri Eqiooortrou l(qpdEL ro vdfo rou Ne$ton,0!p!oirs6rLf= (?- ,U),
*23. ArossiEro6n, ov f,
/(x) = Jr f()dt,161E f = 0.
24. Bpsir6l,Eqrq ouvsXsis

oUvoprio'rS/ nou6ralrt0[ou!fl]v
(i) l"f =e'.

t.
( i 0 J of = r - e r .
25. Av 0o0Eifrq SLoqopiolprt

ouv{iprnor/, 0pEir6iqn( orvsrEiEoLrvcprrjoeLq
s rou
era],rt0riouv
fltv
f-"
l, Jc= cuGD t
*26. Bpoir6r,qrrqouvapnia'E no! rKovoroLoLl!
r\\ f,(n=
/ f(0+lt f(t)dt.
27. Bpirs6).sqflq olvsxiqoDvopnioLq
/ nouno).l0eiol,v
rlv 'Eiooort
(f(xD,. = Jx
l" r
fG) tT? dt.
2t. (a)'Eor0r / rsr I 5lo ouvriE
prtopvr]o{tEouvopiorEoro [4 b] xor C> 0.
Yno06roulr
6rL
l"
f ( x )< c + J ,f c , a<x<b.
Anodsiirs
qv avlo6ntro
lou cronwalr/fx) < cet".
Y,r6Er(rt:
oorpEiors /rei = C + I" fc.
rtv nopdlororrlsoDvriprtorle
(b) XpitortrorTorior
Kdnolov su),],oyrol6
nouspnsprilL6pLo,
7rovo 6iqrs
6fl
qL'r6ro oroldiopaLoliLor6pl Kal6rovC= 0
(c) YnoEor61t f'(x)= sA) f(x) ylo Kd,rorool,vrri ou!,dprrons, Kor 6fl
= = 0. (tulxpivqrpsro IIp6phFa 20.)
"f(0) 0. T6rc /
29. (a) Ano6iqr6 6r,
| .{ri j,r ;-c,rror>0.

Yri63e1t:
Xplorto,roliorEnolo.l,ri oro n, Kor6!-r{pivrsftCnqpoydjyouq.
(b) A6orsfLo xorvoip.rloon63Elqtritq lim e,,/x,=
30. Arijor8Kldlh pLoor66erh yL'aurrivltv np6roort,rpnolporor6vrqq

rnv KdrdD,th
roppri'rouKov6vqrouI'H6pita1(Airs10IIp6|]llto 11,53).
17.H lofapfi[K4 Katn erqetrcr\nvdpr4oq 295
31. (a) Yro),oyio1sro lim e ' Jt .1 dt. (Os nptn)r\taiorsoe060rlvolqwdvst Kold

ro arodlqrd, npw on6onouodinotEnFit6.)
(b) Ynol.oyiorra e6iq 6Fo:
. rrr'r,,
(i) tine, J e' dt.
' l'rtbtat
(ii) lirne' l e' dt.
' fi+l!!rt)
(iii) lin-'l c' dt.
32. A016ro npdptrlp nprypdQqv xl,oorrrlnpoodnlonorE dwoEErou l.ofip$fon

Korrov xoclrrd,voovspniorov. Kqr' apfiv, 0o ono06ooDge oft1,646rr rl oDvripfilon
.f(x) = c', opropivl lerovoror1Er66ltp6ro,Ila pnr6.i, tlopi rdJroSvo rsxroei
o jria ouvoxriKorafQltovoorlpcwlouvdprqoqrou 0noKo6t orouqi8louqol,yppr-
koiq rov6vEc s 6l.I qv eDoiq.
(Bl.innpdprlla 2l-291c yruor' eu0eicg anriderlrl
rcu.) H awiorpogrt qE f 0o olFr6vEror drc ptog,.
(a) Ai, ar' u6{o6 an6rov oprol6,6r!
r.c',txl= rilnrog.(r
+ !)''
=i '*['qt'*or''J'
Eropivog,!o 6),0npdpl,rl1rc
avdyrarsrov xaOoplapd
rou liqr(t +.h),r. Av
fnopofpvc 6eqouF 6rr 0016drerdvo6prc, drE to&,(i) = -:- . lo&e= -,
cxp= log,-r6Ierndpdplo exp'(r)= exp(r).
Kar'Io}troe,
(b) 'Eoto a, = (l + 1)', p quo,.oosoo,ero[! r. Xprorfonord,wa(ro 6.owrrKd
0e6ptts, 6Eilr'j(l
""-,+t *(,- j)(,

r,)-('- 5J
lul,r.pdvol dfl o, < o,+ .
G) Xpnorprordrvrqqro T1ov6E 6rr llkt3tlzt yrt t22,6eilre drr 6),c rc
a, < l. Enolivoq, ro oivolo rcrvoproprlv{a, , a, , cr, ...} 6i!ur qpqy#vo mr dpo
d1r)dlldlo dvo epriypo e. dEit6rl no rdor s > 0, floup 61r e - d, < ,
1r0cpKrdFyd),o r.
(d) Avr<x<r+l,t6rE
l,-l=)'<[r-r]'s{'* 1-)'-'
, ,r t/ \ xl \ ntl
. t tt' -.. .. /-. l\.
6rr lrn + -x.l = e. EniorE.6ciqrc
LuprEprivorE
[l d rim + -l - e, Kar
[t
ouFnpdvars
6fl lim(l + l)rl'= e.
'33. 'Evo orlleio P r$Eitor ndvo o' 6-!uu06]paHroqultla A,
r lrirouq I07,!6 vudLlo
olpio Q rrvsiror trdvoos Fro 6nrpl uesio(XliFa ). H rolfqro rcu p,ivar
61op(6(loi !e Tltvo'l6orool rou P o16ro, G' d},l.ol.6yn, ov p(t) Eivorr e6ortrou
P rn tpovuci olr rri t, 16rr P0) = l0r - 4r)), Ev' io e nvsiftr lro1o0p{ruI6q-
4ipa I1 ta Q'(0 = 107.H an6oruorlnoDes dla 6ro|aio.rro e ped an61p6rot, opi(erortoq
Katd,o 4pipara
296 napdyt')yor
NentpercE
).o'tdpreto(
tS or6oroot( ro! Par!6ro Brrt j(povLKri
ofly)|li t.
AtioSri
l0'r = Naploc[l0i - p(r)].
Aur6Eirov o opro!6t lorr ).o7cpiopou rotr 66fure dn6 rov Napier(1550-1617) orrl
6nfooiuoi 1ouio 1614,Mittci loEaithnonun canonisdescipi,br (Mro nprTpoQrl
Iou OalFdoro!N6[out(i)vAoTopi8|r( v' eplooionou61lvsnprvvo nrvonorirl lprl-
orl rov sr0r6v!O opr0r6(t0'rnJ,4otxe nErSri or nivoxqIou Napier(rou j(prloi
peucvoe ootpovoprxoriq xor voudul-oiKoiguJ.o)"o7roloiq),Kord-fpoeovTou6io?o-
pi0folq Iprrdvov ?ovr6v,7u rolq oroiouqor Kd,6rpor 6ro0dorlourivoKq dQrovdv
I6Xprrsnrd6e(q6rKd \rrtQia,l(aL
o NapierrioeiEvd o,roQiTerra Kldoforo.AnoEiE-
q
rap togr l0 tog
Yn66rEriXptoLponoLiors ro ldrvoorlo'rounpoplilqroq 22 ]ra vo ),ioErsrrtv

cqioorol('q npo!P.
*34. (a) I:(E6L{isrq ?poQtx{nopdcrool r1q /(x) = (losx)ix {6i,tvowa(r8roirEprt
npoootriort outrftprqopdrrlq / Kovli oro 0 xqr ro )
rb) nordrivorro FydLirrpo. ro e'i Ton :
(c) Ano8ei_tre6rr,ov0<x<l.i.x=e,16rrorovsSrK6qsproldc,ytrourKovoror
tlv rr = _y'ivoro j/= r' oDd ov.y> l, x+ e 16ru ipl0r o(prp6(ivag
opr0!69/* .r nourrovonorsiqv rr= y'. o|r6fo.qv.{< e, ldr y> , rl d!
x > e. r6te/< e. (Epgrl\,iorrrou! mpondvorotuproroi! paoolrlg TporprKriE
ropdoroorliro! Fdpo'rE (a)!)
(d) Anodoiir6rr.qv x l(ar,yivqreuorKoioprofoiKorrr = /", r6rex = y ri x= 2,
y=4,it=4,v=2.
(e) AEiqr6 ro o'ivol,o6r0)vrov (euydjv(n, y) te rr= y, onorE).siror 0,16tn
ppcirerlv ropriKoLolrSrdordvonp6-
{aFnilrl Kqrlra suesisro'r rdtrvovraL.
I&po o{i1oo
++(0rral<r<e0diorus(.{)rovrovobrK6opr0f6>e}'0xrl:)=s(.y)i.Aro60i_Er0
6rr I g(.r) 0ivq' ,rapoToliorpl.(Eivol {o}.'i r66qva pc).orrioot
Xoprordrrg
ouvaprio'q,
^ loax
lt\l-'- D/^<e
- lop.r
J-(^) 2 c/|
xqr vo Tprivtril g o( srrv'iplrlon.o! /r rsr /r. Av Kdvrreooord sur6 ro

rotpdrL.0anp6m,to rropeilvq 6iE6r 6n
. -la(rll
. - I los.r
--)
8tt) = . -
I toBA(.rJ
r35. Au16ro rp6B).ltq
Xplortororiro uiLK6loL,Ilopopfliroro!tou KqaiaiouIl.
(a) Ano8cilr6t|I exprivo|e,pli Ko,I los Koilt.
JI
{b) Anol"Llrror..a\ ) p = | \sr 6).arop > 0. Tolr
:1-
z)' ... 2,^< Azt+...+ pn,.
(Xprtouonoriol ro np6p).tpa9 an6ro napripnlfq rolrKsqol,oioull).
(c) d{ijorcrta dr,l or66srlrtrtq c" < A, (Ilp6p).rpo2,22).
17.H ),o'yap6pwfi owdprqo4 297
rar4 er9erwfi
'Eoro
36. (a) f rrs osrrki ouv,ip'qq oro [o, b], xcr P, I bnf,prort 10! [d, b] o
a ioc Sraortitnra.Xplsrirororior10 np6F).ttd 2-22r4 va Ssiqtt6!r:
| | I \
P t=to96
h _ a t ( t o eI . -L(1.P-)).
(b) XprlouoroL6vro;ro tlp60),Ifq l]'12, orrpnpdvare

6r! ]ld olvzri /. dloufs
I l . , t i' r
- lloe/<loel-l r.l.
n.oJI."-.w-o'".'
r( | \ptortorTourot io [pd0].}o ll l8 yLova oulnrpdvct6tt ourrlI a!rodttto

rotir rdo8gopdrou rt / sivaLo8rLrriKqro).oKhpriroryrrl
oro [a. b].
A!16ro trp6plrua. dvovxprlorpo
0'rLKoviftr rrvord6rEr
urlXavLo16Tla npq?r,irov
,ro! oeoponvoiox).rlpdtoro:MprKfq eopdq ivoreul(o),6rpo,
Korniortq opft16,vq
0opo6le,rp6m ouwlriq ouvoprrioeq. Ev ndonnepr,!r66Er,our6erdr(dro ropd6er?-
fo 0o !tropoiocvq cilc o\rrfndnrorri rsr drqeopfiKd.
3?. :1o tlp6Pirlls 15,ro qtordisoudrou Ilpoplilqto( 2-22oudttror oqvr61Ki,!pi
nrool tq ovro6nllq6
,(too).! 0,a,,.
T r o r > 0 - ) , . = I rqr g N,prri. I ro g roilt. dXoutclqv qlriorpoql 0vro6rrlr0
<r(t 4,,)'
I aet.r
(a) Eqopf6olsto nroi(ivo, pg = log,]Lqvo dno6iErE or' eu0eioq ro qno!;).e-
oro ro! npop),itolo6 36.Iio xdEoIoKLIp6srrt /.
(b) ALorrrriJor dvolevLK6 8ed'pljra,lo!o,roior,10 [p6ptr']!q 36va eivaLorl6qtro
ErSrKri ,tepi,rroorl.
Yno06rot,re61l rt f rKovono'ei qv /'= / Karqv /(x +,y) = /(x) . /(_r)7ru,(doE
x ,.or_y.ArodeiEle6tL / = cxp'4 / = 0.
.39. Anoiiei<IE 61\ qv I / tivor ouye1rir{qr J(x+ y)= f(x) fLv) yrd Kdox xal r.
16rr / = 0 rl ./(r) = ["r(l)]'r,q xd0ex. Yn66c(rr êilc 6rr /(.r) = t,r(t)l' yrc
ptro{6 x, Ka1Jrcrdlplortonolriore ro rip6B}.1[o8-6.Au16ro np6plrlto suvSdsrar
orevdf ro np6Dl.r#a8-7,KarJrnopoitts va -tpitorfororiooD!rrqrl.Ipoqopiqrou
660rlKovoro rdloq rou npoDl.itaroq 8-71lo vo 6iqouf'6rL undptouvaoL,v7eis
ouvopnio'q/ no! Irv /G + _f)= /(x) . /(r).
"(qvonoroiv
Ano8riir{tll, av / ivorurdouvez{gouvdpqorlopLspd\q orouqenKoic npo.ruorL
(o'lq, ro, f(xv) = f(x) + f0) tts ri).ousror.rsoerrrors.x xqr y. r6re / = 0 rl
/{.{) = /(e)log.r1'a Kdox > 0. Yn66E4rt: Oopeiotc rrlv s(x) = /(e^).
.41.AnoEciE6n, ov /(I) = e | ;7ra x+ 0, Kqr/{0) = 0.16r/t'r(0) = 010 Kdok
A n o 6 r i l r601 1a, ! / ( x ) = e ' s i n l i x y r o . r + 0 . r q r / ( 0 ) = 0 , 1 6 r r
"r"'(0)=OIc
rdosft.
43. (3) Ano8iEr dn, qv d eivorJrLo pi(a qq sioootq
l,) a;" + a, )r" | + ...+ dtx+ uo= 0.
16rrl ouvdprrlon_v(x)= e'' rrovonoLiI droipoprxrl eiooorl
l..l d-v"'+ a, 1'+ ... aty'+ dny= 0
+
)1'
*(b) Ano6rilrc6Tl.a!oo'ivor6r,ripiqqrrq(+),r6rEKorrl_y(x)=xe''L(oloro,si
298 llapdyayotrat otrod,1pa'tparu
rrv (+*).Yn65Lr: OuFrleir 61rav d eivol 6rtrri pi(o rLoerol,u',rvDt1{rle

eiioorolq/(r) = 0, 16r/'(o) = 0
+G) Anossiqre6n,ov{! eivorrLopitorrq (')dqrq r, 16rry(,r)= x'e" sivo,irjorl
'r,ro0<k<. L
Av rt (*) dX1 , npo?rLorrKd( pi('s (lrsrpdrlaoq
r( rol,lanftC piE0q), ro ldpoq(c)
toe 8ivL
n liofiq/r. ...,y" rrtq(**).
(d) Ano6'iirs 6T1.o oriflivrnv nspirTroon, n olvrip tort cjr + ... + cJ, nionq
rr0!orToloi rtv (**).
Eilol?v0ror6osii'prtfu61,6 o'rflivrlr' rTpinl0Ja! aur6rsivolor f6v6LrjoLq
lrtq (**).To np6p).lru 20KoLro sn6lcvo6'jorpolll,iroro ono6su.viou\r elirKaq
rcpLnr6o8\ouro[ ro! ocopriralo6,Kol r] ]6!rKl rcpirrool 'E8rd(Erorolo
np60).rt!ol9-19.tro KQdlaro260o6oi[e rr npdrrvo Kdvours6rovr (*) 66\,
6t81, rp0ytorrK66 pigs_(.
*41. Aq!ro0.6oti$c6rr I f lKovonoti rnv /" / = oKor /(0) = ,f'(0) = 0. ero8eihe
6rLl=0oqErlq:
(a) ^riqls6n f' - (f)-= 0.
O) Ynoe6rou[e 6rr /(,r)+0114 no0ex oo (dnoro6rdo ]!o (4, b). Aeilr6n
= -
"i k)
ce' i ol]'rdrq/(i) = ce lo Kdos.r oro (d. b), 6nou c Eivol pla
**(c) Av /(&) + 0 oqiroitE,yLo.xi> 0, 1610qDniptdvqqopLep6s a rdroLoq
r;rore,
0 < a < & KoL/(a) = 0, v6 /(x) + 0 yro d < x < x0.f lori; XprouonoEior
our610rc]ov6gI.oLro Jripog(b)lro vo Kqlol'iEsroeii{ono.
*45. (a) dEiElE6rL,{rv rl / r{qvonolir[]J f" '
f - 0, t6r' /(x) = dc"+ be ?ro
Kdnoloa Korb. (BpsircrTp6rar6q 0o Tp{iqov''av ro d Ka1b, oDvoprioerrov
/(0) '(aL/'{0), KorusrdtprtoLpono6iorEro IIp6Plnpa44).
(b) Aeitreax6sc6rL/ = osiM + bcos,,r yLoK{inoLo (drla) d KaLb.
16. Bo,i.LJ;.Lqr.r 6,\oorfortc / noL.{avono,orvr.:
(a) f d= f'' 'i.
(b) /'' = /' '.
*47. Aur6ro rp6phta, nouor8riEsroL Fero np6p),rpsl5-30,nsprtpdq8r lLq napouoiaon
rrl; K0irKriqol,vripqolq eKrv6vlqqp' qv un6eot6n rl ijrqqopr.i 'iooort
/'= / dr,fro {rt.tLrt6v,l(tt
Lion.
(a) Yro8;roulc 6Tl urdpx'r r,o ou\rdpfltorl/+0 r' /'= f. Aro8clqr611
f6) + a Ift KdeEr oEopd,vroq nt ouvdprrlorts(x) = /(-yo+ r) /(a r).
6roL'/(\) 10.
(b) dsiql8 6rL DndpirEL rLo ouv{iprron / nou rKovonoLEi rT}' /'= / Kor rrv
.f(0) = L
G) rr'aurrivrTrv/,6Eiqr6 t(x+,v)= /(r) /cy)Elsrd(ovraq rr oL,vripnrorl
cG)= f(x + .v)tf(r).
(d) diEr6rr r / sivor1'l Ksr6n (/ L)'(x)= ]ir.
a8.'t6ro / Ka.s o' v"x-iqo' roprio..q.ror,;orLlim/(yl - I ms(x)- 4 \ t-fon r l
!. t01;t t nfu(pa dt(i tnvs \J / s)tt\
. t(x)
._*st.r)
lE rrv i6latuxrtrrya( f - s) ay
xcr tdsodrL1 f Katrt g pEydLd)lanv
1'.,1!l ' nol,,. *o..,uo' , ir,..

,'c(r)
rro nopd6srTrLo,
exp>> P yro Kdeno).uo!1,!rK,i
olvdprroTtP, {ar P>> log' ?ro
KdoeErLK6
oKfpuror.
ru 1 er4ffirrt wv,ipqo1
17.H \'oyaptilyrct1 299
(a) Av6oeo0v / xorIF lim t(.{) = limg(r)= 6, 6tvotKot'avdlcnval.{0ro

6fl
|naar6 rq rpeq6o!0rirg f >> sis>> f ,i,f -g rollieq
o) Av f >> g,i61' f + g- f.
(c) Av::.9_-r_>
c> I
log I
1roapro'JwoE FT dl'o .x,r6u f >> C,

f' t'
(d) Av I >> s ror F(') -J. /, AGJ= J, E, ouvdyEtcr xcr' aldlK{v dfl
F>> G,
(c) Aral6qo1 Ka06watr6ra al(6},ou0d srivok qDvoptioovrard ariEoooa oErpd
pFooDE rotlJrlroq (Idprv trlv KdoeoDvdpqol oir)'69
ororlloe,orlpeldivoolr
FioorrlEnFig qg oKdoe r):
(i) I, c', rr + log(/),log4r, (logr)',1, r+ e-r',/ log'.
(ii) rlog'rr, .r',log(.x'), e"r', rks,0o9O'.
(iO e', r', ,x',r", 2', e'l1,0ogx)!.
{9, Yno06ioqrs6fl 01gr, & , gr, ... ivcr o0vs1elcduvopaiotE.AEilit 6rl un{ip16r
oovdptnol t, I oroio oDqdvt
Frd oDvsXrtE tollJ1cpaon6 oaoui{nors &.
$. Ano6siqc 6'!r o logrl Etvar6pprFoe.
KEOAAAIO 'TOIXEIOAEI' MEOOAOI
OAOKAHPO'H'
napqy6'/o!lqq 6ivEr,ori,Iqovopro AijlpoOIslL65sq

Kd0euro?,o-rrof6q 06prlts
rou AmrpoorrxoiAoyrstro[,kLdvovrino otroxlipootq. fra nopd6er?Ua,
0! F(.{) = r(losr) - x, rdr r(r) = lo$'
-
).losxdx= F(b)- F(o)= b(toqb)- b la(losil) d],0 < d, b.
Trirora!ro6rou i6ou!onloroLoiworno),uov uLoeElriooup
rov ouppoi,ro!6
td
F{\)1, F{6)- F(a).
161rvo -rpdvoujrr
M,TopoLiF
l' - .',"
J" logl d.r x(logxi r .
A' r6sorro),oyLo!6qJ" I logtivsr'tropdyoyo(
logxd,r0qoiorr{cdtnv"rpo{rrEia'61'
rnEouvdpqoneF(-x)= ,r(logr) x. rev'Kd,fro olvdprnot F Tdrolq60rF = / ).dy-
nt napdpuoa rnE f. Asqaltbc,ttd ouvEtis ouvdprqor f irEr fliwo$ napdloDos,rrt\
F@=I T,
a).]do' our6ro Kqdlaro0onpoonoooilvo!piokoufnapdlouo( nouvd ypd$ovTdr
!s
pdol rrqyvoor;qouvop1liocrq sin,logr?,n.Mraouvdprlsl noupropeivo?paqeip'ql)I6v
rov rp6,ro,,;-rsrar ororlt |i6nt ouvtiprnor. f ti \' aKp$ol-o'toi)W*, otoqeui,n ouvdprn-
04 ).itg quriv noDnqipvelar!e 'rp6o0orlroi.),un),ooroop6, 6uipeortxor of\&ot on6
rrq prlr6qouvopTliorg, ire lpryovotrprxaq ouvopl]ioeqKor1lqavliorpo$fqrcuq,xq0drq
xar rq ouvopflioEqlogKarcxp.
npdnorvq rovioontoar61!v qpI{ 6rLouvriorDE ivaro6$vorovo pp8ooivoroltsl{i61e
ropd1olo8(.fLo ropd6L?$d,3e\ $dpxEt orot)(t(i)54( auvdpqorlFrdroLo60r
F(x)=e' t ' o * u t "'
(6.v Iri.rip7rdrrc npooo)prvrl
dnoto rov lroentonKdrv onriptsrdvq(6toxoLo)odrpngo
no'rrag ppord)v' 6 Esvundpxcrdrolo ouvdprrlorl. Kor, Krilrdr6uotap6repo,rinorq
6ev0a oaporledr vo itraKpivrrsov irzoptri 6rr vo ppeeirrq ororrELd)8rq
nop{iyousq
I o oprold! rov onoioeo 66oou!eivft a!-/xcKp'[ivo!, o1.1.{i

dl' *rdia oxp'pi!, i routdlloro! 6t' doo
dro F idd ! opi!o\r!' Kor{iliiorov rp6nod)or. vq rp iouFdrolv i i
rdo6po!ivo;. tulioo i o' oror-/6Ldldhq
' +
.di.l.0F(i? o$pflidc,i. dqiodi oKpridni.' trou,xovorcrciv!,q iidont G{!)' - /" ,(xDG(r)' .
+ -fo(r)= 0,6nouro t, Eirorpnt'< o\rp.ioa;. Atid trq rcu; d!&t Jrogo(oiori. raroui duvoprion:
Fropoiv!o tropolrp0oiv.
pi9oiord,otcitlpao4q307
18.Xroryeuitdet;
(6Evooq !d!c, nop{irt siridu 611Id npoFiiporu o' a!r6 ro {0a{itaro 6sv 6/oul r!no?po-
qrKd id0r).
EnL8i!;p8Uvu tro ororXsL68sLc ndpd/o!oqsivor1600aFd0a1l,ro vo ppoipe fLd i\,o1
ou1vd LdlairsparKavorotlt!r{6. Ar ropdrlpriooutE 6fl r oL,v{iprlorl
+ r')
F 1 . t )= ; r a r c t a u - l o g ( l
2
F1x) = a'ctanr
(oro rd)q0o tnopoi6uf0 !d odrTitooL,pc
o' rtl{irdrororopol]iptol. eivordLil 1610pid),
'
t"
arcran
i dx = .{arclan.r los{l+ ir:)
J! - ",
r6rs,pnopoilova oro0av6laorr6n (rpdyf(rl,, unoloyio,rsc
,oJ'" -cta";r ax
AL,r610Ksa{iiororpliler {drLropqnd\oan6}re66o!e 7Ldvd I]pioKo,rtsolorXadi6nq
nopd?ouosi 6o6rri\rD!oror/eLoSdrv oL,vapriooov (FLo8r{rdrl(qoifl nousildl tvooT]i6uv
(oioxl.ip/dortt, po(i pe Kdnorouq our|]oiloloU;,ouvrp,io q. xar oufaovi'r o/s8Lqopi
vEq?,ov,r6Ls!{o}.ivo,r! rr 6Lq6Lxiroio. Awri ! npo{drdh\i! !s rrqororx'irij5',(olvqpiri
osrqInopri !o br{uroiolteiprpia snlXnptluro:
(l) H o).oxLripoort ivoLilo nspaaooLoK6 l]draolo! An'Lpoo0K6A{)./1016, KurKol],-
\ o , 0 d n p f r - \ u - p f rr d r T o 0 , p o . , r 0 r ou7, r i ! .
(2) Kd0016(10lnopi vfl ofl,(lpsraorri rpo]p(1lrKri vfl unololiorsi\,o oioKiripofrl,
K{i.rDono ouorir(eqno! 6svooqen,rpirTou! vo ouppoulEUrsirs Kdnolo!o16 rouq
Tvooroiq nivo{; oLo(ir]pojrdro! (tro nopdder./po, InopEivo rdperc rvo Fdel!(
(OD61qq) oro onoiovd eiopEirorq!o1{o6rLciorerKqvoivo oloKlrtp(i,vsrt.
(3) Or nl6 xprioL!si(raeo60L,, oioKi.ipoortrsivoLoitv npo./fo K6rrtrunoii oIlov ,
Kdr0oplir,oro(ror Eqnpp6(ovloro 6ieq rLs owapliosrq, 61r p6vo ons
oroLnEr(i)6erq).
O!oLr.{i.o rr).et)roioc i,67oqeivm o oroLao,rr6g.AK6!u l(Lar, ;10rsrl! np6eortvo
(xdo6rE n6( oio{ilp6voDv (Kal0o e1do18 nL0av6rdro Kdnorq?,Enro[dpc,sqFsrdqn6
lov np(iroKaLp6), dsvnpdncivd Exdoel nordn( FooL{d(!c06doL)q.
A!16qor paorrdqdo6o1snoL0soprirqlano'rfu( snLrpanou! vo rKqpdoo!!Erri rop{i-
louocgtrog ou\dpltotq fs 0dorlrL( tropdloUosq {iiir,r! ouvoprrl6ro,,'.fro v (lpliooltrt
iotnov vo o].oK;.lpdjvoLrts,0a'tp0rooro[rE 6vl1rdardiolo Is rLqr0i.,dfo'lafr'K.lltotor
ot]voprrto8orv rnopolpsvo onor.ricouucEyov1610roKar{i}.orooni(i,qnopayroriqovru(
6Ldpopc!yvoordqou,apflioslq.O {or{ilotoi nol,6ivoufs nro ddro XptoLtonoLri;ro
KooL'popfvo oDrpoionouon(Lrsi{dtroLdf.i,i./rtof To oi!l]oio
t" 'r JI l(.r)dr
lJ
ortuoivcL (pLqnupdrouou rtc /' ri. qxprpaorspa. ,(trlol,).].o7ri6],ovrov nopoTouo6v qq
To - " . 1 o ; o
/ f t 0 c z o r o ' u o - o r r i roi r' l v d o L r d o - r u o r o , u p f . d r - ! ." v - r o
j // {,d.\rn o, r.p ooo,'porpiorJoo- r' no,- oov-or -,' :
t..
J r dr- 4
Arrij 1<o611ror dxeLlrv f\voLo6n I olvdprrtotF(x)=x,r4 rravororeirD
F(x)=rr dov lropo[ro vd rr']vndpourro
{ord }.6qrt
rLoriro 6eir6dio( snaL,i.,:
302 llapdyayotrat otrod.4pitpam
oprep6q,6trouvdpqol. ol)d o' oliri rit [ovo6Lri mpinroor]eo enrrpdrol)lte rdroq

ooupqoviEs. O ol6toq FoglivdL vo rdvoljFeq 6Lo6LKooid rte o).orl,ipoolq 600 116
fitXovr{ri }ivrroL,tr'our6 r! {ordqntoDfrcoE rd8s ).o?ri6rctvdoFold.Yndp1rK{irl
oK6!o 6 oulriv rlv la6rrtro rou oiikr va ro ovoaipourr0. Or nspLoo6repoL dvoponol
l r,*=!* ",
1ta va roviaoDvro lsyov6q6rLor ro pdyouoeq rrlc f (.r) : r ' eivflroKpr06e
or auvopfli-
orqrlq rop$iE F(,r. = oprep6C. Av rol sivor6uvol6v(Ilp6p),r q
C ]lo l(,itrorov
;+
ll) v(l Krral,ieoD[EoEovrr$doLq ov nopaFrfvoD[eaur6 ro orpeio, orr]v npder 6v
rpgdvi(ovrorrdroLEg l(orivcLdokonogpns)dEro!olord(eror r<ovEiq
6Doro],isq. yL'q!r1i
Yrdprr|'ro crtlovrlKrioitpoort ro! orvo5s6flour6rov outFolLop6 ro lpdrpa roD

fqovi(Erororo 6Ei!6loq fltq ro6rrlroq,eorpdn$ vo rorpl{i(Er!s ro Tpdptanoustaflvi
(rurfErd ro "d" oro opLolep6 p6ioq froL
J^*- )
I
MLaouvdprror or' xoJ / (x )dx , 6r],o5'iprondpdrouodrnq / , ],6?eror
ourvd xoL
rnc /. c\d roJ, / (r rd\ Iiicro.. o. flvr.5,aaro).i.
oop.6roo).oK).ipu,ra -oo,ouivo
o).ox).ipopoD.AL,r6C
o ourBo).,o!6q nou trpoleivoup6o!).sLlrnoli Kq)d orrv npdqr,
clvar6p0iq6llov1lK6va trlv i0or po.i(rr.AloKrv6'r\iolm!va yivolppoproi,earovi-
ool]rLs7ro fLd ax6!a aopd ro cqiei ro olorliporo J, / (.r )d.r drv opikror oov
(F(6 )-F(a), ]ro F q6proroolo{}"ipoporlE / r(ov otlriir rp6rool 3voos
eL,liqelriroio,rir,olKo1p6(vo lovo610Bdo3rr ro Ksad)"oLo
l3).
Mropoit-" va rrotrroLfoo,t-Lro' c ru'ro'c rTo'nlp.d/ovrororot oiv ot-ooL,rdn:vo(o
flopiorovol,oKl,rlpopdrov,rapo?o/(ovroqrlq orvoplriosrq nou6il,ovror6106'E164roq.
l**= ,t.,n*-,
It (,oJI t la^
d\ rodo.roro' yt0 \orJ rro fr,\o)iu rap6-
lolq ouvrfliosrq1prtorpororoutskor oru 6$0rIsLF
roio ndpoSeiy!triooL,roiro! nivoxa.)
18.Eloryaritierypi0o6oro)'orifpao4q 303
I = lan.r
J sc'xdx
I = secx
J scxtan.xd.r
J 1= arctan.x
l -= arcsi'r{
Aio ysvrxoiriror rlg i6Loe rov sopntdrovy1orrtv rapoy6yrorli

Elolq ivololvdrrcE
lttl
lLf@ + c@ldx=Jf@dx+lf lx)dx+JE@dx
ll
Jc f(x)dx= cJ f(x)dx
AuliE oL6io ro6rrtrs66touvrtv awolo 6n, ov npoo06oourrproropdyoDoo rnq / o

lro rapdyouoorrteg, 8d rdpoDjreI1o rap{iyouoarle / + g. vrhav ro}.Ior},ooL{toout
lLu napdyouoqts / fE c 0a ndpour!Fla ropd,ouaaritq c /.
noporlpiorra ovriororXaour6vrov drorv y1oro oplodva oloKl,Ipdrtdro:Av n /
xqr tf sivorouv:(siE,16
f' f" f"
-
J,lItxt I et\tldlt J.ftj'td\ l,s(xtdl
t" t'
). cf(x)dx=c.l" f @dx
Aurdqor otioq drovroL0JI6roDqrrpol,oipvouq rinoug,-rLorirdeEopropdvoo),oKli-
poFaLnopri\oYporpLioo!tbropopdrovTr!;v,r0,ov-iororlt:napd/oL,o0)oro
6. H ouvdxflosrqrTcjlorlr0 vo ri!0o1c0dporor 6u oL'Iico, ropri/o,6c(undpto'v.
(Aoqql6g,or rinor l61nou!raL6rovrl / Kol rlg eivu an),6qo)"od,rtp6o1!ee,ouu1oir
6foq 11600 SuoKol6rpEqsiva!or ono6eiEerq
o o'rflivrrv npinroor.)
OTiroqyLorlvnop{iyo7o }rvopdvo!6ivrdvo' 6 Ev6roa6 pov0c6ptuo,no! 0a}paaei
llroiloiq 8roqopsrlr(o[C
rp6troDe.
OTOPH]\f,{I (OAOI(AHPNIHXATA VEPH)
Av it /'r(01t g'oivo1ouvtsie,
16r'
|
Itc'= t e- Jt'e,
[".
tl
I tab'@d"= fzh@ I f'@c@d".
l tt l'
(
l,Itt)etndx- f(rJs(^\l, J, J ^)E(\)dx
(nopornpiore6n orr'tv6e'ircpr1
Lo6tlto ro /(x)s(.x) ouppoli(,rn orvdprqoltf s.)
Aflo,\EEH, O drioq
( fE) = f's+ fc'
f c'= (f c)' f'c

304 llapdyayotroLo),od4pripata
I*=1,.r','Ir''
KorFdporaJrllopotrsvo 6lo)dEoDF nouotrppoLi(o-
rrlv /s oav Fia cn6rrEouvoprrloerE
vroLIrJ{ / 8) . Aurounodcu(wr rov nporo ruao.
o 8cirpocri,ro6rivororl6q Frdovu6raflrroo rl tou rpdro!. rar o rpirocnpoKinrcLriFcoa
ord o?lolov8inoro]16rous 6fo dll'ous. I
'01106qovpdrvoDv
ro ropo6EilpoloroD trro1"ou0o'iv,I o),oK),ipoolrord ldpt ivat
Iprio4rn6rovTloDvdplrlott ro0 ot'oKlrlpd)voDp Fnopsivo yrv6pvo
oo)pTlei ploqoDvdp-
rtolq t, rou n ropdlo)169rrlg eivor an)'oimepl c:r6 rrtv /, KarFlo( d},l'lq ouvriprnorlq
'iou6tferrpoqov6qq Fopqi g:
t .. f.' ..
Jxe'dx- rc' Jr {bl
)L h ))=xe'_e,
' tt' -
J.r sinrdr r( cosr)-Jl.(-cos.r)d.{
iltl ll
f e' f E f'e
=-rcos/tsrni,
YirdptoDv660edrKdrelvdopororrouSoulEfouv suxvdg1lv o)'or),ipoot Kordpdpq.
sqvg'rov nopdlovlol, nourdvrd gnopcivdTpo$i lioo
To rpriro Eivorvo oeopliooup
!r.",* =l , .^r, o,= r' tou- Ix. rlx)dx

; i;i;i
= x(loc x) r.
To 6Drirspo
r6tvoolo ivolvo1prlorjrorol]iooujr Kardp6ptTrovo Ppofp
ol"oKl"ripoot
ttl
ToJboovouvdprtort ror i6rourouJr.K0rlcld vo).ioouutuCnpo(Jr. Tvo oald ,Idpri-
6rytro
ivoro unoloyro!6q roD
ll - -J(l/.{) Ios-x
J(l/r).Ios.{dr log,r.loer d.r.
lltlll
c'fcff'g
lr
,, 11o", gr = ltosx),
o
f, , -,osx)
JV'tozxdJ.-:
t01vd onolloiwa! m6 'IoLrln),oror
unolo'yropoi:
pi0o6or
18.|roryeuit\uE oAorT\pao4E
3O5
a' = . - [' t **l*

'f.tio,
i
I "'I 1-.o,"1
l
'J
I
f c' f c f' c
= +1 ar
"""o,, 'i"' "osx
l
u0'
+ te'. GnLx)f"t,-l*r
= e'cos.{
llll
ul
,J,',**= n1,t" "","y

I
A6op&oJ6fl rt oLoKl,iporotKordpdpnFooiqEror oro va ovo7vopioErs6rLtrq oDldp-

rrlol ivolqq fopqiqg',6so n16ro)'l.6qouvopflioere Edpstsi6l va oloKhp6vre, 1600
mproo6lspse meav6rnrq sllrutioc 4re. tulvd aoivsrol )'oYrK6
vd Kdvoupepro rpo{a-
nprv]Iltsrprioou!
ropxllrrl o),oK-?,rip0ro.il va lioouf to Kipronp6p)'Ipofto flflpd8El?-
Jro,Iropo$pe vo oloxl.Ip6ooDF Kord p6pn ro
tl
=.1
J (losx):dr (losr)(los.x)dx
ji
ovoutnooiue
,
6flJ losr d.{= x(log-I) :{ (aur6q
o riroq ano8eilIKniolqpotroxhi-
pool rard!;prl dloup
tl - rlos^)[{rlosxrx] -
lrlosxrrloe,fld.y J(l r)h(lo$) xldx
lltltL
f8'ff'8
t
- \l-Jlosr
= rlocj{.Y{loe.{r lldr
= ( l o c r r(l lro c ^ )x- l l t o u d x Jt.t d. . \

= (losx)[x(losx) x] - t.{oo&{) - xl + x
= x(loc-{)'-2.x(logr) + 2x.
ol,oxlrip0i6lesivolptdouv6irelo
H m6 srlpovflKrip60o6oq TouKov6!,onlEA)'uoi8oq. H
tpiq quriq qq p066ouoroLreinol. neproo6repTlequrvd8a 0,16tlv olot lipoo! Ksrd
p6pn oK6poror I 'iapouoioolqe |13e66ou ivarm6 56oKoh.
our{ rrl #eo6o oru6rqKd,
f1 our60o ovorl'|iEoDls 6roruJ(ivovraq ro 06rpnpo npdrtq
T10oprojrivooloKhp6ldra, KdrKpord'vroq rnv rspinrooil t0)voopior(Dv o),oKlrlpoFd
OEOPIJMT? (O TYNO' TTJXAI\'NKATAITA'IT')
Av r / KorI s'ivor ouvEj(siE,

16ro
I J=l U"e) e'

306 Ilapdyayotrat do ,qpritparu
pD f6
= f G@)l' g(xtdx.
ld,\f(u)du J"
AnoÊI{:Av F EivorFro'rcpdlouso qq /, 16rro dprd?p6dloE ivorFG(6)) - FG(a)).
An6 Trlvd}"),I nl.Dpri,
(Fo s'l = (Fo s) 8'=(f os).s"
6pa l FoE ivor rra 'ropritouooqe (f od.c' Kar ro 6sq6 p6loE Eivar
(Fo s)(b) - (Fo sxa) = FG(b)) FG(d)). I
Or onl.oiorspSnepultdloeqotrEonoiEElpiorFororoilL tov toro qq owu(oflio"raolC,
ivar 6rav wopi(oDjrs dfl pro 6oop6r1 oDv'iprnort sivol qe popeis (/ o s) . g'. Ilo
rapd8rypo,I ol.od.ipoorl rou
l" lr
=J. (sin)5cosxdy)
J" sinrxcosrdr(
tDxotujvftar on6qv rapoDoioioD nopdyowocosr, rou 0o ivoro ropd.tov&e g'G) Ira
rnv s(.x) = sinx. H trapdorootl'rou oro#vl, (sinx)r,,rpdq1aroav G(x))r = /G(x)),,rra
'816,
f(u) = ,5.
/",'''"** *
c'b)
=l lb I@(x)tc\,)dr- l| I1t)du
- l l - " .u. ' a u =s- i n 6 b- s' i . n ' a

0o
tb
H oloKLtipool rou I tatr,rdr yivroLpr rov i6rorp6ro av ypd\youu
| = - | stnx
J, $nr ot 11- dr
' aufliv rtv '!pi'rrodn o ropdpyraq -sinr ivo1ro d(x), 6rou g(x) = cos' o 'ropd-
yowaqnouo'ro#vrl/cos.{ypriqEtor oov /(cosx) yta /(u) = l/r. ?pa
l\^ "0,
= l'ruoraw=-li'rav,
= -f'1t =.*"', ') log(cos
b).
T6l,oC,y.o va 0pEi1io
l" t
roparnpisr
6T11/.x= g(r) 6nous(x) = logx,rol6rLlllolx = f GGDILi f(u) = tlu.
'Erm,
= los.r
f, r [8(x) I
,,
I -(u
xtoex | , I
[rr,t =" I
p60o6or
18.ZroryariSuE d,orLrioao4g 307
t' '*'
=J, =
f e?)tEl"td' lo,,ftu)du
fq" I
=Jb" du = los0os b) - Iog0ogd).
;
Eorul6e, o rp6no6fiouXplorlonororil rov ll)no filq owrrcrdoruslq /vror va ouwo-
apKrrd.Ta rv6Ldgoo
FEU0Ei piFqro.gla orcia fpdgoutE
=
J"f@(r\ EG)d' J^"tf@) du'
dndLEieo!,rdrov noparlpriooulr10 !iq: fra vo nd[ ond ro aprorp6oro 6Euid]"oq,
'
ovrLKouLorouuE
to {
{et'rlP"
ls'!)* Pzau
(Lorotrld(ooF ro 6proolo(h1po)oite}
Or avrrKartrordoq
FropodvvoTivolv an' uoeia(olrlv op}ri ouv{iprlo! (on' 610!
(oLrc 6volc ouro$rou oooprlForoE).Inrapd6r.fua,
r"
I dul = J,,,,udu,
.xpu ror os.xd{
J sin'-rcosxdx[tvrtro0toroilu
"
tor oloiog
f' .. .. f*'I
" i - o,tlowlKoololoulrt cosf }rt g Kql -srn,xdxlE dul - J@ u du,
J. cosr
tuviooEoowoperioup
ax6Fonpros6rporrl pd0o6o,
rcr ),,U.anl.6e:
(OdroDIEu = g(.r)
du= s\x)dx\
'Ero!
,,[' -]-- r'rruo*", - ro".

- a,= !a,r = ['' 1 a,.
x . t4, u
ttow "o,
X our6ro xredl,oro,oDui0o!sv6roesp6lrool
lproo6$po.rruItq nopdyouoeE
rrqpd
ro ra oproldvd ol.or<1,1p{ipofl,q),ld av pnopoq$ va pporig" p r,iee a xo,

"of11x;ar
b, gropo$llFdporo vq 0poripe
xcr ro/ 11x1d.x. rro nopd8rlra,oeoi
lpotFxar ro/ /(x)dx. fra rapd6Erlla,aqoi
I . s,tr"D
- - -'
J, srn-tcos{dx=
drffcr 6rr
I . . sio',r
cosx d,r= --a-
J S|n-,r
OFoioe,
= logcosx ,
,[t,nrar
/*!*=*u*'
Eivcr releioq aworrovolrlx6 vd naipvouprapdyouseEatr6rcv rino rq( owlKaldoroor]C
3O8 llapdyayotraroLod,4pritpan
pploKowaelrp6ta fl opropdvaolor],Ip6latd. Avri yr' oul(i, FnopoiFw oov6uioooF

ro 6io Fiford, rata),iyowoe oqv Eiq6ro6lKaold:
(l) odroope
u = 8(r),
4u= t(xldx'
0lri on' our6rovl6laqlrllranolr60arp6le voslpcv(Elarl6vo ro lpdFF! u, d/I to
tpaHrox).
(2) Bpiorcool4 praftapdlouoa(oavnapdotoolnoun6p#Irro u),
(3) Avn@0rsro6F qovdro ! !r g(r).
'EtoL yro
vo Ppoqrerc
I
J sin'xcos.x
dY,
(l) oiroDllf
orr6rnoipvoufio
f ..
I U' du,
(r, rrrroô'Jqouleto
(3) 0qr6paotEva dvnmftoniooD[ ovdro u Fsio.x,dpo

t . . = sin6:
J sltr',rcotr d{ J-'
OFo{oC,
ov
u=logr,
a,=!a,,
i6r
I t lt | |
ro r| --!dx r{verar | : du = losu.
- dos JI -dr = lostlocr).
rtogx rloqr
frc vo onololioouFe ro
r[-l + "-
t t - *,
0iro0ps
u=l*x1
dn = 2x dt'
o rapdyowag2 nou,rpoCKr,Ve ravdvarp6pl,rlla - ro ol.oxLrlpopaytvftqr
6ev6I Fror,pyei
I f I I
au= u
2l u atog '
coq
'
jI- : ,x* t a.' = l .l .t o e t l + ' 1 '
(Aui6 io anoldlEoFo, Frnv otloKl,ipool rod pipl, 6avr
ov ouv6Daor6i Cvovdno noo
di(ou!ri6t ovoqdpEr:
pf9oSor
18.trorXeuit\etq d,o ,fipaoqE3O9
,
.arctanx dx= xarctan.{ f ,
JI J;!Jd.{
='.o- ' -
!r"r 1r* '1.y
Aurdqor qoppo],erounjro! rn_(avflKordoroortq+
owrnpodorl8[ouv nq mo dpeoq xaL
ir,6rspo ev6roAdpouoq rspl]I16o6q- ov cvolvorpioouge ro! Kordl],rtio rapdYowq
g(.x),o],6l(iitporo np6F),r1pa
lnopi vo yivsr1600on],6,d'orvo ipdoreoEe6ortvo ro
liooufE !s ro vo! pa(.Ta 6n6levorpio npopi,itoroonorrorjvf6vo 11(rd.tpo9opiEq nou
6ivLo prKp6q ornv qpI{ to! KpoloiouKor,{puorKd,
oopiorovo],oxl,Ipotrdrov
nivor(oq
rtv Kordl),r],rlowu(ordoroorl(ro rpiro rp6PL o sivorli.ro ploJrareoEvo ttKdnolo
q],y|]prl(6
rditv06[0).
I
J sc'-rian" x djri
I
J (cosx)e''-dx,
te,
'
\/1 e-
'np,rc
Av 6evtn icmrpr4pare va ppirsnq KordIlIlE avrrraroctdoeq,0d vo cioooro
odq vo.K povrd,yers qn6rrq orovrilo'q, nouivor(tan"x)i6, e'", tcctarcsine'. Apxtxti
Iropi va DpioKsr ourdra Jrpool.rifora,roli 36oKo)'ayla vo rs rLtrior!t to luolo,
ol].d rol,ldrLo{ov6rovn s 41fl .rtv noli onlli poprflig(x) = ax + b, 6er rpnd(srct vc
xd\rrmrov {a1p6ooqtpdqovroqqvolullrd rov p8roolt porlo[6.To n6$vo o].oxinp6po-
ra rp6nfl va Eivor610qovpd.(H y6q Kdroqavrloulrt.tK{)'nro[dpsueivqrI oootli
rono0drnoq rrq oro0epdq - ondvllortoro 8ajrspo0oivoler'i3ri 3er';Ey6npooonl{d
I
zsrpiqopaurdvror oud ro npoFripo.aoq eqriq:nporpcvriq/er" dx = er'(rdr!)..T6poov
= =
ropo?oyiooqv F(.{) er', raipvo F'(x) 3ek,{ipcto ,.xrirrunpnnvc eivcr}, po vo
61d7paqei ro 3.)
la'
J;*"=tog1'+1'
t.
l'"d*= 3'
+ rlaa= -losQl1ll,
/ sin@x
I,| 4x1 2
I O.jftog qq qwrKalqoroorq olxv,i ypdqmor6fit Fopg1i
tt
I f(u)du=J IGG)) 9'\xldx. u= E\4
!o l.tro[t[ au6vrov fl]noKaliiIiLl (oroKdro-rdTo,
^r! rroporirr. ro //(u)du 0d 'rpmvo
otsoiv8t[LoftapdloDoo qq l / o s) s'.(raur69or6[0
fl]q/ rcr toJ/tgtxll g'txldrrlq rupdlouoq
oiloDpo 8Evsivorioss.)Mnopoi! q
6uosvq sopioolpe @qlLd61,!Fol.,ni
oivo\nrtq SraSrKaoiag
ro! olqft[lall8. Av rptorporouioolps !o olpporrop6ro! Leibni, (alro! eflao'D6ooqrEt'fK', o
r{ro. 6LoFd[srdL ro].i opaiq:
Itav"=[rc']0".
310 napdyayor
Karolod,\p(i)Wtu
H tpisrlrori flj,roDfilq ovlrodorcolg eivcrno ev6loQ6pouoa

6rdvo nqpdyovraEa'6)
tv 6jrgovi(Dror.Yndplouv6rlopccrrdei31cwrrcrooriorov orr( onoigoutpaivrrdrr
droro. Ag ndpoolt8 np6toro
lt Lr
'l---l-:
l - e ' dr.
H Eryoprorri nopousia qg drgpdsrlq e' po6 urro6ErKuhrov on)'otolcl)1rK6ploolrl-
du= e'df,.
gnopEirdwc vq prrFdocoro o),o{lripopol
Av xqr rl napdoroorle'dx6velQovi(Etqr,
ft+.'. i t'+ e ' ' r 'e ox,
'l-e' 'l e'e'
IIoipvo!lrsEnofdvoq
f l + u . I. d u ,
rl l- u u
ro o,roiol,ro],o1i(sror
t'ro ol,1Fprx6
dtluota
fl+u I fi 2 lr.
J|1 ;d,=J[r ,+-ldu- z t o s -i t t ) + r o s u ,
ripo
= -: roglr- e,)- tose,- - 2 tos(t- .,) +.r.
,/11!'a"
l-e'
Yndpler dvuqd,loq npofll6rpo( rp6nogyro vo lrprsroiF aud ro ,rp6p],lFo,noo6ev
qnorrino),trqt),ooroold
(or 61qiporl
pe'. Av ypd\,out
D=e',x=logu,
a,=Lou,
ft+e'. ftt" _I du
'l-l - . ' dr qBdooq
tivcrarrl.j--:--:.
t-u u
Tq rproo6Epo ,lpopupola ovrKordoroong eivor no],6 uxol6r6po ov xorogrjl.r
Koviqo' oDr6ro r6lno, vo srQp'ior6rt),46iro r ouwprrisr rou u ror to dx ouvoptlisr
rou du, orri 1a ro or"riolpogo.Aevivor&iorclo vq Seic luri oud ro tdlvaoga 6oule6-
fl nriwa (opKeiPdpdnq ouvdpqor rou erqpd(rro lJ oq oo\.dprlort rou .xvo ivor l - | ylo
6)'ora x 'rorroEDponFE): Av Eeqpr6oowrqv owu(ordcruorl
u= sG), r= s '(u)
dx = (s-t\,(utdu
I
I JG@\ax'
roipvo![s
(t\ J f@)G)\u)au.
A'16Trlvd),1.1n},upd,
dv qopF6ooutls
rr ouvyleto#vro!,nxardoroort
u = 80j
du= e,G)dx
18.Eroryari6e6 pE0o6otoloKlip@ottt 3ll
oroi6rcoto(),ipopo,
t. t.
J f?tn\ax=1 fG{t\t ;Ur.c\t)at.
(z)I'TIIU).-
I
..-:;:- du.
EtE tuD
(i) Kor(2)sivorioo,yLoriG )'(u) = iic'G-(u).
Taol,oKhpd)Fara
&v 6vtroK6tooutrcxpudvo nopd;crtlo.0coporip to
'IV- e ' + 1 s ! .
I' ouflivrtvncpinroJaqg l.lavrov6poc,66q
Qcpoo'irE ro,0ao!.trKaroorrloourE
o).6d.r-
pnqv ropdorqoq Ve' + I ! ivo yprituo.
Ernl'r'rouFE qv
6rllu6'i owrKsrrioroorl
u = v / e ' +I
!:=e"+1,
u, l=e',x=log(u,-t),
2u
dx=. clu,
U, l
T61ro oLoKl.ipopolivrar
l tu'- t)' zu -t. ,
ou= zttu - |ou
zu' ^
--- tu.
ulJ
'Etol,
1.1'7
'|V_c_'_+:l_d_, = +r ( , t t ) r r _ 2 ( e . tr . ) ' : .
'Evo
ro 6ir6po0oorK6i6oqovrLrordoraolenoupropsi
d),),oropdEflyto,rou rodyr
va yivr,ivqr ro o],oK),{polr0
iyT=i'at.
X aDrrivrl! rpinroon, ovri vo cv1lxorasnlooulrolro mlinE!!_IqpiolooTl p tlq
d),,.rlonLo66r6prl,
0o c!"rr1<crqsr{ooDls ro .x il sinu,Tloli Vl - sin'u = cosu.Auld
ouoraollcdorllaivl6rr lplorFonolodp rov Feraolrllanol6 u = arcsinx,oLld I 'Iapri-
olcort rou x o0voprrl6ei1oDu ivoroufli nouea !q6 pol0rion va ppo'juritv ropdmool
nou6c cwrxolcoflioerio dr, Tror,
0,toufs x= sitru,[u= arcsitr-x]
dt= c$ u du'
r6rs ro oloxl.i pofa fverar
- sin'ucosudu =j cos'udu.
J Vl
quronro'rolod.ylp6rsroqpooi(rroLorrv Lo6rnro
O uro].oyrordq
, I + cos2u
*'"-
2
(6irErrlv rqp{iypaeora tq rprtovoNrptKiq ouvaprriolcnrc dr0)) 6+o6ri
L + c o s 2 u . = -,u
= l l---t- sin2u
J cos' u du J du * -T-
3I2 [Iupdyayor
rarolod,nphlqw
f /- arcsin.r , sio(2arcsinx)
,,- - ---i-
J!t- ''o,= +-
= arcsiLx + I co(arcsinx)
- Tsin(arcsinx)
= arcsiu r T lr \ J t 'x'
2
H ovtlKoriorcol Kor! otrox)'ipoonxari F6pneivaro. F6v6q p60o6o1noo
0Fsl.dl6Lq
osri).ff vo pdorr lr rn po{0rd toug Eival 6Dvfi6v va ppo6FE fl6 napdpuose v6g
leldlou ftl,rioougorrvopflioov.IIop' 6l,a oud, 6nogcrororlffiouv lrprxd cn6 10 ncpc-
6iluat6 Fa6,rl rnll)lia oDpd 9ooiqffar 6 r(dftou np660erarqldapalo. Ta rno oflro-
v rcdxoflypdeovrol,ropol(dr0). XplorForTor6woq ro 0a np6nr vs jrnopeirvo otror}.I-
p6ore6l,sEflg oDvapnioerg ora npo9liloro I oE9 (psprKd dll.o v6raqdpowa relvd-
olurs 0a odlin0o6v 63 rdrota trrr6td Dn6l'orlronpopl,iluro).
I, TPI|ONOMETPIKEX'YNAPTHXEIE
. sin':r* cos'?r=I
- sin'?x,
cosXt= cos?-x
cos2r= coslr - (l - costr)= 2cos'zx-l,

cos2x=(1 -sinrx)-sinlx= I - 2rin,x,
1i
., I coszx
slo.I=_--
, I + cos2x
cos'x=-----
M'ropo[rE w 1prtorpnorrisoujrdl)IoE iouq drouE lla vu FpoqEfl olor]rlp6rara

I
J sin'xdx,
I
J cos'r dr,
ovo r si.rcrdplroq.
Awrto0ror6woqro siltr { io cos'rF
(l - cos2.r) , (l + cos2r)
-1- | ----r-
naipvoDte6va dopototo ot6 6poL\ noDtrpdlouv 1oFrll.6rpeg6DvdFrgnlg cos. fra
ropd6r,o,
* =/(t#q),* =II * - |l*"u*r !1,""',,*

/"r,.-
xot
L- l + cos4.{
= I ---1-
I cos zx ox I ar '
Av o, i\ol nepr'I6q,, = 2t+ I, r6re
= - cos'lxltax.
/sin" xar /sinxlt
18.Xroryevlt\e4
pi0o6otd,orlflpao1g 313
H rElcuroioropdoraoTt,ov Kdvoutr
rouq,Tolian),aoraoto6q,
nEpldtL
6pouE rnq popqriq
sinxcos?xnou 6Lorrouqolod,rprbvovrare$Ko),a. f1o'ro o),oK?,rlporo
rrtq cos'x aou-
Iiout prov i6rorp6no.Kdoo),oK),ipopo
I ,
J sin".{cos .{ d{
uno),oyi(roL6poro,avorrior?ivurmp!rr6q.Avo11KaLomeivorKolol6i
Ipitorlororoit rouqdnoug7rcro sinrxror ro cos'1x.
'Evo
l'euroioollrowlx6 rpr^/ovoyrpr(6 oloKLip(o!aeivarro
lt I
| __: dx = I secr dx = losGcx+ ranx).
Av ror urdplouvapxsroirp6noryrovq qdyoupe oDr6ro onor6?,opa,Is odonflS pe06-

6ouqnou 6routDi6rt 01! 6rd08o{rqq (Ilp6p},tpo 12),ivaranlorlorepovo }.61qoD!rs
arr6v.ov dno ropoyo,i(ovrcqro 6r(16s .og,xor vq rov onopvruovajooDpe.
2. ANAfO|IKOI TYNOI
(Ilp6B].ruo20)
H o],o{}"ipool r.ori dp! 61,,,s1
| | .n-Il.
J s , n ' rd ; s i n . r c o s Ir i - - - r ] \ i n " x d x .
I r ',n tt
J*. ,d, Y s , n . r "- jco., ^di.
".os,
ll
I1.t' I t;
t 2n 2n 7t 1,r' t1 ""
2 \\'-
Kqrnol].oiq d],Io!Erop6poroug rirnouq.
Or rpdrroL6S0,av lprtorpororrl0ov Kor' srTovri-
}.it\ v, oivouvlro blogopsnKripdeoSo uno],o?rofoirapdyoDooq yrarlv sin' xal rlv cos'.
O rpiroe Eivoriroli oluovrlK6q?lo rlv o),oK),ipoortprqEpeyd),IqyevLKiqKldooq
oDvopnioov, iroD0ad.sioLrr oDEirrori!oe.
3. PHTE' 'YNAPTH'EI'
rro prlri ouvdp:rta\p/q 6no\)
OopoSpE
P(x)=a,x'+d, x'ri *a'
s G ) =b . x ' + b . L . x ' | + + 4 .
MroporjFs{d}.l,latar,ou,roodoout6rLd, = b, = l. AK6fq,propoits va urioedool,t
6
n < m, o),lL6q6svdtoulenop{iva sxQpdooufs 1lv p,/qoa! pla noluovutLKriouvdprlorl
ouvr1o ptnl ouvriprlo! nourlydr o'rr{qqe Fopei(, Erorpdrwoq (7loiropdSerlpo:
-:,=u+1+ ,/.
H o),oK?,ipoolru1oioqpIfliS ouv'iprtonqpaoi(sroro06[0 o1o11io ro npdrro,lpoKririrsr
'Al,yEPpdqD
on6 ro (O6!],rrij6q
OE6prUorlq (6(610 KsQd],o1o 25, O6pttx 2 lcqr
np6pl,n[o25-3),al]d ro 8ajlepo6v0 ono6r1ri o o'116 ro 0r0].io.
oEopHMA Kdeero],uovuprKri ouvdprloTt
s G ) =x ^+ b . , x ' r + . + f u
?p0rp3r01oq
?rvolsvo
q(.r)=(-x-ar)'...8a\)'(x1+ p ) x +r t ) '. . . . . ( x 1 +p i + y ) '
( 6 n oaD+ . . . + 1 1 +2 ( s , + + t = r 1 l ) .
rl . t o r t . o r l r . " w o i 6 c r r o , q r f l u r 6 o l u o r , cr T o p d y o v r coqr .d T f
o r r i \ r l v r o p r i o r a o ' IL
314 Ilapdyayotrat d.orArlpipora
Fropoipevo uno06oouf 6116],0ro .x- d {or xr + P.I + )',eivotEloxsKpudva

Ax6po,
nporra-
ropdlovroq6svfnopivq nopolovro,rorrl0i
uroodrouts6rr Kds6surepoFd0trLoq
po. Aur6 orpoiv8l6r'
P,'- 4v,<0,
'/rori ol.).r6strropoiusvo ropotovronotrisoup8
10
r " r"/ ! r - L YI r -B.tr[a- q \ll" t f.-Jp: qLi

l-i /lt, I , /l
o?pofttlKoiq,ropdyowso.
o[nPHMÂv, < r, xqr

p \ x J= x ' + ' + . . .+ o i ,
,x"
" " r
s\t()= x' + b" , x' + .+4
= (x dL)' ... (.{- dr)" (xr + Pi + yt)"' ...' lx' + Ptx+ y)',
16 I p(x)/q(x) noipvfl1r1Fopai
p!l) I o,,- , l, ,f d., _ '., I
grrt Lrx ar " " Lr,\-o.)
r,r-or'l tx ot"l
I bi+c)) br"x+c,.. lr
\t+Bjx+y) (''+4'+t)il
.l b,x+c,,
i l-.-+.., +
\x'+Ptx+y) e + P d +h " l
Ariri I ropdordon,1voori oe I (ovdl.uonos leprxd x)doFaro,rrlqp(.x)/q(.r)ivor
nouivoLon],oiorspovoqrdooufEfvo
1600'roL[n],oKrt nopd60rlpo,roD6iverpro161010
n6qvorrl BpioKoDIe.
nopdcroorlKarloq 6i1vr eivsr6uvor6vvo
lilqovo ts ro oodrpTtta
Iprivo'rpe
2x' + 9xt + I3x' + 20x1+ tlxr + t6x'1+ 1r + 7 _
(xr+ .{+ r)lxr + 2x+ 2X.{ i)'
a b , cx*d ex+/ , gx+h
1 ' G t ) , - r \ 2 r t 2 - G , + , + D - 'G ' + r + D '
"
a, b, c, d, e, /, g, nor ,, lpdgoDts10 6qr6l6)'oqoav !a
fro vo PpoitrsrouqopLpo(e
nopovolootri(x: * x + l)r(.{'?+2.r+ 3Xx- l)r o aploFlriq livsrqr
ro).!6vuto! 'roLv6
a ( x t ) \ l + 2 x + z ) ( x ' .x++ l ) r+ r ( / + 2 . r + 2 ) ( x r + x1+) r
+ (cr+ d)(r- 1)1(.r: +.{ + l)1+(ex+r(.{- l)r(x'+2.{f 2Xx'+ .{+ l)
r \Ex+ h)(x Dllx' + 2x+ 2).
qL,r6ro npd]ro(l), roipvoupe
no).lorTl.ooldqovroq 6vonol.u6vlpoBd0foi8,roDo'ioiouor
ouvrtsor;qivaLoDv6uoouoi ouroriqtolE ouvrc)"or;q
rov d, ...,,. EEro6vovroq Jrrouq
orvrel,eorfqrou 2.r1* 8x6+ 13.{j+ 20/ + 1?.rr+ 16.r'1+?x + 7 (o ouvrelsoTTiq
rou i(3
ivaL0) roipvoups8 0Ero6oELq pEoxr6 oyv6oroue4 ...,i. MId qr6 rlpoiKo$q Dtro)'olF
otorlq,our6(rivolr0l KorbivoDv
a=t, b=2, c=1, d=3,
e=0. /=0, c=0, h=1.
'Eror,
2.x'+ 8x6+ l3x5+20x1+17xt+t6x'+7x+'7

( ' : + x + l ) l ( x ? + 2 x + 2 ) ( xl ) ' :
18.ttoryeLritdtgpE0o6ot
d,od.1prttoqE 315
=Ii- * rI a"+I
it o|=n,* *l ri]. a,.
(t orloiglpeqrpuTt6olq or unol,o,rqroi nouorarroiwdl lnopeivo livovtor FEs,(rr-
ni uro}.ia. n{po aui6 ro suykrcprudvo nupd6erllc {envcira5 ott6 ttv ovd}'uq s
lrEprl(drldolora xar |rtotpfftowdsrrlv sE sva{ldspa.)
nou eleavi(owot orrlv
Ei|roo.ft i6q o ffsrt vo 0po6}rkooE1aalrli Ia otLoK]'tpri4raro
nupardvo)napriorqoq:or utrclolroloi eo unotpatrFiooov6)'qflq 6uoxo)'iE6noo qcnpo-
Fritrlouv 6rav o),oxl,rtp6voulepnde ouvapfliorC.
Ta 6$0rrp{irraolo(hp6tolo ivoronl6:
ll
Jt-tdx=tos(x-t)'
12 2
'(x-l)' x I
H rpirn ol.oKl]ipoorlpaoqraloro va "oo[nlr]p66outrs
ro rrpdyovo".
xr+x+l=(x+;J.+i
tt,,I \,*'l.l
=ilhF-J
r'vl /
'
-
(Av itut n'ipr i ot"ri 1tc | 6ev0c propo6o4e vo n{ipouw rlv rtpa, 0)vrxripi(o,
ol?d s' ourrtvqv nepitFoono aptrxd 6eorpo0ri0lrcq nqpdlowog0a Inopo660vo.itE
ololuosi 6s tpoltrroig rapdpl're.) Mropoflr r6pa vo tpdt/ouFe
H cwrxcrdolco'rl
. ^ z-"Fr ,' !
u
I
du = ____71: dt( ,
Y4
Irarp;nfl aur6 ro o)'ol(lripolo 06
!I r| ia,,au,
toi { l),
ro o'roio 'Jnoto/(ror IE tpriol rou rpiroD ovqyo-IlKori rinou nou 6dertl(0tro ttprv.
TEIoq,7lg vq urolo, ioo0t to
'
'l( x.'^+ 2 r + 2 ) d (
f x+l , t 2 r - 2- | )
d x = +. 'lx-,. - -
'l -r -' -; z- -x.'.t dxI l- dx.
| )xt2'(r+t),rl
Torp6roo),o(l,ipoFa
o1o6qr6 FdlocalrsK6,fluo dror60rvopnopo0-
l{arooKooo1i
va
Ir TourololioouFE 1prloLFonord)Eac lov t[IoolrltdrLojr6
316 flapdyayotrar d,or),4pritpara
u=x'+2x+2,
du= (2x+ Z)dx
.
To Se,lr8po olo{},ripoBaoro 6sE,d,nouivorqrr6q rt 6rqeop,irov dllov 6io, 6vEivor
lirorr di).o on6ro 2 archn(x + l). Av 10oplrK6oio{}.ipopo rirov
I x+l I t"+z .12
J q r 4 2 1 1 2 1 ' o ^ =z l l r ' + 2 " + 4 ' ' I(r+ l)
l)'+ ll"
ro np6roo),oKiripolaoro 5sq1d 0auno).ol(6rovKolrd).r!srrlv i6roqv Kqrdsraol.To
6irpoo).oK).ipopo 0o urol,o?ll61ov!s l poiesrqEv6qololoTrKoiniirou.
Au.6ro rqp{i8er1Fo ode6X$nL0ov6lorq neiosr6nI oioKlipooTl plr6v ouvaprrioeov
ivo1U1oopilrl{riropo(cvrdro|ri'lor fl"}.o,sdLKdov oxqrift6Tlsivoranapoirlro
va ropolovronoliorfltv g(x) rpr!'ar6fo op)tio'rE.Aur6,on6 pLa!6vo dnow, ivar
0(D016.'EIouJr{r6}.oq8fl611trprKiqAop;Cstreovi(owolon}.dqprtlaqouvop
f t-+de^ '
'|t e'
'l-vo
dtr).0onLa!rKo napo6trl;-ocrvc ro o),or).jpo.rc
't
I r+ +
l__! d\= I_. _ _ L . a r = j r o g r r r r j r o s r v _r r .
,x._l
Erdort!,av xoraqdpolrLs
va ovdyoute6!0 np6pl.nfqorrtvolox],ripoor praqprlriq ouvrip-
r!onS,r6r0ivor0dDaro 6rLundplsL!Lo61o1.Ir66ngnop6Youso, oK6!oKrav ro 6ioKo],o
i ro od'lvorovo ppoiprolq nap{iyovrsq
ro! ropo\,olaonl,lde 'ftro6i(ouvvo lpd\uoup
ouriv r]v rap{ilouoapE' ro.
IIPOBAHMATA
L A' to to ,Ipophlo ncprcT', I,prKdolo\),fpdLaroro, onorroivrdfi noporovo aro
o)"TpprKoi_c lErootrtrarrouoiq,{or snoFElos6o{rtd(Lrrtv rKov6rrlrdooEva ovo-
{alnmEredt"TEppr{ri rElvdopora,xarlLy6reporo ovilsr KoroloiseLq SlabrKsoio
fltqo].o{iripooitq.'O$oq,onoLoSrinorEor'aur{irarXvdoloraSoUfopoiov
dvoortrovftr6,rp61oPl!o lLo6vanpoyporLK6 'rp6p).!!oo}.o{}.ipootE.Ar6Fo,sivqr
Kai6 vo avon.iq0r'.drora61oiqto!yLoro noLdo).od.!p6tarosivolrjxo).o, rirors
vo pnopirvo 61oKpi\r.s r6re ro r6loq praq6rq6rKooioq oloxl.ipo6rl( sivoropor6.
To nopdpqpoU6nq oravriorg,qv KoroeiTer o' aur6,0a onoKo),i\rsl p6vonord
',rp,m
dl,llpo 0{i vo dXsr'rplorponouiosr.
rir lv" 1v'a,
rii) /
vt=r + v[Tr
(iii)
(i!)
I
(v) J tan'ndx.(Tolprtr,ivog
rprxdolotr}'rlp6larasivalrdvroro),i rcuaioelra,,llari
Drldptouv 16qq,rol,],6q
rpr-rovopsrplKdq rour6qrq,roudvq[Ko?,o
rp6plrtlo, Kd),ILotqpnopEivq qaivror56oKolo.)
18.Dtoryeifiag pi0o6oro),orlfiproor1gSI7
... I d]
(v1., J--i---.
.... f a"
. .| a"
.. . [8x1+ 6x+ 4
{rr) t- ox,
o, ! -----L*
vzx- x
2. Or ol,oK?,Tlp6oeq
rou oKol,oueotvo,rorrodva,!l6q awrKorooTliosr(,r.6 nEp1666rEpE
on6 EonoiEgeo rpfter vo gnopeitevc q ere(epporsir ll ro vou os(.
(i) .[",,i' "" d'.
@ Ire"dx.
{iii) Ji!1&. {:ro Kcirrrvo pKoflidprl o}.oK}.ipoor.)

dyLv
tlv, 'l e- " + 2 e ' + 1
(v) Je'e'dx.
'. Int
|
""4
on\ l?;dx.
( v n 1J)x \ 1 1 - l d x .
(ix) ,lbs(cosrtaMdr.
(") Il"s(1,"8')d'.
3. Ol.oxl.ipoot l(ord !6prl.
ct J"e*.
(ii) j.vre' d.r.
(iii) / e- sinhx dx.
(iv) /x':siu dx.

?18 Ilapdyayorrar d,od,r1ptiparu
r"l /tr"c"l,a..
,,i, floe(loe"l/,
(vii) ,[secr-rax.(ADr6sivol 6vqnovTlp6

trcLolpovrrrd o].or].rlpogoro0 stqoviqe-
rdr ou1vd.Av 6vlcaragCprsvs .rourol.oyior,
o0lpou).lJlire
onoo6irorsI1eonov iosq.)
I
(viii) J codlosr)dr.
(ir) J V.{ log-Id.r.
I
Jx(tozx)'dx.
4. 01 er6|13v0Eo],ox),!p6o8K yivovraL6?,sq116ovrlKoraordoElEqE pop$rig-x= sinu,
cosu,K].r. flo vd KdvrrxdnoEqan6 qu#q, 0o Xplao1ivo 0ug6soore6rr
I
" J sc_xdy=
logGecx
+ tanx),
rolj ),6fl8rur n qur6qpErapol6f6!:
xa06q Kqr rov njrio rot oKo],oooei,
t =
J csci dx log(csc-x+ cot i).
AK6Jro,6'dur6ro olfEio npinrvq pm66oerflq nopoy6Touq
6Lovrov rprtovots-
rprK6vouvdpni6ov.
{i) -:, {Aurdro oloKlipopadq eivori6t Tvoor6, lprotrororciorc6F0J(

J
V|- x x - srnu.p6!o ]rd vq 6LircnJJq
lnv awrKordoroort 8oulc r.,
t';t | .."^, {Aqouran'u| | =secru.npd,rrvdXpqsUororiolrcrlvovflKar{i-

Vr r x_ oro6l ,r= tanu.)
tivt I rH anritrror0orivorrdaotdo'{iolpoqno, vdprrornol,dKdvE

".1- . I' Fraouvro/r c!$uvronoro Ki!F8vo.l
i"r
"' 'l-----iL.
rJj.j
,"^ [ d"
" r *v/i +.*'
t-.
(vii)J.{'Vl -/d.r
(oo tp'rooli vo outtoirrq pe66oD6
o),oK),ripo)olq
6uvd-
t-. peovqe srnxal qg cos.)
(viii)J Vl r' dx
( i x )J V I + / d . x .
l-
(xl J\/x'-tdx.
i,8.Xroryeri\eqpi0o6ord,odjpao4E 319
Ta si!6lsvoo),oKhp6uoroq,rcrroivcvrr(cloordolq61oQ6pov 6d)v.Aevondpxsr
xqvdvquroKor'isroTorlg rupuisE.r,trdplcr6toq ivaE tsvtKocxov6vocrou Fno-
pirv' oKolou0sircavrrxaroorioqv nopdoroorlrouryedviqfforoulvdri EeIo-
p((6r.Av Eppovi(owar 66061a9oprtK6 npopl.IFarrx6e
ropdordoeq,npoono0eioTe
vd IlE rqpdorsxalfl6 660oovapr{os1 p1oexalvoiprac.Kor L'Iv 6rvdr6fl oDui-
00)Epon0dsl10 va Kqpdore ro x an suosioE rou u, Tro vq PpirrTlv
ouvop'nio!
Kodl.),t}.rl dKepaorlnou0a ovTlr(oraorioerro d.x.
'l+Vx+l
1 ; ; 1'1t +, 9e.'
..... t d\
(|lr) j -. --
(iv) (H ovrlKordorootu = e' o8lysi o' dvdo],oK),ipoponoDonor-

r0i{iIII FtaovflKdtdoroarl oL166cvcivorKor6,tnopirr6!roq
vc (ivr Kcr rrg 660cvnrolaoldole prn pio.)
.. f- dt
... I dx
(Kr 66 lrropilp prd ovrrl(orddrcolvo (dvre6ould Tn
"l\/x+1 6'io.)
(vii)
| 4'+ l
'2"+l
t.
(vin)
(ix) Jl v,'l . d^ (!
x.
. ^ .artiv lqv ftpitrroroneiva,Kol.irepava Kdvrbuo6ta6ox,-
I vr Kiq o!flKordordocrqundplouv6110rpoeqvcisurovrierorlro
rlv np6rrl ovru(ordoraotl, Kor ororco8inol ori6 rouESrjoea
oaqpydlrndpa.)
- ( x ) |J/ V
i r r
- ,dx.
To 'ipoTlyo$pevorp6phFq 'rapij(e 8oprivpro rDraioe'Il)"oyrion6 pt16(dDvoplli-
oq "npoq oloK].ripoorv". No p|o 'Ilo o'rorrltoTlKris'Il)"ori:
2x1+ 7x- |
(t) /
2 x +1
0rJ
xt +'|x'1 5x+ 5
(iii) i
(x l)'(x + i)l
2x+' t+ 1
(i")i (.x+3Xx l)':
ot ltlu,a,.
320 llapdfayot KatoTorL4prigara
ftDIx ' + 2 : , + 1
("ii)Ix r 3lI 2 x+' z3.x
+I
*2x*1
' |dx
''xa+l
.l
trxr J ---:--:------:
-:, eY.
I J-.T
(x,
'|( x ' + x + l ) ' dx,
.7, Ai,ro an' dl.o (xov6voE'rproplor6E).To en6llvool,oKl,tp6poro nepldxouvd),qTlE
!066oDqrov flpot, oudvo)vrpo0l.rl!rd'!ov.
... I uctaa:<
'
.... f .r arctau .
uu J-o.x.
l-
(iii) J logy'l + .x'?
d.r.
t_
(iv) Jxlosvl+x'dx.
." ./r:+| +r.*

Jr
f-
(vi) J arcsinV.{ dx.
.... t )l
(uij |-i: dx.
. .... | xcos'x sirx .

t l l x j l c ".".
_".--4r,
(ix) j Vtanx dr.
C) -=. {rro vo rapa'rovronorriocre

to x6 l. rcpclovrororciorlrp'iro ro
,l
y' - l, xp4otronouiv.ruq
ro np6phra l-1.)
To r6FvoE6onpopl,llloroeo npooadpoDv oK6rt np!6o6rspleqdorlon
orrlv o),orhlpoo1, o Epi'rroror roD Trl 1pdqore(Kor rtv ow6rr). To
np6p?'nta8 oeopdalyEpprKdq KarrpyJovolrprKfE
reprKqKorol,oK?,ipoon
Kardpdptl,Ev6ro Ilpdpl,tpq 9 oqop6owrKorooriorq. (Ousrxri,o rol?"dq
nprmdrorc, Ia o),ol(llp6Iaro ro0 0o npox0\rouv0o arorrrtdoDvnpqrr6pn
xlproFoi(.)
8. Bpic ra no (dro oXo(?'qp6para:
t
(i) J toe(a':+x?)ax.
,... ll
(u,
{ cosx,
I -t-----{r.
pi0o6otoloKl,ipaote 321
18.Etorytrtitdeq
(iii)
I
(iv)
(v) J sin'x dr.
(vi)
I sinrx .
I
(Yii) J x?arctanx di .
/.,ii;, l-- 1:" .

r-' J . t:i.a:=T
I
(ix) J sec'.{tanl
dY.
(x) Jr<taa'xdx.
mordroroloKlnp6Ialol
9. BpirEro
... I dx
tU J?'+?F
t_
(ii) JVt-sinxax.
l-
(iii) J arctatr
Vrdx.
l_
(w) JslnVx+tdx.
x' t
M lv dr.
l_
(vi) J los(x+ V.x'1 l)dx.
t-
(vii) J los(x+ V.x)dx.
tvul, Jj-
I
(ix) J (arcsinx)'dx.
(x) J xJ arctan(x'!)dr.
10. Av q1 ErJ,for ro n p69?'qua1?-9,ra ol oKl'l p6uoro (ii) Kat (iii) orc np6p)'I la 4
0a ooE ivor roli orrEid. fs!'lKd, I_gIl(ardotaot x= coshu oulld 6ouls6s!.Ilo
- =
ol.oxl.rtp6fara roo tepdlouv ro {.r'? 1, evri 1 x siDI u 1v41 oorli roD Ipdtir vo
T
8oKqrdorKaviE ltr ol,oKtrlp{bFararoo npdlouv to Vl * l AonUdote auro$E
rouqtcrootllortoporiq ora ut!6lornooloxlnpduora 1o0Ilpop)"iFoloq 4 (H p60o6oE
ouni yEvu(ii6svouviorarcr ivor oKol,6repovo Korcttlcoteire pe 'lprYovoprpl(as
wnxqflolco8q.,
*ll. H nro Korole6!1aovnKodorool o.rov(dojlo, ivo! ovolaipo]'a n
'---) zatcrart,
322 Ilapdyayorrar d,od,1ptipan
a"= -L.4.
l+t'
'Oroq pp{xope
oro rlp6plr o l5-17,qurriI svflKordoroolodlyeione 6(qpdseq
. 2t t-a ,
sn.x= --. cosx= -_
l+t l+f
'Erol,
auni I cwr(qrdoloorlI6roojalpsri(fl K'i0rol.orl.ripollonoDrspdlrf6vo1rlv
sin xcr r1v cos,ouv6uoopdvegIe np6oe6rlrol.l,orl.ooloop6rol 6uipot, o dvo
ol.o,(l.ipotoptlriEorJvdplrtotq.
Bpirro
{') ---i:-- (Iuyxpivorrrrv andyqoi ooerc ro np6p),rtq l(viii).J

J
... jI a^. . (I aurtlv rlv ncpimoot. civqr xq)'irpsvo odoouttcI - ran,r.

(i0
- l-srn'x
flori.)
la,
(iii) l . --:- (Yrdprcr(r d).Ioqdvuqrp6noqyrava ro rdvcrsourd.Xpt-
orFoflordrwoc
ro np6FIIFa 15.8.)
(iv) j sinlid.{. (Mroriorlorlpc vc nerorir6fl quli I o!'nxoliorool0d'npll

\,a1plolpror0iror t6vo oqv66rdropioo.)
. . t d ^ . (llrpirrdot
.-
{v) J I
L5{inr }ra tmoro Faoo.)
t
*12. AroSei(rerov dro rou 6iverro secxdr perouEEri(660tp6nou!:
J
(a) fpdeovroq
I _ cos.x.
cos.{ cos1r
_ cost
I sinr.{
']
- t t l c o s r -, c o s r
_ l I
+.i"' l -.,i",1'
plo dtrepaorlflou npoqov6eqJwEDorrlxalrond fle 6roordoq o llplxri x].d-
olrora.Beparooeir 6rr otlEr6oor'roe] cos.x/(l- sinx)dx= - log(l sin4
ro rpdorllo (,rl.tvDivolrol,rio4gcvtrx6.Kor 0uy10Eir6tl +logo = logvd.
Anrj6(l]ror n6pa,seopl6or6d),lsppa,KorEgfiolDrir rTlvflin.
(b) Xplorponor6waerlv avnKordoroolt= tan.x/2.fra I!0 oK6Iaeop(i,tprd-
(owor opretoi peicollporrol.roiylo vo Qdpr filv andvrlol orl lopqi no!
061.1[' p'lopsilsvo (sntlsoirDorrlv nopdorooltanx/2lpnorloror6woero
np6p),rljlaI5-9,ii vo EropdoreKar nE 6io onowiorqouvopniocrrou r.
Yrrip1rdl.),! Fu dxApoolporoJsecrdr,mu eivorLrl6rpovoI),InK{ ond
+ tao.x) prpqrolor6wqq ro np60i.rua l5-9, noipvoulr
rrlv log(sec.x
/r r,,"rl
Jsecra,=r"gl-'
t " " ; / |-.r(,*(i*+)
\r
Aurrin rE}.oroia
rapdorooqfrcv oqv rpolrottr6rlro I ,Tp6qnoDovara),6-
pt0o6otdtorAfipaoqq 323
18.|toryerritie1
qotKe, roL oQ8il.eror

dtr 6ntv cDquioKirloroujrah[orl{oi, o}.}.{ia dvo
nspiepyoroloprx6rsplarolrK6:tro 1599owright!1101,6?r(
vaurl{oif iri!'oK(
'Orov
nouovrlcroltoiodv6s oploEvoo),oK).rlp6lorarlq sec. KdraaKcDliofl]-
Kdvor flpdroLritoKlc /. ).oydpiotor
c cadrroucvov.n ovr,oro'tia ovdlrou
oroDq6rjonivaKqraporTlpri0tKor6ooq(noppEv66ros ovEriynrrpdrprrrtv
,flv6norroDA'iLpoofl
Koi Aolloroi).
13. o !ro),o?rol6qrouJetinx dx roll 6ivro1 qoiv0rolvo oro6nKlrjfl6t1l
oro KeitLsvo,
p6vrt mpoyouoorit( /(x) = e" sinx sivor n F(r) = e'Ginx cosx)/2,6\16Kol il
F(x) = d'Ginr - cosx)/2+ c sivolnopritoL,oo tlo KdBeopr6f6 c. A116rori p1aiwL
our6ro C;(llola sivorrl 6r]!ooiofilq r661il.ag
Ie'sinxdr= e\i etos-r .ietinxdx;)

14. Yro0drou!6n r /' sivo'oDveriqKor6Il
t'
ax= z
J, t/(x) + 'r"(x)ls;n'r
Av 6o06i611/(n) = l, uro],olsiorsro /(0).
15. (a) BpsirroJarcsinxdx, ! ro i6rordlvooponouSorileye1o rLglog,arctan.
*(b) rv,Ks,lorsour6 ro r6xvoopo:speirero.f/ r(x)dxouvopnioE,-,
/ft'la'.
XuyKpivar perd Ilpop?,riporal2-l8 xaL1418.
16.(a) BpciTr roJsin'\d.\LL6io Sraoopcr.'roi( rooro'c:nodra(pto t oro ,vroc rov
ovoyr0}lK6rino, KoLperdttpto+onol(bvrag rovTino7taro sinr-{.
(b) :uv5r'd6rc.le oilovrriorq6oE lior lEi(r tLlocvrlJnorora{irprToloprpuoi
rour6rIr0.
17, EKqpdorToJlog(logx)dxou\roplrioslro!/(logx) rd,r.(Kovavoqnrubio6evEl(qpd-
(101
!3 01o1Ir6ij0E
dovoprlior(.)
ls, Er,opdorc
ro/; e d.ror,voprnoLr rou/e ar.
19. AnoasiEre6TlTtouvdp'qol /(r) = e'ik" + e- + l) 6ILLroorortn0i6rlnapriyouoo.
(Mtv npoonaoiosrsv0 rt 0peirl)
20. ArolEiErEro'rcovoloyl{o[e.tnouErou {LtLdvou.
fro rov rpi'o }pdvrs
laxlaxfx'ax
'l - =(1
l--l-
+.{')' (l + .{')'' ' (l + x')'
roL6oui"6\yrero
rs)"lToio (Mradtr),ISuvflr6rrtrq
o}.ox},iporpo. Eivorvo avrLKoruofli-
ni)royraro
21. Bpi.eav0yoylK6
(b) /0oei)"dx.
*22. Aro6eiqre6Il
(Arirsro np60),r o l7-6yrorrt oitpooiaoL,roirou uno).oyr6tLo'j.)

23. AnoaiEr
6rr
l" rat*=l' ra*u "10".

324 llapdyoyorrar o),o ,1pritparu
(Mro Totsrprkli ttpoodnrortro ((ivrQavp6,eivor6Boqllo kd),ridoxrlsrlolov

:(srpro!6rov opiov1n( oloKtriposlq {o1dq idpKslc prc6uvntctdotooqq.)
24. AnodEiqrs 6n ro 0lpa66vv6EKiklou qrrivocr ivorJrl . (I] dt!r qu6u(dva eup6oo-
orE6rr ro ,r opi(ororo( 10sUpd66vrou tovo6raiouK$K],ou.)
2s.'Eolo d gla ll-ap!'itrKi ouvriprlorl, droro 6o1e 6(-{)=0 ylo
o).oK),tpri,64rn
l.rl> |rotl d= Lfro j>0,601l,

I
4ln= h 6lx/h)'
l'
G) diEr6rt 0,(r) = 0 Tro .{ I > t xaLd J d} = L
'Eoro
(b) / o),oxl1priorp1oro I I, l] Ksrouvx'iqoro 0. AlEtdtl
tt fb
= ="f(o).
l+J ,0,/ l'+J_,d,/
Ynderqrl: xdnoro
Xprtouo'rocio1e Miole Trfiq.
Os6pngo
G) &ikr 6n i- f' =J-.d"=,.

Tor],urqiofdpoEoworirounpopbjyaroq, 0c p:ropo6os, el(rp6qg6voE,vd
0cop'l0Eiqxprpd(avd),oyorou dpouq(b),ol.}.dorrtvnpdBtororrinronpoo-
firx6 oul),o1lo!ri.
(d) 'Eoro / oi.orl.np{iorproro I I, l] kor ouvrrisoro 0. diqle6fl
. . t n - -, - It f(0).
lim I
r _ r t h . + x . - ftx)dx
Av ro / ivo1pr(p6,r6rs ro l1/(lr'+ x') 0o sivqrpLKp6
Yn66Erqrl: oro Ieydhj-
rEpoldpoErou[- l, l].
To cn6Frvo6io npoFlitola lpnorFororoivrov fl,no
' laI
A = + Jtof (or,de,
Er1s66v
nouErilh oro [p6p],Itq l3-25,7u10eFBoE6\, Qpoldr!6on6
fraEnrpro:(riq
10ypriql[a ri]( / o rmhxdEoL,v11o1F6v8q.
on6tK nopa{droouvaplior6,ppirsto qrpo66vrtE nsprolriqro')
26. fLo rrtv Ko0prri
qpdooror0116 flq ypq9rxd(ropaodorqlouqos ro).rKdfoDvrlotBdvq.(npoo;Er
ro ne6iooproloi qC 9, yroli o).).uitq
0onripIororeMoForoxopiqv6ttol)
(i) /(d) = osin 0.
(ii) /(d)=2f cosd.
(ttt\ f(0)1 = zs'1cos20.
(iv) t(d) = acos2d.
To tXipo l6eitwrr! lpqqrKriropdorooi ri( / 66nollxdco!vi1o1p6v06. H n0p1o-
. ltt
ctFo8dvI I /(dl' dP.Tdpo.r,ro0dorc
ti OABaxcr,rroFCv(l)q. 6n aL,{ r TpqerKri
mpdoloot suppaiver!tr eivcrro oull0ropdvoypdqlFaKdnoroq
ouvdpqst( g. T6r,
I ntrproli OAB4Lnioqet0o66vioo !
lpo6dvAO,r8- I g- Et0al6vAO{0A
Ano6siEr ovo],Drl(d6rr oDroior 6io oprpoiivqrnpdytdn or 1610r.

Yr66slqn:H
ouvriprrlolg Kooopi(srort6oo rov sEro6o0ov
18.2roqeui6eryp'0o6oro),orAl1pt'tor19
325
x= f(o)cosa, c8r= f(o)'ina.

To 0r6FsvordoosparpoBl.iporoXprorfonoroivrouqljnouq no'rririX0rl6ovoro
flpopl.ifard 3 Kdr4oto napdprntd I rou Ke$al.oiou13,yLorotrixoqKoFri).rlqnou
rqprordvErorrqpqprpurd(Kor, Er6rx6repo, !s lpaqrl(ri rqpdorao! o. ro).rxfq
2t.'Eoro c rro xarnulrl nooraprolrivIormpaFrprK'idoc) r{rv u xo' v oro [a, b], Kar
dsrol tlo sdouoaouvripttot tl(t) = a Kqrr(b) = b. T6r,oro fa, bl or ouvapfli-
setqt= uo l,t= y o , 6ivouvrlv n(potsrprrl mpdorool traqdD,rlckdpn),Iqa.
AruroolrrKd,n; ivoLar).6qI i6roKotnitrn Is rrlv ., 6rarp16!evn Ie 6ro$opsflKri
101[rr]ro.
(a) Auitrc.rsr'c',osicv 016rovop1016 rouriKor,(, orrro uiKocrnqc n{ivuoro ro
la, bl ivqrioo p ro rriKoqrtqZ rdvo c,r6to [4, b].
(b) Av Dno06ooull. 6roeoprorp6rtrsTlo onou6ri,roron6 rK 6Jo suvopriorq,
6ilc 6fl ro triq ivorioo, lplorporouirv'rog rov qwidrorlo ri,ro rou olo'
K).np6!oroq Kortrlv rord),).rl).rl
ov1rKqtdoroot.
29. Bprirr ro !iKoc rov,flo rdru KoF,ru).6v. 'ro! rprTpripovlot
oav TpqpiFara
orvopniol,rv.c'(rdqo'rdrtv (iir).rl onoid6iv.torropqFcrp,rd
t.t ft"t ) t y 1+ r l 1 n<y<r
I
(ii) /(x) = x' + I < x< 2.
l2r.
!=,1linlr n<,<)z
(iv) /(x) = los(cosx), 0 <.x< 7116.

(v) /(x) = losx, I 3 xs e.
- log2< .{= 0.
(vi) /(x) = arcsine',
30. fra rLqax6),ou0egouvapliosq,9pirro lrikoq rllE?paQrK{q
rrdpdotaot(rou 6ivE-
1croEno),rx6E ouvlr01pdv8q
(i) /(r) = dcosd.
(ii) /(d) = d(l - cosd).
(iii) /(d) = dsinrd/2.
\iu) I\qt-0 030S2r.
(v) t(d)=3scd , 0<d<7ri3.
31, I1o [spdprr]Fo rou K0qo).oiou12,nepl/pdvausro Kud,o6r69,
ro oroio dj(erqv
rqpo!0rprxl nopooroor)
r = u(0 = o(t sin4, y = 'r(r)= d(l cos4.
(a) Bpsirero tiKoE roo vdcr66ourou xud.osr6oiq.[Alrli!"rlot:8o].
(b) Outriloeir
6n ro Kuxl.ortte nopdordoitrl( u o l, r. BpEilro
eivorI TpogrKri
EpPqS6vqq npro:(riq
Kdroar6 ro 6v_a
i6EorouK!x).oc1Eoi6, IplorFonor6vroe
rTtvKardl),I),1ovnKordorooloroJ/ KoLunol.oTiqovroq ro o).ol(),ripopo
noD
nponin-rsr.lAtdvlnol: ]?rarl.
To flpophllora ]2-44 lpTlortorroro0vro utrrx6ror flopopriualoq 2 IoD
KAo].dior13.
JZ. (a) BpLiu rov d}(o tou oupcoi 'rou,rpoKi'rrr
o'rdrnv ncprorpoori
ttg rrp'oIn(
nounprrlietqron6q /k) = r xqr /(r) = x?,npirov opr(6!,$odtovo.
(b) Bpirrov 6./(0 tou orepo[nou npoxinrrond rlv nprorpoqri qq i8rog
rpLoTriq
npirov kqTox6puao d6ovo.
33, Bpsircrov 6yKolLoqoeaipqqaKrivdq/.
326 llupiyayot rorotrod,4pipara
34,'OrovI di],slvl, ro! suviororaran66io ro otpEio(! y) pExr/dr + y:i br = I npL-

orpqqirEpirovoprq6vno dqovs,noipvoursdva(s).IeL\tor66q
cKrprorpoaie,(lrri-
.o 7).Bo'irf rov ciyKoro' rcprK;cro.rrvororLploi
35. BpiIrrov 67Korrlq(ool,rpalisqr (t1ipa 3).norirpori1l'Isrqn6rlvn0ploTpo{prl
rou
{[Krou (,r d): + y] = bl(d > b).ripo on6ro!' r(0lqK6pl,ao{iqovo.
36. Mro KDLil,5pLi.ri
omi oKrivoqd avoiyerolSrotrepv6vrusro K6vrpouuq oqoipoqoKri
vo;2a (tXiIa 4). Bpsix0rov 6yKorou svoirolivovrogorEpsoi.
:/ittd 2
37. (a) fLo ro oropsdro! aoivrororo :rifo 5, pp6irrov 67Ko!E r! !d0o6orov
(b) O v).6/o6tKoqpnop'i sriolq vq L,noioTro0si lLsrr.t!60050rov 3i6{ov.dro j,

n6oft ro o).o(liprDparo! npdrervo uno).oylo0si o quri rr\r npinrorot.
hpElor;o! 6n EivarrLorol,lnloKo.To sn6levorp6p).rtpu, a61o1,i.o1p6vq
sp6rtpanol]lLnopi vo 6Loruno0i t qr oqoDroiroLrrpoBtrjtcroq.
38. To txiBa 6 8ixvEr ivav K{}.rv6pout ol,qb xaLo{livae /(b), 6rqrpspdvo o I otpd,
dv'rr<rov oroirDv,ro Il, ivarK X1,1v5po( Llllrou_c
a KoLaKrivar/(a). Av rl / sivoL
fluqrfo\roollqv t, r0r plo ontKpLorlrrtq !006dourorv8ioxov Is rl p6eo5or0Jv
xE],iqrDv,
?la rov unoioTro!6rov 6?r0rv.paqKdvsrvrl rlotriouf6
rbf(by rdf(a)) r), f(x)1 dx= 6rKoc,vj
=,"I,."',vf
'j)dy
AnoaslErsroaL,r6aval,ulrxd.lprlorponorrirvrcqrovrJroyloro//i0]16ronp6
U015.
39. (a) To :7ri!o 7 8irverdvoorspE6Fepra {uKiLK]iBdo!]aKrnoqa. Kdeenins8o
KdoEro rpoqq SrdtsrpoAB ripvsr ro orep06xord 6vorerpd.rovo. Exqpdor
rov 67xo.oDorEproiur6 popQrio).od"npd)poroqKdruno),oliorro.
(b) Aiore ro iSro rp6pr,lpo,ov xd8srdrorosnins8ord[vLro or0ps6{oId Evo
ro6riuporpilovo.
40. Bpi.s.o! 67(0 rLoqftposi6oq(txril'a 8) ouvopfliosrro! i\youqrrlq, ,,?.Korrou
rtq pdortqlrtq.
!P06oS,.4,
41. Bpairerov 6IKo.o! orpounou eivar 1ro;ul rsJv6io Kulivdpov610 t1rilo 9.
Yr66erqn:
Bpsir0rtv to!1i ouroi rou srpoiIs Kdesopr(6vnooni:re8o.
42. (a) Ano8EiEr6rr ro stpo66vrrlqe'rLqdvao( fLoqsqaipacoKrivosr Eivol4'.r:.
(b) Aro8siErs,.j/svr(d1epo,
611rostpaS6vrou r|1rlporoqr1q orpcipos
nourpcivetoL
t/iltd 7
pi0o6ot
18.2roryeri6e6 oloKlipaong 327
ttird 9
oro X1rlpal0 slvo(2r'rr. (ttper{iore6rL 6Evetqprd r on6qv odonrov

enlndiov, ol,ld pdvoandro rl).
I 43.1a) Bpaicro eppo66v q6 n(QdvErqErouel).srvor6otc
Ex[plorposlie
rounpo-
p1.{lloio634.
(b) Bpir 10Ipoddv r1qeflgdveraqrrlqrcotnp61,1,oq,
ro0npoFl.ilotoe35.
H'rpuprri nqpdoftst ltl( /(r) = -, r> I rcprorpieffortipo a'r6rov oprq6mro

(rrirq ll).
dova
(a) BpilElov 6lKo rng r6prKfu6pqq dnEWIq rpolndrdgr.
4iN to Aeilrr 6fl to Erpo6dvqq 'r9dvc'd4qq rivardrrpo.
O)
(c) YnoodroufE6rr ljri(ouFEqv rpof,rcro !e rnv nrrrEpsolit't noo6rnro lroTuiq
nou pp{0rlxoro Fdpoc(a). Ooivrcr iror 6rr Ka},6\ralro dnerpo6orrprr6
[Po6dvn]q stlpdv6ro! }r nErrpoo#vq t6vo noodqrq troyde, nd'g sivor
cold 6uvcrdv;
Etoyoyli Korol.orl.ripoonKardpdpq'yrovo levrxeooecro npd-
Xpnorponorioro
9Lrlp0l4-14:
I,'r*\ !, ^'o,- I,'(1,"( .)a,".

([ r,,ra,)a,,).
46.Av n f' eivorooveti(oro [4 6], Iprlsrpororioreo].oK].ipoottqrd [6pt ylq vq
cro6ei(err
ro ArlppcRicmann-Labesgue yroqv t :
ztip I r
l6
liml /(r) sin(tr) dr - 0.
Aun' ro anorelEolo Eilol Iu l6ucll6vo npirrto)ortroDnpoo),igdroE | 5-26,lrnopo6-

I 6tog vo ro lprloqronolioows llq va ano6si6oqrq l[vrKi rpirllqgl (fE rov i6rc
nepinoD1p6nonouni paps10 Arip|raRiemam-l-ebesgu oro np60l,nld 15-26o,t6qv
n6rri flrpin1o)orlorylv onoio I t ivarrll|laKoni ouvdpqo!).
47. To OcdrprtFo
rytqMCoylq THi6 tro ro OloxLtp{irforocLorll0rloro np6F?'IIo ll-24.
'Eoto
To <Afljcpo O6pnFoMdotq Trpie ylo Olod"Ip6jlora)' l,drro stie: t
ol.oK).tp6oLF!
oro [4 b] l(ar d sir lri{eivouoa iretriofiouoa oto [4, bl. T6re,
Drdpleropr0p6g6 oro [d, b], rdToro(d'ore
ool' f6\dx+
I"' tatoator= o@1,
r(x)dx,
t our6lo Jrp6p),rlFo,0d 6r! I f ivorouvElri(rcorrt d 6lvdt6laQopioL-
uroedooupe
ft, [ ouvIrinapd]oyoC'.
328 llapdyayorrat o)tod.4ptitpaw
(a) Ano6i6re 6 , av ro oror6leopdpoqeivoroi.n06q yropri-a6{oUoo d , r6rs sivol

edslq 0U06qylo pri'qoivouoo 4.
(b) Aro6EiE1 611,ov to aJror6).sfqivqroi,Jte6Eyu pi-aiqouooC rou rKdvo,rorEi
rrv d(b) = 0, 16rivorolle6q yu Kdturi-orjEouoo0.
'Eror, propoip (ar 61ld(r) = 0.trrv
vouroefoous 611rl d ivolFri-oiEouoo
rcpinroo'larri. i7o, [c vo o'ro&iqor,re6rl
t" l,
l , J ( n 6 ( x t =6 h \ J , f ( x td x .
(c) Ano56i6rs ro nopardvo,rpnouorordlvroq ol.oxl.ipoonlco.d!ipt.
(d) AEiqrc6rLn Dn60Eon r0rqr d ivorn ti-aoivoDoorl Fi-aiqoDdo,rpsld(siql.
An ourrl qv L8rl(ri npi'iroonrou AEfrEpou OsoprirmoqMioIC T1Ui6?ro
O).orl.itp6porq,I yevrKrtnpirnooTl 0o proporiova EEaIosi|reoprojrdvo!(
rpoosnlmlKo$qoD .ol1oforiE, 6,roEorlv rcpinroonrou AituoroS rov Ri-
maDn-Lbesgue. Al.).durrdpl&dvoqnlo 616oxr1l{6E ip6roErou s{laypoqeirar
sro En6levonp6Phrq.
48, (a) Av Soeoiva,,..., a, KorbL,...,4,60r(l]sr = a, + ... + dr. Asi13
6fl
(*) o,b,t = -
1- 4,4 5'(6, 4) + 'sr(4 'J -
. + . . . + s ,( 4 L - 4 ) + r , 4 .
Aur69o aqorhcrKd orL6qrirog, rulsirdLFEpLKig 9op6q{tT[mqror Abel1ladoporort
rdtd jrfpltr. Mnoptivo 0eopl0eioav ro qvd?'oyo
1la o opoioForortq oloKlipoqq
Ka!'i F6n F:oo too niro!
tt
-f(a) - I'
I, fO) E?)d'=f(b) c@ sld) I, ftx)s\x)d'.
rLSrKil
o! tpltorltororiooDl]sa0poidfdroRiemann (Kopd]dlol3,Ilapdpflxr l). flpdruo-
TL,1ro
lro SropdpLol P= {4,..., r,}roDta bl. t apror8plii}.updei!'art(ardnpoo4rrot
ttt ,4 ' 'f t r t s t r t ltl,- L, ),
evd,ISeErd
rlupdrivorxqldtrpoo6nla!
ftbt B\b) .f\dl etdt ) .r,trt,,tt( - ,, ,t

lli
ro onoio etudL{dtri tpoocTlLol
* prr.r-pu '
Jtbtstbtl\dtstot-> /rr.r- rrr rr,l
rl ' I
I t b t s t b \ J t d t s t d t rZ I A . J k t t ,l - s t t , \ l
= f t b t t t b t - h a t E t d )t f t d t l k ( 1 .. t - s ! . \ )
Zllt.)
. /{drS 8{r, r Srrr).
EuSi ro clswaio SrLl6dporope - s(b),oDt6Kato?,rt1et

ti!c, drL{i,qs{d) !'ai!'a'
t)t I h b t t t o \ t p t b t -\ t,rr r /(ajl [g(r, I ^)l
or= /{tr)(rr - + ), bt= E6-)

Av 5ro),6qo!F8
t6Teto
(l) rtaL ) a"b,
piAo6or
18.EtoryeviSery oTorlflpaoqE 329
!o oroio rivdr 't dprdLp'j trl.d pd !o' (r). vd

33 ' ).ivo, xa!,i trDoo;r7,or f('.)
\ Z l {t.)tt Z ft,. ,\ ft\\ fta)
12, , !d, (d,d trpod4/,or 10" ' sJb, t,- t.

I
to oroio sivdrt 60itdr;!6!priroD(*).
ADti rt o!(iitat 56v;rsLto v6rlFa6r o rims io! Abd FropirpdtparLvoetoroeian6
tov nlro ttg o].or).ipoortrKaldFdprt,iawlolp6qos.A).id,6roq 806oipt,o droq !o!
Abelpropsidutvdva lptorpororlsi oov oroKoriiororo qq roid ldpt olorlripoolq.
ordvoroLvoplriocrr ror ito /r bLvLivarbropopioL!.,.
(b) Y,m06.o'rredrL rl {6"1 ilor fi-ailo'roo, |'s 4 > 0T lo Kdel], Kor6rr
n<d+...+a,<M
ro {5roro r. Ano6iqr
ro Ai}fo roDAbl:
b@ < ath + ... + a,b,< blM.
(Kor,eriLr),6ov,
b\n < qbr+ ... + d"b"< b'M,
6'voq pord(eL
ritog aor.r no'i/svLK6e,ol.).{iornv npoylorlx6rlro Sevsivor.)
'Eoro
(c)
'Eolop/ orox).Ip6drrl oro [o, 6] xor d ]i-oiEoloq oro [4 b] Fs /(b) = 0.
= {6,...,l,lp1o
61oIdp16rtlou[d.b].{o1aoror x,oro[r, ], r,l. EiqrE6rr
ro dpolala
U / { { ) 6 { \) r r ' I , )
pio{sroL|13raq
i loD prKp6repou
Karrou pld,irEpourov oeporopdlov
6htZ ltr.tu- I t).
lufnspdvor61110
t,,-,
J" J ttt 6(r\ d^
ppio,(ctoLF.tuqi IoL,tl,oxioro, rro,ro, pr /i6to, tol

t^
6@)l' f(t)dt'
f;
(0rcrouiv(,rc usdld)l t{r)dryroxdnoro
rooiror I oro[a.b].
49.(a) AoiEro
6fl ro rro Kdroyrrurup6vq
oloK),rpdloft6u1K),ivo!v
Kolro 6io:
or /''r"('+r)a,.
or /','",(,+r)a.
(b) Aroeooiornordqn6ro rqpoKriroTevLxsufavo
o),oxhp6FaraolyK).lvoDv:
o I 'i"Ha".
1ii1f,i"'$a,.
33O llapdyayorxard,or[qpriparu
50.(al Yro).oyiorE
ro tyv,retptror
ororr4p,ouo/logx dr .
l"
(b) Asi61E
61rro ?evrKoulCvo o),oK).ipopoJrlog(sinx)dxoulK),tvr.
(c) Xplorpororisrfitv ovnKordorooitx = 2|] ra vq 6LlEr
6
l' 1"1 1"2
J0 lo8(sinx)dx=2Jo logcinx)dx+ 2Jn log(cosr)dx
+ ?rlog2.
t'2
(d) Ynolo?iorloJo lo8(cos.r
)dx.
(e) Xplo4roror6!'roq q oXdotcosx= sin(7r/2 - x ), nrol,o/orc ro,[ loglsin.rpx.
Ano6itr6 titv e(!; ir6oo1 rqs oloxlipoorlq rotri pdpl o yevrreup6vc

ol,oK].rlpdlJroft:
-.-i"
l " u ' ( tu
) 6 a x =u t x \ u t r ) u t t )u ' t x t & .
lo rpilo oLjtpo;.o
ort 6slrdr).cupdorlFai\'Lr.
ArorK{i.
(d)
I'e uG) uG) u 'r(o).
*52. Md on6rrqnr6oruovrrKdE
ouvopfliorg
orrN uvdluorl ivarI ouvripqorlfdfuo,
t-
f (x)= l, e 't' t dt.
(a) AnoSir 6rr TolEvL'(su!6vo

o),od.ilpopof(.{) opi(roLov, > 0.
(b) Xprlorlonorrioreo).ox).iposl Kardpdpq(oxprodorpo, rrlv 6K6oq yu yvr-
xlpat,oo),or).rlpdForo
rou rpon-roipvou npopliporoq).rlava oro8siqIE
6rr
r(ir + l) = ir (i)
G) AsiE.6n f(l) = l, r(oroup'repdvors 6fl f(n) = (, - l)!tro 6louqrouqauol-
(oJqopLofoig r.
H rit;rc ouvdprrlorlldq 6iver,dtor,iva orL6 rcpd6erlgoouveloigoovrip.rrlolq nou
o1r(1rp6(rou , I -rloADorro6 opr0po6q
(napel0d),1.0ro1), x. Ouorxd,undplolvdnEr
p8qouvc'teisorrvopfiiore f $Ef (n) = (n l)1.u,riiplor.rv
'0!(j)6,
ax6la d,rorpq
orvsIEiE
ouvqprriorE/ ll / (x + l) = x/ (x) rlg x'ie.x> 0. rl ouvdpqon.rdrradlrr
q olgcvnxtl npdo0eqt6L6rrtrq 6rr I log o f ivorKlprri.froouvoiq nooetApd(r
n6oonol. iio ivo(aufli I suvdpqoq. Tva 6poprpo oetirplponouoeei),ror
oroue
HaraldBohrror Johanoes Mollerup,[sq ],6fl 6fl I f ivorI !6q ouviipqon f 1lo
rnv onoidI log o/ iwr K'rprri,/ (l) = I ror -f (x + l) = r"f (.r). Airsorl BrF),to-
lpaQro7rolla ruporoFllll.
+53.(a) Xprlorgororiors lov qvoyo-IrK6 rino ylo ro.fsin'x d-v1rcvo 6ei{ere6T1
t ' 1 --t t'
J, srn.rd.r--J, ' i n I xa x
(b) T6pa6si(ro6rr
1 ..- 2 4 6 2n
J, sn- xar J 5 7 rr+l'
J, srn-rd'{-- - -
i- 2,
'
p60o6or
18.2toryeni6aE olotcXilpuo4E331
I sinr'xar
n 22446 2n 7n
213355 12Dl 2 n +|
I sinb-'xdx
(c) AEiir 6fl ro Jl]ttriKolov 6io otroKlrtpoFirov o ourtiv ttv rapdsraol Ppiox-
tqr trtoEi I (or l+ l/2r. (t(vdJv.roq qn'i ug qvro6quq
0 ( sin,-r-xt sinbxl sinb Ix ts 0 < x < tt 12.
ALroro oftotd),olo. nou8eilver6rr rc lv6gcvo
2.2.4.4.6.6 ..2n 2n
| 3 3 5 5 7 zn-lzn+l
-rpdQrdr
Jrropoivvq dp0ouv600 Kowd06loupEo'roiti 2. ouvriooq odvdmrpo
lLv6pvo,yvoor6oqv 10 rou
11v6pvo Wallis:
n224466
2133557
(d) ditral(dfa,dfl roTrvdpevo
| 2 4 6'...'2n
!6 l'1
s ... (2r l)
Irnoporivvo livouv o1e66vioc pe ro y'2. (Aur6 ro 66ot6vo1prloqronor6iror
oro 'r6ll'vo 'tpdp}.l|uoxar dro npdFl"n|la2G19.)
.54. FivarrKrl.tr r6 ro yevr'(cupivc
l'tovdq 6fl FprKd olorl.lptirgoro.I ' /(x;dx uro-
t, r,
].oyi(owor,rv{i rq o!.tiororraJ. /(r)dr 6rr. Arvufliplcr orotlarir64qtrlroq1c roJ-
e ' dr. jrflopoJge6toq!o ppo,rrrr rnvrLpi ror,,[. e ' d,roxpLpd,gI Yndptor.uro).Ioi
rp6Jroryra va okrrtrioolls our6 ro o].oK]"ipdga,
o rsproodrspoL
6](oqonortoiv
rpol(Dpnldve tetvrK6el p60o6og nou oxoLouoilpEdqerqroprti 6oul"ed,6tr
oluc npdyForo nor va lrlv oaqeivoti6I yvtuord.
(a) Aril1' 6fl
I,
I: I
(l + r'?)'
.nl3
-^
114
2n-3
2n-2
(b) ArTo8iErc, qv nopri,olo,6rr

Xplolpo,rol6woq
t xr<e' ylo 0<x.
",,<_L ,,o osx.

(c) OIoKh p6orerq , - oord(8DvdFrS
trDrdlv
rov avrooflilov0,160 oEI rar0160
oE-, avrioroLXo.
Med Xplorlonolsiotrlv owl(odotoon /= V, x lu va
8eiers
6rr
r2 4 2n
"-l 5 2,+l
332 llapdyayorrat otro 'rlpitpata
lli t'
<J" e rdY<J"e rdY
,n rt 3 2D 3
-2'"2
4 2D 2
(d) ro np6p]'tFo53(d)yravo 6EiEre

T6patprtsurororior 6rr
f "-''^"='G.
Ja' t
2
1.55. (a) Kdvrc ol.ox)'lipoon Kardp!fl yla vo 6i6Ers6fl
I'sin-r . cosa- cos6. f'cosx .

J" , *- TJa ox'
o b I
6rr to./, (sinx)/xdxundpler.(Xploqrorlolior
rar ougmprivcre rlv cplotprl
ro 6proKq06qd -0-
nlupdyu vo strdor Korrn 6Ed'Iroro 6prokq06q6
'-- 6.)
(b) Xptorloro.nor ro Ilp69lllo 15-331lo

vo 6iqre
6fl
r' sin(,+ )r
l" t dt=E
s'n
t
110(dgDQusrK6op0t6 r.
(c) Aro6ei6l &1
f'
rimJosin(,r
| +,,-li- +lr'="
sm , r,t
Yr66s{n:O 6poE p6od6rrEo,f(6Lq
ivorqpolrdvoq a,r6ro np60l,npo
ls-Avi}
'16rqopl6Eeror
ro A{pfo Riemann-Lebesgue.
roup".oo1,1yo.
{d) xproLronorsior 'opor, - (r - xarropipoq(btyrcvc6ci-
(ere6n Nr
f-
'56. Mc 6r6ordvrrylvflrri louJ0 (sinx).x d{ a,r6ro np6F}.r!a55,unoi.otiorrto
I-[,-)'*
|'lol.oxl.ipootrord pdprl.('OroqKororonpdpl.npa
50,o dro( yroro sin2x
0oroi(sr oruaw1(6pd}.o.)
*57.(a) Kd\,rqv arlrl(ordsrootu = t'Trovo6iBr 6r!.
tl^
s 1 1 1 = - j oe " ' d u .
(b) BpsirerorG).
lB. ErorTe t6eqpi0o6or d.or),r1paa6 338
*st. (a) Yno0itoupe

6., lI! o).oxi.ilp6srptoro x,iOSrdoqra [a, b] tra
"1ro,
0 < a< b, roL6rrro lim/(.{)= A {or lim/(x) = ,. Anooeiqredlry1q
6l.qro o,
B > 0, exoDr.
1,"
f(ax) f(Bx) 6r=
11 si toe{
f \ a x ) - f l 9 xt
Yr66ErtI: fro va r(irtiorrr
q\,rlxaraordore.
r1v nu.j n I,' -- or,
tpilouonouiolr dio 6roAoprrKiE
lbl Y r o o d o rrc6 p o o r L r o l d x o r l K ) . i ! c r l L o d t o r u o > 0 ( s r d T r h m / { r jA .
Aro6r(lrs 6rr
l" f@n- f(Bn B

Jo dx = AI'EL '
.t
(c) Yro).otiorro KriroroioKirlp6lo1a:
l'"^-,r'
li) ]-dx.
J"
-
, , I" conayr conpr),,
tro KeQd).oro 13,eirqpex{inog! rc}.oppdrIV {ap6ia).d rq ol.ortrlprirporo pro-

poLiv!o uno?,oTloroiv orovoror06iror po016'lroulnni(oKpiplaq. urot oyi(ovmq
xdroror ndv{D o0poiotord.A},}.ddvoqseoplooldvoE pa0qpartr6q, o o:roioEnjcTgc_
rLKdiX1vo Krivrrov uno),oyto!6, Kor6XLord.drg vo grl,rier1r uur6v,pnopii va 1r1v
Iopi l6rorr6po!pe ltv ,rpoorlrxrirou unol.o-rrotori rriro o0poropritorlc vo lipa
rrtv rrfri vdro),oKl.rtp6Foro!t rpooilyrsq rpitou axo6Lr(o6 \yteaoD, o( norjF,
(avoqPoeld! oKpiBro( '!oudvrqo lnopoio vo XpLaori os oproldvrc'rsproTli_
org).Tqr6rrvolpio npoo),itoro6sirvoD',, rd,qrro d.snrloldvq rdoodorrnopeivq
Kdvouvroui urololrotoiq nohj mo onol),eotorLKoi(. Oeil.outrs va srlFdooup
tu0r,qsi oplri6,6n o uno),otro[6q {ivo (ar Kdrc]oporo;uito:v g:ropeicr6pr1rct vo
91veivcrrcv nparttxrioea},rlog,,rer6ri iooq 5EveivoL6uvor6vvo uno).opoooriv or
'Ioo6rnrE rD,Korr'14,
lLordoSrd('IrllloI r, | . ,,] Eivortro],6rro ].07r,(6vo6ro],66ou,r
or;Eia r 610[r,. rl {oLvoOcopioouu"'o r,r.,.,, - r.- r.To Tr).Erroio
oa),d,q
t
ol,r6,_naplordvel ro d0porogororvppo66ru oproli'uru opeol.ri.u ,rou,v tdpr.
cflKoi[rrolv rrl ?poqrKi,ropdo1oor] .Iq / - p),inlrirq I oro nopdpqto I ror
Koqqioiou 13.Ai).d 0a ridpouledvs,rol,riKolilspo arordleogcuv, cvii curdrr,.
5ro),r6oqrro rpond(ro,!ouqoivowaroTolriipq 12.
'Eorro,
er6Lxr5repa,prcDrcipolrrlq[a. b] o n ioo 6rao1itq.a,Udoorov orlpsiov
r . =o - ' l ! - o l - o + , n
\nl
T6T,ro rpand(lolle pdor [r, ,, r,]6Is1ppo66v
f(t, ,)+ llt,r.0._

2., t, )
(ar to doporota6).ovqut6vr0rvsupo66vivorunôE
txitld t2
334 llapriyayorrar dnd.4 pripan
(t') (a)1 f(t) ! f (t) + .. + f (b)+ J$"')

2"= 1,lf ! f f
- !1"",' zl r," nt rotl. h-
ADfli I pdeoaoq rpooyyioeoq rnq Tlpiq ev6qo),oKl.tprhtaroq, ovopdEsrar rdvitvac
ror ednEiou. zrt'lEt6a1'6rL,yrovo ndpoupE 10 t,, oJI6ro :, 6svsivdravoyKaio vd
EovonnoloriooDrp ro rd,rd /(r,). Hsutpori rouEoro:,, ivor oKprp6qz:,. Eiva'
),o!n6vnpoxrrl(d(ol,[rpovo uno),oTiooutrE 'ra:r , :a , :s , -..7rovo rTdpoutrpooey-
. t - - t ^ -
yloc'(1or J. J zlo rnoirrvo npopÎuo. uoocccoDlr y'ror(nplol y 0,oJ" J - 2,.
'Eor0r
s9. (a) Y,ro0i.orF 6fl I /" eivaloDvtiq. 4 t lparFrKriouv,ip lort rt oroio
oDp'iinrr peqv / oro r, ,Kol 4. xprlol[oror6vroqro IIp6p],Ill0 Il-43 ano-
biEr86'rr,av KsrNr ivaLro e}.'illaroKa1ro pdloro, a! 6ioi1o(, qq /"
sro [r, , , tr] '(or
r,= Jt't , . t,,)(.{- r,)d.{,

t(x-
!.1,,rr-n.!.
(b) Bpcircqv r'!i ro' / ]Luvo 'rdpcrrFl.
nh-f'tt N.h
-rL 'p' 't <-
12 i' t2
(c) tuprp'iva.E6rL'rrrdplerxdnoroc oro [4 b], iror 6ore
f" .-" rb ai ..,",
rrr'
J"J=2" t2, J
:IrEr6sr 6rLo (6poqrouo$d],!droq)(6 - d)r /'(c)/ 12,:, pEraFdlLcrar 6roq
pEro9d),),ror
.o li r: (sv{iro 6ed}.|10
noL,npo{[mLp I tpi orl sl,vlerotfvov
o),oKLtpoFdr(0v,prq9dllsral6r'iq ro l/r).
MropoilE vu ndpoupe oK6!! ,Ilo aKpLFri orior),6otaro
ov rpo6sy'yi6onF rrtv / t
Irpo?ovrKdqouvoprliorE,lopri! -rpoftrK6q.np6ra 6srdqo'rls
flo'rfodivfl 6rovro
61do"nt!o oe5lo iso 6roofliporq(tj(ira l3).
[o, 6] 6roLpe0i
txita ]i
60. (a) Ynoedroure rp6ra 6Tld = 0 xar , = 2. 'Eoro P ro 8rurgpopdopro rio?,D6v!Fo
nououpnirrLllE1rlv/ ora orteio 0, I Kol2 (Ilp6gl.rto 3-6).AEiErc6fl
|,t
J nP = 3 l f l o ) +4 f ( t ) + f ( 2 I .
(b) tupmpdvor6fl,6rtv.rvrxrircpinloorl
l'^ t or ,4 A\ l
.ftbtl.
J,P-- 6"lJtst | 4I\=2")
(c) @uorKd,
6rqv I / ivorrrpoyovrK6 ,ro),ud'vuto.

A),?d,sivol pdt),ovalroolpeiorro,
6 ! i8la otdol rox6r6rdv n / ivor KUprKd rol!6vugo! Ano8si(rero,
10 flp6pl.rpo 1143.Adperun' 6!,w oos 6rr rl t', ivor
XpilouonoLdJwfle
pi0o6oro7orLfipaor1E335
18.ErorytnitSttg
To irponyo6jrvo
rp6Fl.rlFo6si1vr6116vdIouUE
vq KdvoupE
Ka06l.oD
viouq
oro),o1ogo$s1lo va ppoi[ .1-rri-r 6rav ro.Q Ei'r'\ KuptK|
"n" l Q,
no).u6vurorou oujrriarL,fE 1Iv / orq oqlria d. , xor ctqxolouoot
T:
Pt vd 6:Coups
lr h
- t', h\ l
J "a - - 6 " t L | t a t 4 f \ i l + ftbl'
Al.L{i urdptr no).$nproo6rplkuepiaortv srr}.oTrlrou Q, npdljlo ro
oloio propo'jpvo :(ptolporouioou!rpoE6qs].6qgaq:
61. (a) Aeiqre6rr urripxr6voKU0rK6
nol.D6wpoQ noDenallosrirrq
t\bt. ,(U)-
Qtst-f(at. Qtbt= 4+t)
-o{"-l-!\=
\ 2 / 'rPi-!\-
\ 2.1
Yflj8rErt:Ep90v6q,
Q ( . r ) -P r . { ) - A { l o,(.r ar(" 4,
)r,orclo,"a.
(b) Ano6iq$61l1lo xd06-x6IoDf6rr
t a_t bI1 _ f,,\t)
/(x) Qix) - {x - d) l' I ) t
ty h\
4l
yu Kd'loro4 oro [a, 6]. Y'r661EI:
Mrtrl0Eirr3tvo'rd6s1qn
rou lpop],{paroq
I143.
(c) I'a,rcpdvurr6r'. dv r /' 'ivar o'ivEriq.r6rE
, "rli1,) ro,]''i,ef
[""o-ou'1ru'' " r"',n
Tra Kdnoroc oro b].
[d,
(dr Arurpiorrr{ips ro ja, bl oc 2a 6rcor{pcrcfd6o 1ov otpciov r,= a rrt,
Aro6i\rt rot Kdv6t/ana Sinpson:
[' r u-=:(n^-ol.
or '' "rrr,.r r zl= " r(!..)
| rrb))
i1
-!!:JL",,
r
2880"i "'
ylo rdnolo;oro [o, b].
MEPOE
(AIIEIPEE)
AKOAOY@IEE
KAI
(ATTETPEE)
EEIPEX
Mrdd\i flc ntogtaporq
aaryt(ottv dllEppftl dt/dLt)ol
Eilt&4 Ee,ilottg\:
.,m ,m(m-l),
I rTxf x-
1.2-
, n(n - lxn-2) , ,
1.2.3
- - (n - l)]
+ m(m l).-.[m r"
1.2..n
+ ...
'Onvon efuAr &iCqetq d(Cpatog
aptqttogrodwqtd h aEqdt
rouEivat rEEpao$Wttto$I w
r9N6Ei 6tW Eirtnfrspt6,srdto (l + t '.
'Otuvon 5weivat
ortqr4
4 oeqt oovqikn er' d6tqv,
ru atryrliw i nxoKXbE! dvdold
$ acflpcfiovtulpvoov ol
nootq$en Karx,
X' awiv tqvMpktudlLlpdporllE
rqv16&ntn&
'r, m ( m - l ) , x'
. .
t ,., r r
-7t:
.,Ytut{kld! 6n 4 ai1qnnrt
o&rya enbl6a 6tn$ q aatfr
ltytXiva,alXdaord3* tp q
6pEMo6eq0el
KEOAAAIO TIPO>ETTDHME
IIOAYONYMIKE''YNAPTHEEIX
A]16Kd,loLc or (oroLler68lE
oKoJrr{i, ouvopfliosLqD6rv eivcrrc06],ouoroL1eL66erq.
Avp
sivdrUrdro),uo)wflKionv(ipllol,
p\xl = oa+ dtx+ ... + a"x',
r6rErl Ilpip(.x) pnopDivauroloyroriEiKo),c-Iro
K{ieaprel6.x.Aur66veivarxo6].oD
ol,iela ro ouvapflioeqoav rLq sin, log ri exp. IIpoE ro rsp6v, Trq va ppoipro
I
log-r-J, I I dr xqTd,Ipood]yroTr.rpdftL vo unoioyiooujrsFrprKd{ivo,i Kdro oopoi-
spcro, xqr vo e(coqd.iooupe6rr ro Ld0oqnou 0o Krivoul,ov dtrorir 6va riroro
doporoFayu log.r,5ev 0c ivor no),$lrld},o.O unol.o.of66 rou e'=loCl(x) 0o
rapouoiq(EaK6pa npros6rE ps(8uorol.iegr 'npenvo nro),oIoouUe 10logdyu roL).d(
0d
rudq rou a, tflprva BpoS!0 CvovdpL0I6 d rdromv6orcologovo sivorKoldrpoo,tlldl
.r - i61eo a ea riravprqrpoodfironrou e'.
t' aor6to KEqdLqrc 0qQtdsoup o oruovrrK'ieoptrrKdqnorel.iotqro,rouavd-forv
rov rrrrol.otLoF6roD /(x), lto rol'I6e ouvoprriorE/, orov uro),o1rop6nl{i'v no},Dow-
IrK6vouvqpniosov. H ll60060s oq piqsroroqv snpol,ro),uowprx(irv orrvopllioov
nou
ivorKol6enpooetyiole trlc /. fro vo lavriqroutrE
rrt Uopqrirou 0o dla dvol(ard).],t}.o
no)"u6wjro, ivqrlpriouo va.6rdoou! Kdr'op1livrtq i3L0q
ILgno).Dcrw[LK6qo!vopT1i60lq,
pf epr6o6lsprl nposo i.
Ag uro0i6oul6rr
p(x)= ar+ dtr + ...+ an'.
Eivolsvilaqdpov,
ro1td).Loloroli sr avtlx6lro rov sxor6 fq{, vonoporrtpriooqr6fl or
suvrelsrdqa, gnopov vq eKqpooroivouvapriorr{,rvrqr6v rtE p xar rov 6raQ6pov
nopq-r6yovqq oro 0. fu va 6ffr\,1iooulre,
,rapoqponFdtl
p(o) = q,.
TrlvqpILKi;KApooI{qp(x), raipvouFo
Av ropoyo?iooujr
p'(x)= q+ 2a1x
+ ...+ nss"- .
Enopdvoc,
P'(0)=P"10)=4,.
nopoyoryi(owa(
xo1nd}.r,llo(pvolp
p " ( x )= 2 a 1 +3 2 ' a t x + . . . + n ( n - l ) . d , x " 1 .
p"ll) = pt't(o)= 2a1.

fvrrd, q 6:(oul
Pto' i
P(''lo1= ",=+
Av supgouioor)tvo 10"161 0! = I eEoploloi, KuroDpqoorlpe rogdpo = p, dre
mv ooppotr
au16qo fljnoe rq(6! Kar1lo k = 0.
340 ( 'Arttp4) aroTov9teg
rat (inupeq)oeqiE
Av eitolrtKMo6r!E lro suv'ipqon p tpotdq oov6ol,!6uJporoD(x - a)r,

p(r) = oo+ q(x - d) + ...+ d,(x- a\',
rt i6la5lq6rr(soio
0aFq{66rv
a,='*-
Aqunoodoorrp 16podrr / {varlra ouvdpnlol(dXLqvol|(oorrrdro}.u{irvuuo),

droto 6ors
v0 u,ldplouvd).qor
/('(a),..., f(,,(o)
Odrour
., '0<*<r,
t!
rol opi(oDl
P"Jx)= qo+ o,(,{- a) +... + a"(x- d),.
To nol.u{ivulo P". }.i}roLtrol,D6lrrloTaylorDo0Foi, qq / arc a. (Od 'np0nio0)6vq
"
lprlouonorrioouFe llov oK6lrqrto o6v0eqdKepoon, aEnoilrP","/,.flo vo uno6ll.6oou-
per1v elri,prlol cnriqv /. M6prxfqeodq our6go aKprpdorpo( oujrpohopdq 0o Qov6i
Ipriouoq.)To ro),u6wFoTaylor6lcr oprorEidrol drore
pa"0(a)= /(r)(d)Tlo0< l< ,.
urprp6orpa,ivor10 lovo6rK6rol.u6}1)|1o,adlod S I p' cunlv qv r6r6rqrc.
Av ror or oDwct\.eoldq iou P,.a / edivowar \,o lopt6wat 0116riv / p' ivcv pdl,lov
ro16:r),oro rp6ro, or mo olpcwui6 crorlerrir8erqourupr{oErE4oDv 110}.6arrld nol,o6-
wpa Taylor. Aq 0Eoprioolurr(p6raq otMiprilo! sin. TIouFE
sin(o)= 0
sin(0)=coso=l
sin"(0)= sino=0
sin'(0)=-coso=-l
sin(!(O)=sino=0
A,16ro oIFEioour6ror ndpo,or rupriloyoL
or crralql,olrpdvovrdrrurllKd o}li 4. Or ap$loi
sinG{0)
kl
j'o, j,o,- {,0,},...

o,r,o,-
TaylorP?"+ripd0poi2r + I rlg sinolo 0 Eivor
ErotdvoEro rol,DdvDjro
" Qn+1)t
PL-," = Ptuiu.)
(Or,6rxd,
To rolo6wlo Taylor Pr,.o 9o0!oi 2, q6 cos oto 0 6ivar (aeivoujr oE scE toDS
uroLo1ldlrotiq)
-1'
.P_." r. .r ,l = I - : + : - a, . . ., / L- .h/ , - 4 .
2t 4, 6r (2r)l
To rlol,u6vDlro
Taylorfll( oxpuaotro1l(rrar Aqoiexpt{0) = exp(o)= I
cr6pornoe$Kotra.
tra Kdocl. to no).u6wfoTaylorpoopou, oro 0 rivor
19.Ilpooiyyto\ pe rc)'vavupriq ouvaptfiottE 347
Por{t-l
lt-.2,-J,'r-'r,
Taylo|qqlognp6'rfl
Toro],udjvupo vouroloTrorsi a + 0,oQon
oK{iroLoorlleio rl log
nr'oyriivord = l. T6rc
aro0.H ouvrlrotivrt
oir Krvopi(Erol
roel'l = !' los'(r)= l

l
log'(x)=--' l o g " ( l=) I
-)
los't.{)- log"(ll- 2
l"-!!--lL
t o et , r - { l o 8 " { l r -r l r ' { t - l r l
Erottvog ro no),udvuloTaylorpqofon1rrnq logoro I ivot

,, r'r!, r ,- t . l Ll{_t).
- P,.trl-tr lr---:) t|
I r
turvd 6ivarmo poI1K6vo Erdoou!'nl cuvriprrlorl/(,()= log(l + x) t ourllv rilv
'Exouts
vq 6rsl6qoulsa = 0.
,repimoolunoporjpe
.frtx)=loc,,Il+x),
dpo
/uto) = losr(l) = ( l)' (k l)l
Taylorpoopo{rrrlq / oro 0 8i\ror
ro ro).u6vupo
EnopfvoE
( l' \
,1olx)-r-t'.1 -
4 n
Taylorivorolla-
ouvdprl6I rlg onoioqro nol.utirvDuo
YrdpIeL!1o o{6pa 010rl1661!
vorK6 n arctan. Apli(ot'rL
lorc uno)oyroloi-LovrooaYJivuv
u,"1un1'1= L-, = l,
arclan'(o)
'1 - 0.
arcran'(.r) ,. atcran"(0)
L ri r ' ) '
.-. . (1+.rl) 1 2)+ 2x 2tl+ \r)2,
aldnrri-- a r c r a n ' l o )- 2
(l + x')'
Eivorqavep6drr our6qo j(srpovartrx6q tp6noqunotroyrofo[lt\, tnoplva poqobt?'i

o1rouoovd-O D,roLo}lopdq rov ro)'uovitov TaylorrlE arctan0a ivor6poqtio]'i srlxo-
),oq,dao6qrdooDps rrEL616rlretov ro],uovrluovTaylo no rpooeKrrxd- q\,{alto
ro),DdrvDpoTaylorP, , opiornK! f6vrl ondirtort va dlLrLqiSreqnp6r(r?-ropo-
"
ydj,ouqsro d gerIV /,t oj(dol ovdlooorrlvt Kororo P, r, eoqno8rXTti ro]'lKriro)'i
"
Po0rirepl.
M1o6v6Gnyro rrt orev6rpt6ldat nouDndpIL ovdyooorlv / Ko1ro nofl'6vufq
Taylorqe /, oroKolinrqr o! sEldoo0ts ro rolu6wlo Taylorpu0loi l, rou sivoLro
Pr"(x)= /(a) + f'(a)(x - a).
Ilopaqponll86rr
342 ('Aretpa) ard,oDgbgKat(dnerydoEtpiE
f(x)- P.,(x')_ l('\- f(a')_ f,tat,

r- a
T6po,0,16rov oprot6rnq t'(a), 4oDFE
-
lin .f(x) 4."(r) _ 0.
xx14pI
Itr dlla ldla, &av ro x irl,qo i(er ro d, I itaeopd /(r) - P'lt) 6It tr6vofvtat Ir(Fi,
a .d livior prrpi oKdla kdt o odlKplort p ro ,r - o. To tI{Fo I 6i1vtq lpaQrni
rapdo,monrt6 f(r) = .'xar rnq
P,lr) = /(0) + /'(0)r = I +r,
TaylorptreFoo
lro|Jeivorto no?'uiDi.Do I lqq / oto 0. To 8dnaua 6silrtttoqErrl
lpaqrKri rapdolool ro0
r'{0) ' x'1
P ' t ) = f l o )| f ' l o J x +;r7 x ' 1 = t . x r i '
?rouivar ro ,rolD6wlo Taylor 0ooFoi 2 q6 / oto 0. Kc06g to x Isriiqst io 0, rl

6ragopd /(x) - Pr0(r) goiveror vo prrpoivet aK6Ia tpnyop61paatr,5.nv Sugopri
- p,lx). Tror 6roEtlorur60rtK0,out6eo6pprop6q 6evlvorflold orprpie,olld
"f(r)
eiloo! r6po diorlor w ro! 66ooulr6plo oultEKp{rdvq6wora. M6?'q i6pa 'Iapdtnpisd-
I, iirr lvlxri
,,- t(r) - P,.JXL
"
fro /(,r) = cr ror a= 0aw6 a|llrotltr drr
An6 rnv dl,lq nl,supd,$ 6ltt1,i poplotli roDrcov6vorou l'H6pital, 0ldrouF6n

' . e'-l-r
Irn- i*0.
)a
'Eror,ovxar
n /(x) - Pr.o(x)
yivrrorjlrKpi 06oitKpront rc r, l(oe6gro x rrl.lodq'l ro 0,
,ry dvslor Flrpi oDyrpw6p6\al . Mto Pu(.x)I xot{imaorlEtvalft?Lio
|rro .x'z 6taQopE-
flr{' o np6o0qtog 6pogrr/2 Fqqrno(lfll)vt |lrov KahJtspo rpdrc:
19-Ilpooiyyto1perd,uavuptrCaouva,pttloeg 343
.,_,-"- r'
Pr------;- =lS" ; ^ -H'-r=0

Aod Io ooFrdpaoFa1q6t ?arrd - av or /'(d) Kar Jal(a) D,rdpXoov,
r6rs
-
utnf(x) Pr"!')= 9.
(x- a)
oqv npa rarlrdfilm, o ovdX.opqrclupropft 1a rc P* i\,urrdoqg010016g.
otom ar Ynoe&oqr06fl /.ivor Ftaouvdprnq lrq qv onoicor

f (a'),..., l"'(a)
6l! ulrdplouv.OdroqrD
folrat
"'=T' o <t < !
rcd!opiqools
Pa"(i)= a0+ a(r - a) + ... + o"(.{ a)".
T&
- r i - , r ( r ) - P - ( r ) _ *^
l:j (,_ df
AnolEar Av Tpdvoqrqwl,Dnr.dro P,.Jr),,rdtploqrc
;1,1-f 13911"-
oy,
ft')- P"'(i -')l-A--l l-' -t:t'l
(r- a)' (x- o\" nl
OE0ol0{or rr clodpqr nq mrvodflu( suvopnioErg
++ '---=(x
rr,l.r -
Q(x) = L a),xaLj(r) = (r - a)".
otr&s rpdnerva degooll6fl

- Q@)-f
*JG) "t(dt
etx) nl
napaqpoill 6rr
d\ar= f\a) I
,,__,, r l av&<r_t.
d'(r)=1?ls J
'Ap!
- Q(xI: - =
lgl,f(') "f(d) A(a) 0
i $rt,rI.r)- a(x)l= /'(a) Q'(d)= 0
linlf (,-4(r)- Q(F4(r)l= /(-1a) - eG-1a)=0,

r(or
=
Ils(t Flg(r):... =EC-',(')= 0.
'Antpe;)
344 ( aKolovqiei Kar(hapeg)ottpig
vorpapp6ooD[e, I popdE
MnopoiteEnofavoq rov {ov6voro! I'HbpitalKqrvo rdpoupt
, . _I t x t Q t x \ - , , _ f ' ( r r - Q " ( r r
irl (' ,f l'll o)
"li'-
Aqo[ 100 rivornoiu6wlo oootoi t - l. rl (rl - I ) orli rou ,lapd]ologivorproora0rpri'
.i,rarnv qxpiFelo, L(r) = i(d). Apo
Q'" ,'
.. /(r) - O(,rl .. f'(t\'l'tal
i-" (x a)" -, nl)'- sl
KurauToro rleuqio 6proivorro /r'(d)r rl 0'16ro! op'qr6 rrtg /r'td). I
Mrqo,T).iouvanero ro! Oopilolo! l, Uqeinrpdnn!o rcleroroLriooup rov 6).1j(0
tLa
ru Io,flr{i !6?ro.a Kor)dlroro, nou ropouordooleoro K9d}.ololl. Av ro a ivor
Kpiortoortpioqq /, rorc. o pQova$ ro Os6prtldI I-5, rt ouvriprrlorl/ 6tsLrorrK6
rdrLsrooro a ov /"(d) > 0, (sr rorLx6ldyroTosro a ov /'(a) < 0. Av /"(d) = 0 Esv
giusolt o0d6tvo oroeovooill8,d.idqai!,troL].0}ll(6ronp6sruorlr /'"(a) voloq6ivr
Kd,roro' npoaopia'xrav/'"(d) = 0, r6re10,rp6drtloqr /rlta) rpdrsrt'anqi(sL Kdroro
p6i,o.Ax6Iu nro7vrxd,Inopi x(rviq
vo ovoporrl0irl oufooivr6rov
( , )f ' h ) = f " ( a ) = . . . - I " \ a t = 0 .
- f\"t(s)+ 0.
Mnopoilt va povrdvoupe
ro n6g61ol,vru npdTtoro,lerd{ovrqq
rrqoDvopnioLq
l(r)=(r_a)tr,
s(i)=_(r_a)..
troULr(otottoronv ntv (+).I]uparr]poitg(Ilrifq 2) 6rL.ov o n ivo trprrr6E,rdr Toa 6v
ivaLotfio romKollcT(orouoiro ronrKo!e].oXf6rou tro qv / i ltv g. An6 r!!, d),).il
:/ittu 2 rd.supd, ov o n ivardploq, 16rrt /, Is 00nKi l?-oorrinopd?olo.dXslronr{6 sldXroro
oro a, cv6 ! g, p flpvrlflxri,-oori nopdloyo,dILromf6 fdlroro oro a. Atr' 6L9!r(
ouvoprrio'q noL'rKovonoroUvrtv (*).our6qsivornpinouoron).orlorspEq nou6roOdrours
nop 6io qurd,uroSr{vuor,\' rrl 7vrxriKordsrqorl.npdTlo , 6),nn ouoioryleen6lrsrns
an66eLEt; 0pioxerororo?e?ov6e 6rr.xd0Eolv(ipq orl rou rxuvororeiqv (+)tor{i(rndpo
no).ri!0 lro on' ourdqrlq ot]voprrioEE, -ililrtaLooQiqon6to 06pr]po I .
trlro dworo,rou
oE0PHMA2 Yroodrolp6rr
f\s)= = fa '(a)=0,
ft'i(a)+ 0.
(l) Av o , eivqrdprLoq Kqr/r'(a) > 0. r6le I / alsr lonrK6idlroro olo a.
(2) A! o t oivordpnoExqr /'' (a) < 0,1618I/ d/erronrK6 fdTrsrooro o.
(3) Av o n tivor npL1r6q,t61Erl / 5v6tLoile tonrK6!671010 oLlrs]d1rorooro d.
Aflo,rB:flnpo$ov6q,rl und0cor] 6rr /(d) = 0 6svivaros odpo{otq yvrK6qroq,TLqri
oire or unoffoELq oir ro sljpnpqollanqpcd(ovrsr ov n / qvTrKoraoro0ri 0116rnv
/ - T616. oqori oL rp6re! ,- I nopdToTor qq oro d ivqr 0. ro,ro].t|6\'u!o
/(a). /
TaylorP,, rrq / ri!o(
t tat ' ? tt "' t o r f tar
P jrt- ftat t'i,, ot o t = ! - - - - : ,t"\ - s i .
O rozlprold( 10l.,Oe(opritlolos
I rivqr6Il
/r rr p,.,l,L f:tal
o ,,.
'' 1;.[_1.!L n.r
(r "r(Ya) o)
I nop,'v
uq.ov Lo\ civarop(EtdKovr{t
oro a. a1orF, 6rrro
19. npooi.lyrcn pe noluavupuciEouvaptfiottE 345
l ( x ) r;{crroroo rpooluo t ta)

n /c ro -
\x a)
Yno06rouf
r6pa6Tlo , si,r'or dpfloq.I' ouflivlrt! npinr(0ort,
(.x a), > 0 YroKdo
x+ a. Aporlro /(x)/(ir d)' drsrro i6Lonp6onro!, ro / ''r(o)/r | ]Lor ap{.dKo}rd
olo a, dn'rqr 61' ro /(r) ';zELro 1610np6olro pe ro /l,r(d)/r!yrq.{ opxrd Kovrdo1o u.
Av /1")(c) ) 0, our6 olpcivn 6Tl
/(.{)>0=f(d)
?rox Kovrdroro d. E,ropdvoq,'t / 6xer.o,rrK6,.dtLoro oro d. M1oi&o orpLp(iq
o'r66rqrl
ivord'rvo.rlKol6rrtvn0pinr(oorr /h(d) < 0.
Aq unooiooulsr6pa 6fl o , 0i\ro1 rcprrr6(.Tq i6roEIllsrpriporo6EiIvoDv
6r\ av ro x
'ivoLqp(ErdKovrrioro d, 16rro
f(xJ
'1' ndvra'o i6rcnp6orro
(x a4)'
A),)d(.{ d)">0.rro x> a xar(r d)'<071o x< 0. Apa\ f(x) txEt,rdaoperrrd
rp6oitpoILo.{> a Kor,r< a. Aur6onoSELKvisr 6 ! / 60v;lsr oir rotrrK6#7roro oir
ronrKd)dILoiooro a.I
Av Kflrro O0rijprlpa
2 ),l,velro np6p)"lps10rvlonrKrijv!yi6rov Kar],atioroJ!ors66v
?ro xdo ouvdprrtortnou Erqavi('ror6rrlv npdh, 6rrKdnoro0opTpKd6plu,?lari.o
/''r(d) lnopei \roEi\ror
01lo (Iripo 3(a))7lo q orvdprlorl
f,.td,*. A!16 ouppqivL
^. ie'. x+0
/(.rj= t tl. x= o,
no! dxELc).dllorooro 0,xoe6qeniorqKur?la rrtvovriorrl cr.rflig
t1q ouvdprlorlq(lritc
l(b)),nourtcl udlloroo1o0. A(6po(:ritu 3(c)),av
x>0
:r<0,
r6rc /1"r(0)= 0 ?ra'.dEt, oi).d ! / 6v61sroir.onrK6rldtloIo ofr ronr(6]tTroro
(b) (.)
\titla 3
To oDtrapoopo rou OopriloroqI eKepd(eroroulvd 160('rte ortlqvrrKiqdwoLo6 qq
(Idqrtqro6.t1oq,.Aio oL,voprrjoerq
/ xarg eivorioqpfrpr irr r-06'i rdr oro d ov
,_/rt)_st\) _"
-
"-" (x a)"
tq yl"drooo auro rou opropoi,ro OE6pntaI ?.der 61rro nol.D6vDfo Taylorp, / ivor
ioo prlv / oro a t;Xpl rtv ,? oo'fliTdqn.Oolropoioof Kd).?,raro "
vo iXoopso1Eduiasr
ro no),DrijvDpo
TaylordroL'jrorEva rl(avororei
alrrlv d(pLF6qrrtv o,roirnol lrqri ur{ipj(sr
ro troli ivo nol!6vDpoFoofoi < n p' auriv fltv r6r6rtro. Aur6qo 16l!prop6qivar
oD$rLorou aK6),ouoou orortndr60!geoprituroq:
346 ( Arerpe)ard,ou9t4rcr (drerpeg)
oerptq
'Eoro
oropHMA 3 P r(oLQ 6u6roll,ttwtLooq 'Ipoq(x - a), poolori < r, KoLoqunoe6oo!
!6 6n rd P KorQ sivorioo rdxprrrt r-oorli rdq! oro d. T 618P = Q.
noludvDpo
Ano,\rEH'EoroR=P Q. Aqoi ro R eivoL Ba0t(6 < ,, opKivq 6silouus
R(.r)=4+...+4(x-d)'
. R(x) =0,
lrln "
-"G a)"
,rlc
r6rs R = 0. Trlpa,u'i6flE urooEoerq t1v R, eivct9avep66rt
.. R(,{) '-0
lirn ttt 0aian.
" - " ( - r -a l
fLo i= 0,uud I olviKrtanl.6q?'asr 6rLlimR(i) = 0 Al)'d
limR(t=lint4+ brG d)+ .+ 4(x- a)'l= 6!'
R(x): b,(x d)+...+4G d)".

Enotivoq,
R{r) - -
b - hl\ ar ... 4(.r o)"
R(xl
lim -- b,.
R(x)= b,(x- a)l +... + b"('- a)'

tuvxi(owoq!' aur6vrov rp6no.0pioKo'rlt6
6r'
bl,= =4=01
'Eoro
floprrMA 6 ! / sivorr-aopd! ropoyoyiorjrrloroa, KoraqDnoodooDp6rLPeivor
or npoe(x d), po[o{< ,, roDroo[roLpErrlv / p6xprrn r-oofli rdql
,vo no),Ddrvuto
oro a. T6rsP= P,
".
Arro^rr:HAqot ft P xdr P," sivolKorro 660ioa ! rnv / pdtprrrl r-oofli rdqqoro a,
ivoLiKo],ovo ooitls6rl ro P rooJrorr'ro P," dxpr rr r-oofli rdqnoro d. Ero!6voE,
P= P,, 0n6ro Os6prua.I
M qv rrp(b1lFond.0!16.o rT6p6loaoivrorvo dtrunoe;orq rohi)rloKEq7opiqvo
l],rdptsl).6toq.oa propoiosvd oKEarsiKovsiq 6fl r iropEt rouro],L,owpo!Pquropdroq
ongoivr6T1tf EivalapKErd ropoyoyioru 60rvoundplL ro P,,. XritvnportorLK6rI'
ro 6t0\, 6vorrpaivErKriflr6roLo.fLo ropdSr, ta (txita 4),oqDno06ooutE 6
. I x , .r {ipprtroe
'/ t , u I ^ Yp r l t o q .
tu.
Av P(x): 0, .6re ro P eivorirpo{povrijq nolu6vupoFopoi < 1] nou Loorirorp6 rtv /
!61pr rn n - oori rdqt oro 0. An6qv d.lrl n],upd,rl /'(d) 6Ev!fliplELTLoxovdvoa + 0,
dpqI /"(0) 6vopi(sror.
la l1pooiyyto\lc rd'uavr'p*iq ottvaptqottc 347
x'-', ovr dppwoq

(
tl:ipa 4
'Orov
6r0rEr f ix n arpst'6^tot)rarc
a, ro n6protoldq 6ivsrr1otpioru! Eeo6olLo
va 0pioLo!g10 nol06vupoTaylorritq /. OUFIoift,ou,KeKpr!vo, 6fl n rp6rl loq
on6n3rpqva ppoitl8ro no),u6vuto
Taylorrnq arcta!Kard?,Tlqs
o ororutio.H sqiooorl
-
= t ,-L a t
arcmo-r Jo + r,
poqoSrtleio fro d0o3o,!ou Ifle 6ivs1e1.Jri6q
vo Fpoil8 ivo notru6vupo
Kovrdorrtv
arctan- vo 8rqrpfooupe
ro i g I + l', Ka1vo rdpolp dvairo),ud'vufo
Fo(i |lEKdnoro
'
.-l-t +/'-16 l...+(- l)-l'' +
lit t+r'
Au.6qo riroq, rou el.irurorc Kol.aov no).).anl.aoldooupE p I + rr,
xor rLr660nl"up;q
8irvfl 611
I't+1
u . " t " n " = JI , l + 1 ...+(-])"r'dr+(-l)#ij'- dr
^.,i e-o r! ,1 )
-" .. r l,'J-+(-t)'l -.dt.
'0 Ilr
lfllllrDvdIe ro r6propdfaq, ro nol.u6vulonoucpqavi(Eror
s560o eivorro rro),Drijvulo
Taylorpq0/oi 2, I I r'lc arcLanoro 0. opKliva .otirl
f'Pn
'lad t1 + t
tim -- -u.
1i,,1 . I t, I l"_..
lr lo t-rd, "t lr _ tr u -\ "
lJ o t ' \ ' 1
2n-3
or16sivtrrnpooov6(ol.rlorvd.Tror.ppiKouc6flronohdrvrpoTaylorFoo[ot2n+l
e". "t^)-r-: 3 i5- . . . t t 't."2' ,

11
M rTlvsDKarpia,
r{irpoJrouilonps avo(o},rl\yr
rq rro),u6vu$o
Taylorrilg arctan,ivol
348 ( ArapEd aKaloD4iE
Kat(inErpedoeetq
6Dvor6
va3o!],6voDpel(ord
rrlvovriorpoart voppo,jts
aopdKoL yroKdE
rr! arctanL'r(0) t:
P,,o{\, ., !,-lr2-rt.
i-i
KaloaorjoDr6ro noludJvDto
Eivor,0t opLofoi,
a r c r a nr 0 r , a r . t a n ' r 0 ), .
a r l r a "n( u j= a r c r a nt u ) { . _ _ _ _ , ". , (rn_ u
urTopoirrsvo Ppo$rsrnv arctant'(0)Erodrvovraq

anl.6qrouqouvrelsordq
rou x' 6' our{i
ro 6[0 rolurtvupa:
arctan''(ot
svoI rivrrdpTroq
-
arcraorrt
i0J t Ij'
' i ' ' o ' " / i l o -r I rr' r)/):
i'j: ''i" '
'Evd "
ox6ta ,no cv8loqdpovororlio, rpaviqeraLov slllo.p;\uou!orrlv aptrK{ 6iooar)
| ,r
r('rny-y | l( l'; rr lr'rJ,
; ;-... +l l+r.dr.
xoroutrlooDpe
fltv sKriprto!
t! 1b_2 | b+r
-'' -
x
| ,t'l
| ' r 2, l'l
'orcv "
lxl < t, au{ 1 :rapdoraorsivdrro noli li(2, + 3),Ko1!'ropo rLsvo rrtv ddvoDFs
600 FrKpi 06?,our, or).6q, opxcrdpTd),o.
nr,6.rovraq M ril],c ?,6nc,1to lxl < I
pnopoipe vd lpttoryonar4coupEra nd,L)tivnpdTaylor rne arctanyLava rnolayioot4lE ro
arcta* le 60rlaKptPera e&ou!.To mo otllovrLrdgeopiloro yrqro no).u6vuto Taylor
,m{rivolvqu16 ro ppovof6vo oror6}.eo!o(qr 06dl),qouvopl]ioEq,xaLro nolu6vutu
Taylor0o ,roiEorvorivrolo;vov rs).sioqKolvoipllop61.o. Ta 6'opriFalonoDdnoSsilofs
6oqrr;)pq,Edro(ov rr outnprqopdrounolu(0vitouTzylotP", rfl oraqEpd n , K0ediero
x
npooEni(srrod. Atr660rxoL po,eoouyl(pivoufro nd,u,i)yt)ps.Taylot
P",Inoru0ep6x
KaL6loQopcrL{6 ,. fla vd rpoerorFaa.oDl0 roD0d 'p06r,srod-rolp
/1oro 8sd'prljro !epr,
xoiq v6ouq ou!0o?,ropoiq.
Av / ivaLlLo ouvdprnoTt yLorlv onoioudpr{ErroP",(x),opiEo'rrsro Dr6}.o'roR"."(x)
0n6 tv
/(.Y)=P""(.Y)+R"lr)
f\t t1\
: ltot! J tott\ or!..+ {^-o) + R,"{.rt.
n;-
Oo #).otrvo dloupr!1oikQpoort^/raro R,"(x),,rouro p61s06e
ntq vo ivoLsrll(ol"o
vs
Krulei.Yrdprfl prdrdrotadKqpaort, rot rsprdt0rdvao],o .ipofa, arprpd,q6noEKor
oTqvrcp'rrool rrtcarcran.fvac rodrocyravaFavriuor,L,coL,riv r'tvtKppooI.c:vo,vo
qKrvrisoDte!E rrv npirroor, = 0:
/(r)= f(a) + R!,(x).
To O-I").ri6rcOcLprLaroL,Ar".ooaflKoi
Ao7,otoL,!09 crllpanfl!0 tpdvo,t-.
f(x)=f(d)+1"f\rdt,
n,"at=l^rttvt
19.Ilpooiyyro1peto),utowpw{g
ouvaptfioery349
Mnopoitr,or' cur6v rov fljfio, vc ndpoDFlro qvdl,o.ndxqpadl ,fn 10 Rr,"(x)ov

otro(trrlp6sou!kard dpl I' dvavUdl,Lov'roqpd rpdnor 'E6ro
.r(t)= /'(.) xqru(t)= r-.{
(otFr6vouF rin ro .{ ruprorivr Kdnorov
orq0ep6qpr0F6oqv dKppuotrou u(r), dpo
u'(t) = lI t6re
I)rato'=!"'
f'(t) . 1 dt
u(r)u'(0
,)r(,)-J" - x)dt
l" f"(t)(t
u1.)u(r)
Aqoi ,(.r) = 0, noipvoup6
= 11o1*!"1,o0,
1111
f ( a l - , ( r l , ( r \ + lf'(t)\x
' - t)dt
= f(a) + f'(a)(x a') +1"f"ax,- oa,.

=1,f"ox"- Nt.
n,,r,\
Eivor660i.0).0vo tin, iooupeloti &oLllapeu(t)= t - x, xor'f u(t)= L Art6q
ouFpaiver
vo ivoln l,ofl rou Fogsqurrlplsi,
xdrrrou 0afnopoiov' ovaKa).6vr
Koveislsrddn6rol,)drapdloroq),l.dldroldrslvdopora.
Etvar,nrivr(D(,
ajro),ova$a!"rd-
VsrKovsiq
r6porov ,rolto ro l?."(-x).Av
u(rr= /"{r) Koll,trl=:ll:jl:
tdru'(r)= (x 0, o'r6re
f' ,' f'
J,I"\tXx udt= ut)utttl,-l" f-ut #dl
l' t""'
= F " l a ) t ^ - a '\ 1
I lt !---::: Ix t)|dt
2
4l)16 6ilv[l 6rr
l'.rrr,i
&Jr)=J,+k _ n,dt.
Od 'npere,rdrpu,vo pq 6uorotrursirs vd 6d,oeftlla ouotlpri or66e(r;,peenc.yof,lro
ro 6n, ov it /r"-',6i!qr oDveli( oro [4 x], d16
I'rft+\t
,t-"t"r J"1:-q t*- ,r'ar.
A1t' oDr6vrov r0ro,,ro! )dlorot|l ol"oKl.npo)flK1i
popQilou unol.oino!,6ivar6uvqr6v
(np6pl.tpa l5)vo ndpoul.rs600d).l.ee
ortFa\.'rrrdq
(epdorElo!Ra"(.{):
rn lopai Cauchy
n""1-;= /'r,(t) 1, 0"(.x d) ro Kdnoro

r oro(d,x),
350 ('Attctpt)aKolouq[EE
Kat(!ittptd 6dpiE
Korrn lopei Lagrange

ro! uro).oinou,
ft'rr/rt
R,"txt=4
' (,r- o)" tro \droroI oro (o, {).
(nf r)r
trnv qn66srh rou noldvou0opripoloq (Oe6pll1a10l)Taylot a qrodiloulsxar rre
rpEq fopqdqrou urol,oinou,!' dvovrc),rioc6nQopr1xd 1p6no.Mu oprriqurriqrtq
on6aeqtq(ft6qon6qveE,rwd6oq() 0pi6t(eroloro 6n ol pop06cCauchy KarLagrange
rou uroLoirou0c ono6erlro6v topie vo r.rivoulrlv 'rp6o0e1trlltdoo!6 Tl /''-rrrivar
suvelriE.M our6vrovrp6,ro, ro O6pngorouTaylorlQovi(erqr oovtrq d$ol twixsrr-
M;oIq TUiq. oro onoioovriTrsr7ro r = 0, Korro onoioivorro
orl rou Oopritrdroc
paorK6pyo).eionouprloLFororiroL sqv on65elln-
Auldqor noporlprlorE,rpor0ivouvKarUu olpsqyrKriyrs va onoieiqoupe ro O66pIp
rouTaylor.Aqo'iX,"(a) = 0,0o}|ropoLior xav6i!vq 6Qap['ior
10O6prl]ro MdolSTqri(
R,"(x) _R"(.{)-R,"(a)
x-d
Av ro cKrQro!s dFoql(ali$pa, ourrirl 13606vqoivsrorvo urdoXsrqrnol.ld,yrqd 6ev
ivorKo06),o!qovsp6ro 16gI /1"ir(l) f'nopEiva ovdtsrl60ioqv qndwrlorl.npdytarl
ovndpoulrovmo dFoo6p6po,Kornqpoyo-riooul xorrLq5$or],e!pd(1!q EioooTlg
rou
opi( ro R,", r0ipvoD!
I ( x t = f \ a t - I " k l ^ - a t , . . . 1 . ] ]rjl ]l 6 a)-'+ R""'(x),

t,
mu Esv04e).si6 rirolq. O rp6roqnou0o [aopf6oouftrro Oe6ptlo M6oIqTu{q, 6Xfl
nol).dKolrdpentv olox),ipoon {ord fipn nourdvdt nlo nrivo.!'rivl rlvond66l61,
rropoToli(olprlra olvdpltsrl srlv oroia ro x oqP6ltEElvar apdp6 nouitlEvo 0c-
p{i6.Me rov i61oq{prp6( 1p6no,0o 1plouorouiooDls ro x l(qr o tv orr66r6n nou
6ivour'
r6p0.
oropHM^,r(srorHM^ rotT^YLon)Aqu,rodooulr8
6t101/',..., /1,-'ropi(owaLoro [a,.r],lcqr
6n ro R,."(x)opi(rftr 0rd llv
It^t= ftat+ ! ta\t-at- . I I ' - l , o )t , - o l , - R . " ( l r .

T6rE
lh-tlt\
(l)R""(r)=+ t x - r ) " { r d l ? r o K { i r o r o r o r o tr a) .,
th \t\
{2, R".,trI- +-i+ - o)' r7rqKdnoro
I oro (a. r).
( r a t , : t.{
E,flniiov, ov il /1"''r 6ivorol,oK),Ip6orul
orc [a x], 16r
(3)R,"(r)=/ 4 lt- 'l'at
(Av r < a, r6rs r1ur66oled 'rpe'rEvq rqq trdL

6rr rl / eivol(n + I )- qopdE,ropoy0rlioL
prt610[x, d] r6!e o opr0F6q I olrr (l) (2)
KoL eq 9pioKror oro (x, d), ovd! (3)rapojrivsr
oKpr0drqi6u, op|cEir /r'+irvo sivqroi,oxl,np6orprloro [a d].)
Ano,rEH frd KdoropL0p6

t olo [d, x], Elou}le
f ( x ) = f t t ) +f ' ( r ) k - 4 + . . + l l ! 0 ( x - . ) , + & , ( x ) .
19.Ilpootiyyto\W nolDawlrKE|
ouvaprioett 351
As ouppoliooupe
tovcpr0p6R,.,(x)pes(r)rlouvdrrlor s opi(rororo [d, x], Kol6rout'
rr,l,l
ft lt\t- It!\t I'!ttx 'l1.. r' (r' r) !S{r) }ro\decrorold,rl.
,;'
Oo nopoyoyiooule rrhpoKorTle6io rLeupdq aunicritEEioo)ol(,nouuo5l1,6vr6 Tl
ouv,iprrlot!E rrti /(x) oro t, 'ooilor pern ouvdprrlort
nourt rllli rrleoro t ivor
f\'\ '\
! !""):': ({
!(n + r)' s(')
(trlv xa0olrloufivrl,eeopoilsKaLrE6io rd.supiqrrtq (*) (oovoDvdpntoilroDt)r. f1o vo

pcEor{00Lirc
6fl ro }pd!!u r 5cvnpoKul.:rorifl oiylr o1. ncpoLlpeioLc
rirr.ov
s(r)= f(x).ru xd0sr,
T61E
s(' = 01lo K{io|
!"":-: (^ - Il'
8(t)
r'\t\
o1 =! " ' t r , - ,"l r ' I IJ-l ._ i.r l)'
t| ti
l n r r t'
t'r rt' *'-lii'
11 1'' "'
Eqopr6(owasouroGrouqrinouqo '.de6po.rtE(*),,roipvoDl'
0=.r(4+[-
/'(r)++(,- 4]+[{,(')r''t*{f1',,i
I f"tlt f'tlt l
- - ]-- tt"l sltr'
[ 1i- i| '" " 'rt'r
t ow6vrov opoiodno, oxc66vrq nriwsor' 6oq pl6'rrKoveiq
61oypdqovro1,
Kol
t" \ , t _ \ ^ -t ) -
s10
nl
Mnopoirsr{ipavo eaapr6oourero o06prl|10
Ma6n(Trpie?nq ouvdpqonS sro [a,.{]:
urdprcrKdnoroI oro (d,r), r6rolo6orE
| " ttl -
S l x ) s t a ) ^ . _ - r-------i:-
:j::j-----.-'_ s,(r) r.r rr,
Av 0utroo$ue6rr
s(0 = R,,(.r),
ourd olloivr o!?xexp4dvo 6rL
s(.{)=R,lx)=0,
s(d) = Ra,(.{).
Ap0
0 R""(^)=
- - -ln \'\
---i-{t rl-
x_a
i
R,"(.r)-+{x r ) 1 \- o r
uufli sivorrt ropa'i Cauchy
roDuno),oiror,.
152 ( Atnrp4)ard,olgiq Kat(inerrydoapig
fra vo ftdpouFrI Fopgi Lagmnge,sgappldoulro O6pnto Mfcns Tqriq rou Cauchy

lto flg oovopflioeE,Sxo!g(t) = (x 0*r: DrrdpterKdrronf oro (q.x), rgroro6016
''"
s(.{)- s(a) s'(r)_ n!
s(x)- e(d') e'G) - (, + lxx- t)'
R
"(x) - t"''{0 '
(r- d)"-' 0,+ lX
t
i-(r): (x- o)'+',
iTji
rou lvorI [opQi Lagange.
T6l.o6,av q f o*r)eivcr o)'oKtl pdrorptloro [4 x], dte

f' tt rh+t\tl
s(r) - s(a)- J, s'(0= - J" !"""':! tr - 0' dt
=l' xlp 6 -,1'a,1

n",.1,1
Av Koror popqriELagungeKorCauchyrcDu,roloinou6vEivalanldr( KarF6vo0opnflK36
rops6!16E([s rLI. [p6F]'ruq 2218), n o]'oK]'Iporrrri topqri rou uno]'oiroDea pagivar
ouvioogap(r.i. Av auri 1 popqriegcppootei1a rL6ouvap"rlorEsin,cos,KoLexp,jrc
a = 0,ro O6pllra.ooTaylor6{verlougoK6}.oueou6 ninouq:
. / I ,. .." r"" f'.inrr/),/,r
sin-r-x-t t ...r( r)i;+rx'J,ffit" r)"-'a,.
*",- r ^1+ii-...-,-,r'-4*["91i!0 (x-r)"ar,
2t 4t \2D)t Jt ltt)l
yI yn t' ct
e'- l- r':-... + ". +l :(x- r)"dr.
To va rpoomo{oer (avei( vo o,rol.oioel aKprp6((dnoro on' or)Idro o].o(?Ln p6Faro,0o

-
ilov peFl'I anp16Kcvia ro oi!or6]'opo60 Eivarp6pa1orl oxplpiq 6uqop'i rrlr opl-
oteplig nl6upricKal6l.ov rov dl,lo)v 6pov oq 66rd[l6opd! To vo rral4ooolE 61(,6oDr{i
ia oXo{ltp6lora, Eivarl(or Eirc?'orcard6rc }.61ou.
Ta rp6ra 660oluol(l.np6FaloEivol,rdporc}.i iKoX.o.AQoi
s I yraKioi,
lsino,+,(Ol
dtoot
, tlffio-r*'"1 =#,-,llu- r)*'dr].
tl ,ti t\2'+l tFl

l(x_ob*rdr=:+l
or)urEpoivouFs
611
19.Ilpooiyyro4p nolutlvuprrtg
ouvapriouq 353
i,sf(x_4:,',I1 - 1l"'
1,+zit
6fl
Otoioq,rnoporltEvo SsiEowe
J'eff r, o,o,<- l2n' 1+"t)l' ' .

Aur6qoLeKruriorqivol06aL y!o'ii(6'rogo1!06iEoIe
prtKrisvdloqdpouoq, oro Kgdloro
16)yLoKdos > 0 pnopo']U0
vo mrnloDp8
t."
,l
--
Srol6yovroE,opKerdpEl,o (ro ri6oopydloqilorlo r?,0EaprdraL ori6rox). Aur6poq

snlp;nsr vo l]roloyi(outero sinx pe 6roro pc0s6axpi0eloqedIoDpE, ur).(ijqunoroTi(o-
vroqroKardl.tIIo nolL,dvuroTaylorP,.o(x). Aquro06oout, yLsnopdarypo,6rt od].ortL
va rnoloriooLrps to sin2le dvooadl,lo tlrp6rporou l0 '. Aqoi
2'' '-,,
sin2= Pr" ,i(2)+ R,6nou R" s- '- + 2 ) ,l
t2n
va ndpoutero P:" L0(2)
LrropoD[s oq ordvrnorl,opKsivo ro76er
J-h + 1
<
(2n+ 2)t - t 0 ' .
'Evoq pdfsodlsl1o - npo9dv6E,0o
opr0p6q,ir' ounlvrl!'1616r11a, lrop'i va Bpeosi
tqq poleoioD6voqnivoKeqt .lfdqTlo ro n! l(qr2"{Pi6nKqdloro16).t oL'rlivlrtv
rpinroort,o r = 5 sivaLKord),h),oqdpo
sin2=P,,j(2)+R
^ 2' 2 2 2" )1
-l: '
5t 7: 9: l
6 n o LR
, <10r.
Iroponlrtvo uno).o1i6oD[s
Ax6jroeuKo),6repq, ro sinl Kordnpoo6yyror],
Trori
sinl = Pr,+Lo(l)
+ /.1,btro! R < -:-,
qtr6c, opKivo ppoipEavo, rdroro60r

fro vo rdpoutsoq{t fq prxp6rpo
I
'"
Pn+41
Korour6 anoLrEip6vopLqoivroprl polrd o dvovnivaKonopoyovrtKthv. (Eniortq,oL6ufao-
por 6por rou Pr,+Lj(l)ivor ro)"i nLoeiKolo vo n,Io),o?roroiv.)
fta noli trKpd -r, oLEftrfrioE\ livovror oK6Ia su{oi,6rspEq. fla nopddEr}lo,
';"r!=a,,,(IJ+n,o"*,ri<
10,.12,+ 2)l
rLo !o ndporrr' lR ( i0 r0p:roporipe oagrijqvo mipouts, = 4 ({o10o lropo[oolriooq
=
\rdro 0rd],oure poKflrpen 3).Aur6qoLp6eo6or ortv npdElTLqvfl
xptoLFonolotvrol
lrolotiooL'f0 nivo{qrov sinKaLcos. Evqqlnol,otroIriqps |tc?{i}.truX[rr]rulnopsi vfl
uroioTior'roP:,+,0(x) ro nolld dnaopErLKd.r KaLor66voo rp6vop!6dv.
H e{lirrtdrt ro! Dro},oinouyrorTtve' 6ivor},iTonLo6ioKo}.t.fla va on}.onolriooufs
rfl
npdtparo,oqDnooiooupE 6rrx > 0(orK lioeLq.rutx < 0noipvo\aolaroIlp6F],Itu l0).
tro Srdorruo[0, .{] rl FyLoil rrfi rls e' si!|Ir e',]nri I expiva1o[6o!oa,
dpo
354 ('Arcrptq)ard,ou4bqrar(ircry4) oerpiE
| , '^.|t t '"
J| o, : tfdt''.1 tv- rr'ar=
nlr (, + l)l
Aaoi paseivorri6rlTvoor66rr e < 4,4oupe
4 ,x -
l, rll- (,+tX'
ron Fropsivo Tiveldoolr{p6 ei}.oDFs n oprsrdllstd}.o.To,1600gs?dl.o0o
dv 6lo}.iqoDl
0ivorro n, eioprdrorar6 ro x (xoro rapdyovraE ro rpdTpora).Ilo Fn
4' 0o 6uoKol.6\'3r
0t(6l0qopd,or xrlpriosEivo1eDKol.drepe 11oplrcpri
x. Av 0 < x < l, r6x
e' l+,r+:, 1 ...+ ".+R,onouo/R.

2t nt to rl:
(Havro6rrro0 < R ;'irord!oaa,!6rrv o],oKl.n
poflKripopai rou R.) nro ou,KeKprr6-
o < n < 1 ,- I
): t0'
,ipo
e =e ' = I * I + n + 1 + 4 + R,6nou0<R<m
65-
-'
24
= 2 + ;t 1+ R ,
ro onoio0ro6rKvier
6
2< e<3.
va p).ruiooupe
(Aur6paqEmrpJrsr qv exriprlonrou X:
e1.o9p6q
0 < R < , 3 ' , r : _)

{ n + l ) !/
noipvov'roE,= 7, pJrop8il
vo 60ir6fl ro 3 rp6ro 6Ko6!Kd
VnQiorou e eivor
e 2.718
Gnopeirevo I4Er 61tTa D =7 q(ourouT6vrov Fafu6nKpiBloq, o),}.d0a irav
oK),1p6vo e'irpeivou!vo Kdvr 'rpo,JloTlKd
rouqDrol'oyrotio$q).
H ouvdprnol arctatr6ivor rdonEotlov'flKi, a?'ld 6rioq iooE eD!6ooor,sivor nol.i
6$oKo?,o vo 6o0illo xqpoonyrorrv arctan(r)(x} EioFdvoq, n ol.oK],rpoTlKri
ropai iou
u'ro),oirouivordrpttonl. An6 rlv dl,h nlupd,o rp6noqFsrov onoiouro),oyioops ro
nolu6wFo Taylor qg arctanpdq66(D03 aurotdr(oqKorfvov 1610yro ro ur6]'ouro:
r' I l ) " r ) n - r. I ' r - t t ' r-"d' t .

a r c u n , r - , r - -. - . . . - ^ , - t tr n
tD I l+l
'oroq
6100!i6r exfllllior,
l |r r' 'r ' - ' r. "- a r l l l' le-
l'
'alt! L - <l l r " - a r l - : " ' - .
p6vovoproto$q
fl0 rtv 6pd,0ooopriooup x p li| < l.x ouflivqv n6pintoort,o 6po(
rouDno),oinou vdTivfl 600ltKp6q06loup,
lropsi npoqov6e ov ndpoDtt, apKsrriIsYdlo.
EdLK6rpo,
peroluavuprrigouvaprfloetq355
19.IlpooiyyLo4
| | r l' I
arcrrnl l-+ +-...r- in.dnoL lR ^-
M orrri! rtv 'Kripnol eivorELlKolo !o ppoiP8d|o n rol] vo KrivL pup6rapo

ro L,r6?,oLno
on6Kd0s6oop6vo aprep607!6rrtvdi].ln),sDp{i,ro t 0aeivur ol,vi 0ogt6oo pETdlo rou 01
',
Dnololopoi eo EivorontLtrron{d sdnovor.fro vo mipoupe6vo un6t"ouo < I0
yLonopd6ry[o, npdrrvo ndpouuE n > (10' 3)/2. Kor eivc tpalpctrxd Kpitro.llori
arctanI = n i 4, 6ll.d6rtro nolu6vutoTaylorqg arctaneo toc srrrpervo DiToT,oYiooulc
ro n. rro Kqiri ro( njXrt.!s Kdrororervdoparoeitool03erat \roiutpdooutL oDrfqrLq
n,,_,,i,f
l<r,,1*,
1o olenxd purp6repc x 0oxpLd(ovraL rolli trKp6t3pat- To T;xvaapolLo rov uro7,oll-
otL6rou ,r ivarvo K$pdoourE ro arctanI ouvoprioetrou arcranILo lrxpbrspox oTo
npdp).n[o 6 ' rod,,rMoLrL;vovKord]].n),o rpdnoyLova Tivc rd,, r; o,o.
To noi!6vL,soTaylorrrtq ouvdprnorqt(.r) = log(x+ l) oro d = 0, tropouuEvo ro
'trproioliteKol[rspoav rlv idrou60o6o I aufliv?roro ro},udrvDpo
xpr]orponor{ooup
TaylorrLCarctan-Av Kol r1o),oKl.rlprdrrKri lopqli roti 1lo rlv / tspiaKErol
utro).oinou
eDKoiq.iva16116r{)10 vo rnv Kflpioolu.A116 rlv dl).l nlslpd, ndipvoLrle;vdv 4n1,6
nlnoa! Ee{Lvrldourrs rLErnv {iooorl
I (-r)1'
' ,- ,,
I r l,r
An' ol,Iiv trol]ll8611
lt.l' ^-
rog|| \r-Jo \ - r- lr' t tl-d.
i:-or )rI-,,,
l L o K d 0 sx > L A v . x> 0 , 1 6 1 0
I ' t " a ,< [ ' , " a , = { ,

t til--rt'-' n1l
Kora\, I < x < 0, Fnopoirrc vo 0poD!tra ,,aqp6q nro oivoErr E,(Tipr'tot (Ilp60rr1fo
ll). fi al]niv1! auvdpfltoTl, ro Dn6IoLropnopeivo7ivi 600f,xp6 er).ou!E
ov 8ruiaEoD-
-
rLcr opKsrd[eyd).o,un6rov 6po6n I < ,( < 1.
H ouprcplaopdrov unoioirrDvyLorLqarcmn{dr /(:r) = log(.r+ l), d}.dEn re).rioq
o-afl\l L I o L , r nr fr l \ r T " p i n r u o n . o . ,rKi or ., r, ,
I ?r0rlv,r(lrr,
R.i\'1.,r\>0j./rorq\/.
sivsrdtprtor6q,yLoii,6rov -r > I, roApdtloro x',/r, ?ivovrorfrld],o Ko0(ijq p?ai6vsr

eivarqvon6QDKrrt,
ro ,?r.Auni rt SuoKo),io Kflr3voq0ii1o1on].6q {or F6vooro 6rLor
o{ri{rioErcposioos sivo,dr).Eiq.
EivoLeiKol"ova Ppo{pE sr(Trtnio8lqnpoqrrv ovrieelrt
KorJ0ulotror 8eilvouvtu ro l]tr6trorno
nqpotivouvf.rd).u. fta vfl rdpoltLctLl0rdroLq
6r,, ov ro t ppioxrororo t0. xl ('i a.o tr. 0l {rv
sKriprort?ra rrtv arctan,noporrlponfo
r < 0 ) ,r d r E
lrr al \ 4 2 . \ - . f l v. \ - 1 .
l',*,,"-r .[,-",1=
li'i,
356 ('Arerpe;)araTou9ie;
rat (inuptg)oerpiq
Otoioq,ovr > 0,1616

}ra I oro[0,.r]ixoL,]'o
l+l<l+x<2x,dvx>1.
{ipa
(
f'
rt 1+l-
,1,.t ['
2\rl
Auri-cor eKrrtrioerqaixvol,v
6rL,av x > l, r6rEre ur6lolno?ivovrolpe?d).o 610!ro Ir
livIsr leTd),o.M dD,qI67u, yro l;r | > I , tc ro].urhvupa Taylorrov arctanror / ivor
dLpnora6oova?opdrcv Dnd,oyn& rcv arctanxKa!log(x+ l). Aur66! ivorKqL1600
qopp6, ]Loriorru6q ourrijvrov6uool]voprio6rDv lno porjvva ppsoivTroKdo.r,ov si\'sr
'rvtD6dq-rr06).01a.rp lxl< 1.
H :bro<0rdo-ooq cF,p0vi(Lrqrno 0calonKd Tpdno yLurrtoL\{iprrl6'l
"c
i(')={;"'i13
'Elorp
ri6nmortrdvL6fl f t)(0)= 0 ?la {dseuo,x6opr0p6-r. Aur6 orpoiveL6rLro
no),u6vluo
TaylorP,.o.tE/ ei\rdl
porrj- Jt0)! t\'nr ' t't0),'-

2, . J--.4',"- n
n:
M d).1,a i6tLo, o 6poqunol,oiro'rR,.0(x)Eivarndvroliooqp /(.{), dporo ro?,udJvuto
TaylorsivqrdtpTtoroyra rov uno?,oyro!6 rou f(x), eKr6qov x = 0. [poq ro 161,09,
eq
56oou|13rd,roLoqrinol yLdr! ol,!'!prqopd quriq qq ouvdprTtorq, noD6ivsrrLlo1600
ouvrapoKrci nEpLT paQrirov rproproir(irv
roDOoplifqroqrou Taylor.
H ).68ronoloyiEoD rtortonoliorlft r6oscrol)dq Qopae os$v6sotperLqexrql]ioErs
poq]Lsro un6lorno,rou 0apropo 06Kov0ie q oltooioroD Oeopitaroq
vorapqrtl]ior
To! Taylof.
EivdrqrrioLo 6xl1lr06pIpa TayloreivaLdvuots56vl6ovn6 l]no).o7rorr{6 pydl"io
(nopdtlv ioroy66rlanolulio.ou oro nponloipvonapdSorlta), o),?ddterrEioo! ontq,
vrrKdqooprtflK;q oDvdn0rEq.Tq trspLoo6rspsE sr' our6qeo rLqSorl!o en6l1voxeqd-
LaLo,o).).deq d6ooups8{i6io anodeiqsLq ,roD8eixvol]vtLEroronErp6nouEp'iopivd
Xprl6uonor!giro Os6plpoTaylor.To nprijronapddert[a8oxdvLpe?d].t!,ritroono
6ooDq napoKoloiortoov ntv dn66s(1,610(qdiaLo16,6rLo J' 0ivaLdpp!ro(.
oloPHruA
s O e sivordpprtroq.
Ano,\rEHEdpou!6fl, ?r0Kdo,,
ll i 1
e-c'-l*,, 1j, ' ';-R daouO R-(,_tl
6ll o e irov plr6E, aq ro[!, e = a,/r, 6noua KoLb orrKoioKiparol.

Aq unooaooulls
ALqidTouts,
> 6 KoroK6!ar]> 3.T6rs
9=r+r+l+...+1+r..
-=r:Tnl t -f_.. f - l _r : t ( - .
Dltnt'
'Olor
or 6poLo' o'rriv rrtv 6iio0rort,rrT6Eqn6 rov rlR". ivoroK6paroL (l opLorspri
risupd ivaroK;po1oq?rori, > b). Enordvog, l(ft o , | 4 npdnL
vo slvoLoxdporoq.
Alld
0 < R" . <( r_+il_) l. ,

19.Ilpootyyro1pt rd,uowpw4 ouvaprloeq 357
dpq
o c n t n" " <D-ll -| < 4l - < t .

npdruoa8ivaro rlo axiparoopr0jr6.
I
To 6ri,tcponopd8r'fto(voLan).d,qplo Er'ort ofl6&r6l ev6qanors}.dolrorognou ono-
&iXrIKoro kqfl.oro 15:Av
/ (o)= o,
/'(0) = 0,
r6rE / = 0. frq va ro qroSe{Eou!8,
naporlpoipcnpdlra6 rt /r" lndptrlra Kd0e
k
npo?p01rrd,
ln = (fr'= ( fl= f'= f.

Kln,
Alrd 6eiXver,6IrI6vo 61rlndpt(ouv6LeEor /'rr, ol.)d Kar6fl Drrip:(ouv ro no).i 4
6ueop0r,tdc:/, /'. - f , - f '. Aqonf (0)= /'(0) = 0, 6re6or /"'(0) ivar0. T6pa,1o
Oe6pqgoTaylorIoE ),r6r! yraxdot
l, .h4'| ^
fh)=J"#r, i, at.
Kdsouvriprrtq t (''rr(vorouvtrig(l|ori I / r'-1runriplt,dpayraxdo.xurfliptrevo(
dprolr6eM r;rorcg 60r
| /i"'r(r) | < MT n 0 < t< x, K{rryla Kdk n
(pnopoipEva [poo0iooDIErr] qpdol (|(o1rd niq. nD .,lffii urriplouvt6vo rdooepq
Sldqopsrrrd(
/t'r). Apa
t't"_,,,r,1 Mlxl,
Jtx\<M Jt . -.t (,tr)l
xd0e|?,kor o{poiro -r"]rl fnopivo yiver600 !rKp6odloulro!
Aaof our6ro1ljLTrq
ndpoulsro, apKardl1dl.o,aur66i1vr 6rr lt(x)|< yu Kdeo>0 oropdvoq,
f(x) = o.
TanpoFtritarq
olaorola0qrs0t Taylor
oEsgaplori10O{irpngo osen6irvo
xqd-
),orq,suv66ov1c1 orvdFs fllv npoodosroomlolopo6 rou fa6 dnoo,(6),rloe o' dvo
lrsld).oxotpdlr olroi lou l(Qotrcio!.
Av io on6),orno R."(x) Inopei va yivr 600 fr(p6
d).ouIE p r,!i.ori opr(rripe'yd).ou
n, r6te to t(r) llnop.i vd 'rroLoyrorriFe6ot oxpi-
Prro06).o!tr, lpilorFonol6woqro nolu6wFoPn"(-y). Ko06Eanarro[p6]'0ror !r]alJr6-
pI orpi8ero,rrpinrva trpoo0drorue 6].0Korneproo6rpouq 6pouq. Av ipdorg6tor0.r$-
vor vo npoo06oout dnrpouq 6pouq(rouldlrsrov eoptllKd!),1610u pnopoiooFvo
qvorisoul rtriogro ![6],ouro. Oq uniptov dnrpa a0poiopolor 1116 lopori(
358 ( 'Arcrp4) ard.ou\iti Kdr(dnapEq)
oeete
rosrl-(i=r-i - r<xst.
l ;
EiIoorE o1s66yirortor ?r' qrr16ro Prita. M6vo 6vs !n66ro,ropopdvsr- 6vaXouts
opioeroE r6pq Eivor6vo dffrpo deporopo. :m K9d),oLq 2t ro( 22 tttptiTowL or
onopcrrrForopro!0i.
I]POBAHMATA
l. Bpsirqrq rohrdtlruqTaylor(rou Boo|roinou(Irciror, KsLoro orlFeiorou unoter-
rfliou}l)7rqflq nopq{drodl]vqprioe(:
(t = e' . Poopoi 3,olo 0.
(ii) "f(r)
/ () ) = c'1'. Pololjr, oro 0
ln" srn, pou[ourn. olo
J
(i!) cos.po0loi2r. oro z.
(v) crp,pooloLr r, olo l.
(vi) lo8.pqopoi,. oro 2.
(!;i) /(x ) = fj I rr + r. Paolou4. oro 0.
(viii)'/(r) = r: + :{' + n, 0q0!oi4, olo l.
I
(ir) = . . po0poi2, + l, oro 0.
"f(x) -
G) ,f(x) = I . . Po0fo,lr,. oro 0.
2. fpd\ylEro Koodva sn6 ro ,roirrdrlulla

oq npo(-r nouoKoiouooiv.oSrotu6\,qroro!
(r - -l) (upxeivq lrolo/ioErs ro nolu6vulo Taylororo 3. ro! i6tor.r(la0!oi ge to
oPTLKo noir6\'!!o. fr0riJ
(i) r: - a.r- e.
(ii) x' l2.Y' + 44.{:+ 2x+ l.
(ni) x'.
0v) ax' + br + c.
3, fLa Ko0dvdv sndrouqopretoii rou qxo).oD0orjv, Tprivrs6vod0porold(IprloLlorord)
vruqt ouIpotrLo!6) ror,vs rov npoo7Ti(L !s rt (lroipvrlKd0Qopdq|(pipsra. fro
vc E/,alrororo|rio0lrolJ;dl pl oro!,cunoio]roto[g.outBou],sl]IsiIo ro!( nivaKsqro!
2r?Kurrou rl oqv ,t6pvn o).i6a!
(i) sinl,sqdipq< l0 r-.
(ii) sin2.oqditro< l0- r.
(iii) sin r . o$ri).ro< l0 r.
(iv) e. oi,dt.!s < I0-'.
(v) e-.oadilo < l0 '.
14. Aurdro trp6pitpo i|qr6loro ro npollo
! llvo.p6vono! ro oqdlporsno! o'rarro6-
vraLivar 1600lrkpd no! 6v0ivsr Suvor6vvo lprlollotroLi]ooivor nivoKe(.Ou
xpErqori vo o|(3e1eileii?o, Koroeteprx;qn6prrrdloEq iool npirsrva ouppoutreuti,
r qv un66fl{rt,olo KsQdloLo16,61rro .{'/nt l11lopi vo ?iver!rKpddv SraMEorFs
l8?dlo , ! ardi)oLho!,oraotLxri 6iv pu p60o6o 7rova ppioKoup ro Kord),),I).o
,.:.o rpotToU! o np6pi.lfqrirov3u!'oIdvoppotpoIsrrKdILKpd opoisfaro.KaL
!d).lorq.lnopoioops!a Ppoils ro jlrp6rpo , rou (rivLrlv Kriliorl rdu uro).oi
no! nouSiverro 06prtpdTaylor|rxp6p! an6rooqdlpa nou0di,o!0.A?,tdo alJI6
ro np6B).Ito,ro vo ppsilconorodrjtrott c,,ryxexpryito rioporolaeivurivcg npclgcrr
K6qopiatpoq(upKoivq Frop6i.le va onoSsiier 6fl ro doporopd ooq6ouLis0.
pt noluavuprcig
19.Ilpootyytorl oavaptfioel;359
nl
1 2 1
2 4 2
3 I 6
4 16 24
5 120
6 64 720
7 128 5,040
8 256 40,320
9 362,880
10 1,024 3,628,800
11 2,048 39,916,800
12 4,096 419,001,600
t3 8,t92 6,227,O20,800
l4 16,384 87,178,291,200
15 32,768 r,307,674,368,400
16 . 89,888,000
20,922,',7
17 13l,072 355,687,428,096,00O
18 6,402,373,705,728,000
t9 524,28a 121,645,100,408,832,000
20 |,048,576 ,176,640,000
2,432,902,008
(i) sinl, oqli).ro< l0iio).

(ii) e, oadlpo < l0 Lm.
(ni) sin10,oad),[a< l0 to.
(iv) eio.oqril,lc ( l0 ".
(v) arctan.r' 61PdtrPs 4 19 trot
5. (a) :ro np6p),lpo I l-38Seiqare6rr I sqiooonx' = cosxEreroxprp6e6Sol6ons

Xpnorpororiors ro noLu6vupo TaylorloDcos1rovo SEiEEr6rt or ?'iorqivqL
Kordnpoo6yyrorl i V2l3 , xor llpsirsapdYpo'lo]Loro oQd4ra
(b) Kdvrro i6Lo11orq ],rlorE'qs 2r1 = xsiu -f cos'x
lioo)crlq
6. (a) Ano6iqr, ro np6p)lpo l5-9,6rt
tprtorpoJtor6waq
n 1=l
arcatr -r arcnnT'
a t
ll
= afclana arctan '
4 239
(b) AEilr6rL n= 3.14159... (Kd0Ev6oqId0IIorLx6qed nperevo enaheior
ppr{d6srfl61KdVrl$ioroljt ir6voqrou,a'd ooxor6qautrisrlq doqolq &!
eit'ol\,aoaspiqro avovKUKs6va uro),o,ropd'v.Av lplorlorouioor xl 6'j-
rspr dKapoorl 'rou(a) ro np6ro5 6exa61l.dvrlaio rou r t]no)of(ovrot
Udpouq,
ll rol. ),in Soulrd.)
7. f1o Kdeeqprepd d, KorKdopil op\nn{6 oKdporor?, opi(ouJro rov (61ovuprK6
360 Kdt(dlt peg)oryEe
('Arerpeg)arol'oDqiEg
d(d- l)..i("-, + l), *,

(o) = (fi): r, .q
1.,"
""",ie.s.
Av o d 6svtwr qrdpcrot, (:) 5ev6lvouror60, ro 6t6i ovcTlloos6pvo
"*" "
, nlq /(x) = 0 + .r)'
rpdorlpoylo , > d, de{El6rr !o ,ro?'!6wFoTaylorpa0lro|J
.!t/\
olo 0 eivaLPdr) = z (:, rr , xur6fl orroppdecauchyrar LagraDgc
rouunololrcu
etvaror4iE:
Mope{Cauchyl
x,r(')=ry x6- tJ', +t)*-,

_ a(0- l)j:(d- ,) r0 + ,- (,?jI
=('+DIiJ' 6 + a-,(,1-*
j)',r.n.arcrc r] i q..[r,0].
ro"o[0,
Moppi lrgrangll
nl xd{r+r)*l
"(" l:(g-i
r^,1xj=
- (l + t)' " ',?rcrdrorot qro10,rlri oto[r,0].
L i J /'r
Ertr}lliorE yr'duto6( toDg6pougofto],,otfiooe(wr Fd ov 6iotol,o vq yivoDv,rcdr
avopdl,l,ovrfl 11oro np6pl,qpa 22-18.
t, YltooiroD$ 6n arKorb, olvoror oow6lord6rov flo?ll)oviFo! Taylor oio o Trorlq /
(org, o!'ridrotta.M &LLs.Li4ra, at= ftt)(a\li! ror 4= C'(a)/i!. Bpir,oDvaptli-
oer rov s, Kur 4, roDgouwl'drdg cj rov rcluovrtFov Taylor oto o 1la .tE elrlg
(i) f +c.
(ii) f' E.
(iiD /.
(iv) ,(') = J. /(r)d!.
(v) k(r) =jo ôdr.
TaylortrK t(x) : sin(f) Pafuof4, + 2 aro 0

9. (a) Aro6iltE drr ro no),udr$Fo
' - ' '(2,+l)!

3! 5l
Yn66e(t: av P lvarto mlD6vo|roTrylor qg sin Fdopori 2tr4 i oro 0, t6c
$tr.x:4r) + R(.x), 6noo li4 R(x/x*r= 0. Tr ,lo5 Mer cur6 rta ro
linX(-rVrt+'?:
(b) Bpirsfltv /0)(0) yroKdo*.
(c) fvrKli,ov /(r) = 8(x"),9petlEritv / Br(0)oavoDvriptrlsn
r(ovrapoydryov rqE
Amo0.
19.Ilpootptorlpt nd,vwvupwig
owaprrytry 367
10. Ano6ill6n, ov.{S 0, rii
-:" l . rx
lil
.r"d.<(r+
[" Dl
l l . Anodeiqre
6rr, av I < x< 0, 16r
r[''
.
o t ! r - n,l ( t ! r r ( n | )
(a) A6iEr 6rr, o\ ls'(xJl< Mlx t ' ya lt - a < 6, r6re lg(r) s(d)| <
M l x - a l ' . l ( n + t ) r l . ex a < 6 .
(b) Xplorpororior 'ro(a)#poqtro vo6iEsr 611, ovlims'(x)/(r- d)' = 0,16r
(x o)'-'= o'
liTc(x)i
(c) îqT86rr,qvs(r)= f(ttl P,.qr(x),16nE g) = /'(x) P, ).".t(x).
(d) A60rpro eroyoyrKrion661qrt
rou Osopriparos 1,rorpiEvo rpqolpororrloer
Iov K0v6v0rou l'H6pital.
A,lo6Eiqr
ro O6pnto I oq n6ploporo0 Osopriloroqrou Taylor,pEororoDirore
popQ]1D,ro).oinou
(Tori[IFo silol6n 0qIperoorivo Dno0dorE
lla nopdlo)tonopo-
ndvoor' 6,rr orq D,roedosqroDOopriporog1.)
14.tuuspdvoro ne [opadcCauchyror Lagrange
Touurro),oirou
0]16rlv o],ox).lpon{ri
!opqi, tplortorior6woqro IIp6Fl.l[a ]3-24.Oor),tp6oerro iSrorilnpo,6,10(ro1
aro np6p),tto 13.
(a) Ynodor6Tl! / eivoL6r'rld Slaaopiorrt610(0,-) Kqr6rr f(x\ < tut,tr(l
6],0ro x > 0, sv6 f"(x)l3 M lta 61.flro x > 0. Ano6ire 6rLyLo6l.oro
.x> 0 d1olFc
)h
I t\) <;M I
i
M . y L u6 ) . nr o r ,\ 0 .
(b) Asiqr6 yu 610rq x> 0 6Xoul1e

,a)l <2\/MM,.
If
(c) Av I / sivorSrnldbroqopiorprtoro (0,- ), Kar/" oivqrqpoypdvn xorr / (.r)
rpofffli(el ro 0 6ravx - e, r6ft 6'iiorqKorI /' (x ) rpodsyyi(erro 0 6rov
( d ) A v D r d p t r r o l i /mG ) K q , r o l i m / " G ) , r 6 r s l i m f " G ) = l i l | /'G)=0.

(tu7{pivar0pro IIp6P},!!q 11,31.)
1 6 . (a) Ano6i{r61l,qv rt /"(d) u]Iliprl,16r'
.- -" I(a' h\ lta ht 2l\o)

J tot- 11
b-
To 6plooro 60t1dKol.imrI 6rirpn
xordSchwarznopd?oyoqqe / oro d.
TaylofFoopoi2rsx= o + , (orte
Yrfierer: Xprlo$orolsiorsro no].u6vDpo
(b) 'EaI(D/(i) = rrrro r > 0. Kol / 'f10x < 0. îqr6n ro

f,
, _ /r0 + ,ll f(0 h\ 2lt0l
h1
u'ldprer,qv Korr /'(0) 6svurdprr.

(c) Aro6siqr06n, ov r / ;xer ivu ro'nK6ui7roro oro a, r6rs rl 8[repl xord
Scbwaarapdyo1oq rrq / oro d eivor < 0.
362 ('Atretp\) ard,ouqie;rn (irctpcq)oerptg
(d) or. sv, troplLtto l" tat. rc$

AnooLiqrc
l tat ht - ht )ht txr
, Ito fts
I ;'li'
17. XpnoltonorEior ro no),Dd)vugo TaylorP1."./,poEi!e ro un6lowo,yrovo oroasiEEre
pla ooeevi poperiroD Ooprisaroq2 roti Ilopqpriporoqoro kadl'a1o tl: Av
/" > 0,16n ypoarKinopdoroonrnq / ppioKeror ndvrorsndvoo]16qvEaorrolf-
q q( /, EXr6e 0116 ro art!ionoaiE.
* 18.tro np60hpo I 744 nqpouordoal8 p1o!d).),ovno).6nloq on65erIyts io 6t1/ = 0
nt /' / : 0 Kor /(0) = =
/'(0) 0. ^(i)orrla dll'rl or66LEL1ploLporoLdrwoq
ro o6prro rou Taylor.(Ar,16ro npdF],I!fliva1ornv npayporLK6rnro pro rpd'rrl
o\urparionprv6djor nt pd;(nF6trl /EvlKrinEpirroorloro np6pl"qpq19,Kor6131
oxor6 va osq rrsioer6fl to otd'plIo rou Taylof ivoL6va KoI6 ep7o]8iolto vo
rdrolorpo0l.itaro, nop' 6?'0nouo erirKdqrspulr6o3lera T8lvd-
ovflp!(Driqouu
oForoatropoivouv ,tloamrs],oporLXd.)
++19.OopoipFroouvdpfltorlf rou rKovonoli fll droqopu(riEicororl
/kr=!
!4-tt.
, rrir
'/ta {drorouqoprepoisd0, ..., a, 'EIoDpe p )'nropdpst( Krirors{

,. i6n qerdseL
6l6!xaq sirolo {sil0vo ioedl),c npoBlriforo ou,{KpL[d\ro,
nepuirrijoeE, ilo',t'
ppEr61eqflq ouvopniorq rou rKovoroto,lv qv /'= /, ,i .l! ,f" + = 0, ti tttv
"f
,f' / = 0.To rr;rvcoirooro np6plruq 1743rqe 6ivslrl Suvor6rllra va PpioKotif
yLo1610rEq
rol,IdE),rjors 0qrodros4, o),}.d6\,Ioq)'aelovoD.6q
eivotot F6vq )'io'q.
Xpsla(6paor 6vosrror6iapn pva6tK6tnraE,tiEro oroio eo lsq eeoELdotr aur6ro
np691.nfa. :ro rdloqeq ppirf tpl{dq(ovo}KoorlKd neprypaqrxtq)rqpoltpliocl( 11o
rrt ?svrKi).6oq.
(a) Anoieiqrerov Eiqriro 1t0 rrt\r/1' rr(oqoulqtDvriooti[ titl lo (d ,, civor0):
.,",,,2t'
t la',+ a" t) f"'
(b) tufrspdvorE6vovritro 7,oqv /r'+).

O r$noqoro (b) p6poE 6evnp6{t1rorvo tploLtonorloei !ni{r orc np60}.rtiro
yla va oognior6fl ivoEtsvr{6qriroq 71arnv /1"-'r ivolsKl6e06totoc.A116
rnv dtrtrnn),upd,6no!Etixvcrro [6poq(c),Aveivorno)'t]6i6Ko]'ovo Krivoule
rrinoLeqerrLprjoeq7n tod?eooqro'r /r"''(-{).
(c) 'EorrD N= max(I, a01,...,a | ). T6rE d, '+4, Lal <2M 0l)16olitoivr
7* t = | 1,,'yt,5no,tt,, <zn,.
A6iErdr1
,''-,=f 6;7'.6,*t; =a*.

KoL,nro 1vrxa,
rrr
f" ) lr.onn hl<)\'
(d) :uFnspdvorE0116ro p6poq(c) 6fl, yro xdos 8ooldvo ople!6 .r, urdplr 6vqq
0p1ep6qM rdroroq6ore
19.Ilpooiyyto4yeroAuavupLrtg
ouvaptfioeq363
/h-,,(x)| < M. 2iM+,./r0xdok.

(e) rdJpo6ri /(0) = /(0) = ... = ,f' '10)= 0 êilre 6rL
Ynoaore
tt 2 v lrl
r-". ". , .
rr -i, '1
2N\ '
<M
(,+ t+ l)l
Kor oDt'r8p'iv0l8 6fl / = 0.
(0 îqr' 6n, ov /, Kart sivorKoror 3io iioa_cntq 8roaop'Kirslioocrtq
, z,r
K a L/ , ! ( 0 )= / , u ( 0 ) y , q 0 < j < , t,16rEft= f).
M di],o 1,67ra, or lioLsrtq SroaoprKriq eiiooorq xooopiqovror 0116 flC(optl-
ra! oLiveri{Err (ILqrL!6q/!'(0) rLq0 < j < , - l). Aui6 ortpoivL
6rr lnopoiir
vo ppoiF dlr(.1! iioslq, ar,ftroponf' va ppoiFsdp{srr( iiosr! 6orE vo
divouvonoloSrinorc 6ool'6vo oivo).oopXlr(6vouvq{6v. A!, r1Eiooorl
piir or, ...,o,, rdls {d06ouvriprrlolt

6rEL, 8LoKEKpuneq ntq ropaiq
'f(x)=l::Le"+ + c"e''
i\'arlljon, Kur
' f ( o ) = c+ +c''
rr0l o'I oc
'i'''(0)=a"Lq* fa" c''

)rtv rpoT,ror'{orrro. Ka0',.r6rt, va r'tc o',ri( ,orr pnopoLlpc vo
ndpoufEonoroSrirore ' "op,prt:
oLivoloapr0pd)v or aprorEpd 6roid?ovroq Kar{tl}.t,,ora
., ol,).d50veo trpoonoorioolus vq sroaioupe our6vrov rs),uraioroxuprop6.
(EivoravaKo0cpdal,1'0p,K6anordl,6fo. no! lnopeil' ei{o}.ovo io E).E7lst
.rrqr1= 2 'i 3.)Aur';qoLnsparrtpioLq roxiouvoK6poKr ov KdroLsqon6flq pi(se
sivqrnolisnl6g, l(oe(iq{oLoTtv nLolsvLKriKardoruort noul18).srdlcoro KAd-
].0ro26).
**20. (a) Ynoo';roL,ls 6rr I / EivorlLa oL'vsrirouvdplrtonolo Ia, b) rr f\a) = f\b)
r(or6rLrra 6is id x olo (a, b) r't6sl,rprt
KflrdSchwarz nopd?(dloq ntq / oro :r
sivqr0 (Ilp6p),ruo16).AeiirE6 Tt / sivoLora0epi oro [d, b]. Yr66e1En:
'Eoro
6rL /(x) > /(a) yrq KdnoLo .r oro (d, 6). oEop8iocrn ouv{iprrlorl
=
s(.r) /(.r) (j! dxb x)
!s s(a) = s(b) = /(d). rLn opKoivroq!rKp6 > 0 0o iro',!16s(x) > s(a), KoL
arsr,I s eu 6z8r!67Loror oro (d, b). T6poZpTtor[onorsiors ro np6Finpo l6
(c)(l oeirepr{old schwarzrcpdyroloqroL,(x (l)(6 x) EivoranL6qrt ouvri-
ortq6sl.spt nupdloror).
(b) Av I / ei\,o1 oDvsxri(6u\r'iprr16rt pl rord Schwarz
oro [d, b] r 6E[rE ropdy{rto
0 os 6).uro ortpeia.oD(d, b), .6re I / ii,cl?pofF,xri.
*21.(a)'Eo1o
/(x) = rrsin l/irr?rox + 0.KaL/(0) = 0.Aeiqr 6 / = 0 t;Xp1q 2I
tdqr oro 0, ov Korr /"(0) 5vunipxa.
Aur6ro nopdSELlpa
eivflLKdnoqmo oiv6'ro,o].ld KoropKsrdnlo 6vrur0r6l0l(6,
016 ro nqpiidL?po
oro xipEvo,?tari lLo a+0 ufliptoL'vdar I /'(a) Kol rl
364 ( Anapeg)aroTou0lee
Kat(d.MrpedoeryiE
t"(d). Tlor,yrot(de
opreFd
o D,rdpXsr
6vo(dl,Io6oprfu6e
a(d)?tto@e
60r
- a"1x),
a1-!9 @- a1,
h f\x)= fta)+ 7'1sy1y-
= o.
onou,,r-&ql-
"'G ar
oDy(r.prp6vo, n(a) = f"(a) Tlo d r&0, Kor,r(0)= 0. Ilopaqp.lor6tr rl
oDvripqorlrrI roo opl(raUr'curdvrov rp6no6votvdrouvEl{q.
(b) Yno06roDls oovriprlq, dtor60-.8q (*) vc roXdlylo
6rr rl / Eival8taeoptorFrl
6l,a .a a F,r(d) = 0. Xpnouo,rorlotro np6plrlto 20lta vo &{ter 6rr
: = 6to 1! a.
"f-(d) 4(d) 0?ta
(c) T6pa, uroodors 6tl n (t) ro id lld 6ld ra d, xct 6fl rl m rivol oDvsliq.
Aro6iErE6fl 1to dlq ra a I tE teprl ncpdyoloq /"(a) udp1fl rur roor3mr1r
*KEOAAAIO O e EINAI YIIEPBATIKOI
'Hrov1600
aj{o},lrt o,r66e1rt
611o eivo(ipptros,roL,o aur6ro rpoaLprrK6 xQd}.oro
0o cmrnpriooursdvavmo 6ioKo).odelo, vs oiro8iEolpe 6rLo apre!6qe 6veivqroirl6q
dpprtroq,oild Kd'rLnohi,yErp6rspo. To n6q eo rropori,os6voqopL0f6qvo ivorox6fq
lsrp6rEpoq an6 dpplrog, ea qavEiav 6rcrLntirooupe liyo 6roqoprrKd rouqoprotoig.
'Evog
opr0F6g ,r ivordpprlloeov 6sv?ivsrorvo ypdvollE x = d/b ?1oonolouo6rinor
ordporouqa Karb. Is b + 0. To i6ro 0ivo1vo nEl{oviE611o .x 6svrKovo,loLsi Ka[rd
qio'Dorl
bx- a= 0
Kr6qav a 0, b = 0. Kdro o'i' qur6ro rpioro, ro ysyov6s
!' rol,qd Ko1b oK6poLoDr, = 6rL
o V2 0ivo1dpprtroq,6vlordqrvo civorrpopEpiara],Lo. Avriero,qoivsrar6rr o V2
!TdpioqKorapfpvr va Eivqrdpprroq- ov Koro V2 6veivqrlisr't lroq EEioootq
qx i q= t)'
a,1,1dtva' ), orlfltq liooolq

x' 2=0,
nouivoruvll6lpo! BogForj. vampdloul0rol,Ioiq
To Ilp6F].lga2-18fo( 60itveurdJ(
6pp!ro!q qpropoLlq
,{ rorJrKovofloroi! [s'lo?,i1epo!poofolj sElod'aelq
a " x ' + a " t x ' ' + . . .+ d o= 0 ,
ft louq a; oKfporougKoLd0+ 0 (ol)Iri r'tsuvoil'q ororiEiErlo tvdcl6utvo vd Eival6).0101
d,=0).'EvasopL0f6qnouLKovo'rorEiprav(a],yppLKri'Eqiooortol,roiroueiSoL,q,l'67
ol,Tr9prx6gopr0p6r,tqr rpoftrxdrg 6).oLor oprgfoi nol,i'tolpe ouvovrior oe td)po,opi(o-
vlqr ldoo liqorv q).]sBprx6vslLo66sov(o r xor o e 'ivoL or Fet .eq oqolp,ioL( o.tv
'Ol.0q
npLoprop6vllohporlKri sfrlpia fec). ,]1pi(cq,6r0i! 01
'$. rt,
sivolrpoaavdJq
u),yspprKoi
"4,
aproloi,KoraK6ro'Ilo ofvororouvauqotoi,
6noqo
vr+v2+v6
EivaL (o!'r.oL6vonpooroeri
o}.-rFpr(oi 6o!FEvo ro o'lo6siqoDlrs).YrEppoxoi ).dtovrol
ol opr0Uoi no! 6vfnoponvvo npoKivoDvorrd1t 5l06lxoaiosrilDortqolysFplK6vsEro6-
o8(rvro KsvrprK6 onoril,6r,o
ouroi rou Ksaa).oiou paf #r 6n o e ovrixsl6' ounivrrtv
ov6Itrlrt {arltopia apreldrv.
H or66sLqrl 6rr o e EivorDrep0or1K6q,PpioK8ror oua{iqora r}.aiolor0r\,8tvoro.rirov
'Etovroq
loq esoprlnKd 0a va
lnopo{o livsr KaLnprvor' ro ka{iloro 19. 6!LoqKdver
ql,flivrrtvon65s(t,0a pnopolts8rKoro],ontl.vo vo Korordoupe rouqoouroiqtoqoepra
K]dortnapon{ivoor' ouflivrov optdpLovorn rsx.rt .ov ov6rspov}a0troflK6v. Evd)
noD.dqoroo8iE8qylo ro ripplro 6v6Soplouo pooiEowolo6rol1ed6sqFdvo616rr1.eq
rov opropd,\r,I or66LLrt611ava!op10[6!oivoLunoppanK66 olvrlogn8pra1flral Kdnoro
puo'dsrLrrpritara.AK6!o Korol rpovololiqnoDorv6io\4orr0 rnv urp0o.1K6rrtro
'roue EivorEvrurooraK{i rip6oaorqrrpdrrror63E1n6T|oeeivorursp0onx6s,oa8.6-
366 ('Anapeg) rar(dttapeg)
ardtou9ieg oupiq
psvrtorov Hermite,rpovolotiftL on6 ro 1873.H on66Lqlnou0u Srijootlp E6(i),

eivqr
urioloro'iot rrlqopxrKriq,KaLoas0,rflrorov Hilberr.
nplv mxELpioouts rrv i6Lorrv an63LEl, 5voi rav dolnrn rSdovo oKLaypoqrioou'
pert o'rportyLKri,rt onoiopqoi(eroro0 lro r6to rou lplouonouitl(s o(6!d l(qr orrlv
qn66srEl-rroro 611o c ivqr{ipprllog.Alo jropo(rrlprolLKd
nt( ropdorootE
l
e = l.+1 1l ! + t + . . . + , + R "
rilov KoeopldlrKri
?rovu Ei(ol]$6fl o e sivordpplrogrAlT6rt Ur{i,o op10F6e
-' *l l * * * I
2l r!
fnopsivo lpoqioov;vo Kl"dtit!$ p/q w q < nt (ott6r8o rl (p,/q) ivo1aKdpoloq)0116 rnv
d],h n1,upd,0 < R, < 3i(, + l)l ('ipao,14 8EvivaraK6poroq). ADrdra 8io oroLrio
ijij(vouv6rr o e rropEivo rpooerrori oooiiinoreKoldon6ptroiq aprepo{q ov E> 0
rndplErplr{tc op1t6q1 pe lx r ( e' ro nprlp}.1iro, 6r{Dg.ivol6tl Il0ov6vvo tpEro-
orsi vomrpd\uoLrfs ;vavnol,DtL6?{i}.o ro povotaofli'jlloro r, rdoo!yd],oiooq600xol io
I i s. fro rov e Pldnouts6rt 6svoDppoivEr t(irl rirolo I rndp'X'tivt{.daps p/q ron an(X'l
ro no),[ 3i(, + l)l 0116rov e, ro! o,roio! o nopovoAooiiesivor ro rotri ,?] Av Seirs
rpooKrl{drrtvor66s1in6fl o e sivordpprt.oe,0o mrorsirrroq n U6vrlr6r6qrorou e rou
tprtartoroliort{ 6ivarauri. O ap1!6c e 6v Eivol o0 Kotridnspi,rrool povo6rK6q on
aurrivfltv{inovr .iaava!fli ooup6TsvrKd, 60()ralJrrpd npooqli(rol ivoqoproroq11116
pllo[c,,6ao ffLp6rcpoeEivqr(peprl(d oroLXiq rou ouvn,oporirv o uur6vrov LoIUpro!16
rapouo,d(ovrar oro np69iilio 3).H o1660(l qq L,rspPorr{6qroq roDe ori]pi(eroro
lla aDololo?rKri snaKraort o',riq rlq d;aq 6it, f6vo o e, oL?d raL {d' nEmpaoravoq
opr0t6;8Dvdusov e,e:,...,e",propsivo rpooflroreiraur6xpovo {ar oqolpcrlx{i Ko}ddrd
prro{q aprepoJq. trrvqn65Erqifoq l]oi0K1\,rioo'r! t.rt\r un68Eort6r, o e ir,olohe0pF
K6q,6tiu6ri
{*) a"e"+ . + a e + at= 0, qt+ A
?raKdnolouq ai, ....a,. fLfl va qrdooDu8
aKdparouq oovriaoort,60 opoll8 611duvd1ro
qKipqro'rq
i(drorot]q M M , ...,M, Kor KdnoLouq (llKpofqr opre[oiqi...,,,.r;rolouq(iiors
M'+e'
.M
. M.i e,
'= '
l\4
M-
'-"
M"+,,
To n6oolrKpd np6ner vo eivaLro r, 0o $ovi6ravaurdqor sKapdocrqovrlKarooro0oiv

ollv eiioool (*) rori L,roe6qqp.[o].Lon].oord(ovruqKord!d],rt!s M noipvoDts
= 0.
l,ixM+ a)M+ ...+ d"M"l+ td,+... + ,d,1
O npolroq6po_(noDppioKrrar rd6o o' olKil,rq Eivol oKiparoq,{o1 0o lLolaqoui18ro M
61016ors o 6poqvo sivoLoycyK05. Kapn-pndevrKdE oKdporoe.Oc KoroQ;pouU8 ricite lrq
PpoipEr ! 6 0 0 rLKpd,60r
1 . , a , + . . . ,+' . ., a2 " 1 < l
orrtvovriauonnouqrrdpE ro rioporopa
x, our6o o8rtyrioEL sv6qr! - prdevLxoiaKE-
puioDKol'v6qopLl]poi!s on6)"u!]flpri lrKp6repton6 li2 6evfnopciva eivqrpt66vl
20. O e eivatuneppam6g 367
Iov PoorKisrporrlfrKli,dla qurdqaivoworno),6),oyrKd

Kotopxlidus6q.To qqLosI-
piolo r(oFfdrrqq on66erlrleeo Eivoro rp6roq roD opiqowolro M 1(a110 . fro vo
8rdldoetqv ar66n(I, 0o ttp6rcrvd qapstlprxdrlpdyporoTrorl olvriprrlon1dppql
(ADri I ouv{iprnolopio?t(oro [p6B).r]!a18-25.)
erl}PlBr,r
I O e Eilm u'I[ppolrx6s-
dfl urli plov aKdpqloL

AnorEEHAqunodooDpe q,..., a" Fsq + 0, droror 6dls
( r ) s , e n +d ! , e i - { . . . } q = 0 .
Opi(ouF roueapl0loiEM, M, ...,M, r(or!r,...,6"oq tig.
M=lt t r-!I-.]}.q- t)l

!]ljl;
\P-
xe Ltx-r"t! ntlte-dx.
M.= e'I
\p- tt:
- '')lpe' .
. f' xP rl{r - l)...{,{
,0 _ l)l
!,
O ln-opLopdvoq rpoqro napdvop10p6q p ruplor{ivl;vav ,rp61oapr0F6*,lov oroio 0o
SraldlouFs'apl6rspa. nopd rnv oroyopurLKri rolE 6vn, Ie l,iyn 6oD),s1ri
dur66or rpsrq
EKQpdsere eo qovoiv no),i llto l.oy1x;q.
XuyKvrp{irvouJrs
rnv ,rpoooli saEnp61ooro M.
Av yivolv or nol),onicoloogoi oqv nopdomon
-,)1,
t(.r- l)...(x
rtripvol,lrdvqno).u6wpo
x"+...!nl
pe qKdporouq A! our6DVo0iornv p-6ivolTl,Tiverqr;vo oK6Io,rroro),rl-
ouvr),ordq.
rry+...i(r!),.
'Eror,
o M lnopivo rdprq ]ropai
v =- \
H L n
t ' lJ ,
L"p n'
6nouor C" eivaraxiporol,roL q = + (r\'. All,'
T
L x ' e - ' d x k=l .
., ({ ^ 0,-t+o)l
T6pa,Irqo = 0roipvou!tov6po
I t n , r'p l ! _ _ j _ : : = r ,n,rp
\9- |).
. O 6pq dpLoAt' opioil{6 qo nFipi$lo 2-17.tqv art&tr 0d rptdqroftoLiooqr. !B orouddu

"ipd'r*
l'lljr'tru rov np6ror uAopd'v,ov.or 6evnodanuior d dur6 ro ftolio: uv!.in iwr trFi,ro,;lp$Fdl to! 6rv
6rd1p.irovoxipq,od, xo 6,v 6rdrpeirov qftpo,or, rdr o! 6sv6LoLp.i
oft. rov oD.tq P,g),orpoqio 6i!o*o,
rdpdftolri!'tr'durdro o.'i'pt!d(io!.i!oLxq0oprd(x6ruqv!tr66sLq!dr! ovdtuditr$! a$pdiouoEnpdrolq
tropiilowrq6iwLlovd6rx.Od'(prtcLFoftoLridourdrdlrqio@lnipootlaio!npopl,ilooq217(d).6rovurdpXolv
dElpor 4610r - (nifu qr6 rov uvdrdErq w SKxpiwr d. noLddkpfriE dinrla lpdd(so quFi I rrpojopiq.
368 ('Anapeg) rar (dmpej oapiE
axd"ou9ieg
r6po p6vonpdrrolEp> r'rdr trur6(o 6poqeivor;voEoKdporoq

Ooeeopiool,ir noDtrv
o! o > 0. 16rc
Frp. Anortv d^^qn).Lpd.
SrorpciraL
(^-{ , I+0)l - -
" : - '(-p, -: - t-j l C"(, 0 txpla 2r...p.
pp. Apo o i6roqo Mivor,vogqrdparoqnol)1616u1pri1qrllp.
nouSLorpsiraL
Aq sqr{iooup
rriparov Mr. Eroupe
.. f' l r x l ) . { . r n ) l p e' .
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( p- l ) l
-
- | l - ^ " l l r l ) . . . r.^- or )xl p e" .
't t)l
\p
A!fli snop'i vo peroorrudflorioe rla dxapaortnoulordqerndpo,1016

re ro M, !e rnv
u= x- k,
du d^
Ta 6plarre ol.oKl.ripoorq oe 0 rcr o, xaL
c).),ri(ouv
( u + * ) Pr [ ( u +k - I ) . . . l J . . . ( s +r*)-] . e '
(p t)l
YrdpILprqno).iorlpovflKri6loqopdqvdlEooo' aurivril! ixrppoon{ar qv ovriorortrl
TrqroM.O6poqoqvaTKn],tnplatsLtovropd,ovroroqvk-aot.'Er61,tp-6rjvog
mplilel rov ,ropdlovroup.Aur6 ort|'oivcr611{o1ol6K},rpnI nopdoroorl
( u+ k ) P [ ( l J + l l)...(!+l r)]P
paddporouq
eivqr6varol,u6vDpo ouvrslorie,ro,otoiou rdgt6poei$.\ 9aeV6rouj"6\r-
6rovp. Tror,
I (P I a)r.
M' t n-l ,, ' "e "d,, 5 ,.
f \P t): -'o i- (r0- rJ:
ps a = l o oufliv qv
6nouoLD, sivqrqxipoLor.nopo tpisi6n rl deporonopj(iqer
nspinroot,flt9d6poqorod0pol6$o61o1pirorfsp.'Er6r,r.d8sMrivordvoqoKd
T6p0civ0rervsp6611
, M,+t,
-M L_l
Avr"(aeror6vrarornv (*) Kornol.].odoo1d(ovro6

rs M raipvou|1e
+ drM)
loaM + ...+ a,l ,l+[a,]+...+ c""1=
0.
Mo(ifs rrvoroirrlq 61Lp>,, oEoupqrdv,iooull 6rr rsrriErxorp> lqDl. Aur6ottqivL
{5fl{or o M xqro q &v Slorpoi\rmr p,
Jr dpoKalo doM fE p. Aqo{ KdM
6sv6rarpciror
Slfrpsira,llEp, inora16flo
qM+ dtM+ ...+ a"M"
,re 6rorpsirsrpp. Er6rK6lEpa
eivqrdvoEt4 dpl4flrd6 oidporoq.
fld vo rololioule olroovriqooll on6rrlv0Ei6ool(*)no|)lJno06oope,
KoLvoonodei
louf 611 o f sivorun0pponK6e,
oprei!6vo vo 8iqoup
6n o
u,,, - .,, - a,e,I
rnopsivo ivel 600 !1Kp6C
e;),oujrs,
f' 0mIoTi opx.rd uold),oup. ApxEi,npoqav6s,va
Eciqoute6 Kdolr tropei vr livn 6oo lrKpo od].out0.Aurd 3vXpsrd(srarrinora
20. O e elvdt ui.ppqnK6; 369
,roponrivo)ar6 pprKde
orl.iq Krrp1i6(?roto L,ft6l.ouro
rlf on66srlnq oDpl0eire 6r o ''
rivor xdnorceoroeep6q apL0[6e(r FaOUd( ri]( ,ro]oowFrxrig(iooortq(.) no'ru,ro0doo-
!). fra vo apXiooure,
dv I < k < ,, 16r
' l ( ,- l ) . . . t x . - r , ) l''dl ex ,
1 , , < e ,f ' l . r ' (p - l)1.
. .e"Jfo"-"- '-l-ldti". tl t'-'rl"l'''

>
'Eolo (ipq
A t rerorit nfli loD l(.x- l)...(r - r) l la r oro [0, a]. T6re
,,e,.nt- t" [" ,,
lt '4"
< e " . n p _A) F
@- tf J' "
_e",nPtA,
(p - l)!
.
< en. Ar _en@A)!
(p l)! (p l)!
Al)drar,KorAivar6raepd.'Aporo("A)Ii@-I)!llnopeivayivr600prrp6061o!tr
ov rdvo0l ro p opKrdUqdl,o. I
Aufll I o'rd&'61,6roE Karrl on66cqit6n o r eivordppqro(,oli(er (dnoroq,).ooo9d

oXd).la.Me rIv rp6rrllofld. ra cntXcrpiLolqQdivovltrr dpKrrd.rpolrrp' dvo"- 0v p.l
n dD,o,Iptolponoro6ps Karlii),rorao).orLlpdpqraon60 og 6. TrLrKd
o)"oK),rlp6poro,
6g0rg, ra ol.or).1p6!aropnopoivvo loQq-
droq ror,oi fqorlfqlrkoi;Iouv rqporrlprior,
vroroJvrkioq on6qv and6Erqnra l6vo oLoKlrlpdryaro nooeivorovoyroiq61tv ar6-
6e(rl sivqrqg top0ric
r 'dx,
I x'e
k, n qurd10ol,oK),rlp6lqro
yLdoKdpqro sivor5uvqr6vo owu(orootd0oivJrkl, oro!6ri-
norxlavEpgovi(ovrar.'ErorroM,Tronqpd6r1!o,0spnoporloslaplriqvoopror
"|'
S-(p-llo)!
", .a " lr- l\l
6110!Co avaror oll!re).ro16q loD no}.!ovipo!,
t(x- l)...(x- r)lP.

Av outii I l6sqvonruIeioDorTuorrKd,
noipvsrxovsiqllo (Tr,i10E
010118l(;)6l,
0,1660r-
nou pqsiEfir t6vo oro Trlov6g6
(I 6r o e EivorDrTEp0olrl(6!,
-. - ' , rI ! - l *2l:* u :
Auorul6q,ourriI (s'rorIErhEIqDur63sl6t ivqr6uoro),6rploltv Korov6lortar6 rIv
qptr!$l - ! 6?"ISofriqq qn66Erqlqrpdrrvo rpuqri,p6voKorp6volLqvq E_Eogavrorolv
),iyao6Fpo),o Aor{ I rordoloot 6Eveivorrcod},oupriproga rou ouTxc-
olox;.iprDorlel
Kpqrdvoo 0opipro! - or @rortrd,&4,aro6EiEEE eivorsulvd nro 66oro1qq,T6rre
<rpol{Dptt#v?.H orr66rqi faE 6n o n rivor dpprlloE,sivortrLuovd},o7nnpirKoorl.
'
Ih0ov6mro6v0u!6oasr noroyr ounivqv an66sr(q,x16(qft6ro 61lavoKolnllrt-
37O ( Arttpt;) ard,ou9iegrat (itretpq) oetpig
Kovxdnort( trolnr).o{sqouvoprriors.YrdpILlro nro npol,rpqp6q. oi?d nol,i nLo

{tloflpri6fl1oi}.}.r\ri rr( an63sr(I.no! ij'itvfl 6rr o n eivoL,npparrrd;,;va 8Soudvo
noui/61$7d1oL6roprK6, o),idKoLouoLuonx6. c!oroqdpov. Evaon6raKtaorKrinpoDIi-
laro ro! siirvrddv roh lafl Kri,virava!r6 rrl! KoraorElri(,fs,.ov6voKoL6ropri1l.sv6;
lrrpatr;voUrou onoiorirosppoiovvo ivdri6o r' EKeivo e\r6qKU{),or, ol(rilrq l. Ald
otrotreiqv Kqrooxuri Ev6qEL,etjypriptou rpritorot ! priKoqVr. rou lnop'i !u riveL,ov
'E).],rtvsqdcv
InopDivoKoraoxelqorsi avocueiypallorprifd priKouq Jr.OL lropoioor I
{ovdvarponovd onoqo\rooivtLd io a! eivorKsrooKudoLpo 6varfroro 6!0i-tpotrtro .trrp(,
().1doKdro{oLfE ro Fdouror fovr6pvtDv Fo0tpcrrK6vro np6Dintoiro! (i).!ro;oq ro
1882.EKivrtrt lpovrd o Lindemann on66'e 6rLo )r Ei\,o1
L,rEpForLK6i uaoJro rrrl{o(
onorolitrinor EL,e!7p{iurLo!lf,ifuioq, KorooKeDdoL[oU pKov6vaKol8'oprirt.i,tropsivo
Tpua'iucq ForicLo ror +,, -, : Kflr V, Karno!6voq sivarat1cBprK6q op10t6s,
dtol]ri6r,Luono8rLErt 6rLdvos!0i/poplo rpriFdfiKot)r ,r 6Evlnopiva KorooKrioor0i.
H on6381lrt d.lo r 0ivarL,ncp0unK6( unu,rsiivo o0Poor611006 paetparrx6!TvrhoEor
nousivarnoii npoxrDprtrrn6q ro vo o!(rflteoDv o ol)rd ro ts,0).io.[op 6iq ot)Id,I
dn6ij8r(l6vivaLnoiLinLo Sioxoh fln6ql,rivrrq unpD(flK6rnraq ro! e. oloroonKd,l
on66 it Io rov n 6ir,ori6ror' al]Iriv.rrorov e. Au16qo rlEDraioq rotLrpro!6_(oilorrpo
0o ouqodnLrlEsL. H on6SslErt drLo ., Eit'orumpponK6q qoivEroL vq Fooi(EraL 1600no,,i
ofl( L6loirspqrdrdrtre(rou e, drolesivqLo1s66voriorEUro roq !s xdnoLeq Usrorpor;!0o
\'o
Inopoi6e Zptortoro teei xdr Ira rov ,r oro KAr(D-Kdr(d,
Tl 8oul,Erd ;ZsLo e fr ro| r;
Il6pLd!'T3{010u6iro!
fIPOBTHMATA
l. (a) Anossilrs61r.a! o a > 0 i\,oro).7EPprK6q,r6re xar 1 Va eivurciTepprx6q
spL0p6q.
(b) Ano6siq1E6nov o {t ivaLa}.rpprK6qKoLo r ptr6E,r6rs o a + 1K(11ool sivar
srlEPpLKoi.
To F6por(b) Fnoptiorl! npqTlqrL(6iitro!s ndpsrnoii lrlo roXUprilopql: ro
d0pororo.ro l\,6p6vo {or ro nrtl,iKoui?Eppr{drv opr0fdrvsivoroiTsppLK6q
AL,r6ro Ssdopavo eivoLnoii dioKo).ova o]IodErxoEi s66.rnopol[s dlLorqvo
rErrdool,fE
!EprxiserlL{6smprnr6oEq:
2, Anoaeier 6n o 1[ + v5.o' o v-4t + v5l"i"o, oLTspprKoi, ou7xKpr!6-
Ppioxovln-c
vr! {rlt0ppLxfqr!rodronqrou !u 1rg rl(qvonorour (0a rpsroorirEiLod)oLq
aoL)
ll00toil).
t3. (a) 'Eoro o 6vdqqiTeppL(6ropLep6;no! 6sv EivaLptr6q. Ynoodroufs6rL o d
,xoronoLei llv noiurDvuLr(ri
Eiooort
'/1r)=4""+a" {''+ ia!=0'
KoL61rbEvlJn{tptEr noilovuurk,iouldpr'tol frKp6rspoupqeto{ p fluliv rTtv
Aciqm6T1/(p./q) + 0 yLsxd{]cptr6 opref6p./q.Yn66Erit:XproL,
Lbl6rrtru.
!onoLriorsro np6Pit!113-i(b).
(b) Trbpo6ciEr6rL I f(p/qJ > | iq" rfl K&Atp!r6 (1pr0!6p,/qre p > 0. Yn6&L
i!: fpd\urEro /(?,/q) o(Iv6\'aK].dopo!s nopovolooli q'.
'Eo1r,
G) M= sup{ /'(x) : lr o < ll. Xpror!'onorsiolsro oEdprtroMiorlc
TLFI;lrs vq onoSiers 6rr,(\ p,/siyaLivaqptr6q(pr0!6qr d p/s < l.
x6r! a p/q >llMs'.( ErEroL 6tl 7roc = |'iax(l,l/M ixa|4t'.la p/s'
> c/q' tw n(nEp\ra p/q .
*1. O;ro!r"
a = 0.I 10010000000000000000001000...,
20. O e ivaturcp\arrK6E 377
6no!rd I 'Fed|iEowororrlv, ! eaor.?roKd0s,. XplorFono,siars ro np6Fil !o 3?ra

vo ono6ri(0rs611oa sivqrt)np0o1u6q. (r,o{doc r,6iEr0 611o o 6viva1pi(o ILaq
siiooolq 000r'o'ir.)
Av Korro flp6p),tpo4 ovoadps, dvovf6vo r6tK6L,ropparrK6 upre!6,sivoLqovEp6
6rr InopiiKolq Ko\Eigva i.ora6i.l]dost
dr!rpouq di).ouq apropoig o noL,de! uq-
voroLoLivrv la - p/ql > c/q" ln oltolo8irorc c KoL n. Auioi tou eibotrqot opr0poi
!IEflihKov 'rp61q on6.o! Liouvill(1809-1882). KaL r ouo6rlra oro Ilp60hlo 3
ouxvdanoroleirur inao6.rtru rou Liouvill.
Kovdvoqqn6 rot)qu'repl]orr{otq opi0loLiq
rroL,KorooKeud(ovxu1 u' ou16vrov r p6no3svnapouoLd4L 6LdirpoEv6Lo$a pov,o).id
yLonoli Korp6or !rcpporl{oi opr0poirou Liouvjlleirov o' I6voLr"'tdoroi.AL,fi il
l(ardoraorlsrop),rielKE rrsro).u5pooflK6rp6ro on6rr 6o!?,Ld roDCario. (1845-
l9l8). noua6erqE, ,((rpieva reprlpd\uor o[rE;vav 6roqoperLK6 uneppqrrr6 aprep6,6rL
or ,''o tro./,,loi
dprFoi oivar DnEpForLKoi. To en6pvo 6io rpop).tlfota fdq u,odTou!
s.lg r8isg no! IoC enlrpanolv vo Koruvoorlp rdrorouq rollproron!. O 0oorK6q opr-
'Evu -
op6qrero! onoionpinLvu 6ou),6\,oup ivoro eEiqr oivo).oA ldysroropr0p'i
6rpoar ro oroLtiurorJ?ivElor!o 6rarat0oDv 6EILo aKoiotoia
To npoQov6q nopdAsr'/po{orlv rpo}!orLK6rIra,),i}o-noi.i.o Il]'oro\rL{6opldruno)

v6qoprtfiorrou ou\r6tousivorro N, ro o,jvo),orov auou(6vopreu6v'ivdL{po!cp6
6n ro ontoio r0J\r apre[drvivortriolsaprofiortro:
{ipflovatjorKriiv
2'4'6'8
'Iooq
oogrvrunoolriorK{irToqnEproo6rpo ro yTov6g6n 10Z, ro ouvoto 6lov riDv
oxpoiov(o0TlKoi, apvrrrroi, Kor0) ivorkL 0!16 opr0liouo, o),i{i Pidrovraq0o
0 , l , - 1 , 2 ,- 2 , 3 , - l , . . .
To sn6lEva8io rpoDlilLaronoD oKLq.rpqeoivlLq pqoLKdq rijr6rtrs!rov oprorioLtLtDv
ou\r6iov,orlv rpotIoflK6rIro ivaLpLsosrpdqn6nopsSsiyfaro tro!ItiIvo!v 6n (1)
'rflipxouvno),i nsproo6rcpo spLofriourooivoiu ar' 6oc 0o fnopouosKCVEi; ltr
oxqreiKor(2)6rr ndp' 6).tlol].d,ftplKri oDvoia8EveivaropLepiolpa.
+1 (a) Aeiqc 6n. av ro A KC1 ro B ivorupll]priorfo,r6re{val(ar io A u B = lr: x
a\rriknoro A ri -xal,rixL oro 8j. Yn66Erh:Xprsrponoreior0 ro i6,olduroofu
ro! 6oi1,E\fs
t1o ro Z.
(b) Aeiqr6rr 1()oilot"o r0rver,K6vplr6v op18{6vcivorop10!rlor}'o (ou16ivor
or' oii0Elo opKsrdsvrutrooLox6' rpit6ljrono1ior rrtv (ornKriD
0Eriq on6ds'an:
,.-') ,--)
11il r5
'
r/'t" . /t.
-l)
t ...
5
/ .," .,.t t t
(-r 2 r 5
Ai6r' 6Tl ro oivo).o 6iov rov (0utdjv(m, n) oKpair'rv ivoLopL0Ilouo ((t'r6

ofltv rpdETtEivqrro i&o [0 ro pipo_((b).)
(d) , t.o b c i ( -oct t t n
A \ r a A , . 4 . . a . . . . : v a o p 0 F i o L L ,oi 1
A U A rU / . - . . .
(xplotfonoEiol Eovdro idto rdxvootro6no; oro
ivoL otq op,0rrio1!ro.
pipoq(b).)
(e) AnoSciqts r ) oxspoiovEivutapreuiotFo.
6rrro oIvoIo6],ovrovrpLdiiov(1..'r,
'Arcrpq)
372 ( t<ar(dnerptq)
at<oTouAIeE oetpiE
(H 1pr{i6q(./, rr, r) tnopi vo nrprypoqeildoo v6q(iToug(1, m) rat v66

apr0!o6r.)
(0 Anodilrdfl ro d$vol.o61,ovrov r-d6ov (or, dr, -..d") 0ivoroproI{orpo.(Av
aterc xiivsr ro !poq (e), tropri. vq xdvel rr our6, ploqrorordlwqg
G) Aro6iqr61rroorivolo6r!ovrov p(d)vnoluowgrr6v o0voprrio8ov Pq0lotj,

ivqrqpL0liorlo. (To pdpoq(f) 6Eitvr6fl 10 oivolo 6).ovrr0vnol.DovupLr6v
ouvqpriosovPogo$,fropoipvo ro 6rordEolp ofrocKo),o!oic,KoLl(q0-
Ird or' ourd(te ouvoprioeq6tcrro no),$, pi(eq.)
(h) Tripolprtortororsisrro B;pI (d)Kor(g)?1o vo ordeiqerE6rrroo6voLo6).ov
rov ol.t0pprx6vapr0t6vEivoroprefiorto.
*6. Aao6 r{ioo no),}doivo}.oono6rKviowqr oproIioLla, rivor 6luowx6 vo orlfrdt-
oouur6rr ro o$vol,o6l,ov10)vrpqytarrK6vopr0l6vnouopioKovlorlrEraqd rou0 xar
rou I tEv ivoroprolriorlo.M d).}.ql.6110,6v'rrdplfl rp6floevo Kqlolpdvoll.
61,ougsuro6qrouerpqrpoflKo6 oprotoriE 06 pLqo(o).ouoiq
dr = 0.aia:,ar,q...
a; 0.ala,'1a,'1a,'...
dr = 0.drrorldrra!r,..
(orq 6qrdlplouonorcJpsrov ouppo),rsir6

p6cxo6rKd \,!qio). fro vo ro aro6iqo!-
6rr unripXEavogriloto( (qrdloyoq ror oe ndpoottov
|rEaur6, aE unooaooutr.
6eno6rr't
0.tia]41a,'...,
6nou4' = 5 av 4' + 5 ror 4' = 6 qv aar= 5. AiErdr( o!r6Eo opr0f6q66vpnopsi
vu ppiorerorotov xordLo'/o. prdvovroq iroL oEdloro.
Mnoporlp vc ouvo\yiooL,lrr
ra npo9l.itoro 5 KaL6 oe sli(: To sJvol,orov olyr-
pprrrivapropriveivoLcpLpriouo. Av ro oLivo).o rov unppqn(dlv qpr0t6vriroveni-
oTtEdprolioLlo, 16r10 66vo),o6],ov rov npayfdflx{ivapr0f6vo rirov n qur6
oprolriorto,qn6ro np6p).tto 5(a),(aL Enoudvorg ro oJvo),o.ovnpqlpatr*divapr0-
p6\,lrtui0 KorI eo irov apr0liolllo. AIld ou166ivor).deoq.Apa,to o6voLotuv
d,ypprK6vopr0F6vivoroprelio4ro xar ro oivoi.o 1lDvunpgqrrx6v aproll(iv6v
Eivqr({undptouv'rproo6tepor urcpponroicprouoion'6,tl o}.1gpr'(oi,). Ta 6 o
'rpop).rlporo'rouarodvoov,Erltoivnpordpon6ooonlovrlr6 sivorvq 6uKpivouls
rd oivo),qnouivoroprolioua otr' oud nou6vivor.
*7,'Esr{, / Jro tl-qivoloo durdprnonoro
[0, l]. Olfitosit (Ip6p],r u 8-8)drr ro
lim/ r.rI Korro lim /(,rr urdpxo,v ro, tq 6io.
(a) flo Kdoeo > 0 oJro8ei(re 6rt urriplouvnenepooEvor U6voog rpoqro nl.i8oq
qprotoia oro [0, i]rslim /(r) lim l(x) > e.YI66rEn:
YndpXouv,Fd].rolo.
ro nori [/{l)- /(0)].c riroLo,ap,0poi
(b) Ano6riei6rL10 orlvol.o1[0volgriov oro oJtoiorl / eivqroouvs:(riE, sivor
opreriouo. YJt66r6I: Av lin /(.x) - lim /(.x) > 0, r6te Eivor > l/r lrq
'-"
xdnorovquorKdapr0s6
A!16 10 ,tp6pl.Tlpo 6i". fl 6fl pLaln-q0ivouooouvdprlot eivcr ouropriro4
ouvexrlgsra nepLoodrpa ol[cio. M rlv [opoy{0yro1Jr6rnrc, I (qrdotqsrt
rivor noLi ,tro 6rjoko],ovo dvo).u0i, sivqr6!oq Korrlrd 0v61qedpoL,oa. Mro
lln qgivouoasuvdprlol Fnopivq lrtv eivct ncpurryiorpl o' dla oivol.o
orlpiovprl- oproliorlo, oD.dl(qrrl'i),rrslier 6fl or jrt-ooivouoq
ouvoprri
oer(
clvornapoyotisqrq oro nepros6rpo 6ruio fu g1o8laqoprrKi6wororlq
l;qIE (nproo6Epa,). tlrlv oluqopd[33] Itlq npocrv6pqq BLp].roypqQioq
20. O e eivatunop\q.rxde 373
6ivEroltra Ko|\,r1a,t668(n,ro0 lploll1onolEi1o A{lUa rou Avor6llowoq

H).ioutou Ilpopl,rlpotoE 8-20.fr'onrorjg JroD61ouv1r rjorro Ilp6plnpa l0
oro ndpdpqForouK0d,oioDl l,divoDUs lrldqopgolltrovL6elov nouovcri-
Eopeo aui6 io ,rpdBl.lFoorrlv ,ropflfo11ou6qra:ov rt t ivorr(upIi,16rn
/ ivornqpq?oyiorFlxr6gar' oordro olFeioola oaoio16elrdr1Erapdl,r-
7oq f-'ivor oouv:(tigo).)d I oDvdprlct /+'eivoLorqouoo,dpo fra Kuprri
suvriprlol ivdr olroldroq rlopa-rofourl rr6q 0116dvq oprofiorto o$vol.o
(a) To np6pltFo ll-66 d6erlc6rr. cv rd0eorlFioi!trronFioro'u(oi lelolou

1lo tla duyli ouvriprrlol /, r.jlE I / ivor olaoopri oovdpqon. Yno06o!
r{irpo6fl agarpoifE fltv un60q rrlc 6ov4er!c. Ano6i6ft 6fl I / dlr Fjvo
ivo aprotiorlo orivo),o flf6v. Yn66eqrl:Ilo Kdoe.xbraMqlp?ior,gopr0Fo66
a. Kar4ldlolouqdrotq < x< 4 rarroxvaEivoroIFEiopdflororryrollv f
oro(4,4). T6rEKdo ruri /(r)sivorn lfylorn rrrri rn( / os Kd'rorc6ldorrud
(d,, A). n6oa 16rou6roon1$aro Dndfiouv;
(b) Iipa ouFrEpdvorE to npdpl.tFall-06{a)o( n6pLopo.
(c) A,To6eiqrE ro onord).ssla rou npoF),riparoqll-66(b)I dgororpdno.
KEOAAAIO
2I AIEIPE> AKOAOYOIE:
l
H 6wo1oqq drerptlEaKol,ou0iaqival rdoo guolol,olllci orrl oil,l.Tl\ri rlq noo0o epllal-

vKovsieorov rrpaoI6 va sroe$yeraK6paKol vo rilv opioel.!0 d ypdQoD! qrlo
arrL{ir6
dmpl cxol"ouOic
ab ar, q, a!, o., -.,
6roD ol rpiq rd,EiqunoSrll,{ivouv6rl or dploFoi oi suvqi(ouv npoEro 6sEi (n' dnr-
pou. Aevivor6601010, 6t0rg,vo6o0siror Evaqouollpdgoprol6grnq qKo]'oueioq: ro
oTltrovftrdq|leio 6oovogopdllo oKol,oueioivo! 6r! fo KdoeQoorK6apr0ll6n, uflipX!
dvu6npolponx6gopr0f6Sd,- Al.ld oDrdeivaroKprp6gro ei6ogqE uwo.rorliaErou
nr.onororivor ouvapnioq.
AxoloD0iorpatUa11K6vopr0p6vivorpro oDvdpqot Fsre6io oproFoi rc ,Y.
An6r! oKoflriourofrouoplopof,Ira o{o},oueio ed'np'Ivo ouFpo}.i(ffal

I' 6va}rdvo
lpdpFo,oqnoile d, xor or oDyrKp1p6v6g flFEEriE pe
a(t),a(2\,a(",,...,
d]'l.d avri 'yl' ou!6, o156vrriwo Xpqorporouiior o 6ofpo].1op6E ! 6iKrq
a nq , d r ' - ,
r 3ea1(o;.ou6ia
olvi0oE oupFori(rorp dvooipFo]"ooavro {a,}. Ersr, [E {n}, (-1)3,
xor{l/r} ouppo},i(ovror
ol ofo}.ou0iq
a, B, mr T 'roDopi(o!,rorandTlg
B,= (-l)"
I
Mro oxo}'ouetu,6roq 6lEq or ouvdpnioclE,Fnopivo o161oori(!l0ita l), o)"}.'i rl

Tpoelxi napdsrqsn oDvrieoqeivor e]dllora onoKoi.unt1K{,
lrari ]10},6},iya ororlis yro
rI 60vdprloilIopdvesro tapri.
,riw I
21. ArupcAaroTot4kg 375
tlitra 2
Mnopoils vo trripoupprarro $Zploq ,ropdorootproqoKol.ouoioe, ovon1"6qronoori-
oougeraoqgeica,, a,. a3,...rdvo ss lro oeis(tlilo 2).Mlq rdroror(6vodeij(vanpo(
ro noi (ntyaivD,n aKo),or0io.H crol.ouOio{c" I rnrtlqivLoro rimrpo,,I qKotou0iq
{8" l(mrdtror rioo-Frpoq016ro I oro l, KoLn aKo}.ouoiq {?" j (ouyK},ivr
sro 0,. A]16
rE rpnq qpdocqFoo oErooloyrKri, itr],uraioivcrl poou<rl
Cworcrou oled(ercLpe
n6 oroiouoiq,Kur0ooplolsi aKprB6q (o oprol6qrsprlpdQerar oro tri0ipq3).
Mra oKo),ouoio{d,
i, ouyk}.ivraro ivorlirn a, = 1)ov.rroKd0E
1 (o oujrpo},1op6q s> 0
Dndptr6vdEAlorx6caprotdqN rdrorocdJorE, ]Ls Kd0e
euo1K6 ap18g6,1,
av|l>N,16lc,-11(e.
EKr66ar6 rov 6porou tptorponoriotxo' our6vrov opLoF6, )dt tr[prx66Aopeg 6rr rl

st(o).ouoio{d, I ,rlqord(fl to 1 ri ditr6prcro 1_Afu 6r pro oKo},ouoia{a, } 6Dyrtiv[l, ov
oqxt ivroro 1 ylq Kdnolo/ . kqr 6Tl ov 6Evou-Jx).ivt o,roxlivr.
flq vo 6siloupe6rr rl qro),o'roio{7,I out'(),ivrorc 0, dpxiva mpornpiooupro
oK6),oueo. Av c > 0. undpXsL d\ra_cAUorK6e apr0t66N rarorogriloreliN< 0_T61,ov
, > N dtourrc
tt
7 "= ; < t < e ,d P 0l r " - 0 < " .
To 6pro
t r 1 4 1 6t+ 1 6 = o
m0ov6raro0o iprvil.oyu(6,U6idan6),i-IrlsxGV! ojer arl,rig 6n 1 y6t I eivarrpoxrrrri
ro i6rc Ie rI V, yn p]d).orl), ol,).dlro lroenlorrKion66rhFopei Karvd ptv ivoL
fu va errprl"ot pero /iTT -

16 ;lploqronoroipe r4vool,.rFprkdrd1vaoto:
, / r + l - \ f " = (v6+ l \tX\,6T1+ \,6)

nCn + uG
376 ( 'Arcqeg)ard,ou9[eErar (dncrpeg)
oerpi;
I
yG+r+y,r
MropoiuE ax6po vo eftrlriooulrs rc 16 + t \G r9apl6(owo( 10 Oe6plto Mdoilg
Trlrielto q ouvdpllon /(x) = V.r oro 6rtiorlpc [n,, + l]. loipvoqrE
,/*r-pG
= (,,,,,
o.o +t)
ft,"",*-",
-1
2,Jn
Onolo8irorEon' olrderLE66oerttploerqprropeivo j(prlorlorroll0{
yLov' aro8iEoufs
ro napor{iv0)
6pro l },oftroppri(
on66sL(Iaqivror oe ouq,ocv oal.i o},}d lprlorgl
To 6p1o
3 n ' l 7 n 1- l l
"_;tn,_8n+61 4
npdlouvro n I eivcror mo olpovflxoi 6ruvro
qaiverarsniote).ofrr6, flori or 6porJroD
n ivorpIit o. Av ootrlosirsqv an66lqrtroo Oropriuorog 7,9,0o lawivol otaoo( ro
ra oosa rou pErolpdnr au iv rilv r6qo an6Sltr ov dmrpaooulgopropli'i ror
nopovofooni}ln'noipvou!
.,7,I
3nr+7n1+l
4rr- 8r + 63 , 8 6 3
Xpnortonor6vraq ouliv lrt! nopdorool,PpioroupEiKo),aro 6pro,roloirspadv j(prlor-
uororioou!ro aK6tr
ouoqororXla:
(or rs dio.rdrr
Av ro lima Korlm 6. r ndoXolv
lim(4, + 4) = lim a' + lim b .
l i n( o " 4 ) = l i n a ' ' [ n 4
Av, ,nn}.dov,lim 4 + 0. 16r4 * 0 l|a 6),0ru, Ia flol"orspa orj xdrroroN, |(ol
lin a,i b, = lim d,llim b,.
(Av 0o0t ollsvo eiuoolr.Lioqouorilpoi,rl 6lqrinool rIE rpintgnp6rqolq0d'np,r.vu

ivqr sx6!d mo no),6n),or1.'onog q 66oap,pel.rdprro dpro qE ol(ol.ouoiaq
Ic,j= lan/b,),6nor ot.a poi c, lnopi vo Utv opi(ovrsrxav lla UsprKd r< N. Aur6
6loe ij6vntpd(ror' ol.rioerc- 0a g:ropoioape vo opisoulsro c" dno( paqapCoL.fro
r;ro1o, - ]rori ro 6protro6oxo),oloioE 6rvo],ld(fl ov ol.).d6oqrs
fltv oxo),ou0ia
o' Cvav
nEropoogdto 0pre!6srusiov).
Av Kor1( nopo,rdvo eivorl!0),6lprioua,6v0o proripeotov x6ro vo to 8rcordrooope
oov0E6p!po 6ev0qnpdnr vo ou!,ovrriosrs
r(0lui 8DoKol.iaoro vo 10aro6iqrf6vor
oqq,?lo!i o oprol6EloD lim d, = ./ Eivarre?,ioqi6roEIe loD! ,rporllo6lrovolE
oplouo$q
rov opiov,r8loirpoplov l!l! /(r) = 1.
'Ampeq
21. ard,otfiieE 37?
H opo16fiFoovdFEoc o1ou6oproloogrov lim a, = l Karlim /(r) = l eivdrsrnvrpdy-

lrarrr6qIq nro srvi a,td lra arrl,i ovol,oyio ivarSuvor6va opiooD!ro '!p6ro I pdoyl
106eipo. Av / ivorI oDvdpllol noDI -rpagrrrlrlq naprioraon(Xtrila 4) onotliflr
\i1td 4
o116 rDe ypojluqi[itara roDsv(i)vouvro sr]peiqorrt ypaqrKri

ropdoroonrrlqaKo].ouoioq
ld"j, 6r),o6i
. f(x)= (d,-t- a,Xr - n)+ d", r< x<r, + l.
lim d, = 1av xor lr('voqv iim /(-r) = l.
AD i I nopqrriploq oqvd rivor no).i 1prio+n. frc napd&qro, og uro0dooule6rr

0<o<l.T6re
=o
IY'
flo vc 10cno8iqoDIe,
ropoqpoil 6rr
lita=Ee*'=n
Trarilogd< 0,{ipqro xlo8aoivaropvtrrK6,(aL
ftd}.o,l(ordor6}.urrlflpri,yroFETd}.o
x.
II0pa ]psiors6 ouoLaorLKd d1olpe
limo"=0av o <1.
fld d < 0 propof!v0 ?pd\youte

lima" = lim(_t)" la l'= 0.
H su}lnprqopd rnE ),otopr0lrxriEouvripqole 6itvrtrx6llo6rL uv a > I, r6rE ro a'

-rivEruroooEri,Tor Kq06{ io r, pF}.d}vEr.A0r6q o tglupro}dq roipvr oulvd fll
lyd),o
;.6" = _, a) l.
i ax6Faldppprlcic 6rr I {a"} tsiveroro -. fpdqoqreErioilgro6q1(6uvrrlv

Qopdq
lim _a" = 6
KorIdU66rr I {-d"}reivr oro --. Ilaparnpior,6pog,6Tlav d < -1, 16rro lim a'6ev
uflip1r,oir. KarI' oDrlivrlv upirspliwora.
llapd rrl o v6solnouKdvoFc FeFu l"yoorrl(wou,ivcrno olpowrx6vc roprorooge rr1
o'r7r].rdrlp pdq qv orx6voIrl( oxol.ouicg ocv orivoLootliov |Idvorotrlv uoio
(tlllto 3). Ydplr n d),l.rlpu olCfll ovdiroo
mo dplo oDvcpniosov xcr rd dpu cKo-
378 ( 'Arcrptq)aroAou9iqrar (intpq) oerpi;
).or:oLrirv
rou 6;1er
vc xdvert'aur4l, rrlv e1K6vo.
A'rri n 0160rlivorh.r6rponpoeqvriq,
oli.d rofu flo sv6loadpouoo,or' ouriqrou 6jaoDp
dvaqdp! ovri vq opioou!rq 6plo
o{o},o!0iv Fe q 0orleelororv opicrvouvaprioeov,lnopoi|]e vo svTrorpfvoup rrl
31a61xaoi0.
otrorHMrt'Eorofploouvdprlolopropvto6voqvorlr68rdorlporou np#;(er
rc c,
EKr6qiooqan' ro i6Loro c, f
=
iiT"r(x)1
Yroo,rolpe6n {a"l ivarg1ooKol,oloiar&old do.
(l) ltdoa, vo ppiorelaloro m6io oplopo[rn6 /,
\2) Kflqxd"+ c,
c) |r-qa' = c
T6ft yla qv qKoroueio
i/(a")] Lorir
Iryro;= t
yroKdeoxo],ouoio
Avlorp6aoE,ov our6eivflro),ri0ra {o,} nourKovororei
flq nopondvo
lim/G) = /.
ouv0riKeq,'r6r
AnoÊErYnodroutE nprlra 6r' lim t(.r) = r T6I yrq xdoe > 0 u,ldpr(Er
dva t > 0
, t r o r od o r r ./ r 0r d Lr .
a v 0 < l x - c l < d , 1 6 r 'l / ( x ) - l l < e .
Av 1 uxolou0io{a,l fuerlim a" = c, r6rE(Irrifq 3) undfiErquoLK6s N r&oLoq
opr0p6q
avr)N,r6re o,-cl{d.
A'16rov rpdro nol,6rauLotcro d. or16onpaivcrdfl
tf( r <8,
npdyla noDoroSerKvfsr6
=
\ryf(a') t'
ovnorp69ue,6n liT /(4,) = 1ylo rdeqrolouoia{o,l }llim o, = c. Av
Asuro06ooupe,
I
tviorue6rLlim/(x)=/,equnriprKdnoro>0r6roLo6orETLa{d0rt>0vaundpter
I
0< .r-c <6d,ld f(x)-t >c.

yroK{i0c, 0o I ripxL fvsqqprer6qr, riroLoqdrorr
Er3rK6r"pfl.
0< x"- c < o).xd f(x")- tl>E.
T6 port oKol.o'rio oll}K}.ivroro

i.{,1npoaav6( c o}.}.d,oaoi l/(x,) ll > e1a rri0en,
r flKo),ouoia{f(x,)} 6 ouTKIivEr oro /. Aur6avlladoK8r !r trlv ur60ol ripo,!pdm vtr
,oti1 6T1lim/(x) = 1.I
To O{i,plFoI fos,ropq nolld rapo8eiyttrro 6u}K),1voD6dJv

oKo},oD0r6v.
rro,ropd6sl?-
t'o, ol or.oloD6ise
[a,i Kol{4] rcu opi(ovtcrcr6 nE
d , = s i n l r 3 +. l
'Atretpe;
21. arolou9itE 379
,).+)i
n=.",(.,"('+(
npoqav(ijqou?K?,i!ouvoroDqsin(13)Kal co(sin(1)),avriorolxo. Eivor 6poq ort[uvflr6 vo
6roL,fEorrt drdeoripos ,.aLKdnoraKpLripra,6xL auro[ rou si6oU;,nou va ETlu6wor rr
oitKhorl qKo),ori0L6v. YrdprELivq otpavflK6 KpLrripronoL,sivor noii iKolov uro6F
XrEi,o).).dqnols),irrl 0dorl ?ro 6io ru {ii}.c onor5).6oparq.At]!6 ro xpLfliproSLorun(ivE-
roL re p{iol {dnor! 6wortq nou opioqKov r,rqouvoprrioeLq. rop6v(Dq Epopu6(ovroLKar
ons cxoLor0ies:sLocxololoio [a" ] ].6yru1oiqouooov a, - , > dn 1lo Kdes, , rri-q0ivou-
oo qv di+ > ar TLoKdocr, Kflr riro qpoy!6vl uv undp78rKdnoLoqopr0l6( M rdloloq
6ors d" < M yru Kde, nop6roror oproloi un{iprouv1la oKol,oLol'saoi!oL,6s(.lri-or,-
qoL'osq,KULKdro qpa]lavq.
oEopHrr Av I la" I EivollLl ' egivolon {or {ivo qpo}F6vt, 16reI ld, } ouyKlivcr (ro iSro
anora).8ofu1o/[rL ov n ld, l 0ivoLtl diio']6o {or {6r(Dqporu6r'l).
Ano^FilH To oLlvolo A nou qnoriirar or' 6ioDqrouqaprolouqa, Eivar.cEDnooiosoq,

dlo qpoytLiyo.{tpo ro A dIfl ivo ei.dlLoro rivo ApdTgca. IoTLrprt6gcore6rL lim a, = a
(:jtr'ifu 5). Ilpdtlofl. o! s > 0, undplr Kdnolo(a^ ro!'1{olororsi ri]v o - ar < .7Lorio
a ivol rd ririlloro rivo Apd?lLorou A. T6rs tlu ir > N dUoLrtE
4ira 5 a,2a{.dpcd-c,=d a\<e.
A u o o r o d L L r v r h6rr Ll i m o . = a I
H w60cor 611l {d,l siva' qpa./rdvr sivel ftFolo an(poirrtrrt oro oriprtrLo2: a! I {a,l
6c\,i\'ardvrD$palpdvl. r6re (sirs Eivor! {a"} }r -aeivoL,ooEirs6rr r ia"} ooa6q oro{}.i-
vn. ME ltv npdjll pond. iooq qavEi 611d8vEivaLxar 16l]0 6ioKol.o vo ncl m!si! ov fro
rri-qeivoriooaKolouois {d" I ivaLdvo apo?pdvr,Korno!;\,rD_( av I {d,l 6!r{iivr rl 6r,.
:ro 16pe!ol(E{pd}.qroeo EpeqvLo roiv liroLeqsxoloueiqI no).i AU01K6rp6iro, m16no(
0o boirt, ro spd'rlFo d! olrrLivoD! ri 6Xr 6e! eivflr Ko06),ourrprlt;\ro. I]poq ro nop6v,
npoonuoriol', dv06ir'. vu &irs ovr ol<6).ouq(trpoeov6qaiiousa) aKorouoiqEivoLri 6ev
ivardvo Apqytivl:
tl,tit.t,t,tt,t,....
Av xoLro Osriplpa 2 aQopdllfl noiri Eldr{i Kldort oKoiouLdrv. ivor 7lloIpriouo on
6.rLio('rgAoivIarapXrK{i,}rori pnopoipndvra vo uvrLrioorUson6tro ruloia qI.oloueio
la,l frovdl7,I o(oioueia ro! vo ivoLEirEpri-fliloDoa ri lri-Aoivouoo.f1d !q yivoupeno
o{pLBei!. opi(oL,l,. r,a oEo{olouoio rtq uxoloDeiaq {a"i vu ivol rrlo o{ol"oDeiollq
6]I()! (r1,r 6i\'lr1auolKoiaprofoi ft

rL<4<rr<....
T6reKdsq(oloueiqnspLfrr
lra L,nuKol,oul]ia
nouEivol!'ri-a0i\rouoo
ri fri-otiqolJoa.
YndpZ',ro Evd6r6pvovo 1o].oLropteEirE noii npoono0ri,vlosv orod8ilcrour6!'rov
LojtupLo!6.
av Kulrt un6ScrErt
ilqr noii orlvropr,ov osqipe6rn ooori r&fl KflruEi(cr!o
Kflra?pl1aoi
oov;vo iiura.
,{HMrr Kdor aKo}.oD0ia

{d,l npr6lcrfrfl unoKoi.ouoio
noD Eivul trl-Aoivoloo ri
p,i-tliiouoo.
AnorEi.H Ovoldor dvov Al]orK6opr0r{i , (olpEio Kopriqig, ritq oKol,ouoioq{a,l iN

a. < a" 7ra Kdom > ir (:/riffl 6).
380 Ka kifterptQoteie
( AnapEdaKolouqiEs
ro 2 kdL6clvdr onlr.io rcpuei!
trird 6
neplntuo4 l. H aKohueid ilet dEEtpdon$ia KoprpiC. I oulriv rnv '$pimoon, av
,r<rb<rr<...ivorlaotpioropuAiq,l6rsor,>4,.>d,,>...,ripol{a,livorrl
(Iroip\.rt (Ir1-oiqouoo)tJttoKol.ou0ia.
I.pina6q 2. H aKd,oueidfuet nErepa'pivoElieot 'nliav KopDaiE.t' oD iv tnv
rrpinroorl rrdipvoulsCvqnr g?ol6rposn6),0Ia ollrio xopu9riq. Agoi ro rr 33vsivar
olFsio KopDQriq, u,rdplElKdnolor, > rr ls d,, > d" . AQo6lonr 6[vivorotlio Kopusiq
(ivo1pe?ol{,rrpo or' ro |?r,dpaF"/ol[rspo or' d].ora 6il]rls(opu9{6)D,rdp1er K{itroro
rj > n, 161010 d)6raa> ah. lr)veli(ovraet' qur6v lov lpdlro raipvoul rn (nroillvrl
(lrt-a0ivoDoo) unqxolol.)oiq.l
Av l)no0d6oujrr 6 I aplrxri oxoi.ouoia{a,l sivorqpo?ldrT,oulldlou|'l6vantnlfov
'r6proroKao' o66v.
fiop|Irf,{(ro sEorH]r.aBolz^NorE!xsrf|ssrKde qpoldq oxolou0ia 61fl ou7{livouoo
!noKolouoio.
Xnpiqrp6oersq uroodosq,6v I,ropo6!vq npotopriooDFe npro06repo: ivorEi{olo
vc xctcorerrioouteorolouoieq nouvd dtouv no),16f,aK69o KaLdnstpeq,unaKo)'ouoie tto!
vo oulKl.ivouvo 8roqopelrl(o0f oprolo$q (p],6nEnpdplnpo 3).YtrdprettLo lorLri ur6-
8o! noulnopo0!vorpooodooup, Karloq 6ivrlro avaYKoiq xor LrovrioDveiKITrurl'l
silKhoq trrololoio(. Av xqr aur{ I 6u!riKn6vivqra,ropoittq Yldrn 6ou}.dtqe,
onl.ouoreinro),?,6s otto6sileq.Entn)'6ov, aurti n oovoiq rai(r pqorx6p6lo oE nro
npo:(opn#vatu0rluotll(ri,Koroi(rYl' aur6vKorp6voto l6to vo lilv ova06pouue.
Av tro qKol,ouoio oljtKlivr,on6c or 6porqe ppioxowarrehxd dlor xo\.tdotov i6ro
opr0l6,16rI 6ra9opd 6rioononvdirot dtol(Dv6povrpdtltvo ivortroli lrr.pri.flo va
oKprFo).oyo$p, ov lim d" = l yraxdnoro1,16t1laxdoe > 0u'I(ififl ivaNt6rolo6o1t
la" 1l < i2tLai;> N. T6poovn> Nxolr?> N, rdr6
,ir t=,
ovro6rttc, lc" - a. | ( r, rou 6evrPtdlrro 6pro1, tnopsivo lplor-
ADrrirlr).urqia
ponotl0ei'yturq dLodnoonfLaqsuv0iKne(ro xprlriproro! Cauchy) nouivolnpoqqvdq
ovqyKqio lto q oiyx),ronfrcEorolou8io4.
Mroaro),oD0ia {a") If141oxo}.oo0iaCauchyov tra (d0s > 0 D'rdpttr;voq

euoLK6e
qpr0l6E N rdroroe rdoem rcr n,
{i'or,-rro
ovrr,, > N,r6rc a"- a,l1e
TpdQsraL
(Auri I ouvoiKrl oDvi6o6 or! Iopqi.Lim-ld,- a, = 0).
'ArerpaE
21. ard.ou9leq 381
H oloped rol, Kprrqpiourou Cauchy6yKslrororo 6rr ivorlKovdvo pepor6arlfll

oifll.ior] Itoe aKo],ouioq.
Merdon6rlv rrpoKoropKlrKri
5outrEr{i
rou Kdvo!6,6v
dvoDv
ro roi.).dyLova to ono8iqoulle
our6.
[4 j oD?Ktrlvr
offlps[r^3 MLoaKo].ouoio av KqL]6vo ov silor qKo].ouoio
Cauchy.
AnoÊr=H'E1oute
ri6rtorodeiler6111 {a,j eivcLcro}.ouioCaucby ov ou$}.ivsr.H an6-
3e(r1roucvrLorp6rpou
roluprspoirspLdl&F6vo6vdFrKp6ritvospa:vo8siEoup 6 Kdes
o{o),oueioCauchy{d"l sivorqpayldq. Av rrdpoDp s = I srov oprot6 qg aKo},oD6ia(
ppioKor,Il
aaLrch). 6r| | ndplcr,(drororvTiroro;ors
la" - a,l 1 t yrLn, n) N.

Er6LK6'rp0,
0urdolrqivL611
la" - c"*, ( lllqKder?>N.
'Apo
I {d.: r, > Nl ilor $potdvl. oqoi ufliplouv!6vo nrcpooldvoun}.iooDqd}.Io a,,
0].6{).IprtTtoKo},oDeio
Eivorqpo?dvrt.
To ,r6proto.oD Aipforoq pdq EooqotiqL T6r61, l(dnoraDroKo).ouoiq
rrq {d,l
flouit qn65E(i rou oqrivsralo oog:ov irroDJroKo),ouoiq

M6vod\roorusio onoF6ve1,
fraq oKol.ouoio(
CauchyoulK?,iver,
r6rc rar 1 i6n 1 oxol.ou0ia
Caucbyou.rK).ivsl.
I
NPOB HMATA
l. Eiq),re6ore on6ro 6p1a'!ouqKo).oueoiv:
Koodva
(i) Iim-+. = I.
,+ 1
(iD lim---: = 0.
o-- n,+4
rur lrmv, + | - v, I I - 0. Yr6b-rtl:06 rp[nc rould;(rorov

va F,ropEilr
vq
onodLil.err
on limfn + I i n-= 0
tnr tim!: O.t,ro6"rir.nt ntn t1...

k: t s k < r. {o, crdr(drcpa.
ytok < n 2.
(v) limit = r,ava>0.
(vD limi,6= L
(vi0 iimirt+ , = l.
rv || m y'o" , l ytad, 0 > (,

D " : m a x ( oD
,. -, alnl ,
{ r x r l r m- - 0 . o ' r o ! o i n ) L i v a rr o r } . i 0 o q r d v ' r p t i ) l u vr o r 6 r d r p o i vT o , r . y n 6 _
6t(r: To ?syov6g6ir KdeenprirroqeivcL > 2 6ivrpra no).[ on].i Krirrort rou
roso.ILKp6rpirsr v0 iv0rro a(r).
Ip
I,
1xl l,ml= pa l
382 | Anup\t ard,ouqkgKattd\eecE)otete
2. Bpirm ql(6l.ou0o
dpra:
n ni \
tU nm -r-" - -
r j r r I ' J rl - v n r a v r f 0 .
(in) lim -
ti + r- rrr
"
r- 2r! + (_ |)rl
(i") rim!!ll&:!!1]
nn-hl
(v) lim-.
"_a,+b,
(vi) rim,c,.lcl < l.
... .. 2',1
3, (a) Tr lrlopofls vo tloite yra rrtv uxo),oooia{a,} qv ooTK),ivr xar av xder d,

eivqroKdporog;
(b) Bpir6i.eqtl6 o!7Klivo0oeq unorctoloieerI( axo),ouoiogt, - l, l, - l, t,
1, ... (YndpXoDv d'rflpq,av xar 6 o eivdr ro ,floav{i6pro aurdjvrov
uroro),oueL6v).
(c) Bpirdr,g g ouytr).ivoloq oroxoiouoiscritEdxoioloiqq1,2, 1,2, 3, l, 2,3,4,
l, 2, l, 4, 5, ... (undplouvrimrporo rlieoq 6pLqnouInopoiv vo dXouv aud( or
urqxol,ouoirE.)
(d) OsopoJteqv oxo)"ouoio
Ll2l2I t2 3 4 t
T f t,?,t,? t,t,T t't,-
fro noroiqoprofor\a undpX&qko).oueio nououyxl.iver
oro d;
4. (a) AroEstir6 , qv I1o uroxo],ouoio ULa(oKol.ouo(oqCauchydl1d,iver o' 6vq
{tpLo1,16rro i6rooulFoivrxdr Isrilvoplrni oro}.ouoiq
Cauchy.
(b) Aro60i6r86rr Kdourqr<ol.ou6io
ploqoulK],ivouoqq oxotouioq 6u1lr).i!r.
s. (a) Aro6cift6rL qv 0 < a< tf2,6te a< 1/n<2.
(b) Anodii 6Tln oKo,.ouoiq
\/2.{2\/2. i212J2, ...

ouyK),iv1.
(c) Bp8irero 6pl6qq. Yr65.(rl: Iopqrrlpsior6n cv tim= /, r6relimr,/2a,=,vfu,
arr6ro OD6pnIoI.
6, Eoro 0 < d, < b, ror opi(ouF
+,,= Ji,4, a,.,= 2

(a) Ano56i(rr611or or(ol,oloiq
Id,lKqr {4}ouyK),ivouv.
(b) A,ro6iqr
6TtKqroL6 o dXouv ro i6rodpro.
?. :ro [p60t nfq 2-16ri6oge6tr, onorc6rirore
prlt{ rpoodgrorlrnznrou 14 gropeivo
avnKaruorooriun6 prd Kd),pn npoodnro! (rr + 2r)/(rn + n). ELbrK6rpo,sxKr_
v6waq!eI, = r= l, noip!o![
,3 7
"t't'
21. Arerpecardou9kq 383
(a) Ano8ilrs6fl aurrir oKo),oD0io

6ivEraL qr6 trtv
ovobpoprKd
o'= 1. o"*'= 11 L'
(b) ArosiEr6rLlim d, = 14 luro livs, .r1vcnoKc.Loite\!svinD|tt oEoDvext

Kldops
/i,1
vz - |
2+f
Yir66'trl: oopsiorcqsrop'ordrq L'raKoiouoiq

ia,,], ia:,+,j.
(c) Aro60iir' 6rr,.rraSlo ruj(oioDq opLoloiqa KoL,,
aDoLKoSq
tTTb='+' ,
8.Avotv(,rpioflrnauvdprnor,r(x)=lim(limGosrl,rr)'r).('Exsravoaspoiro ,6q
qopaqo'-q!r6 ro 01pLio).
9. flo?,tr{i
vru,rrooroxri
orrlv6vl6pLduno?,o,i(ovror Etll(o).c
06rqir6pdon'our6vnourq
xqraoxrd(r,turi o'iordolr{riEivo,,ivo ri (dro oopoio}orojreraBat8opdvo. M
alrri! rrtv napuflipnorloov ur65s1in,uro).o/or ro ropaKdrio6pro.Gpor6oroir-
ort: o Kar{i}.oTo6rspr6xsr6va(Jroiponp6Daro,nou unoioTiEsrar p ororrsl(;)bErq
o! ,o?rotoiq).
(i) lim G +i,F+...+i,F.
(ii) lim G+ i,F+...+i,-r

( i i i rh g l
r+ +;
{ i v r ,r-i -m l-+-+...+-l
\r,' ( n+ l ) ' (2')'/
,.t n n n I
-"\r+l)' (,+2)' (n+n)
. ln , , \
llrl trmt +- + +- I.
o--\r:+ | nr+2r n,+nt
l0,OpraoovrolimV,r\arroLimo',no)oli(ov'a,,,cxprloqoLorlrior/'otIo!/nLp
qopdrlq ).oyopr0!rKiqKor.rq KorrKriEouvdprlors,oi)"do|JIriit npooil?,611 Id].-
Iov 8svcivorlKovo'roLnKri,yrqrioLoxpotq pi(E{dr 8uvdt'8re
livtrar vo oploro{v
sL,vdpi]ot.Mpr{6q0'16tle }vo6dq (o.o17n660E)anoSei
Kurtopiq rnv sl(eerLKri
icrqldrorovopi(Dv nprypdqowq, 6l{i ro poolxdpto}ioeivoravro6rnrcq ,roDnpo-
\i rro,v aro ro 6rovup.Kd rur o' yr.rpt,tivur
0",i,pt1po.
(i + l)"> 1 + r,'r.rfl, > 0,
Kar,yroro pdpoE
(e),rl
I + hr > | + nh+ 4!:) 1| >-4!) E, r,o 1,2 !J.

384 rar (itterpeg)oerpiE
('Arcrpe) aroAou1leE
(a) AnoSEiEls 6ir lima" = -, ov d > l,otrowoqa = I + r,6nouI > 0.

(b) AroStrie 6rLlima" = 0,av0 < d < I
(c) Aro8iqr 6tL[m fi= I cv a) l, odrovraq i6= I + I Korrcdvowag
Iu
rlort1,o.Ji
"*.it
(d) Anoleite 6rrlimdrt = l, ov0 < a < L
(e) Ano8itrs 6fl lim{,t = L
6r pLaal1/K).ivoDoa
11.(a) Ano8iqr dKotroueiq
eivorttdwoQpotudvt.
6ir lim a"= 0, Kqr6n rded"> 0. A,to6ilc6t1ro oivo)'orov
(b) Yno06rc'rI
d" 4er iva Fyroroalol.tio.
opr0p6v
12.(a) Ano6i(r
'jfl
tl
,,(log{aLl)-logr<-
(b) Av
.ttl
'
6iEr6n n aKo),oloio Kor6r Kdoa, > 0.
{d,} sivorQBtvoloo,
'Ap0 opr0I6q
!,riplel KdrroLoe
.u = n - l +...+ I - tocnl.
' z - * \ti,nft
Arx6Eoapr0F6q,1v0)6t6q oovapr0g6!rouEuler,dItl qno6erliq),qioQorpoe

6cvcivoL?voot6oirE {ov dv o y EivorpnT6g.
13. (a) Yro06ror+61rI / ivolo6louoooro l, -). Aiqrsdrr
t"
/(l) + ...+ /(r - l) <J, fQ.)dx<
f(2)+...+ fln).
(b) 16pa/ = los 66iqft61l
Alal.4ou|'l
n" , ,, .ln- ll"
\,j <-'
e'-t e"
'ErIEmr
6tl
h !!=L.
AurdToorord),oto6cixvcr<;rtrofnlcivat rcpiror ioo /c r/e, iretlvaworo
6n o L6?o(aur6v rov 6rio,Tooofli10)v eivsrxovtd oro llu fldlq r]. d!
}lnopofll6loq vo sulrlEpdvouN dfl lo r!ivor rcow'ioro ("./e)' I outrivnt!
dwolg Kdrtdho1a, aor6 6[v lolier. Oa oftrqpnoLi tra rdtqorl tot, rl!.
ax6poKarTrqouyr(Kpr$voDq unolo,roto (, ?rot( to rl 6vpropo'jpva to
urolo, ioolp EiKolo oir Fo rouq),oyopretrto6(rivoKEq.To ttraotl(6(xor
6$oKo].o) 0dlptpanoDlaq 6ivrrrq Kor(i),],tle(t],lpoqopi8e0q ppsioto
IIp6Pl,qgc2G19.
r{. (a) Ai6rr6fl I eonroFr1 euoEioo1I tpaglKi napdorootrnq f oro (4, t(.!))
riFvtt rov op'(6wrodqovaolo {x,,0).6nou
* '= & l @
f'('")
'Arctpog
21. aroTov9ieg 385
Aur6ro onllioroIriE,Uopi vc oroploeiocr lov8prKinpoodnrq mu

orlFiou6nout ypa9rnirapdoraonq( / rduvr
rovopr(6v[od(ova.Avrd]po
lerrvrlootpcpeto,lKareravo)dporFrq6rq6LKooio?lovondpoLfro,rr. KdL
Kot6,xv,I lpiorl rou.xrvo rdpoutro xj rlr-, jtoDlepLocxoLo!0ic{x,j rou
opiqornoyotrl(d#oo rng
,'"' = ,'' - f ( x ' t

f'(r.)
To tlipq 7 urqrvioorordn rl {x,j a oulx}.iveroe kd,rorovoproF c pt
,f(c) = 0. Aurti I 6labrraois rsl,|ilar &0o5oEroa Newror 7rd rov uno),otrolri
Iroq pi(qgntq /. flo ur6troLno rou npopl,rjporoq
curoJ,0o0eFldlooupopr-
opdwgou\r0ixo6, Kdr{0or{i rrgonoieeil gCo8oq
rou NcwronEivorororieopq-
rrl(1i(ro :Irillolo 8 Kor9 88ij(vouv8io npLrr6orE 6nou6sveivo0.MsprKd
66o#votro nlv l(ljpr6qrq fnopi va ivorXpri6L[o.gldnKs$d].arcll,
Ilopdprlpa.
txtilto 7 tripd 8 tzit'o 9
(b) Y,rodroupE
6t1 /'> 0 Kordrr brql.d7oute
xoiror 6o1e/(x0) > 0. Aeiqr6fl
&>4>x,>.>c.
'Eolo
G) 4 = -xr- c. T6re,
/(xr)
.ili7_
"
"t
trq rdnoroi oro (c,4). Aiqr6n
aF'-
" J@ f(x)
rIfi-7'&i
tqrnpdvar6fl
,.-=#R', trh)e,-tn
'flo Kdnorc oro (q xr, ro1lerd 6rr
4r
,.,u,-,=$ff,,,
386 ( 'Arcrpt;)aroTotqG; rat (drcLpt;)otLpiE
( d ) ' E o r o m = l n f / o r o [ a , r r ] K a , i o r o M = s u ! l , f " I o r o I c ,r j l . ^ . i t r 6 r r r
fi0oijoqNewtonivoLsmr\)titts\ ra, c < n/M.
G) [016reivflro dnoq]1oro x, L6rflvf(x)=rr-A;
A! rdpoLusA : 2 Kolr0= 1,4,noipfollls
-\ = 1,4
.{r: 1.4142857
x, = 1,4142136
x, = t,4142136,
noi 'ivar 13rtorpLpdq
pdrpr!o 706'{00rl(0\ir qioI :t!r,dor 6 oapr0r6qro\r
ooorriv &xoburdjv\utqi(,rvro!).drLorov6r:r],coro(6rav xdos qopd. AL,r6,
oL,olon{d. 8i!dLEaoefiLo!d!'oon6rlv avro6rtra(*) o\a\ Wn < t.
15. XptoLrLotroLeior
rl !600;0 Ncvton71avfl unoLo?io.rE
npoosT?ron{d
rLr piqrqrr,jv
nro l(0r(d o!!dpltoeo\,:
(r) =
"r(r) tan.r cosx xovld oro 0.
(it /(t = m.Y rr Kovtdoro 0.
liii) /(i()=x'+r-I o r o[ 0 .l ]
(iv) /(jrt : ,. r./ + 1 oro [0. t].
*16. Aroijqiirs 6rLuv lim a, = l. 16r
, . ( a + . . . +x " )
YrdSsLtt:Au6 ro np6B).tpa!ordqsrno,,rirLrro np6B).1[s13-41(ouolaorlKdlivoL

!'a r3rKinopinl0ot).
17. Ynoe;rolrLc6n I / sivor ouvriq xor 6r + l) ,rG) = 0. AnolsiErc6rL
liT /G
=
liq /(x)i.r 0. Yn66ErErt:
&ir6 10rpottoLifsyonp6Bl,IBo
*18.YnoodroL,us
61ro,,> 0 ?r{,l(d0,KaL6n lima" ro,=l.ArodeiEr6rLlmVt=t.
Yno8ain:E6d,xperd(ovrur nflp6porosnrTsrplirro.o
rL'ouldnouSori).Eiou!
oro I]p6,
ptrtlo t6,Ioii !s ro yrov6q
6n [mfi = 1,t'o o ; 6.
19.(a) Ynoo;roulc6Tlia"l sivolfLo oL,tKl,ivouoo ororo!8iq otpi(ovro! [0, l]. Aro
beilIedrr ro lim o, BpioKrrorxLnur6oro [0, l].
(b) Bp0irclLrooL,7,.iivoL,oaaro).orioio
Ia, ]ottioiv loD(0, l) rfroLuri)orcro lim d"
vn lrv arlKn 610(0, l).
20. Ynoo,rorJr'6rLrt / eivflroL,v6riqKol6n ! oro).oL,oio
x, f(x), f( f(x)), ("t(/(x))),...
"i
6fl ro I 'i!ur (oro0sp6orrEio' q! f, 6l].o6ri/(l) = l.
o![Lirs, oro l. AnoSeiqrc
Yn66aitr Aio EL6rkiq
nprnrdroerq ;1otlvriSl epqauorsi.
21.(a) Ynol]drou[ednr] f rivqrouvsziq oro[0. l]{dr0< /(r)< l./,ord6sx oro[0.
ll. To Ilp6p1,r!( 7-l I 6ir!r 6rr ! /;xsr avaoro8ep6ousio (!e ntv opo).oyio
ro'r IlpoP).i!flroq20).Av I / nar drtoDoa,r6Ts]nopoulsva ElorD'rdooupE
rLlotroi,l nro Lorupinp6root:rrs xdeE.roro [0, l]. t qKo).oL,0io
.r, .f(r), "f(f(.{)), ...
aIL6pro(no! i\'orava?KaorLKd o1a0Ep6 oitfsio. ord io IIp6p?,Tua
20).Ano,
6riir0 uur6vlov roTDprot6, qErd(ovroc rrt olrunspLrpopd 11_c
oro).ouoicg7Lc
/(x) > r Kor/(r) < x. 1 {oLrd(ovro(ro :xiro 10.'Evo31{i/por}0at]roi ron
t/ita l0 Ei6orq1plortonorsio Li levoodoro Marhematician's Miscellanyy1ovs xdvEr
'Anapeg
21. aro),otA{eg387
Kripu1pourfp rov oXI[drov: (fla rov noflt fotio I p6vr]on66rElnouxpEr{i-

(srorsivo'[0ur6ro :lit'o],,.
r(b) Yro06roups611/ Kors ivar660 oDvErEiq ouvoprlioslq6r() [0. l], I 0<
/(.r) < I {o, 0 < s(x) < I Io xdo.{ oro [0, l], ot oroisq'Kdvonorouv rlv
/ o I = sol. Yno06roup, aK6!o,6rLr't/ Eivoraqou6o.êiqr6n r / KaLrl
I 6i(o!vivo Korv6oro0ep6orlfsio ! dllo ),6'110, Dndpxer6vaqopre!6qI
ldroloc 6ors /(1) = I = s(l). Yr66rhtr:cxlvoiorenr#yovraq6vuorq0p6
orlt|iornqg.
+**(c)Io,rri,r
ro olfndpootrdrou (b)t;poDqIo piqqv ur606rt 6T1I / sivtrlo'iloL'oo;
To 1dXto6!noro np6p?,Ipo20 ivorr],rKdnoli rro ZprioLtoan 6,rr SEiitvI, {qr
uepLKd on6ro nrc orlpovrrxri(0eopriporo oroocpo[or]Isiou,FooiqovroL oro vo ndpoupe
o{o}.ou0iq rrlq ropqiq & /(:r), /(/(r)),... Mlo r61Kri,ar}.d ovrrnpoo(Dnern{ri,ftpi-
'rroorl161()1()!
0eopitoloqnopouold(0rol aro npdp].rtpo23(7roro oroio loq trposrotltd-
ftr ro e'r6pevonp6phu0).
22. (a) Xplorporo,sior0ro [p6p],r1po2-5yLavo SeiqEr
6 ov c + l. r6rs
(b) Yfoerours611 c < L ArodsiEre

61
=
liT-c'+ + '" o
(c) Yno06roDpe 6 {x,}6ivorlra o(o}.oL,oio f' lx, r,r, Sc',6norc(l.Ano-
5ih6rr I lx"] sivora'(o).ouoioCauchy.
*23. Yno06ToD[e6n / Eivorpraouvdpqonoro xrdroLfl6ors
(-) < c .{ - _v, T1o{,i6ex {or y oro x, 6rou c< 1.(Mror6roro
"r(x) ,ftr).rrdr
ouvdprro! 1"f o!oro14.)
(a) A'rodEiqrE611 / 0iv0rdlveliq.
r1
(b) Anodeiqre 6rLrt / d;(0,ro roLrjdva6rae0p66rtfsio.
(c) EqId(ovr0e q\r dKo).o1,0ifl
.r,,r(.r),_i("f(x)I...,
'/la flaaio x oro [d, b] snoaiErs
6rr ! / 6iterrp,iyfarr dvooroep6ortf io.
(ADr6ro onor;),opq, o' 6voysvr(61spo ntoialo, 0ivo,1v0Jo.6
oovro dipta
rrtqouorol,rgt.
24. (a) Ano8ri_Ere 6rLov r/ EivorsroeopiorrtroL lf'l < l. r6xr1/ drcLro nol.i dvo
610sp6 otrsio.
(b) Anooeilre6rl ov tr'(.x) < c< I yLo6rq rq x, r6rs l/ l'Z!r6ro0rp6anrio.
(c) AdJole 6voropdsEL.i,Io?ra vo ssiEere6Ilrun6eor/'(x) < I 3s! sivolopK6-
Iri Io vq slooqo),iosrrTlvri,rapqrora0epoiottsio! qq/.
2s. AL,r6ro np6B),rFasiva1,Kori KdnoLov rp6ro, ro qvliorpoqoiou trpotToutrvotl.
'Eoro rq br= 4 bi,r =/(4). Ano8eihc6n, ov ro
6,,Flad{o}.ouoio rotiopiqerar0?16
b=lim b, uripler, Kor/'EivaLouvliqoro,, r6x' l/'(b) < L Yn6selqrt: Av
T on6ro b. {or ra 4
l/'(b) > 1,'6Te /'(x) | > I rru 6io ra i o dvo6t('ollfd Llpor
0d ppio{ov.olo aur6ro Drdorrtpa.Tro dp{srdpstdlo r. EEsTliorr6porrt!/ oro [6,
b"l.
y1flrord a > 0 ro oippo].o
26. AL,r6ro rp6p],IUo 81p8Uvd
d I r v 6 l p a . M e d l i o ] . 6 y r o ,o v o p i c o u u s b r = d , , " * L = d ' " , n 6 r c u d p l s t r o

'ArcrpeQ
388 ( Kqr(tinEryq)
aroTouelq oEtpi
(a) Aro8irs 6n, av undptl ro b, 16r d'= ,. (H Kqrdorqol ivor nop6lol0 ge

Keivrrrou npopl.iporo65.)
(b) X6l9ovof'ro ttpoq (a),ovDrrdptErlob, to a pnopivq ypoqsiorl popAriy,r
yLdKdnoLo /. ncprypdvrrrt lpoarK{ rapdoraol ntq gcv)= /ri Kqroupmpd-
vcte6n0(cSerr'.
(c) Y,ro06or 6tl I5d<er''.Ai6r6Tlr{4} sivoraiqoroaxor61lsniorlq 4<
e.Aur6 ono6Er\-v661 6 ro 6 urrdpla(Kaerirq
Kor6rl b < e).
H ov{i}.D6rtyro o < I sivaLl!166ioKo}.n.
(d) Xpitolponord'woq ro np6phpo 25,8EiErE 6fl, av unriplerto b, r6re e I S b S
e. Agi6T
dnrtud.L e '< d < eir'.
Ard r6po l(ororo qtE0a uno0drougs 6 e-'< o < L
(e) Asi6r6rl rlcuvdpqoil
-
logx
sivaLqivoooooro (0, l).
(0 'Eoro
b o !ovol1K66op1F6q yrarov onoioa'= 6. AeiEr6rr a <, < Lxpl-
orporol6woq10ir6poq (e),6iqrE6'rr,ov0 < .x< ,, r6:I.x < aor < b.Lusrepa-
.vqft 6rr ro 1= Limar+, undplerror 6rr ao1= /.
(s) Xprouono i'mo( ro pdpoE (),6giqr6n 1= ,.
(h) 6rLlim a,,-, = b, &o16srlim 4 = ,.
TEIoq,8iErE
27.'Eqr0rl.{,} plo qxo},ouoia

nouEivorapo,$q, t.arqqeEsour
y,= swlx",x,+r,x,+1,-j
{al A106.iLrr
orrrloKo}.oLoio
lJ,lo, y(trivLr.
To 6prolimy"oL,ppo},iftror
uc lim,r,
i hmsupx",Kor),61ror ro dvo 6prontEoKo].oloioq
{.r,}.
(b) Bpsirsro lim.{,,yro Kooprd
on6rLq:
1.
1 r i *; , = 1 r ) ,
r i i i.rr " = r r r " . l r + ! ]
(c) opiorro]!a x,(i lin in{x,) xcr a:ro6eilre

6rr
.l!!! x, rm x
(dJ d1,Tolim ,r,uropXcrav ror L6voav tim,r,- !O r, xqr On o uuriv

AtroaciElc
rqv nepinroonlim x, = lim x, = llm x,.
(e) Outrl60ilDlovop1otr6,
oro llp6phta 818,rou limATra dvaApoyldvooivolo
a A n o i f r i r r6 T r . o v o r o p r e ur o
, ri i v a L6 L u K . K p r t i vr d
o r, . l j t q r , - l , m a .
6nouA = lx,:, oro Nl.
'Anerpeq
21. aro)"otAi4 389
28. tlo nqpdprlpq roDKgo),oiou 8 opioapsllv oto#lopel olvdlsroorJvripqolEo'

dvo8Ldolllo.Avit/(x)ivor opro|dvrlldvoylq ptroiq.x,I dworaounie6axo).ou0si
vo iXrvdtpq: oa ldlle dlr t/ sivaLopoL6popao oDvtriqo' dvo6rdorl[o, ov yLo
Kd0er > 0 udplsr Kdnoror> 0,;ror {i}orE av l)1x Kory ivorpnroiopretoio oDr6
ro fdotrlta rd, l-r-yl <d,r6a V\x\-f(y)l<e.
(a) 'Esro .y rulqio (prlr6 ri dpprro) olrio rou 6rdo1'ilaroqKsr doro l.r,l fra
oro).ouoioar6p4?dorlliorou6ust1iporog,16torod)otLim-{,= x. AsiEle6fl
0ioi/(x,)l ouy\),i\cr
I aKo).o'
(b) Aro8eiEr 6rr rodprorlq aKol.ouiaq{f(.x,)l6vsioprdroL0'16rnvsnr},oyirnq
aro).o!6ioqIx"i.
Oastur(ivoule0o16.o 6progr/(,r),;ror {i'oren/ ivorfian6K1aon qq/ o'
610ro 8rdornfo.
(c) Anolsiir 6rLrl rdxrsorl/ ivorotor6lopqoouvrli(oro 6rdortpo.
29.'Eorod>0,Ka1yraplr6x,/(x)=a',6troqopiqeror!rovoDtilelo?,y8ppLK6tp6ro
Aur6ro rrp6p),rlpo 6i1vr or'ueid!61rrtl lropi vd ,rsftaoi oEtio 6uvX1i
/ o
oLrttI v cuoLiq.I o n pdpl.Ita 28rapdlErrov avarroio FllavroFo.
(a) &iEI 6Tld'< or'rro plr6.x < /.
(b) Xpto4ronod!,roq io np6phpo 10, Ei6rr 6fl 7Lo rdtu r>0 i'loufr
lc' I ( e nc plrorigx, cpxordKo\rrdoro 0.
(c) xpltoLporor6wogqv rcu,6rlto d' - a! = dv(d' I - l), ano6ei6re dtl ! /
_ ivcroforogopipo olvslrieoeKdOe r1.rot661dorllla.t lrlv iworo rounpopl.i-
Iaroc 28.
(d) AriEle6n rl n;x orlf qq/ oro npdpl,nrs28,ivora66o',oq'(qrrxavo,lori
Irt\ flx + y)=fly).
*30. To Oe6pIpoBol?"no-Weierstrass ouvioo)(6urund)vror, r<otqno6ELKv$sft1, t),iorg
6roqoperLKd on' 6,r o1orEitevo- I Kloouci Erorilroo! lplorponoriqv 6woLc
'Eva
1o!,oprqx6voilpi(0v. srlpiox ).dyroroprax6clpelo lou suv6lo! A a! tra
xiiocs >0uflip1er,vooilFio o oroA p lx- al1ea1,1,ax* a.
(a) Bpift 6la ro opra(dolusia ft,r! e6iqouv6lov.
tt I
(i) l-:,1 oro r{
ir I )
{i i ) l + : rxormoroNl
I I tl I
{ i i il){ r ) " L+r; l : r ' o r o x J
\iv) z.
(v) O.
(b) Ano6eier61110 x ivsroproK6ortlriorou A ov (or l6vo ov ]to Kdoe > 0
urdplouvdrErpoortlEioaror A,rou l|(ovomroivttv lx al< e.
(c) Ano6Eiqrs 6n to lin A ivario pelo),irpooprar6orlFio rou A, raLro .IE A
oivarro UrKp6rpo.
H ouvnoLotdqgoperirou OopritroroE Bolzatro-Weierstrassp{iqlier drr, a!
A sivor6vodnrpo o6vo),ospr0!6v,!ourpdlror o' dvod,Eror68rdornsu[a,
bl, r61Exdnoroor io rou [a, b] Eivoroprax6sr!io ro'r A. Aro6ierrro !e
6tiorp6rouq:
(d) Xprtouonor6wae rrl toperi ,roudj(ourrrlEnanobsiqaoro KipEvo. Y'66r(l:
Apoi ro A ivardmrpo,u,rdpj(ouv iroKsKprpdvoropLogoi,{,, x:, xr,...oro A .
(e) Xplorporor6vtq(to 0E6pruorov Krp{rnopdvov Aroorrudrov.Yr66e(t; Av
390 ! Aneeq)oKd.otqittK&(dn pq)oaptt
ro Ia, bl drotpo0io 8io 6ro6rifata. rou).dxro1ov dla rpCftL!q nEpLd1er

dmrpuortFsiorou .4.
*31. (a) X ptortonorsioreio Or6pitl10
tLqv qno6ei6rs
Bolrano-Weierstrass 6fl, ov I /
ivq'o'rvEX'iSoro I d, b], 16rrl f rilar dvo Qpoypvrl
o1o[d, b]. Yn66rlrl:Av
rl / 6rv sivorrivogpolrdvr, r6rc uflipzouv6tpio.x,oro [d, b] pe /(r,) > r.
(b) E, ot6. XptoLFonoreiorE {o OEd'pIUd Bolzano-Weie6tasstrq vq ono8i4r
dfl, ov rl / eivoroovXri(oro [d, b]. 161I / ivarotor6lop$asuvZiqo'
our6(p.dnsKedioro8, nopdpqFq).
+r32.(a) 'Eo1(l)
14l I oKoiouoio
ll2r21t7 t4t2
1t141155 T - 6 6-
Yroedot6110 < d< 65 l. Odroup N(r, a, 6) 10 n),{0otr(,)voKptrio)v
j < r, 7rarolqo,ro(ou6
ro a, avi{n orota,bl ('EIoL,N(2,T.+) = 2,xorN(a,
+.+) = 3),Ano6ili
6n
N(,, a, 6)
lim D ,.
(b) Mrqo'(o),o'reio
{a,luprSr6voro[0.l] ].d7rrqropor6popga
xctaveprlp{vq
oro [0,
'il
ov
IimN(r,4b)=D_d
7rc xrior a roL b Ie 0 S a< b< L Ano8ilr6rr, ov s ivotltlo xi.rloxoni

ouvdprnotopros6vrloro [0, l], ro, rl {a"l xarqva!rqrotor6lopqooro [0, l],
-
Ji ;::
(c) AnoSiEr6lr ov rt ld,leivoLotor6popaaKoro\,eftFd\T

oro [0, l] {or I / Eilor
o).oxirtpdorFloio [0, l], rdlc
't
l, 1=m!91J .) !t'"
**33. (a) 'Eoro
/ lro olvdprilsl oproprno1o[0, l] r;rora 6oTsro lim/(/) vu Dndplsr
rro \dL o oto [0. ll. fro l(d0cc \ 0 oroijci{rr orr Lfldptouv,rErepoo!6v0 To
trLiooEF6vooiria a olo t0, ll r llim f(y) t(d) | > . Y,r'j6e(l: Aeil1e
6ll ro otvoio ur,rrivrov olpcir,v 6dv'propei\'0 dILr dvooprq{6 oltcio.{.
dilvowardrr ro lim/(y)6v0o unrlpxe.
(b) Anodiqre 6Il, !E rnv opo).orio rou npop.iUoroq20,5,ro oivo),oruv st!iov
6iou n / civqrqsuvclriErivuruprfuiorto. ALrdoaovt(i.r oprorr(doro epdTr-
Forou Upopl,ilqroq6-16.Av I / 6tr!6vo nouor66E oorrvi1(6.
Idr I /
civorolwXiq o(16qar6 ivo aprolioruo oJvo).oolleiov, KoLsL6lKdrpo, il /
5svuopri vq ei!,qlftqworjoouvElrig.
KEOAAAIO ANEIPE:>EIPET
tro npol?oilEvoKrqdtroro
floo-rd-/oJr
flq dnrpq
aKolouoioq,
ll3rtv np60Eolvq lrslErri-
ooup10@opoiogor(i'rorrg
or+d:+41+-
o oUr6ro K9dlarc.Aur66poq6vivorxdll noutiv61orld,ioc dpso,7roriro depor-
ols qnipov10 rlri0o( opr0!6v 6v6;(rFlfl r(irpooprol0i.A!16 roD Fnopori,lr
va
opiooutcrivor !o -!cpr{d q0poiotqro'
s!6 ro dzflpo doporotaeo rp6,rsrioorqvo oprorcipe rrl ooriolaourrirvrov leprKrbv

oopoldfrirrDv.fra ro),riFof ruTL o Urtlovlotr6Syrova 8ropope6ooule aur6vrov oprop6
dlrri6rlavqnrL'Isiolo rporlloipvox0qdl,oro. frd vourrdplouv Kdrorq yLorov
s),rd8q
uno),o7rol6 rouorripo! oopoioparoq *
a, a, * a, f ..- ro lEpud opoio[oros, 0d rpn
vo roprordvouv6L0 lcol'moKovrLv6qrpooT1iorq l{ood}g ro r tivroL6}.0xolmo,r-rdlo.
Aurriqo clsuaiog rolrrptop66 roo6uvolcilr' Kdn rropanrivo an6dvovaKordordro oprop6
opiov:ro (irelpo {i0porofo'd, + ar + dr+ - npfnrvo ivorro lims".Auri rl npooE.r]l'
oI oqrlveravurqorrxd q6prororo doporotq, no),),6voxo),ou0rdtv, -rlqd uKolouoio
I
',(oi6ro1ovq prlvdttl 6pLo.fra nqpd6qla,I o|(o],oueiq
[i" ] FnopEi
t. l. I. 1,...
ll' a, = ( l)- 6iverrtv Karvoip|ooxo).ouio
s r= a r = 1 ,
.!=dr + a:=0'
8 = a + a 1 +a t = l ,
s,=a + ar+a,+ d{=0,
7rortv onoioro lin i, 6evu,(ipXLAv xaLuriiplouv KdnorqdlorwrenrKrdonqroo oprolori

.o, Oi'oupe ,c npop),iporq9 ror 23-ll), rord(arovo,r6eurro
ro 6 1rrprrtfq
oxo).ou0i6q "#lielte
dev 0odXouv oopoiopqra.
fr' aur6 rov ].610,dva6lrv(rd oro6xr6Eop1of66ro! o0poioloro6lroq orol.ouoioq
vo trsprd-l(,
0d'trptrs ouvror6oa,rdrcra opo).o'/io
oov ouoLcorrl(ri no! va aroKpivirrrq
oro),ou0iegr0rvonoiov10 oopoisyqropnoporj!vo oproroiv qd fl( irt6rrpo ruxsp;q
aro].0!|irg.
H ol.o}.ou6io
{a,) ).dyrar
oopoiorFtov rl oKo},ol]io
1r,} o! rr}.i!L6mr
r , = a r+ - . + 4 .
t' ourlivqv npinroor,ro lim s, o'rupo),iq1ar
,r
) a-ti. ).ryorcootrnrrd. ur d, I o. + ar I )
KoriiTErorro dopordrorTlqoKoLo',oia(
io,l.
392 | AE pe aKolouqiqKat(tiEErpECl
ottpig
H opo),o?io
rro! elxoLvr(ioog
o oDr6vrov op1op6, cvrrKoolo ror olviooq lle Lr,6re-
podKprpiq
{Apdorqo i6rogo rir}.o6oDro ro! Kqo},oiou
lvotrappdvo(0116 olJlrivTlv
tflorlJplvay].Lnooa.'EvodnerpodoooLsluZ
d, ouvrio@q
).dyc r drErptoeed.ottoL1
).6(I (orpdD
6ivrdtQoorto1nolaon rou urrdptrUsntv dffirpt orrci.ouoiq
Ia"]. A!{i va
idlrr drLn la,l eivo, aopoioru i 6X,.lirr 6t vrleoEdll q oapd ! a, o',F) ivcrri 6xr.
Arri rl opo).o7iqcivqrxqrd xdrorovrpdro t6L6ppue!I.1Loti
rJ;ttporo t o, *'r"
Koi${8prlnEpinloortouppoli(erivov apr0p6(ripc6vf,.opEivo (ou,x),iver,r,rv6 6v
oDlpo),i(flqnol.il('edroro qv rt {c,I 6eveivcrr0poio4rl.nop' d},qourii,auniI II Tl)mni
y).6oootivar sii(pilotil {or (aoupouavt, r(or eivsr ardesvovo o6rlyioEroE },ollrde
MprK;qororXed60E aprelrlflxde,rpdEK
[eraqnonipovssrp6vsivqrdjrs.qouvrclsq
rou opLolo6:Eivsr!u o,t?,idokqol va SEiErE
6rr. a! or {a,l Kar[6"] sivoloopoiorpeq,
^ +s ^
i ".""=".
[poE ro nop6voori( or ro6nlr66vri!fi r.dr ro16 ev6ro96poweg, yrori 6Ev6]{0olr
'Iopa&i7uo1oqepoioqr0)vqro).ouord'v(Kr6q0116ro rerpr]rdvo ,topo60iTpq srq onoio
or 6poreivorr),rxd6l,010). nporoi nopouordooDl llo a0poiotplal(o},ouoia,0o avqea,
poutl rdrorE:/cvr{t( ouvo{re;o0pororg6rrlroq.
Yn{ip1srpla ava?roiaKorLr(ovri ouveiiq a0porou6rlroenouF,ropo|jF vo qv ovoq6-
poujro$ooe. H ol(o),ou0io {o,} eivaraopoiorplcv xar grivoov 1 cxo),ouoio{s,l oulx),i
vEr,ro onoioougooiveL, orjtqovo p ro Osdrplta2l-3, dv Korf6vo av lim_s, - s" = 0.
fropri vq teft?Lortlsri p t porioeraqq oplLrlg cro),ouoiaEog
Aurrirt ouv8riKrt e(rlq:
ToKprrHpro
ror cûcEy H aKoloueia{d,Jeivaroepoiorglav xcr pr5vo
ov
lim a,+,+ +d'=0
Av ro1 ro rprtlipro io! Cauchy6110opnflKi oqio, l8v ivaLrol,i tpriouro ylq va

qnoeav0o6! 1lo qvaepororp6qra xdnouqouyKKpuivng o(oloDoioc.Mu antrri 6I('(
oDv;neroron xpuilpiou rou Cauchy,Iag nopfll tla drrlraio ouv0iKrl qopororl6rqrsq
nouivol'roi.rjollrowrcri lla va tnv qvaep0i.
Hlr\oH$rro\ vHlF\tltrol AvIlo,J rivoroepoiortllorc
I* "'=o'
AuriIouvoriq rponinl8lo,rd10KprfllprorouCarchyov ndpoDlsm =, + I ano6errrv6-
c,0r6LuqKa.a,r' cuosioq
dq eEiq.A! Iit i. /. rorc
L i m o , = l i m ( s , - i , , ) = l i m s , l i ms , I
AuorujadJe.
oufli I ou!iq andt.r nol6 ano ro vd eivor rKorn. flq nqpd8rlpo,lin
l/n=0, n1,1,6
rl oKolouoioll/r] 6vivaraopoiorlrl npdylqfl, rt ofaionoirtortrov
22.AneryE
o'tp4 399
{s"}6eveivorgpclprivq:
deixvsr6TlI aKol,oooid
dproll(ivl/r noDaxol,oDei,
'r2+3-4L * t + 1 +
| + I + I+I-!+...+f r ....
567E9 16
>i >i
I2d6!, (1dpo!
, 0 d6c,.
-**<>i) -ot-!>+)
H F60o6oS or66rqlerou 1pilorlr6nolrioopo' 0016ro ropd6Erypo-dva 64utvoK6Ino

ro! ea F,ropoioKaviqva jrrlv10 ol(s9rsinord- qovpd)vel
rlv avdyKrlllo Kriror(ttLo
turcnorlFivsqFe666ou( ftpoo6ryror1q cu/ovrtr:vnpoFl,qpdrov.Aur6Eor p60oEor 0o dvd-
rrulooiv sivrotq (ILoori owdq0a lraqd6ocrlrqv dI),1 cr66e(1 rou 6n 1.;=-'
| ltn6ev
owxlivEr) ol,ld ivar dnapaiqro va 6dnoupenpt6& Fpl(d ntrpu8iylcro otp6v rou
H no olpowrrri a't' ,jleg flg dnflpqoapdqi\,grI qo|rrpuci sErpd,
) r' t-r-r'+l+
lcti cv lrl > I 016portle orpdElov

M6voor ftpulrdrqq r < I eivorevSlqq6pouogq,
oro 0. ADrdgnq orpdE
rivoDv Froponfvo rrEIrproloile, ylali ra lreprxrio0poioFard
s , =l + r + " +/
lropoiv w rdpouv onloiolpn topqri. Or 6L'oro6q13c
s , =r + ' + l + - + /
rsz:r+r'+ +r'+/-l
o6rllodv61ilv
J'(l r)=l-r"'
i
l-r"l
-'
l- t
(n 6roipoyl[s 1-r emlp6tr&r'rldri6sv Eler{i(oDtqv npitlrc]oqr= I). T6po

'E:reror
lim r'= 0, aqon lrl ( l. rin
.l r- r-l
)- l = l i m = ' - =r: lrl <1.
r-@ l-I l-r
Er6rl(6Ipo,
-r=r,
IB)"=leJ'1=-r,
6rt106'i,
l,t,l,l , _ ...= I,
21816
6vo dn.rpo d0poropo 'Iou F,Topo6! ndwor vo 0ul6loo1s 0116qv E1K6va 610 tXillo l.
'AnErp\)
394 ( ard,ouqieE
Kat(dnee)oryig
ELbrKfg Ka06qivar,0110oprp1#q orpaqo,rorelofvr],oorKrirupq8iyfsro016 ro

onois0o sqdyoull8 o,roD8oioKprtliplad0poLor!6.rtruq.
rLo ).iro 0a slrdooursl'6vo oKo),ou0isq {d,j rs 610 ro d, > 0. T6ro6qoKolou0ir
l6]ovror }i-opvtflxiq. Av io,l ivarlio pi-qpvlrLKrioKolouoio,r61t il oxololjoio{r"l
rivoi rpoaovdqli-a0ivouoo.Auri q nopoflipTtoI. oouviiuqog6l ro O36p!lo 2l-2,ttoc
8ivfl dvaordoiororor6q1oeporoLp6qrus:
Tor(frrllfroroyoparMDNov {d,livaro0poiout avKoLp6voav

Mro Fli op!'nnxriar(ol.ouoio
ro o, volo rov Ispr(rr!oeporo!0lov .i!
5n 0r \pl10
/pivo
A116tL6vo rou,ourdro KprT]ipro 8Ev9onodL Karno),i- ro va oropooiooupe qv ro ouvo).o
6l,0rvrovs, ivorapflypdvoi 6tr, eivoroxprp6,cour6 nou6vipoor e6ot!o Kdvoljtr.
o
AlT6rrvd).h nlupd,ov 610t]ll orl6Ld0eoilos{,iroLddD.t oryx}.ivorooastpd}1o
riSn
vo outKpivoute, qur6ro Kprrlipropnopsivo [oe 6d'6s1 ivo oirori].solonoun euKo),iorou
Eivorrlioq 5loovd],oyilr,' rr't otrLooiorou (ivar yLo
n P'ioTl or36v 6l,a rq d),io
l go r{flrHPlo
oEopHilra THrxYrl(PrlHr)
Yno06o1
611
0<a,<b"IftKaqEn
_ror-,
. uv i .
| / 4 o' 7r(/rvc'. o ro'0rotrLrKrrYLorrtv\ "
+...+
+...+
0 < s,< r"?1ort{i0

r.
.:
A ) . ) . dn t i l c : v a . o p o ? u i v r .a o o i I ) b, orvK):v"1. Apo \o l { 5 " 1 c i v a rq p o } p 'v t l
, r o L ; ! o - . d t r o, o h o r . I p ' o . o ua p a / u i v o r. ' t ) c. o' TrIiva. I
Iloli orlvd ro Kprflipro rlq oi'/Kp1or]qIpnortonoriroL-i,rava ovoliooDIE no],Lin].oxsq

orrlv 6vn o8lpdq,orrq oroiq ro lsyoliftpo !6poq rtq nolun).or6qrqq ivor prl'ouor6-
6(. f10 rap{i6r7jra,Tl
2+si.'(r+l)
t 1"i n'
(r+ l)_J
n
' <2+sin -
z"+,r- t,'
L i v o I r o 6 r y { ) . i t o L , oroT L o p r r p r K rot"i p d . O ! , o i u qe. o , r l p i F d LK o r i q d r o q o l r p o

'ArerpeE
22. oerpiE 395
!s o!?xlivsr,'iaqrio r-oor6q 6poqrnq oelpdqornv rpd6rtroonrol! I /2" Ito rryd),o

r.
Oopior, 7raropdSeryto, rn orpd
f n+t
7 n -l
Aoyrl(drsprpfvoDp yroli ro (, + l)/(rl + l) ivarrpoKrlKd

6rr I oErpdtrDri onoK),ivl,
ioo ts l/, ILoJrydLa ,.
Aur(iro 66op6vu. unopofvvoslotooDva,r' aresiaeo116 ro 6n6fvo006pnla:noD eivardvo
ri)) ' ri6o,"ror.rpio' r'tqoi/(0,o.1,"
orapHv, r Av a-.4 \ 0,{orLmr" a-- c; o. rorr ro ! d. o, rK}.itcr av Ka,rdvoav ro
, r 0 6 r: . r l - o , o o I ' r o U 6 ! i r ) . \ c , . F n L , 6 i , m o , 4 c ., r d p x nr d r o r oN i r o Ll ; o r c
a,< 2cb",tl.ttn> N.
A).).dr a,rolo'oto 2. ) b orvor,ouor,y,(),rvcr. .s

Tdrc. ro Oldrprfo I SLiXvndTr1 a"
:, Z
o' }Kliv,. Ko,o,rd 6rvcrdtfrorofyK).rort
6trncrrlc6Lrpdq Z a,.IoroiadXctFo!onr.nr
pool'6vo' ieoq nurp6o0r{Dv 6p0Jv.
To cr riorpo,ponporim'r oliouc.oooi ilor l-crriior, dr. lim4 o, - | c - 0. I
Tokprrliproqeoi,KprotEpdqSiverKld,aolpovrlKriKprflipu6noutp!o+ono1o6
oLpdq noD;rooF6ri6t ftsnioer, oqv Karol.irq.Av 51o1,66our rr.tYoprpLKri orpri
Z {. \'r Kat Ltotiv oL'y{).,vo,o0

ocrpd.noipvo,
LL ro ,r.o6rpovnxo0n o)a ra
Kprrrtpla(r0poro1p6rlr|rE.
o[orHMA ror Aorot) Toro d, > 0 1laKdor, , r(orqqDlloe6oouls
] (roorrHpro 611
IJr, 1Z o o ' , , i . v , r ' , - L A n d I t v d ; ] . 1r i . op d .u \ r \ l . r o r l o r o p o , d . ; c v
rcrvovL.on doutZ o on"r] ivur.(IspsrqpcioTLCjn rovl6yoLivoro,

Yr'or,rd aroorKd
vo Ppofs ro lin a,,i d, KorE, ro lima,i a",rl)
Ano,\EEH
Yro0droufsnpdrro6rLr N.
396 ( 'Atrapeq) rat (intrytq) otrpiq
aroTou9icE
ad+ S Jax,
a*,< sa*, 5 slan,
an*,{ sra".
Arpori
n ) c,s' - a' ) sroulr).ivcr.to xprt{prorqc or,tKprotEEciXvcr
6r n
)".=I*'
sulK).ivrr.An6 ouT6d,rcTor
I oiTxlrol rqqonpdqI c".
H rpincrot r> I eivaroK6po'Ilo 6Ko),r.Av I < s < r, r6re Dnrip1El
ivoq opr0F6cN
o''
>rr'on>N,
nor:olpcivir 6n
ax+r> ons'> dn,l = 0, l, ...
6'!r or 6por qq {a,l 6v oD'rd,ivoDv
ADr6 aro6erKv$r oro 0, dpa I {a"l 6v 6ivo1
a0poioLpt.I
Lovor^ri caoppoyrlrourcprqpiourou^6you,osElerdooul'Ern
oe'pdi l/r:AvOtoourc
=
a" l. r:. roipvoujrc
I
o*, =('*D - ol - I
'" ! (r+l)! ,+ I
nl
EnoNvo(
h9r! = o,
Io oroioono6tlxvr,{r
6n n oflpd ) '
l/r: srryK}.ivcr.
Av dvriIr ournv,IlipouFs
rl orpd
Z /", r:. 6nour EivorKdnoro!

oroocpdE
0rTrK6q
opr0!6c.
r6rE
-(,
+ lI
liln :'=limL=0.
n1.
riparaLn ). - suyx).iver.ErrroL6n
lE;=0,
xd roDftrri6noro8rj(rsioroKsQdl.oro 16(n 0l!6516lrou silaus660rKi,poo(6-
tov orq i6lgr66eE p' qur6qroD1plorlonol{elKov sro Kpl1riproroD}.6you).
T6l.oq,av
0oplioorJll
fil sErpd
22. AttttpcE oerpiE 39?
ylori lim (, + l)i n = l. ADr66ipr 6rr, ov 0 < r< I, r6rE n t

rop6voE
lim rr' = 0.
(Au16ro anoli),6porTpoeav6q lolljer l.o16flv - I < r< 0.)Eivall1o (ali dsqq va

oro66i60r ril'oooDr6ro 6pro,topie vo :(prlolFonoios v8lopdooq ro xpldpro rou
1,6Tou.
Av l(arro KprnipLoroul6tou ircr rcpdorrqoroprnxri ontooio, oav rpayFanx6cpyo-
lio 6ivoLoulvd otololr8DrrK6. Tva usrov6Krnpq rou (prrrlpiourou 1,6youivarro
tTov6e611ro lim o"+r/d,pnopi vo plv Dnololi(ralsfxolo, i Kolva llv u?dp1Er.Mlo
n1ooo9opi o6uvopionoll elQovi(Eral16 sEop,rmlri o0tv6filra, Divor6r! ro 6pro0a
lulopofovo ivorioo Lr1. H rpinroorllim d,+,/d"= I ivoroKprF6q
ouT1t no'reivo!
ov d, = I / ,), o},}.d
n {a.} p'ropivo prlveivoro0poiorrt(ylanapd6sryFo,
arpoo6l6prorn:
propsrKcrva crvor.lo atcot,:g
c,rotcvo pa( u 6ci1cr,
Kprrrlpro n.X.,6r,tr L tftrt'
/lY
\,+ ti
lim_ = l.
rlV
\t
Aurd ro rprfliprogii( riapits! tto rel.ioq8roqoprrKi
pi0o6o11ovo aroqarv6polr yro
rI o$yKl,ronri ori6Kl,lot orreipovoerp{irv 6noEror ro rprrrlplo rou l6you, eivcr prc
ritsTlsDvErErarou xprrilpiouqqo$yxprolq,ol)d n orpdrou 6ro]#youpe yrsrn otlKpr-
ffl ivol1l.Eioenpomnrt.
of,oPHrfi1(to xPnHPIo
ToYolox^HPoM^rot)Yro06rouF6r! 1 / ivor orlri ror eeivouoa
oro 0. -), Kdr6n /{r) - d" yLor.d0l'. T6rc1 a" orix).lvrr cv roLuovoov !o 6pro
|
I'"'=*1,^'
urrdplsr.
anoalr:H H i,rupqnrou[m | / civaLroo66vottpc q oiyx].rol rn( orpde
J,f +Lf +J.f+-

Tdpa.doo[ I / EivarQ0ivoroaaxouuc(tlrilq 2)
/(,+l)<f f < ^n\

398 ('Aretpedarclou0iq rar(fuupaj oeryeE
4ip 2
To 'tp6roFro6a'Jri6rI 6rnhi6cvrodqrag6s{per6., q oe,pt o",, ynop"iuco,ryrp,-

i
e".y".rl*,pt i/" t, npdrprooanoocrKldsr
6nni ',., to* *, ni '"1-*,"'
'' i^
cvundplarro
lqgJ,/.
To 66tepo rro6 rt6 auo6rrra(6{per6n q l"oo"f *
".,pC i /""'f-
* t'*'
oD7|(prot
F6rt srrpdU r,,,rpd a noDdrro66rrwr6Il
ro linJr / rpdft.rvaundglerav
I I a, ou6liva. t
Oa 66ooDpeF6vo ivo nopd6sl ra QopttollieroD Kplrrlpiou roD o).od.rlp6pro(, to
onoto 61104
l.6vs!ro f,p69lqla q6 o!ilKi,l6l, lto dfiflpegro nl"riooEoetpegrcotripovc.
:1
Av p > 0, I out(Lrol rrt{ l/a, civsr roo6t'vqFq,alr(im rprdpro rou otoxtlpdrFaroq,
a
Filv 6,rdpqnroD
f-t
| - a|t
T6pa
t^LrrJ-i-,, #rL,'wp*1
Jt x'
{rge, a v p= r .
Aur( 6et1vaorrro tim/" llx'dtD:ltrpfirrv p> l, al,ld Er qvp < t. ap'r

! r1r,
oqrl,lv.l axprpd4&avp > L Edtr'tftpa,n l/, ono{ltvL
I
Ta xpnip4,rou p).nioqFeoq t6po,qopF6qovtar f6vo oElui-opvlt1k6E arolou0t6,
jrropo{t 6!oEvo EsrdoouF
Kalrrg Fi4Etrr66aKo}.oD0i% F tov {&o axpf6( rp6rc.
IlpaY|ralt|cd,
aqof
l"=-(:-")'
22. ArerpeEoerPiE399
peroaeprot
6, 61oup.mr ra rreFi-opvlrrr6qaro?.or:oieg oljtotdloc '.ot orrc Fri-otrr-
(or
nou riptdloDv oTrKoiq
xfq- or oKotroDoiq Kor opvrtrrKosq dpouesivoLfta dl).rl
roroErrrotgr\orqpvYllr(oL\
Av Z d" Eivdrlros'(olouoioror, reprdl(cL 6pou6,InopoiI.
o!riyr'or riv vocqctdooLF

tnv oKolouoiq
Z o,I. nouolot ot 6potutgcivorfi'qpvl-
nKoi.Av qvdjrslqo}'vorioolF rtv nreqv6lltovq dlouttsr1d6or6)'qrLqv6roqdpouoae

rrl.tpoqopisq yu qv gropoipc
apxrri oxo),ouoio, vo rpo oprlooupe r).6xowoqro a1r6-
pro xeivr,rv ro:vurolor,tiv noug cmriv r1v 6rudrruoidustorp6rowar oe ouTktrivouocc
i+
ov I 6ctpdZ
H ocrpd) a" Idlcrcronoliroq6ulxtivouoa a"lrivoro,YK),ivouoq.
(Mr.6t"roqrro rornrd,I ato).ouoia{41t6}ftor ord'6ro)qro0oia{q av I orolou0io

{ la,l} eivotcOpoiotln.
Av xor 6eviloupe ro 6troioFovo rprlivoDlonolld npdtFordan a!r6v rov oprop6,

sno8rkvioror r6otpEtlKiolpcwrx6g.To er6yevo0e6ptfo lrilvr 6rr o oprof6qtould-
Ilorov, 6eveivm ttl'eic4 tilpqorog.
a&lPHM^ r Kdoc o'rol.fioq oryK),ivoooso pd eivarouyK),ivouso. Enislq, Ira oerpd
oDF).iv o,roL6ro6, dv korf6vo qv n orpd,rou fllq dpo!6
slrlpari(ruratt6tolq oErrxoie
r.o1ilorpdrou ojtntoriqerorcndrorq cpvltrro6qtrlg 6po!q,oL'yKtrivow xar ot 6ud.
.
lrroar=r, Av r I
i, rriruonrito {p'nip,o touCauchy.
la" I or,y<),ivcr.
llm lc,*,1
+ . . .+ l a . l = 0 .
i a , l j+ . . .+ a . l < a " r + . . .+ d , l ,
lm r,,+...+d.-0.
aodn ) o" otld.ivlL,
flavo qno6ei6ouge
ro EsirspodpoErou 0oprilqtoq,
oiroulE
, { d". o v o - > 0
-" ( 0, ov4<0,
- - l a " , o vo , < 0
"' 10, ovo,>0,
i*s
o'r6fl. ) d-- EivoLn oro'i'ro'rornxoritouvortuTrKoi600rrnc ) a-. Ko, ) d-- ivqrn
orprirou ojfiloriqouvor opvtflKoirlq 6por.
Avor ) d- Kat ) o- oLvKlivorv

Karor 6io.rdr. n ) ld-l= ) ta- -'a--r)-
400 1 Antrp4)ard,ot eiEeKar(linapee)6eeq
n_ - n) d^ fttoncoulK^tvr,dpqrl s ^,
, d"
4 aooulK^rverorroû1o6.
A]16rnv {il}.n n}.eupd,
ov rl ou1|(livEr,1610,6noEdlouFs1161cro6eiler,
:"
owKlivEr
Kurn ) a". Aooor
s --= ' ls *
" ! r,,r)
s- =r/s
ouyK?,ivo'rv
Koror 6rio.I
"-i r",t)
A116 ro OE6prtIa5 dneror6tLxdoeoqxT"ivouoc oetpdpeoetuoig 6po!qlnopiva pog
Ed)oerdftLpqdl).eqouy(livolo8qolpdq, ap(iva pdl.olpqpvrlrrkdfip6olpoorlv djll.
Av(araoKud(ovror dFoq6)( oLolld,ivouoEoErpdq p' dur6vrov rp6no- Dndplouv
sErpdg no! ouyKLivouvol.Ld6Evo!?Kl.ivoDv orol.ir0rq(r6rorE
orp66l,itovroL
D,!6ov0irl
6Dyxr,ivou6cq).frq va ono6Eilorrleaul6v rov roXuprof6,,(pla(dFordvo Kprrrlpro
oulKl,rsrlqrou vo eopl6(etcr erdrxrioe arol,ou0ieqt onKor4KoLop!,rllu(oig 6poDq.
6(614!BrATorLnBNLzlYno0aroDFe
emxHM^ 6fi
dr>d,>q>.>0,
lima,=0
T6ft r osrpd
) (- l)"a-=a -a,+a.- d.+d.-...
^no1IrlH To ttrita 3 ,repLypdedIE ol6oq nou0oarro6Ei(oupe

6fl rot6ouvov'4eoo cd
IEprKdoepoioForq:
(l) q S si <.ri <..,
(2) sr> sj > r, > ...,
(l) s, < s,ov I dpfioc'(or/ ftp,rt66.
trira 3
frq va aroieiloup11(lrp6r(6rjoovto6q1sg,mpqrlpo$$ 6rl

(l) sr".?= q, + d,,+r- db+,> r,,, oQoio,,+r> di,,|] Kar
(2) A-t= qd - db+1+a+r < q,.r, qQo[ar"+l> ah+r.
fu va oro8dqoutsrilv lpilil ovro6rnto,rcpaqpoil np{i}ro&r
S &FL aeot a,l > 0.

22. 'AretpeE
oeryiq 401
'Etor,
elou|l}la 16tKri
rpirFoot trtq (l), di,l.d av nipow un' dvrv |(or q ( t ), (2)rl yvrrrl
Tcptno)onivors6xol,tiqv o k 6ivordprroqKoro ./ ,reprtr6q, enddlor:pe I ttroro drore
2n> k @r2n t>t.
T6?s
srStuStu-i<.'r,
ttouano8LK\air
rlv (3).
Td)pa,n aKo).ouoio{q,) ouf},ivr. yrori sivorptrpoivouodlrqrdvn Apq-rlivrl(on6ro ri
'Eoro
lro toio / nprrr6).
0 = supls,,l= lim s1,.
Opoir!!, 6010
P = inf{s,,+r}
= limq"}i.
A'16rlv (3);'I3ror6110 < p. Aqo6
q-r-sD=ar+ Korlin4=0,
Iel.rrdnpdrurvo rofir a = ,. Aur6a,ro8rrvisr

6r o = F = tims,. I
To xi.cori6 rupri6erponounoipvouleo'rdro Or6prlpa6 ivorn orpd
' -+++-+++-
,
I onoiociwr olJyxl.ivouoo
o),),{iEr 0ro}.ifiDS
ou-rx}.ivorroo
rlari I i tr,6ryouyx)-ivcLl.
Av ougpolioo,! to d0porogaor rliq rn( ocrpdcIe .t. ,o teXuao]rJlaror aKol,ou8otv
o6rlp6vs' 6volel.EioCncpdl.otoorortedto:
x='-+++-+++-++...
=t +-+++-+-f+r-|0-1+1-"r
*r1-
(ro !ow6l.o66ivqrdfl. 'd0 0eru(dq
6pordxd.ouoEirar
0,16dio oputrrKoJE)
={,-+J,i+fl;)_:-{++l_"1"(+_+)_*_
=' f+i-f+,r-***-**-
=j('-j-i-j** l*+ ;- )
_t..
ripo.r = x /2, nouontaivr 6rr r= 0. An6 qv dt),t ,r).up,i,

EivdrE,jro).ovq 6o6rsdn
x * 0:.rotrEprK6 ri0porslqq eivorioo pe], rcr 1or66e1qtro! O0opligo.oq rou Libniz
rqq ppadvsL 6rr .{ > q.
Aunt ?tawiQao!6lfl rn 9dot qq o vopilq nou00rpi 6s6op6vo io 61l,6osgnpdeLf
Lqtlouv rq rnpoolivoaopoiolata,qvolKaorrKd0o fuouvro ovd),o1ri rouExor .yrc
_T
drcws aopoiolaro.Eiwr al.rioeu6tr 11crol.ouou
{4} =',-+,-+,+, -+,- *,1,,a,
-,r"
npdIer6LouE
rouqaprelodq
rle aKo),oueiaE
t",l=r,-+'+' +'+'+'+, -+,+,
-ii,+,
-"a"-
npolllonrd, n {4} ivsr prq avairdrclq t1s {a"} 1lrrv qiq al(pfri 6wolq: KdoE
b,= sA")6fiou/ eivoruro oDvdpqoilnou(p6roe6reo, rouqeuorKol{opropo[E, 6IIa6i,
402 ('Arape6)aro),ouAk;
rat (iruptq) oetpig
KdoquoLK6q op10t6q rr sivor/(r).rra oxpr06S iva r. I1o nopd6L7pd poq

ll2n + 1)= 3n + I (or6por1,+ , + "- ]Itt?oivour orrv lr, 4rt,7r1,... odol)
f(4n) =3n (oL6por |, -ra- nqycivoDv orrlv31,6,1,9r,... eort)
f.
Jt4n' 2t- tn+ 2 lotapo. t. -
b. rnlot\oL,vorl2rl.5r.8r....oior
"
q , L , 6 . x a .Lo,c. st p x\for v i \ o q ^ o ? \oo , n o e i o o , ! , d T , - i 0 , , ' , " r i " " u . r " i " , . ^ , u
Iq oepoioporc6ivo,,06op,opori,
rs lim b, + ... + 4 Ko,riln'",+ ... + tpo 'f.,7**p,,
",,
.av'tdrnro,rr-\ 6puvrpincrtq roi(g Kdno,o
od).o.
H oc pd I { t) r olvorlorcffr
sEoipEart orT ourivrrlvdro\il npoltorrK{i,! culnepLQopd
rI qivolrt rumxrllov oerp6v
noD6Evou?Ki.ivoDv o,rol,[roq- ro n6pvooutndpoopo(rouivarneploo61'po 6vopeyd-
).o avrriropri86lTpa
rapd ;vo 6s6ptfq) 6sitvsrn6oo{ardq silor oLun6ouvoiq ouTKri,
oropHvl' Av r .!) o o, )KLi\r. a).Idd/r dtr6ltr@q.

rdrL/rd KdoL
opr0/do, rdpXLr
iro
,f.
o v o o L o r a q rLl D t rrl I C l d i j r 6 r 0 L 0u o r E Di = d.
z
{ r o a | l : i !l t P o I i ( o ul/-L"i p , r r o c ' p d r o ' , o / I p o r i q r T o r a 1 6 r o u c 0 - I | K o i

U
{a,lro.,rc s n! n o c r p or d v f l p \t r L { d \ o o d v .A t r oT oO " o p t l o 5 ^ o o r i r , , I d - , T o ,L d x , -
I
orov tro otr qwfr 1rq oELpdqanox],iv6r.:rrlv npqytorlK6rtro. xor oL 6io rpnEr vo
ano{),ivouv,?rori ov I ina 6IL qpo}Ii\,o Isprl(d o0poiotorfl, Ka1rt dr"l 6Ir, r6!E rt
, ,F
opt'\toc'pflZ a"0aLi/rr. o'rlt-t-,rpo)!cva,r-otr{iaBpoious-s
\dflnoLuvfiAdoKrl
prqv Dn60ool6n o!?{Liver.
'Eoro.6po
d dvoEdp10u6s.YroeftoDpE,
Tlav o,rl.olorsLlooup,
6Il o > 0 (l or66sril
I.so\00oLivo.t,,oanîLpororoilor,.A$oilo".prilloro'r,,Iivcr.,nrio|riv
0pr0!6qN rdroroq{ior
s " -"
Entia?olfEodv Nr ro /r KpdrEpo
N f' ourrivrtv 1516rl
ro. Aur6 oltroivL6rr
r' t t I < .-
1.' "
I
oII{i(2) >.p"> o.
T6rov
.
e t-
4Pf
i/ouIE
S r_ a { ? r .
Alni I oriot, noDsivarnpoqoviqan6ro lrriro 4, drrorri![oo fln6ot! ro6rlro (l):
r
.
o
^t"
r \
Zap=p,
'AEtpsE
22. oerpig 403
0 Pr+ +Pr,-L
t'lita 4
tro depotolaq rpoo06rcW6oxprF6qr6sougqplnnl.ol)(6pouq60r vo ndpollr' ila

rorvoriptrod0poropq4 pr(pdr6po0,16d. M d o ).6^/rtr,
6rdl.6}oot
rov llKpdrepoora-
0oroM yrc rov o,roio
i'
L=s,+ ) o-<a.
'Otue
nplv,dl(ouu
a- Tt=- qM,.
tuwli(olp! 16pool)li 1rl 6106LKcolc
Er' dnrpov,
raipvovroqaopoiopqra6L06oXrl(q
jrsyo),irspo
ror JrlKpdrepo
orrda, Kdo
aopdbro}';lov.oqro lLKp6repo
duvordNr i M1.H
aKo?,ouoio
A, -" Pr , q, -" sM,Pt n, -" PN,, -.
ivorrro oftErdru4nrlc {d,}. Ta sEprrd qopoiororo quriq qq avo6drqir6du(dvouvos
ro Sr,Ird goivouvoCro ?:, petdcr-rldvouv t:g ro $, prdqoivouvcr(ro I:, KLr. fu vq
ouur).tpd'ooulrEqv ar66rtropqntpo'iF atr),6q6n tc ls* - a I xcr lf, - c I eivcr
pu.F ftpori ida otrdpa ri - gr, o!{iororla, xo1-6rlooroior 6por,aav!6),nlrlEap'trx{e
arolorroid(ld"| ,rpdflavo teivouvoro 0. ogoi rl t o" st l(Iivr. t
0s6p!!o o).orhp6vsr q 8rdKprotovdfeoooflq ulr6

Mo(i [e ro Or{irpqtq7, ro en6psvo
ouvoixl KorTlqqnolftoq oul(),ivouoqoapdq.
o$lpHv{
s Av n ) 4 or}xlivcrorolfTdc.Kar14l civarnXaioovo8rdroqt
rtq lo"l.
Krauri (o,!o),irocl-Kal
rdl6 n ) b- ouvKIivEL
t ".-t -
Ano,\rr=HtDlpol.i(ollreia Fprrdaopoiolororlq {d,l y s,. ror fl !plKdqopoioloro
rnq {4} l1' r".
Iloipvouucivo E> 0. Aaoi n ) a" su?rliwr. 'r,(iplcr\drcroqN rdToroE
dorc
ri ," ".1."
Eriolq. qooi r Z I d, I oLyxlivcr.uropo[fr vo 6rx),dqoutc
,roLdvoN rdrorodore

> l d ^ l - l a l + . . . + a ^l < 8 .
6I),.,rdroro6ore
t a r + r t a t a ^ + r lr t d r + r t i . . . < e
404 t ArcrptQorotror,Aieq
rartdrcLp41
ottpig
AlaldyouperdJpoM1600 FTd).ori'oreKoedvoq a,!6.oue a , ..., dNvo spqsvi(Erqrqvdpoo

orolE ,r, ..., bM.T6re ylo r, > M, I 8roqopdt sx eivol lo dporslrqxdrorov 4, oro
onoia 6vitEptiXovrdtor di, ..-. dN.EnopEv0rE,
t - s r l < a N , l + a x - , | +l a ' + ,+ . . . .
'Eror,
av r? > M, 16r
l \ - _ , 1 :nt l\ ta a,-s, (r. + s')|

4""
-<t 4l r d,-srl+ lt,- sxl
Aeoiaur6,o/ricr
y'0rd0r > o.1 oopai 4 ouyrlivc,610i o, rro vd8iEorBE
6rrrl
s]'. "
Z 6 " o , y K l i v r o n o ) , r r r o q , o n t u d o l c d r I tJbc"i v o r r i o q v o S r d r d h t r l q l l o , l J . e o '
ooor n do oroliftrE. o,1610 rp{irroldpoq ror Oeopfgcroq.oryrlivcr
Z .ouyKl.ivr
oro).irucK0Ln ) ,,.
H or6l,Urn o -fK)"rol eivol st ioou ongovrlxri 6rov ft),oup vo ml.1,ord.oo1{iooup 6fo
amlpooLpfq. Awioroor' 6,rr outpaivslF6rlv np6o0Eorl, 6rou6:(ou!rov on),6dno
s"-i^=*
2 1 ' Z
(a't b")'
8svrndpXLrdvacrdoonpooaPiqI rovrlAroE
dnoq yLoro trvotcvo
t: "") (t 'l=o -o . ..t.tbru. ...).

OoAarv6rqv6T1 6adrp0nvq qopoiooulr
dl.oro 1lv6pevddrbr.H6uoKol,iosivornoqourd
otrlporiqouvpia 8ro8rdorsrrl
El(iroqTl
rapd lio oKo),oueio:
at\ a,4 d14
azbt ath atbt
atbt ah atbl
nop o).0qurd.6).oro ororl"ic cr ric r1q Srdratlc tnopoiv vo Srordlooivsc lio oKo-
louoio.H rk6vonoDaKo).oDei 8i1vsr
6vovrp6rovalivr oud, xarADolKriu,ldfioDvror
ttol?,oi(dnnpor)ril.Iorrp6nor
atq at4 dt4

'",.,.,2
. o.b, a.E d16
( . _..'
> a.o. 4,6 a.Dt
''
Yroodarc on I lc,l riror lia qr' ar rdg rtc axo).ouicc.rou rrpdlolv ro rdr a,b. rric
p o p d . l d l r . 0 o I n o p o i o o l c .o o v a 6 c e i 6v. u n c p r d v o r 6 r r
|ls
i) . c-=
i, d- .s.
'"'
22. AretpeEoer.ptg 405
Alid our6 6Ev6rvdrol.todq (p)dn npdpl,lto 8), Kor 06r poq EKnl.riooErnpoypoflKd,
oeo[ drv;Xouf,rfi rinoreyu rlv oDyxrputa] 6dtqtl rov 6pov.To fidFvo0e6pqFo
6aiper 6rr to cno*),rogc dDrdrFi rarr ldlrter 6,rov6ev"y6updpr
I 6drorl rov 6pov.
oEnpt{v^
e:Av or i *", i 4 ouyKl{youvaro^rrcrq.(ar rl lcil civarororcsirolE
""
oxoloueia rou n6pr6trrq .tlv6pe\o q6, yta rdo (6]06(r;J), dlE
i*=i"" ir. t' "1
^no,1tEH'
Kol' opltiv otted,ol 61l q dkotroDoia
.i rr,i
o,=1.,",,
oo'tKl.lv6r,
ogot or {d"} xar {4} eivdt ono}.6roE oDlKlivouose, xar ogo{ to 6prc v6(
YlvoldvoD sivor to-frv6trvorov opiov. Eroudvog,n {prl ivor oKol.oDoio Cauchy,ror)
or[aivr 6 'llc kd& r > 0, ov , mr I'cirur op{oivtoq lrydl.o,r6rc
,,j
l). tnt.F rb,t-t ra,.f. to,lcl.

i=j F1
'E,rror
6rr
1r' l. tat . t4t <;<,.

i.i>L
Yno$orr r6po drr o N ivor onoroo8ifore apr0f6(, r6qo lletdl,os 6]0I or 6po. c" Ia
n < N vo nspd,ofpdvouvrAQ.6podib),\rni,j< L.76req 6rcaopd
i",-i".iu
tt i=l
arorsl.irarqn6dpouqaibl,FEr;j> Z, xordpo
or 'lI..-I',.Ial=I
; tnt.t4t<e,qn6rav1)
;;"7,
A),l.de9' 6oo',ro dpror:v6E
lvoydvouelvarto 1v6pvo rov opiov,6IoDIniqe 6r
r:r l) q.I r. Lo,.La.l<'

-v-l
yu apkoiwoq FrydLo I. Kd1d ouv6ns1a, av 61or!,6oulero I KarI(i ro N opKoriwoq
|lEtdl,o,0q EIouF.,oa6 ag (2)|(m (l), &r
I i, io-i".l= rin ir-l".i,l

+lln.fr-i.1.2".
':'1 ''
i ;t
to onoio arc6rK!13r
ro 0ai,p r!.I
406 ('Anape) aroToDekg
K ((iwtpC)
ottpiE
Ta oopiJrarooriroi rou l(Eqolqiouaolo?"o$vravIr rtv oeporou6rlrorov oKol.ouer-

6v, ol.).d611pro i6u ro oepoiolora.Mr,6vraq.rvrKd.60vurdptfl l6yogvo Droodrou!
6Tl vodoordvod,lslpodoporopaFiopEiva (Kfllnei,,an6 Kdfl atr).o,jqrpo.no),),6q,
6!(0g,or7,6qropaordocEcE166vov1or p rftrpoqopoiotarodv lpnollorortoouf ro
O6ptparou Taylor.To KsAd],a1o 19fag rpooq6perrolld napo8si?laro orvopnloov
3 a(,r,-t
1D,t- )' .,-' rt ar'-rR,,r,{r.
6roulim&,(r) = 0. Aur6ivoloaa6eroo6rjvopo
prrtv
F ' a,r(o) -
I\x)- .in ) .. r' o),
noDu3rn 6rpdqg otpqivL6rr

r'rar
I\\) )'.--\^ d)
tov 161Kd
ropa6i.ffqr0
f1outE
' '."" " = ", 1+a a+ -...
u! 5! 7!
cosx=r r -,
ti 4! 6t
.' , : rra!1!aal!
t! 2! l! 4!
aroan.r-r I I ll. ^::t.
Jtl
l o- )pl 4t lt - , r ) . r l - : 1 l- . -t<x>t.
(Iaportpsi@E6rror oErpaq rov arctanrKo1log(1 + x) 6evor.r6),ivouv

xcv1a lx l ) I on
r).:ov.drflv I - l. r ocrpdtro r"tvlog(l .rJyivcrol
_l-214
!_ L_! .._
rt oroio 6EvouyK],ivr.
fla oL,]rerpqdvq
npderou,r npoKirrouvnoti vrurrooloKd
aror],6oloro:
o n J1: ' +5:i- +7.l. . .

_ttt
'
lt 2t l:
lli
4'357
l,l
loe2 | j-or _
2
Av oltxpivoule nE cDrpdq
rov sinx rar cosr l.ilo flo trpooKKd,KordLapoivoup
6rr
ro].1nro qpav Kdo'ror8),6spqro 0a plropoioovioo6 vo s'nrqeo6v.H orpdqq cos.y
ivoro'.prB6qoDri nou0o mipvqpeav ropolo.riEqtxol .lE 560'r),Eup6q
qE rs6qroq
. x ,t5
Kord6pouq,olvo6vragro yyov6c
6T1nor66vano6iqauerirrortrotr1(6! nE rapoydr
youEorgipovoeporoudrorv.
OpoioE,ov nopayoliooDlsrumKd(6n1..:(opiEarflo),6nol)
oeryqE4O7
22.'Areryg
Kor ta 6$0 !6lrt rou tftrou 1lo tv cos.x,mipvouE rov dno cos'(.{)= - sin.xxr dv
nopolo'fiooulrov dlro ylo qv e' ncipvo0Fexp'(x)= erp(.x).tro n6fvok8qd),oro
ea
600110dlr quri I xmd dpouq,ropo?ritrorl
onripovo0porogdr(0v EivarrpolporrkdEuvorri
o opLodvE dilpowrl(dg,repL,rr66K.
NPOBAHMATA
l. EEcrdmt ov oDTrr,iv0r li droKl.iver|.oeqiui an6 ng osrpdEnoDoxoloueoiv. Ts epto-
).ionoD0otproori1 ivorro os6ptFo loDLeibnizrol ft r.prr{pu qq oiyKpr6yt(,
IoD),6lour.olrou ol,orllp6paroe.MpICd rqpo6eillaft 4o!v m),elip[u 66oi]
KqKvrpdlsrdc EriooLp6g ro! Io i(ouv aprerd,pfiopivo Xpsld(ovrolbrogopelrK(i
(propsi6lloqKor6Xt. Hur66rqloro rdl.oE,oacoDlpou).eir
l<prrripra 1lo10rprri-
prarou fnopsrrva lprlo4rorornor.
,i, i "t:'.
(iD' +++-++...
rlri-i*i
r;;;r I i+-
(,u)i ( Ir'lo8'
(v)
Z .,/;, -- {H dOpororopri(cr!t, = 2.qnl{i4Yrovqonoeqoup lov nopri-
'.' " ". ô10oporou mrpvoul1lo'| = rr.
t"ir L-!.
;i V,?'+|
r"iir i i
r";;iti @.
,o, i -L
togn
=
r,r
' il
*-, (locr)'
t
r x i )i (losr)'
"
1 " ; ; yf 1 11'--L
--) (logr)"
ro'',i -l-
t"*t i,;nL
r*urf olog,
' j=.rr l-
,*,,;i --f-
D(tozay
,*,'ri -L
;1 n'(toqn\
rat (impq) oerptE
408 ('Arctpt:;) aro),ou0ie6
. . . .S
. nl
(.x I x J i/ -: ." nl
{x,,r t 1_ili
Yn66sl6rt: xprorroroLiorero Kprrriprco$yKpronq yrora (i),(ii),(v),(vi),(ix),(x),(xi),

(xiii),(xiv),(xvii),ro Kp,nip,orou i.6Tou y,o ra (vii),(xviii),(xix),( ) xo, ro Kp,Trlplo
rou ol.oxl.tp6poro6 yroro (viii),(xv),(xvi).
To sn6!0vd6 o npopl.iraro06s1i(oDv, fs Dro6eilr6, rdror06o'rslpoocrpdq ,roDonor-
roiv nLo),,rrrinvdluor ar' 6,n auriqroDnpoBl.iroroqL
*2. (a) Av 6tsrsl.'joErpe,nrutioro ndpo8i, raro (xix)r{or(xx)0,16ro pdp}.nFo l,0o
va d?rvr6aodcon n Z a"l rl"or]KIivcLyroa < e (ot onoK).ivfl
rpdflLt lro
\ -
d c. r,o d c ,o *p,,'ip'i.o, ldror,otrorurxdvcr
6ciEr,6n rc).r\dn' F
t ,
e'r?l/ r' onoKi.ivEr,
lpTlorpororiwoqro flp6pb o 2l-13.
(b) EEfrdorcn6rr I Z n'ld"n:o, yK).i!fl.roroocn?ovToq
\ur ndtrroro np6p).'ltd
2l-ll 610110xp,flipro
rol"I6youonorulldvcr.
o, 6io 6tpdc rr"e,, '*,

'J. :ro tlpdFrrFaI napo,6,ri61r(av (los,?i". ard rrq
I |
onoisqI rp6rn oroKlivsrv['I Sefreplouyl(trivI.
H sErpri
\. l
;tr (los,)q'
nouppisl(Ioravdlooa6' a!#q IlE 6rjo.ovalimal oro dpl (a)xol(b).
ra) dciqlc6n roJ0 e' )'dy urdpi(cr.0copdj!'roq

Tr onpd Z {e,/"1".
(b) îqr6rLI
i'
.t, (los,)'"'
oD?K).ivr,
IpnolFonol{ivroq ro KpLrriproro! o}.or}.npdjporoE.Yrr66rEt:
Xpn-
oltrorTolioro
trloKord],1.1).1ovrlxordaroot xar ro pdpoe(a).
G) îqr6r, Tl
sl
;1 (logr)a&e)
rpnouoror6vroqro Kprniprorouo),oK)"rt
anoK],ivEr, pdlforoq.Ynd6r6rl:
Kdw
(b),
rnv i6loawrKordoroor6noqoro rdpoq Kor6i{rtrr' 'reioq
611roo}.ox}.rl-
poparoDrpoKinrerqnoK?,iver.
4. AnooaoiorcKard'rdoor ) : ouyrtrive'.
5. rdi'Fo,D la,l FtooKolou0io

o\cpaiovirr 0 < a, < o Ano6ci(re
ritLro f c,l0'
'AmpeE
22. oetpig 409
{Kar 0pio(eraLtroEi 0 Kar l). {Auroq,Pdpdto.ivo' o apr0p6qno!

L,n{ipx6r
ouppo].iqoup !l' 0 a d.artt!...).
oL,!'i00ir
(b) Ynoe6roupeor10< .r < L Anoasilr6rLundpjtsr!,4 oKo]'oueio axEpoisr!
ld, I
a - y . \ n d o f r - r : f r o n o p d 6 c , i , r o=. d
l0rl(610',rr
pL0 u o<cL) ol0
arEpororou oivaL < J,).

Lyl ouppor.i(oL'relov rreyo),L]IEpo
(cJ Ac.=rcorL.ovtlo,1,!or"pr05'Kri.5"t)..,ivol|ncuoprpicd,.o.....o,.d.o
.i
, d I L o Z a , l 0 I n o r o q , o q a p , F o q r Kpoprr i r fr o v ) T o ' 5 , 0
orpnipaolo ,or,l", ,puJ,*dqv I la,l tivar rsirKd rpro8Lxi, 51)'o6! cv 11aro-

yrq (iiroLo N.
).o!oio [ar.L] eivaLnpLoaLKi
.l
{dj Aro5',tr-ofl . uvo \ - 2 d.l0 u l o r p F o q .! d I ' ' t l o . l c r v o L
tdrxd mpto6r\T
unoioytofoLl iou 6robtKonova,rrn?saloqroD

(PiLrEfro rorLd ortt 6l(16rKaoia
p,/q - 6rorp6vroqro p fe q n' dneLpov).
Y n o e ; r o , t . o , , t L d , l . r o v o n o . rr ci ' r o o ; o l r s - o , O c u p n F o l oI q
o, leoniz.Xinor-
lororsior rTtv qn66',itt ro! o'opriloroq rou Leibniz lLa !0 ndpsft rtv 4iq
Kritnorl:
l!: I
lZt-tt 0 Id a r...io,ll<d.
7. A n o o L i - r co r L .o t a - t 0 r o , l i m , / o - ,
+
I o r cr Z a . o , 7 K ) . i v .oLv r < l . \ o o n o < l ' -
ler ov r> l. (H qr66'Gnpodftt rori p ou.iIio, rp,",rpio,,ouL61ou.)

Aur6'Io
qnordlEopa sivarpoor6 oovro (KprriprorIq piqoeD.
Eivor KoIovo Korao{sL,(i
ro \orriproTo,)o/o' oroIU//dtf,.fvi ro hortiproTqq
oor;c ocrpi;irc r,qonoir-c
pi(oc6)r,.rro nopd6Lyra,
ro Kprrripro piqqqonodnKvir
1r1g 6fl n orpd
l-,-ll
t \ \tt l:J
\ /
,{+)
\r/
, (-l'*
\./
6pov 6vreivouvoe KdroLo6pto. Ta
out{Iivr, ov xcr or },6yorrorv6rd6orrKri,t'
rsproo6reponopoSiytqro altoi rou lirou sivurpd).l,ovrelvlrd, ond to {prripro
rrq piEoqeivorqvapqipotoEivar6lfovflK6 eoprtIlK6 eptdio, {4, 6no 10Kptrli-
prorou ],6?oDeivoLonors).sopoflK6,ro i61o0ooD!9oiveL KaLFro'(plnip1orltEpi(aq
,onoroltpopltu02l-l8i.livo.6,vatovvo-Eoqovioo,ufroopoon6Io{p,Iip
p,:0qf,o on).iroonoroiqolortr cro6e(q.6, 7v"r(jr.1 a c' 7rl.i""Luv ' ,rap-
|
oLpi(eqVd, vu
rr Kdroros L A,Io ro
onordlsopoeivaryv0ror6oovro (sx),6nrD6!6vo
KpLflipro rIE pi(of,lundpll l(1dvo
6!010e{}.rlu6FsvorplnlproroDL6you).'ErsroL.provo![Po],ror6rounpo
roq2t-2?,orLr ) o" our*,.'u''o, lrm \ d,/ I \o Jo,. r 4,"
:
rinoro av lim Va" = I.
pnopol13r,ooutrpdvoup
3
rLfl5io sxol,o,0icetd,l <srlb.l.eor.c.- Z a b. .. tT6tt 1c. civaLrodeporouo
rorv6povtttq n-oriq 6ro7.riouo.1u o*Ouoio, 'y,povi(raL
rprv 0116ro 060!Io 9.)
470 ( 'Arapej ard"ou9itqrat (irerp4) oerpiq
+F+
H o r r'o?
ri ) c" {a;...ro, to a,drrryo CJUcrr ruv ) a ruL ) i, e'
?
a,: b,= ( 1)".J n, dEiirs 6Il c" l I raL eropvoq,ro rv6f'vo CauchydEv
9. Mro a{ot oueid{a,l ,dlersr o0poi6rpil

r(otdCesaro,
pEdeporor'o
Cesaro
l, av
.. s'+...+s.
(r5rous,=s,1 .1r,,. To Ilp6pltto 2l-166iXv0r 6Tllra oopoioLtLTl

oKo),ouoio
ivoLouro!{iroqoopoiollrl {ord Cesaro,!s deporotroioo p ro d|]poroloCesaro.
BpEirspraoKol,oDoia
iroL,rtrr sivaLoepoioLtrt,
al)d civoropoioLprtKurdCesaro.
10. Yno06roup
611d,>0 l(dr ta"l ivqrCsarooepoio,rrl Yno06roL,!
Eniortq,6flI
uKo).o,0rotrrlr,!o,p.o]t-if,'t.{noS.i[rs{jrror4 p dotr7 r ) . i r r r\ r. o i c r r r
;,
d rJ n
Av+ ) dhoro. I ) ,,s''<,co.,, . o " r - . u co,o a r u i v n
n l"
ll, 4!16 ro 'rp6P],rl!ooKloTpdqsilrav dih on6delqrt 8 noD3\rpooi(r-

ro! Osoprituroq
raLoro KpLrriplo ro! Cauchy.
(a) Ynoedroup 6rr d,>0 ?,a rdo,. 'Eor(D141 pra cvo6uiroll rrq id,], KaL
s,= a +...+d,,r"=b, + ... + 6".dEiqre 6117ra Kdo,un,iprsr Kdnoro r? r
':;
(bl Ari[rE6n ) d-< ) b.
(t) d'ilr6fl > d"= > h".
,d, l i p o o v . { a , o o , L , o-,n' o , v o i K r a 0 / r T r l n 6 0 l o r ; r , r t
"."'r^r,*'
ono,r.rlroq,
Iprlorloror6vraq1060nrEpo
lfpog rou O".p,ilo.oe'S.'
Fr
1 2 .l a ) A ' o i ti' q - co r . f l v q ) a 6 r r r ) i ! r o r o ) i r u c . K a . t 4 l c , \ o . o ^ o d o i ' o r , , n f l K o -
]o,oiorrc Io I .o,LI ) 4 o, ?KLu ronod,uJ.
(br A-.Lr-ofl ol,roofv ,o/ic. a\ 1 \ . - s 6cvo' vh]ivrLorToiirtoc.

U
-1 ,c 'l "''
q n o d .i - r - o f l . o v s a o'TK]Livcror,tiru;.rdrf
I Z
F
Za-ta o. d. .)r(a a o 1...1
.::
A t r o 5 , l e l l d T , .uo von. , i v o , o n o / i . @ : o , . / K ) i v o , o a . r , t r_"
z, L l, I
+ 1 4 .T o n p o p ) . ] ! lob - < 6 t'l

i L i t v !d roJ, ts.nrr d\ 6 /<)'t'rA
. n o o s r :or f. l r o j i
|(sin.r)i.{dno,roK}.ivEr.
*15.BpEir
proouvcriouv{iprrtor / !E /(.r) > 0?laKdc",,r.o,qd,orero/ /G)dx
"o
undpX',,
o],idro lim /(x) voftv urdptEr.
22.AnerpegoeryEg411
*16. Eoro /(r) = .rsinl/x Tro 0 < r < l Kdr/(0) = 0. oDproirrov oprop6rou l(/, P)
oir6ro np6Fhto 13-26. diqr6rr ro o'ivol.orov /(f. P) pP 6lqpipLsTlrou [0, 1]
6vEivorqpolpdvo(dpor / 6r!(dnErpo !riKo(D).Yd64rl: Aorolr(ioSrorepiseK
qe poperlq
^ I^ 2 2 2 2 2.)
' t" l2n t)n 1n 5n JE n I
17.'Eoro/ n or vdpqor rou atrivcro,olo L;(rpo5. Bpcircroj0 /. (oedrcKorro crpo6dv

nt6 ol(looFdvlEEtr pdvn( oro lxripo 5.
tritld 5
.18, X' our6ro np6pl.tFa0osll),6ooujr

rI (ErDvurrKri
orpdD
,,_,,"_
i (:),,r,r-r
?laxdoa, aixvowaq .riveror
6rrlim4.0(x)= 0. H a,r66rEl os8rdEotlxdptrora,
xarrprortororsirlc rropqdqCauchyKolLagrange 6noqrE ppiKapsoro llp6ptnfa
t9 1.
ta) xpnor*oaorcrorr
ro Kp,rip,oror)orou)roro *'+,, u,, n i lf )
",,0u "
,Tp{iyuo.
au},<}.ivr}ru r'< I (aurdptgcLutev olsarvct**-*,1;'*,
oro(r , ')") r,6,Kdrepo.
ouyK).ivc, rporin*' a.,ri' ( I ," - o r* t,. r r.
)
(b) Yroo;roul-r
op,tll(,i
6110 < .x< I. AsiEr
6fl limRno(x) = 0,lpnoqronol6vloE
412 ('Arcryeg)
arotrou9k;rar(imp4) otrpt;
It fopqri Lagrange roL,Dnol.oirou, 6 (l + r)" " o.
(c) Tiijpourodrou! 6rr I <.x< 0. OopL0p6qI o lpopqi CauchyrouUroLoiro!
,,io\'onorei
fltv 1 <.r< r< 0. diEr6fl
.r(l + 0" I < l.{ M,6nouM= max(I,(l +.r)' r),
l#l= '(L4)< L'r

Xplortono lvroq nt uopai CauchyroD uno)'oinou,xqr ro Tyov6e611
/ d \ /c l\
(n+l)l-.r l-ol - I
Seitrer;rLlimR,, = 6.
*19.(a) Ynoearo'rts
6rr ro r'prKd
opoioroturtq aro).oueioE
ivoLqpaypEvo,{or
6rr
14' civo,!.o ooilor,ooa(o).oueiu !c lim 4=0. anol'it'" a" 1 | o-a
oDyxlivI.Aur6 rivqr lvoor6 oET60r rou Didchlel.Yr66lEI:XpilouonoL8i
sre ro Aripto ro! Abel (np6pl,Ipo 18-48)T10vo etr6?E.3.o riprrriplolon
Cauchy.
O) fDpnpdvqre ro Oe6p!!q rou Leibnizar' 0!1610o'Iori).sofo.
*
rc) AnooriLrc. xprortorordJvrqq ro llpopL'tl,ol5ll. o r o,pd| ',**r ,
out ,ivErav lo .x6veivqrrlq popqiq2knpt ox6poro (on613ivsLqovp661l
unod,ivt.
.:
{o' A,ro6lif.rrto KpIipto tot Abel: Av rt Z d, or,y,(),ivcr xar 1 l4l .ivo, ,riu
,| .
so crlcrn-oiqorooxo, qpoyrdvq.
o\o).o,eiarirc !n-,peivo, rolc q Z 4,4
ourxlivI.Yn66Llrt:Os(')psiorsrrv 4 b, 6rou , = lim 6".
+20.Y n o e i r o' I r L L d ! r r l o - l L i v u r o e i v o ' o f l K o , l i m d " - 0 . A n o 6 . i t r u 6 r r . a v r 5 . o " o r
v"L.r6rL,{aLr ) 2'd. o, yK}.rvn

tro -Otop'luo:rFniKvtuolc
lor Cau,hy.,r.
nupo-
t t p r r o t c r u 5 , r o y e y o v 6 q )6 r rI rnl o r o K ) . i r n . r i v a r / r s . L b r r r i r u p i r r 0 , o n . 7 r o ! i o
n ) L olvdxirvc.rorc ro i6ro0a o(vdBoLvL
KdrL" rnv ) .2'(l/2'I a,ri n
noporiprt6n!nopeivo tp!oLlls$or
oavur66LEt.
+21.(a) A,roSEiETe
d!1. of n )
T a-' Kern +) b-'ou'7r(^rvouv.
.. rorc 11n drDr6rtKt'1\[r
_ a
-i -1
1t; aciqr. on, rv ) rdrc ) c" n" suy<),i!n yro Kdocd t
a, oL,1<Livcr, I
*22. Y f lo o t r o l , . r6cr . l d , ' c i v o ,q 8 r ! o L , oro0 r r d e o , > 0 . A , r o 6 c i ( r dr r r .c v

I 'F, 1 f a"
o,7r).iv'r.rorc lim ro. -0. Yr63c.t,rl: fpdvrr ro Kp,rnpLo rol,Cauch)(0r
noeXpnolforolirro 6rr I {a,l 6i!orqgivouoq.
PsBo,)Ocire
+2J.Av -6r" ro \ar limd - 0

I 2 d, o,lrrL,lcr rfprKdoopoioForo
r. sivd|ppoiudvq.
22, Attetpegoery66 413
MnqivrKqvEiq olov n3lpaolr6 va urcedofl6n ro qpqlrvor0]vlprK6vq0porsfdrov

ufl.i t-sTr oul0iq lim a, - 0, cEooaoliqouv q o'iyrhon qq Z d,. ALr6drv roxifl.
aud yrd va ppeeiiva o!'nnaAiElyf'olpr{i(srar apKed 'rorpo9io.tov on6lsql,
rapoqpeiors 61r KirlIo]ll undKoloDgiarov FprK6v o0po6Urirov 0d npdrer va
ou, K),iver npirer vo rrrp6\,rpKrirorovrp6no va or.rppciver
Kirr riroro,'1(,rpi6vc
aeiorqv i8u lrlv arc?.oueia va suyK)'ivr.
24. Acirc on. qv o->0 KaL ) a- urod.ivcr. rrtre ) :" r,ri6nc aroKlivcL.
Y,r66c1h:tup.pivar
ro [pr.d oopoiopora.
Iotfr ro ovrisrpoqo;
2s. Eoro 4 > 0. ^6ue 6r to ancrpoyrv6!

uo fl t, ny;.iva ov r oKolou0io
1,,
P, = ll4 suYKlivs'
(a) 6fl av ro | | (l
A'ro63iErc a,1o' 7x1iyg1,
.6rc 11z, oryr).ivcroro 0.
(b)
,+ (l + d,) oLyKl.ivcrcv (0r !6vo qv r
.E
A,ro&iirs 6r' ro ll Z los(l I d")
(c) Ano8cilrc6rL ro ll (l I d,) o'ry'(IivcL. ,s

ov rat F6voav n ), o" or,lxliver.
Y,!668lEn: XpnouorlouiorE10 np6Fl.Ipo 24 yto rrl Jrlooovmyolli Karplo

o'rl,t 'rpoofTrrorl ylo rov log(I + a) yro rrv awiorpoql ouvencpfi.
,+ ! r\
26.(a) YEoloyior
To | | ll +l
+ (l L x') y,o lxl < l.

ft) Yroloyiorcro ll
2?.To6flq ) Iroro\).ivfl.civorurocrarriouvdnr-rcrouc{{qc(roolll8ioroule?ovd
roq: Kdo0eTrr6Splr6q apr0F6ex ypdAffol oov rrnpaotiro dgpototr 'tuKtKptpt-
vov dproldrvrnq fropQriqlir. H r6doqe ord604l(, qoivlol 0l!6 rov rno Kdro
ts
unoroT'otro7toro L5 E'rrorl
)2_ t-=4
t5210
4_!=l-1
30 110
!r_!=l!
10460
o-l
60660
d1oug[
l!= L+ L+-L+_ .-.
152t4i5m
noporilpsic 6rr or aprellrlri6 23, I 3, I l, I goivouv.
'Ant:eL.:)
(trd,ot)qiEa
474 | Kut(dntet;) odpi;
(a) AnodEiqro6rL,ov lr r < ;r< lr(, + l)yloKdnoLol],16r'ospL0llrriqo ourori

roL,si6olqrov uno),o./ro!6,ndlrort qoiva. X'rtnEp{ivar'611o.r pnopivo
7pflArioar rrncpoolilodepororq aproldrv
8laQop!LKtirv lll.
(b) AnoSEi:mrd)poio arorfioso {1o6i.oro .\, /ptorfonor6vrsgTrlvan6l(horl
KEOA AIO OMOIOMOP@H XY|KAIEHKAI
AYNAMO'EIPE'
Or oxdvcrqrou Kdvateoro Td).oqrou rlponyoutdvou (qo).oio!Dno8slKvlouvivav dtrl,o

Tp6no0e6prlonq rov onrpoorrp6v. H rpoootri IoE o lrmlomorsi on6 oulKsrprpdvo
qmrpooopoiopars o ro6lll'q sav rlv
ll 2l
nouqeopoivoepoioforo'roooflirorvnou
0topr6woLondro x. M r .ltr 16./rq.v6rqep6
raurLttt oLrvapdottE
nolj
opi(ovro.ond clrol;lo.rqltE loppri!
. f(t)=f,(x)+/,(x)+/r(r)+...
(o1onponyorlrevo rspd6|"t$a ii(r-l)l).:'qurivrrvnpinrosl,!{f,}0o
f,lx)= x"
oivarllqoKol,ouoiaouvdpfliorDv.r1oKdeexnoipvouloFraal.o}.ouoioopr0!6t,
ror /(.r) ivqrro {i0pororoquriq lns aKotou0io6.fro va rE}.T'ioous
ovot-ltlKi rirors
ouvapiioErq ivdt0iForoqmpqirlro vs eu!6pqsr.6Tl,xdos{ioporo!0
ft\x)+ftx) + ft(r)+...
ivor,EEopropoi,lo 6pLo1!q oKoT,ou0iaq
/,(r), / (l) + f,(x), |,(x) + /r(x) + /,(r), ...
Av opioouleILo KorvoipTro oKo).ouoiooLrvoplridov[s]l f
s , = f t + . . .+ f , .
ra ropondvotr!e7o).r]lptouwopiq,-rpdQovrog
16rtnopoil vo rKgpdoou!
/(.{) = ri"gs,(x).
0a EnrKvrp6ooDp
).ou6v7rq).i/o rlv rposoj(riloq or olvapriosrqnouopi(ovroroov
6pra.
/(.r) = Iim f,(x)
l(L6Xrsouvopriorq nouopiloworoavorerpoqopoioloro. O Foorx6!{opf6Elovqnorr-
ioldnDvnounpoxi,rrouvtro rirorsqovoprrior(,ouvovi(rorE6ro],ooto eErie: Tiroro
on' 6,110o i}.n(e xov.i( vo ro-l[r6svrotjfl orlv npa]Ionx6lrtro- ovri tr'our6,
dlouFrrro Ev6t0qipouso sr,l,),oli an6ovrlmpo8i7lqrq. To np(hroon' outddsiXVsL 6n,
qK6!oKrov rd00 /, eivorolvl(iiq,rl ol,v{iprlorl/ frTopsivo ltv ivsL.Avrieraan' 6,fl
t/ittd I iooqnEpLpdver,or ouvoplriorg /" ea sivqrroli on).dq.To l.trita I 6ilvrrrqTpaQrKiq
IqpqoluoLq rov ouvaplr'lo(|lv
x', 0<ir l.
o,.l{i I ouvdpqon f(x) = lim /"(x) 6veivor
Aurdsor ouvoprridrlqsivar6ic( ouvctEiE,
0, 0<x<l
I, x> l.
476 ('Arctpeg) rar(iretpt) ottpig
ard,ou9ieg
'Evu gcrvoydvo!ncpoUordqeror
d).).onopd8sltgoro! i6ror,' o,rot1riFo 2. Or ouvopnio8rg
/, opi(owaran6 qv
| -1. xS-
l''l -
' f*l r' lr -3 ' nr <r<-:
,n n
lr, -:<r.
:' oulri lilv repinrooil,ov x < 0, 16rro /, (x ) eivor1hrd (6rll. lro oprrld lrol(itlo, )
i6o Ir3- l. xor ov x > 0, 1613ro ,(r) Eivorrl,r{d1,v6 , (0)= 01lo Krier. Apo
[ - t , x =< o
I'm/"(x) =l 0, .{ 0
I l, .Y>0.
Atlq6ri,Tlo pla uK6!qQopd,I ouvdprront(x) = lim ,(x) 6vEivorouv6lri(.
Al9l vovroqflq yovi(srq rpot-ro $va rqpodiypcro, gnopo6pa crdpc vo gnd(oupe
lro oKo),oooionapayayiorgavoDvopflioov{/,} yra rlv o,roio I ouv{iprlorl
t(.x) = lili/"(x) 6vivoLoovIric.MrqrdroraoKolouoioeivorsixoi.ovo oprortf dno:
{ -t, *s -l
-. I ,:r 0.
KorI mpqyollorpdlrlro6vivardtoc or t6veq6r61lltq01ono(6upovi
H ouvri:(Ero
(ouvrpop)"il1a1o. Mrqd1.)"1
6r.'oro),ioreprlpdgerar
arr6rtv dKol.ouoia
l /,l nouQo(verqr
oro tXiro 4:Iro ldoqllo [0, l/r] rlypoqrKrlnopdoroorlrnqt onpori(er dvoroooKMq
,ita 2
qi\a 4
oi'yd,ro1rar \uvapooeryi; 4L7
23. Opor6popq4
rpi?ovoiryol",r.Lvrir/"tx)=07rox>ln.Awd6ororvoprriosr(.yivcrorroopro
duortpdoq Eiq:
2n'x, 03 x<
2n
"rl 2n- 2n1x,
0,
^3
x3-
:<r<L
Err8rioDri n oKol.oueia 1600oKov6vroro

lrroFd).).ror r.olrdoro 0, qp:(r(dro paorl-
IorrKd Foe dvorrKro0d'npem vc fog uro8eLxv{er dr! 10 liIII ,(x) EvlrdplL nqvrori.
'Opoq,lo
6proun,ipXL ru 6l,010.x,xar pdtrrolo ! o'rvdprrorl /(x)= Iim /"(x)eilor
olvtliq. Ilpq.rusrrxd,av x > 0, 16rro /,(.{) .ivq' rsr'xd 0, dpo (x) = 0, Kol
lT /,
ok6fa, /" (0)= otro xdoc,, dpo0aivaroroot'inorEKorlim f' (0)= 0. N4 dil-q,.6ro.
/(r ) = lim /,(x) = 0,rrakdorx. A]16qv d}.)'r n).eupd, ro oi.or),rlpotaoivropu oro-
xol.inrsrrrlv mpdE\.rl
olF rprqopri
ourlicril( oKo),ou0ioe
dlourr
q),]d
I,'r.',"^=1'
I,'rav"=o
yyr.ata"
r"ata"+|,'
1,s1,'
Aud I suyKKprpdvlako),oleiool]vopnlocovolFnopLqdpruIp avavrp6ro nounori
6veilopoqovrqorsi6tov oplioopEvo ts),erdtouvapriqrqro! opi(ovrar!r 6pLo.Av
/(r) = lim /"(x) yro rdox oro [0, l],

tzittd 5 or lpaerKaqnopaordor( r(Dvouvapnioeov/" 6ev(nl,toui(ouvD rrl ypqgr'(tinqpdoroorl
qe /!E qv dwolgrou vo PpioKovror Kowdrrle - ov,6troEmo tltiro 5, qo'/puqiooutE
UroloLviadpo ondrlv / ouvo).rxo[n).drouq 2s{rrrpdrowa(dvor}.droqioo p Eotr6
,I(iv(D
Kqrotr6rdro),16iot tpoqrKdg nopsorisL(r0rvt 6vrsprtXoworel o).oK),ipo!
o qurrivrrtvrarvio,600Fr?d).oKrov6ro)doLrlr ro r. Bdpora, yLoxd6 x !, ipXsrrdnolo
N tdroro6ore ro olpio (x, /,(I)) va ppickcroro' quriv rtv rarvioyro , > N. oLr6_c o
roluprop6qow6ror:{i axptprlEoro lelovriqdr li\ f 14 = f \x,. Aild ivorovril,{rl
vq 6lo),6youF6l,0{qr pe,ql.rlftpoN xa06qraipvoutsro x 6io ror n1o(ovtd olo 0, Kor
Kovdvq yro6).0To.r rourd7povo.
N6cv eo rivor rsTd).),n).o
H i6torcrdorool oulpoiv.r,qvKor).ry6rrpoxpduyo].ia, lrxaoavoar6Iq nqpo6i1lru-
ro rou 06oaFsflo rprv.To t:(igq 6 rpr,pdeL our6ro olircio tro ritv aKoiouoiq
,,-,_Jx". 0<x<l
'/n\^,-l I x>l
'EXo!$
o16rdoerflo 1,opi6o
ouvo),rxointrdrouq2-r p{Dandrrl ?paarl(]irapdolqol nl:
=
/(x) I'I f"(xl Av < +, a'r i n ).opi6oanoriiroron6 Erioxoptrifls, nou 5v
neprilouvolpeic ge 6erirrprlotrretopdvl io1 pe|'qqo Kdoouvriprrlont noipver
tIV turi T. n ypoiprxin0pdoroonrn. /. ijrv Fpiol(r0rlfoo o o, TrivTI idpido. nd;.r.
'rtorde8onlio .xurdplrkdroroN riroro dJ61s10(x, ,(x)) vo ppioxrororrl ),opi6olo
tlitd6 , > N olJ.deivqro6tvorovo PpoillsavoN rou va 6ollEiLyu 6)"0rs .{ Tsur6tpova.
4\8 ( 'Arctpeq)arotrouqkeKar(dnry)otpi;
6rLarprp6qI i6rc ttcrdorcoqolppaivErf 6}.0ro dl}.o

EivoLi{o],o vo c}.iy(o!,FE
rspu8eiluoro.tE Kdee ncpinroot 6iroutsprootivdpqorl /, KorurooKo),ou0ia
ouvapli-
oeovi/ ). 6icq opLopivsq oTo iiro oivoio A. rdrors
6ore
"
.r'(t = liin f,(,t)7rq rdox oo A.
Io Kdoce > 0, KdLr,roKdesx oro A, undptsrKdnoloNrdloro dror0a\rr,> N,16rs

/{r) /"(x)l < .
Ai)d oc (d0npinro6!droia?orrl
arqqopetlti(i
NTro Sroqop.nKd
x, Koror xdonpi-
nroorl dr! rozir6rL
7ro l(doe > 0 urdpTcrxdnoro.f{ rdroro60r 7ro KdeEx oro A av r > N, r6rE
l/(r)-r(.r)l<e.
Av r<oLourriI oL,veiKISrqqdp0r qn6flt v np6r! !6vo otra prkpi lerar6nrorlqq epdonq
(7LqKdor.rolo AD,q6Lri,e(of6rdqopsr|Kioilpooio.Av lro qKololjois{/"lrKovonori
o!ri! lt\, dajftpit ou4irn, t6re or ./pqerxdinopooiiorerov /, d.rKri ppioxowor
ro\.rdorl TpoarxinapdoToon q( f, 6rof qoi\,rororo:i(i!o 7. AurrtI ouvoiq rivqr
rr).rxdno'.rdt'r r1 !rldrrl rur\'opro{dvol,vopflidror1,fl(ri.
'Eoro
l/'l }|io o'(o).ouoio
ond ouvdpflisrE oproldve(oro A, xo( f rrd ouvdprrlorl
niorlioprofd\'noro A . T6r. rl / i,d7rqr
ro otor6|loreo6pro?qq{ /.1 610,4,o\' 7roxd6
> 0 urdplerrdnoroN rdloro6ote 7to610lq x 610.4,
0vn>N,r6rcl/(r)- ,(r)i< o.
AiFs oK6Iu6n rl {/"1 ou1x}.i}cropor6l0peo
olilv / 6!0,4, i 6rLrt f" i6ilsr olrlv/
f' q!r6\' To! oprop6.ov qaporr!6

t ovrurqpdoEot p6\,odlr
/(.t) = lim /"(.r)rLoxdee.toro

A,
161' ).dp6rL I I/"1 orrlx).ivdrorri oryeio orlv / 610,4. tlpoqov{ie,I otoL6Fop0l

ontK).rotouv8nrilsror qv rql{i otpiooi7(irol (oii.d 6ll ovriorpoQol)-
Acyri\'0rKuod;.o,. (iio(o;.o!o o, popnpir: ?rart ZpIorI6rIro rrlqoyord-
"r,.Lrpdrsoutr
Iop9l; oi?rr.rorli-To oioxitp(i'roro orol),oivdvqlsrpenKdeiKoio0610:a,rdro tXl-
!o ? ivoroxs66v npoaovdg 6r'. o! I J/,l ou7d.ivfiopor6popgo orqv I r6rero o).oxhj-
polo rtq /, lnopci va dpfldoo (ovrd i),or,p oro oiol(Lipolo rrtq /. M1).6wq6r1o
alorrlpd,iToulc ro sEiges6p!fd:
osrnra r Yno06rou$6fl I /" I eivorI1ooNo).ouoto (lr{i ouropriosrioi.oxi,np6sugoro

la. 61. x(lL61l I {/,1 ou7(iiver ofor6lofQu dro [d. b] oe Fro or^dpqol / nou ei!'qr
oiott).1pri,oLp1 oro [a b]. Tdtr
i'r=l*,,i
"
Anoruar'Eoroe > 0.YndpT.r ridnoroN l6rorodJcrr?roxd0sr > N !o ro7irr
l"r(r) - f,(.) < ' 7'ui.dos.r oro[4,b].
'Ap0,ovr> N67or,te
oiy 'roq rar\uvayooerpiE419
23.OpoL6popg4
rl' - f' I ft I
U"lrxVx 1"f,(x)dtl- lJ,lI(n- LQ)ld,!
|
.t'
-J" | "f(r) - "f.(x)ld.{
l"
< J,"d"
=4b a).
Apoi Toropofldvo ]ro xdoer > 0.dmruL
rolriEr 6n
t6 16
l"f =nt.f..
H alrrlrrd',nort qq ouvilerdq sivor ),iyo nLo 6tioxo),1,ctpotlrupristp{iv8r 6vo
(sjl -'mXeiptFqD,Fu Krillon ro! | /(.r) - /(r + r) | os lpia Fitalo. Av { /,} ivor
ouvet(6vouvcptiosovnou su1K},ilerotor6jropquortv /, r6rs lrndpl8L
tlo al(o}.ouoio
Kdroff rdrorc60r
(l) l.f(r)-t(") <:.

I
. tzl lft^t h\ Ltx kl<+
Ax6F, drpotl /" ivorouv'lliE,-tro
opKrrdIrKp6t 4oupE
t l ) l / " ( r ) _/ . ( , r r ) l < i .
Ani IlE ( I), (2)rul(3) 0ooulnprivoule6fl l/(r) /(x + ,) I < e.rio vo 'rdpouIE 6Foq
rtv (3),0onpdftr va npropiooul-r ro FiyEeoq rou |n |, caoi rptirtcerJ.i(oupto'l si\,oL
),oln6v6wsld)C qrqpoirlro va un{ipXnkdnoronnouvu r{avorol[i tlv (2),600gLKp6 Krov
-
civorro li | oxptprigourdivoLro oltcio dro, I otor6lopqndiTr;.rdI !nuivrorylv
0166rEt.
oropHv{r YroedrorF6flt/,JEivarFraoKo).o 0:eoutoplioco!ro' civoroLvs7i6 dio

la, bl, xo161rI i /" ) o!?*).ivrotoLdlopqsoro [a, b] orlv /. T6T3xol rt / ivqrolv-trig
oro td, bl.
Ano,\EEHfLo xdsx oro [d, b] npdr8rva 6siEout6rr I / sivar ouvexigoro x. Oa

aoxol.IooitEB6vogx oto (4,bI oLftp(fi(i)osqx= d r.o1.{= b onarroivrrs ouvrtorsfi-
vEqon),6qrpo,rorouio(q.
'Eoro
r ) 0. Arpo6I {/"} o!.rt}.ivrotol6jropqaorrlv / oro [o, b], undp'trKdnoro,
| .fu) - tu) | < i],o t('iecv o'ro[o bl

yroxdoe/,ldtoro6ot io i{ + I va ppioKror
El6rK6rpa, 610[a, 6], 67otp
fl) r/{r) /"{r)l< : .

t2) f\r+h) f,("+r)l<:
Td,pq1 /, civqrouvEriq.dpot'Idpr, xaro,o5 > 0 ldlo,o{i,ofttro l/rl< 6 vu rolier
( 3 ) t ( x )- f " A + D < i .
420 ('AttrpedaKoloD9kKat(inapee)o pie
' A p qo,v r l < d , 1 6 r

f(x + h) f(x)
= 1 f ( x +h ) f,(x+ h)+ f"(x+ h) f"(x)+ f,(x)- f(x)1
= l f ( x + h ) f,(x+ h) + lf,(x+h)- f,(x\l + f,lx) - f(x)1
Aur6ano8LKvicr
6rr n I EivoL
ouvXrl(
oro .r.I
tzird I
Mctdon6rrr 6rjoo{roqpi(0'rEq srrrutisqiloutrdsrpoodqepav ra O6opipq10I Ksr2,t

rspi'Ir(,)6it tqnapoyo,rorp6rlroqpodqsrrio],iorlolortrunKi. AvKdost ivornopq.ro-
rio'Frl, Kl ov I {/,l oqaclivropor6popqa orrlv f, 6vro16erovo}r(oorrKd6rr Korn /
sivorropoyo,idrpl. rro ropdSerypo, ro Xlrito 8 8si1vL
6n urdp1slIu aKoioueiariqps-
ToyiorpovoDvopri6e0)v {/"} 'iou ouyxrivcropor6poprpo otrl ouvdp.lon /1x) = lxl
A\6Ia Kruv r /rivaL ruoolu/ior,r't,rropcivogrlvroXicr6rL
f a)=I\ (x)'
Koraur66evrpoKa),ei
xotio iKnl,Iqrt,o! oKsQroills
611).isq
olvopfliosrgprcipivo,rpo-
o?yi(oworqn6sDvopisLqrou rol.dvr6vovrorJrol. dwovo.fro mpdSorypa (Xtrilo 9),
.r,k)=!sin(ai)
23. Opor6popq4
oti'JrLo4 xar\uvapooapeE 421
r61o.rt{rj ou1K},ivEl or! ouvdprlorl-f(r) = 0, oud

olol6l1opeo
f"'(x\ = ncos(n'x)'
ror ro lim acos(nx) 6evundplsrndvrors(1lonopd6r1lra,6Ev lndpler ovr= 0).
Ave(dprlro an' aurii rq nopo6siy,roro,
rc O6pehd)6qOe6plgo rou Anapoolrkori
olroloi JrdqflDriror6rr kdnorour6rrou06pnpo1lo flq rqpal6youqes rp;n6r vo
!r(ipl(, oav bDvdnro
rou Otopitoroq l I xpioLFIur60sol oivor6r I tt'l sDtri,ivL
otor6lop9a(ordEordonvIriouvdprrlot).
emm$^r YrroeEroule 6rr I /" I rivol flo al(o}.oD0iq ouvoprrioov

,rouivol'rapoyoyior-
p3( oto [d, 6], Kr 6n I l/,j ouyr).iv (KardotpEio)orrtv /. Y,|o061outE, or6tq, 6ir rt
l/"'i outKlivrolor6Fop9ooro [a, b] o (d,ToraouvElriorrvdpritort g. T6r n / Eivor
mpofoyiolpnxor
,f G) = lim ,(.{).
anolEr:r EqopF6(ovro6 6 Tlq xdoEr

10 OE6prlIaI oro 6 isrrlro [d, rl, 9].i'rorry
ro16r
t' f'
. r,'
J.c=.]l.tl.1.
=
l'I tt(r) ,f,(d)l
= f(x,)_ f(a).
Aqont g ivorouveris,'tetqr6tr /(r) = g(x)= lim /,(-x) 7u KdoE.{
orc 6uistrtra
td,bl.I
T6pa troufloups sro6eiEEr ro paolK{io,ror0l.6oparu
yu ft oBordfopQa 6plo, ival
eav0p610trd)q
irpdnflvo lorproroilr ouvoplrioLq
rou opl(ovrurocv onerpoaopoiopcro,
f(xl = f'(xl + f,\x) + f.(x\ + ....
Auni I lodqla qlnivl 6rr
f (x)= firyf ,(x)+ ...+ f "@.
xar rd npolloiFvd os{rprigotd
lqE Qap!6(ovror,
av I Korvoipyro
oKol.oloia
fb t+ f, ft+ f,+ !t,...
oull(),iveroplriuopeaorilv t. Aqoi qurli ivorkor rl !6\,I nspinlool rloDnp6(11ar
va
Fo6qnooloLio , nlv onogovrirvou!c p dvovoptop6.
.H. aEtpo
.F (nrorrrr(d: I qKo).ol0iol/.i livar olor6topQo
Z /, duyxlivErolor6ropqo
oopoioqrl)dqv / oro t , av rl aKoloDoia
f), h+ f., i+ f2+ f.,...
ou,x).iwr ofor6lopAoollv / oro A.
Mropoitlsr6po vo Qopp6oolp Ko0dva ar6 ra OsopiFtrrol, 2 l(qr3 orq olor6gopAo

o0yK),ivouoE
orpi( 10 oqrripdoFra 6l01un(i)vovrcr
o' ivq Korvdn6oro!o.
'Eolo
nontv^ drLn Z /" owrl.ivrLoloL6lop0qoqv /orotd.bl.
422 ('Artpe) mr (inape) oerptE
aKolougle;
( 1 ) Av Kdot (voroDvel{6orc [a, b], r6reI f eivorouvel{qoto {a 61.

t2) Av it / KaLKdot Eivoro).oK1.np6o1Fsq oro [a, b], r6re
I r_I'! !"I r".

r"
A1610.av q or,rxlivn (ror{i orlrrio) orrv forola.6l. Kq'I f.

U /" ,f"'ouirriwr
opor6gopqo
oro [o. b] oe rdnoroouvf.tliouvdprlq. 16rc
rll ftrl = ) /"'tx) rro Kdocr oto [a. bl-
(l) Av Kdest tvqrouvel{E,roi6rorolier xcr llc K'ioe/j + ,.. + /", l(orrl / ivorro
opor6popeo dplo q6 qKo),oDoiaq
t,, /, + J'. f'+ f,+ /l, ..., dpo rl / Eivor
o'rvtiEa,l6ro o6prlFo2.
(2) Apo r/,, f +ft,f + /:+ /l,... ou,xrivrorroL6lopga ot!! /, ard 10Od)-
prlpoI drrrar
6n
.*t",
1""=EI"',t,*
=p(/"r,**/"41
=2,r''
(l) K'ior ouv,ipqorl f, + * + f, Eivarrupqyoyisur, rE rapitt'lo li + ... + f,',
xqrr/i,/i + fi, fi + f!+ i',... d0'rK).ivl
opord|lop9a6fro suvl|iouvdp-
qsn, qrd lrtv !1600l.tup'repoivouF0'16ro Os6pIFa3 6
/ ( x )= l i m t t ' ( .+{ .). + , ( r ) l
= L J;tx.).|
Ipoq 10nop6valrd ro 116propq 6vEivornohj lpri ouro,tutl gotvrqrnol.{6rjoKo}.0
vq
rpo9),6\,out.l
n6rsrt oro),o08to i, /j + f', f'+ f,+ i,... 0oo!?xl.ivrotor6Fopqo. H
rro orlpovrrxrjor-rvrlx1noolraqs1l!ftol rrlv opol6pop{pl
o6yK},rol,8ivEror
an6 ro 6n6p'
vo ee6prus rl or66sLEIeival oleddvtetprpp6vl,trori o rp6rroEpa tov oroio dlouv
orrlelei oLnol,rjor),6qtoo u'ro0iorr6ivoreuaDiq.
Toro 1/. ] uo axo],oueioqn6ouvoptrioeqopropa-

eEopHira|(roM-[pnHprcTol\t[tErsrr,\ss)
vqoro A, KoLu,Io06rou!
6 {M,l Eirqrltq oxo}'oueio a,6 qpr0to6Et&orou(drol
l/"(r) | = M" ro,.d& r oToA.
qK6po
+-
AquroedooutE Idrr. tro xdec.roro A. n onpt | /"{xt
6r n I M" or,rrLivcr.
ouyd:vcr(Korud),rorq
or?l(?,iv' ror n Z /" oulK).ivE
0no].61o(). Lolordgopoo oro,4srrl
qno6,r=H
fraKdor.x610A.noapdZl/,(x) orld. ivet.cn6ro r ptrtlprorl( ou?rprole'
Lnofivdcn Z / (,\l ouyx).iwr(qro).iroq).Eriolq. yro\dft r oro A dlouF
2J. Opoujpopp4
oiy nn Kar6t vapoottpig 423
| ./(r)- t,r (x)+ . . . + f " { , r r =l l > f"(ttl
< L|r't l
< 1) " ,v..

Aooun ) M - o u y K ) , i v oI . d D r 0 u 6 c
L M, rtropEivc yivetdoo g1xp6eod),oult8,
0v
enJ,i<oupto N opKrd!Eld).o.I
ttit'd t0
{/, i rou eoopiooufr6po,paqSivsrlro qnli Qoppoyri

H oKo),oloio ro! M-Kprl!piou
tul9otri(ou![ fe lx]lrlv o,r6o1aolrou-{on6rovfillorEorspoa(dporo(rl
rouWeierstrass.
Tpoarxrinop{ioroorqq /(,r) = {r} leqvi([Iaroro tz'ifq l0). Opi(outsr6po
I
/ , ( x ) =_ I t o . Ir .
Or o'rvopriofiq fr Kor , $oivovrororo txipa ll (d,trd,?ra !,4 orl,ouolidoDf8flE
Erx6vEg.
dj(outeovrrKotoorio0rro l0"IE 2'). Aurrin oKolouoiqoDvopflioov6:(0roptoroi
f1or60r ro M-Kprrripo1ouweierstrass va cQqpp6(Erqr otl1ofdlo(:Ilpoqovo(
I
| /,(r) | < *--:-rr niocx.
IU
*,, j , ,o o,7\).ivr.L qooi r.ri0e

Apon I l- o**** o/ororopgq /, eivor
ouvlnE.an6ro r6pr6l1o,rpoKmfl 6fl n ouv(ipqorl
f t n - / l . t x t =z , lr0"rl
(b)
ivoreniorlEouvs:{iq.To IXrIF l2 6Ei:ryeL
1I Tpaqrxinqpdorootrov np6rovlprK6v
t'Iita I t o0porqrdrov, + ... + /". Kcoriqro I pelo)drver,
orypaiprrd(
rapooldoerc
d1e6lii(ot"ror
Ir 6).0xa' !yo).r,rrplSuoro).io.Korto olcrpodOporopo
t /" eivara6nvcrov
vc o1e6ro-
ori,6rroqeaivsrarn qr6 ro trn6|r0vo (no! rprl.dgpdvlar
0e6prlpa oro Keilevonploo6
rEpooov trLov6roqipouod 6vrt rou odt,o1ol.
1qvonoiolropeilo vq napd,iverov oag
Aovei6rloKoh).
Kat(dltEtpEd
424 ('AnErp)stotrot)Aiee otryfe
.f,G)= rl8rl
.f,G)= * {r6,1
oroPHMA
s H ouvripqorl
ril
f(rl- ) -{10 Y,
sivo,novrol 6'rv6Xiqxar rou06vdrapo1o.rioLprtl

'Eloule
ano,\Er:H i8rt oro8iEsr 6Tl rt / ivoLouvIriqour6ivorro p6voKotpdrrnlE
on65LElqoro onoiorp,d(.orn otor6Fopq!oilxlLol. oo ono6EiqouFs 6fi I / 6v6itar
tropdT{d,iorftoro a, y1orl]loio a, xorooK0u{iEovroq pla oul]{eKpudvtaKo},o'roia
ir.j
nourcivororo 0, 710rlv onoidro
t h"')
,| |-' | |I(o
.-._ ftu)
6rv wdpl1. Ilpoaov6q,opKsivd ssrdoou!t6vo KEivouq

rouqopr0poiqnou rKovo-
noronvrrlv0<a<1.
Ynoeiro' ofl ro dc\06{o ovdnLL,1F0
1oL,
d Liva.
"r . d= D tltdra$4...
Oroupe i. = l0 'qv d.+4i 9, xor}j, = - I0 'ov d"= 4i 9 (t orrlol6'j/rtort

aD.6v
rov 6io eqqrpioeov0oliva oivrotq). T6.e
lta hi Itat t I ll0lo h.ll ll0 al
tu r r -
- ; L l0' 'lll0'rd L fr.)l {l0"orl.
Z
A'rri rt or0lpooLpd r"r" ivoL6vq nmposp6vo depororo,Trotiov
"o"ru""-U"r""
, > rr, r6rEo l0'i. Eivorqr6poroq, dpo
-
U0'(d+,!.)l [10'd]= 0.
{no rlr d).II nld pd.}ro n < m lropoi". vo ypduoL,Ic
l0'd = o{dp0rc(+ 0-0,.rd,
lo'(d + ,i,) = oKlipaLo6
+ 0 d, ,d,+ld,-, (d. + l)
(ylo vo latDgrI DrirEprlLo6rrtruivaLououorrK6ro 6116LaI6Eaps n.= l0 '6Tov
=
d. 9).Ae uno0dooutr r6p0 6rt
...d.... <+
0.d,-'a,-.a"-j
ooy 'toq rar iwapooerpiE 425
23. Opot6popqq
T6rs 0o ivor Ko!

0.4,+,4"+d"+, ...(d.1 l)... < l-
(oqv srbrKi rspirrcrot ,?=n+1, rl dairpl avlo6Tird rolier ylari Sral6qot
ha= - 10 a 6mv dn= 4).ADr6onpoivsrrirr
- '
{ 1 0 ' ( a+ n . ) } { 1 0 ' d} = + l 0 '
KaraKprpl0q n i6u lo6rrlrt r.riel.6rsvO.a,+p,+p"*,... > j.Tror,pn(rz r;1oupe
10' '[10'(d + l,)] 110'd]l=t l.
M 'il.l.o 1.6?10,ro
f (a+ h.)- f(a)
h.
eivorro {ieporolqnl - I apr0u6v,Ko06va(dn6roD6onoioDq ivmt 1.A},ld 6ravrpos06-
ioul + 1i 1o' 6vavaptoUd,IIdFd}"Iro!on6 neprlr6 s dprrcmr avrisrpoea. Apd
ro doporopa r? - I oprep6v,noDKo0vaqroDqsivart I, Ei'larirnc,dprnt aKqparce s\ o
,zrsival nprrJ6q,Kl vuqrptnde aKtpapq $t o n ei'rotdpfloS.E roldvoq, n qKo),oueio
. f(a+ h,) f(1)

h"
6svfnopivo ou,Kr"ivr,T rori sirorprc o{oXoDoio oKrpoinv,61o6otu(d

dpnov Kortreprr-
r6v. I
EKr6q0116 rov p6lo lrou61Io1Ee oro npotyori!voeE6pnBa, ro M-xprn1prcrou weier-
strasseivortva rdavrKdpya?"sioyro vo avol,iouueouvaprlisEqnoooopnepl9dpol,rol]1016
l(old. oa ooxol.toodlrrSloiTEpa !rouvqprioqrnE!opqri(
t\t > s , \ ^ -o ) ' .

ror dr6 qv m6rnro
or oroiErrprypdqo\"ror
rr*, I i,,,.
6-r.:\)fti\= atr- a)'. vo rdroro *"iuto","u" ouvoprliocov'rou {apld)ttol
!6vo oE6orJvriprEIoD(x a),l"6yerar
6Dvapoasrp6 Fr r6v.poro a. flcvc crl.ouolriooo-
pIa llpdl}lalo,0o sv61oep6poorE
ouviooqylo ouvojroorpdE lr3Kdwpo100,
t-"
.,-'=4i 1 r,"
Mlo iro)"rioluavrrKriKdtllopio 8Dvotoosrp6v
sivoraurdqrlq fopqiq
i f ' t o t ' -"a ) '

a,
6rou / ivar lra ouvriprTlstpErrapoy{i,ouqKdeerdqrlEoro d lro riroro oclpd }.a,reIorrl

o8wdTaylorrrE /610 d. B69a!o,6Ev ror$eravoyroorrKd 6rr
'f "r")
f(x) - ) :"'lx-a)".
Aunt n ro6rtra 1oI0 p6vo6rovor riporuno),oirou rnv limR."(-{)= 0.

rKovororotv
426 Kat(ineryE) otpq
('Arcrp4) ard.ou0tEe
Ma! sivdrri0nyvdor66n !ro 6uvoFoocrpd dl'6rv oL7x),ivEr

avoyxoolr\d]ro dla
Z
ra -r.flo n0pd6srro,I 8uvdpoorlpd
," I 5 N.r r.
1'
I6voTlo lx { l, evriq 8uvcpooerpri

oDTxl.ivEl
'.)l lt 4
! !5
! .-
dlTXl.ivflir6voT10-l < x< l. Mnopoijreor.6Fovo KoruoKsDriooute

Kar6uvopoorpd
rou va 6qK].iver r6vo ro x = 0. flq ropd8rypo,n 6uvopoo|pd
s-,
6ev6DyK)'ivrylo x + 0. Ilpdy[orl or ]'6tor
(, + l)! (x'.')_
' (, + l)r
nl x'
6rv ivorepo,ldvor yro KovivaI * 0. Av 6foq lro buvcsoonpri a.r" o, Txliva 1lc
I
d!=0
.z
rdroro r0 0, !6rc froport/cva noitc roud rLorrt de,pd al" yra x < la | .
Z
orePHMr6YnoodroDu8
6n I o8lpri
Ilx - >,aA'
our{}.ivsr,ror 6orcrd onorco8inorsoproldElrs0 < o < l.e . T6rsro [-d, d] rl orpd
,,',.t
J tx) - Ld"x"
(Korono)'6roq).
o07xlivelopo16Uopqo lla q srpd
AK6Io,ro i6roroI6D1l(or
rrxr - f aa",-t
Ti),oq,I f ivorropqlo, idqrl l.o1
71,1=\*,"-'
.r9elxl < la l.
nc\rrr0e
'Apo
AnoatEHiApoun ), a"ro'ouyd.ivtL,ot 6pora".{0
" oulx} ivouvoro 0. rivar o'Ios6i_
rorc apoytdvor:u'rdflrKdnoroc M rdroroq'iorr
opt0F6q
l,x,l= l,,l . 4,1<MyloKd0e'.

T6pa,ov Kd'rolox qlrixr610L- a, dl, abrl l,rl < lal, tpc
23. OtofipopEqoifKfuoq rar \uvapooerpig 427
aa' = la) lx'

< l'" l''l
lo,l l.*.l" l3l"to*o giro)
rodqurtvo
"ivo,
< M l' {!rl'' .
A).)d ]a/a < l, dpot (yopiprnl)
oetpd
iv,sl .u\ !t'

tr.i, {
or'/K),ivEr.
Iloipvovro6Io'rq M. ial&l'oav rolE aproFoieM, oro M- rprrrlprorou
wcicrsrrass.
insrqrtu n Z dl'ou-rd,ivfl opordlopoooto l-a. ol.
'
7rqrrv g(.x)= | na"t" napcrqpoipe
fro vo ano8cilou|l[rov i6roroXUpLo!6 ritr
lna,t = nla,l lx*'l
- l"rl. or", isl"

lal
.M "1
t a' tl '
.
lal
Aeo'ildl,\l< I,I orpri
i, -M n lr a|t , -M
> f tat.
nt-l
'\'
a a aFt'\'
(0r,16ono&il1nxEoro KAdl.alo
ouTKr.ivcr rou (prqpiou rouj,6,rou).
22ooveoppoTrt
M,o oKEraraopFoti rou M- Kp,rlpiourou weieriras oro6crrrahr6111
t nc",r'l
ouTr).iwropr6lopea oro [-4 a].
T6ioq.ondro n6prouduoqnoipvoutc.rp{i,ro6fl l g ivolotivc;(i(.rr drerrq6rr
frxt= srxl / Do"x'tt:.rrr alol a.al.
AQo!0(ifnopoioapeva d7olpnd,6qr onoov8iroreapr0p6a |ls0 ( a ( l4 L ro oo1116-

poopd!o; rolicr lrc xd0er pe lxl < la l. I
E(foorrd;pao oonva i(erpromnge p dveol trq 8uvoFooErpfE.
Or rprso6rpe ol,r-
pprKde
tpri6qivaroffovororrlflx6Po0t6,an' euoeiog 6uv6ruCrov'yevr(6voeopnpd-
rd! 7ro rtc orrLpooerpdq.

TLonopd8cr/fd.
Lroedrorf6rr 7r*r= I r"r' *,
",
+rd
gt^t-
Z b,^. civqr6,:06Lvauoocrpiq
rol- or,yK).ivoLv
)ra rdflorox0. Tdr.tro
lxl< la,I eloupr
s.".*s ^"" as. ",^"".'t u t , t =Z t a " I b,)r'.

428 ('Atttrpcq)ard,oDgiee
Kat(tittrye)
oeie
E ! o r . r o f l p s , , r ( . r ), - ( o . - b . r . r o r , r r l i v ee,n i o l qy , c x l < l & 1 . x 0 , l l / l Sytd
rov yrvopdv{,v
H ovnpcr{i,rrlort ivar}.oapriq Av lx | ( lxo| , r6rervopr
nr6ro}.6n}.oxq.
'Ersr.
(oLuL6rr oLonpd( Z al" \q' Z bdr' o, )K].ivou!d,io,lurd6. 0,16ro Oc6pntq
229 incrur6Tr!o yrv6utvo) a-.y ) bi'8ivrror u,rdro
\.( \
, utbl .
6iroDro orol:(siaalrby' Ertrrdoootror rp6ro. E61K61epo,

Forolovdrino1 Inopoipvo
5ro],6qour
rr S iraerl
oih + (aobr+ d,4)r + (oob1+drbt+ d,h)x1+ ...
roDgropslv0lpoQsroov
' t s-"
L crx rci- L u,u1...
'Eror, yrv6psvo
Aur6 eivorro qrv6pevoCarchyDrou ronrorlo.o np6pl.n!'o22-8. .o
L(x)- ) cr'cnia'tc ou/Klivctrra x < lx0 Korn - /g yr'01!drq ,t.

Cauchv
Td),oc.LroedrorLr 6fl l(^) - > ar". 6nor ai I 0. dror 60rr /(0) - a0/ 0. T6rc.
va ppoipr /Lu SLvo;o*,pa

!,Topoi,rcvu ,rpoona0rioou[L '*.'" t 4"" rl o,roid,ropLord
rlv
l/ /. Aur6otpoiwr 6110dl.oulre
vo 6loup6
) a"x'.) u"x'- I- I-o.xI o.x'1 ....
Ee6oovnoplarpin]uprioufli( qE(iooortq0o6o0eiarr6ro yrv6pevo

Cauchy,0dl.oDps
va loDpen6
q4=l
aoq+drh=0
q4+ar'r+dr4=0
Apoi q + 0, rnopoit vq }.[oouprrv rp6rrl on6our6qns 6ro6osr6

oq npoq4. Mrd
I,ropo$Fvo)"66oDpeqv poq#vr oK6Jrd
Eajtpit0)qrpoqbr,Kl.rr.OuorKd, vo ono6i6ou-
,,coTrI vio oflpri ) y,a r{ttroro,r+0.Arrldoqivcrqroov

b"r'npriypa ouyK).ivs,
doKtorl(npdplnpal7).
To O6prtpo6 poq6ivLyrc rq ncpolrirloug
6l,eqrq nl,rlpoqopiEq
roDea 1pslooroitrs.
EdrK6rpo,
ov AopUoorsiorq anerpog8rpfq
l= =--- '
J: ) /t v:
23. Opouipopp4
oiyrTo1 xar\uapootrpiE 429
. t.x' - 6 tt 5r.-t8 r - - .
c o s x =l - I +
4!
e'=I- i- t- t+;, +
6ivsLaxp106qro oflolel.doForc
JIoD Koopldor' qurd(ol, K),ivsr
rprpdvoup. yroKde.x!,
riporo oupneAiotqTo rou OEopriForo( yrdKdoexr
616Xriouv
Irl 5"
s i n ' r x lr-=i f -=**
ll
2x . 4,1' -6t'
cos{rr=-I+-il 61- . -s'nl.
c x' 2p! 'J(! r=) I - : 1 - : : + -crPrrr
M q ouvapflioeq a.ctan Kor t(.x) = log(l +.x) n kdrdoraorl eivdr liTo mo

!'r),etpdq. Aaoi I osrpd
xtxtxt,
arclanl=
.
= l, oulKliversriole rar rtc lxl ( I, rar
ol7rl.ivsrIa -xo
a r c r a n ), (=. rt - l : 1 .x. .r"+... l-..11o l,rl< L
t' ourlivqv repinool rl orpdruloivn va ou]r),iv!r KorTra r = - l. Opoq,o dnoE

qe ropdT6tou6Evriwr o0)or6q yrox = I rl r = l. lqv npq'flroflk6rnro,
I oErp6
I-xr{x1-x6*.
=
aroxl.ivcr?ro-x I Kqr.r= - l. IlopornpEior
6rraur66vqvttgdoKL
!E ro Og6pllra6,
dno, t6vo yLo
ro oroio rotupi(crar6rL rl rapdloyoq 6ivsrcl cn6 rov alopvdFvo
i < l&1.
l o g l l+ x r - I -
rt a r ar S+-. . .
f l
triorlq ,Ila l.xl < l, ror
oulKi,iverylo r0 = I, ouyrc).iver
+r)= t r tx 'r'- rtq lxl(t'

l+x-=lo8(l
t ourrlvrqv rspinrosl, ! optuni orpd6voDyxlivryra.r = - I *qr rdortq,
n orpdqq
nopoy{iyoD6vouyK},ivr ?u x = L
'O),q pla8lvojroorpd,qurollliroqrql{ou! KoL?u filv rapdyot6rlg sro
6oaroj(6ouvTra
oTlpEiq6rrourl mpdloloq rcprordvErcry6uvopoorpd. Av I
tt,t-i ",,
oupd,ivr.rlc xdoc.xs' dvqdrdolrpo (- R, ;;tore ro oe6pryo 6 Focpspad,ver6n
fa)- Z oa'x"'
'ru xdoex olo (- rR,i). E{paptr6(ovroq
ro OE6pIpa6Trq Bu 0x6!o eopd,ppio{oulr 61l
43O ('Aretpe;)ardLou1ieg
rat (itrerptq
) otrpiq
t tt1 \ nrs tPs"
xoLoL,!r/i;ovroq !' sro?ori PpioKoupE

6rL
n
f lt) ) n(n lj rn - i. r l)o", '.
'E1or,
a! pL(l ouldprtol opi(Eror on6 Fr{r 8lvoFoosrpd nou ou?diivcr o' ivo 61dor+Lo
( R, R ), ror ourotdro( ropalo, i(lor drclpoqQopd(o our6ro 61d6rrtlo.E,rLrtriov.0116
rlv npotyoipvt 1061!10rpor(Llnrfl6rL
/ , , , ( 0 )= k t o , .
- _ /-(0)
"t t,r
M ti1.),1i.6t\s. ln ouyrl[vauod iirJvatooLpti tt, Kitapo ro Aeiwt ttdvroft n 6ErydTaylar

oro0 rn; ouviprroq; rnv otu{a opi(Et.
if at)ni! q Iqpottrvlv6ro,0d'roviKoiovo olok).rtp{irooutlc lrt lsl6rl rov Suvo}ro-
osrpdrv Ko.rrr,rvorp6vTaylor. Mrdnpooexnroi6uoec{riu!6n rtq r(0rdoroottq 0oafloxo-
Ii\yLdpKsid.(16Lslr.pivLoro oq 16pq,ortpcio.
or osrpiqTaylorrov sin,cos.KoLexpsivor600 lKovonorrlfldq0o 0a).al0:6l]'/xlivoriv
1lo {d6E.y.{o1 ropa?oyiEov.aL Kord6pouqtLo Kriocx. H oerpdTaylorfltq ouvdp'rnorq
/(:r) = log(l + x) Eivurxdr(Dq],rT6repo EUxdprorr, yLoriouyK),ivsr i16voyro I < x<
l, oird auri I a6uvopio Eivorovoyxoioerox6),or:0o qr giorlr rorv6NorooE,pri,v. Av rt
oerpdTaylor tq / 6!}1r,.ivc1?ro r.dnolo.xi,!e lxi > l,16r 0oou'/{Iivel610S,dorr a
( lxr , l:r,l), xor o' curdro 8rdorlro, rt ouvdprnornoL,opiqsl0a silrolnapoloyiolprt,
Enotivrds cuvszris.Aild oL,r6i\,o1o6ivoro,yLuri6vEirorqpalpdv!oro drdorrpa( l.
l) 6rouoivo,ian !r Log(l+ x).
H osrpdTaylorfltq arctanEivaruK6panro 6uov6lrl quivsroL6rL6vundpirEr pro
7,o-/rKi Eiltor] 7rorlvdpvrlot quriq qq osrpriq \oouyKiiver6iov -{ > 1. Tvo ox6Fa
no swlrooLd{6 nopd6EL.r,fo ol]Irient( rLUofltprdSorq oDUrTprAopdc. 6i! rt ou\rdprnorl
/\yJ - | (l r ). Lradrfrp"q,pop;q rupflIuliouno, vrprlof. ro, fivarro no ,proro-
loltKo npdTjra lsrd un6 pLono).uovL,!1,fli
ouvdpqol. H oLpd Taylorrrq / Siv8ror0116
rr'tv
p1'1= L=l-xr*x.-x,ix" .
" l+!r
Av Ix I > I . I oerpdTaylor8s\rou]{),i\r',.rlori; [016 o6pdro'Fn63,o6N oerlvL rrl osrpd
l a y l o vr ou r c . - o Orc; rp o c a o . o' r o , , o - l : l u \ o { d u K o v c , q r d , o L q ' p o r ' l o r r , c : v o .
ndvlo nrxiv6Dvo,-rrqri fnopei vq Kqro).riL o pro ovlLtrollnxiondvrrlsli oufpoivsL
j d . o , . p o i t " i . o r i / o ' v r o a p , i r r o . oI : u ' . r t r . r t v ^ L p : ^ . u o q o t o - . ' r a p,/r.o
6irinot, I onoio6!oq 8svrnop'i vo 6o8siauri lrt orlllii Av kor ro rpdBl,rluooaopd
rouEnpotlorLKoiqapro$oJE, Inopivu anavq0icpnvsuopfvo !6vo ov lonooEr!0io'
6vfl sup,jrpo nioioro. Oa rpLoorEiioLn6v! oarsp6ooup8 6l,0Ke$diaraoe relsioq
xaLvoipTLo ri).rK6, fdxpLva oloxirp6ooupEr! usl,6rl r(DvoLpdvTaylororo Ksqd),oro
26.
NPOBAHMATA
1. rrs xqoprd(1n6flq napaK'iroaKoio',oi'e,I /" 1 pprir! ro x(lri orpEio6pro1rr {/" l
(o!' ']ndpx, oio bLdoll!fl noDL,no8aKvioutL. xol si'r{t6r o! I i/"1 o!l{}.ivc,
olLor6rLopaoo aufli It ouvdprrort.
2j. Opordpopqrl
ouyrTo1 rat \wapooerpiq 431
(i) ,(x) = fi, oro[0,t].

(ii) /"(")={l
",'j',*o1o,a],*,-on.
1ii1 1"1";= {, o.o1;,-1.
(iv) /,(r) = e "', oro [-1, l].
(v) /"(x) = l-, oro R.
2. Aur6ro np6pl.nto,(rl1dro i6rdrpdtparo6r!oq(o110n p6pl.itpqI , o),].dorsuvapri-

olqroo 6vivorKor1600e xoleg.MepLrfquro6eilr(6ivowororo rdLoc:
(i) /,(x) = x'- .x:"oro[0, l].
riit 1,1*;= , *fr]*o -;,

10,
1"1 1"1"1-1f,d olo[a,a),o> o.
1e i"1,1=14+j*"*
('1 /,(,)=t+ -.,&orotao),a>0.
kD r,r'l=r/l*' - 14orox.
("") /"(,)=,(\,4;T .,/i)o.o1a-y.o>o
Yno6iq: (i) rro xdor, FpEirEro [611010 rou l/ - /,loro t0, U. (ii) rlo l(d06,,
ee{rpiorro l fG) - f .{. (in) Exgpriorero fal.) f,(x\ aav
"(x)l 7ro rEl'ito
xliidlo ror uno).otiorkord rpoddtyrol ro lfA)- fl/)l yro x > d. (iv) A6olE
l1loEXoprofli npood Lol ro! I/(x)- /"(x)IlrotrKp6 |x | . (vii)Xpnor[ororior
3. BpcirErI oa pd I aylororo 0 rra (q0elLdon6 ! rqouvqpriorre:
(i\ f(x)=-,aiL0
(ii) f(r) = los(r - d), a + 0.

I
fiii) /(r) = ,,;-- = (l r) rr. {Xpno,toro'riorero Up60l,uo t9-7)
VT _-I
1;1 y1,1=-L,
vr x_
(v) t(x) = arcsinx.
4, BpeirrKqodvu
ar6 ro rr6lEvaorrLpoaepoiolaro.
{i) l-x+;-r+J ..
'Arctpeg)
432 ( rar (drcrpe) oerptE
aroToo9teg
(ii) I xr +.16- x' + .... Yn66s1ln:

Ms 11eivdrioo to l- x*x':- xr{...;
-
fin z t".z- i.t ; i,c xl < L Yn66flet:flaparoyioTc.
5. Yno),oyiorero rno rdro onErpoaopoioporo. (hC dprso6rEpsE rgpr,lr6oqivar

/(d) 6no'rd eivol'.dnoloq nporpcvlqcpr0p6g xcr /(.{) divsrar
0'!6 xdrolo Suvofo-
o!pd.flo vo Ppeirerrlv rrlri rov 8tagdpo)v
6uvoposlp6v, r(ptasrirrqI6Ipr
vo raavroreiK'irora,Ivooniorpd.)
,i, f { Irzh,t}
,''' i -l-
' ' 1"
I2n\l
,,,.,
i
'^t a
r rr\'-'
2 n +t \ r l
,..'' { ,
,",.i
' '
r
:( l"(n+ l)
, . r f 2 , +I
6. Av /(x) = (sin.{)/xTroxl0 Kqr f(0) = I, Ppeirrtv /t',(0). Yn664n:BpilDrrl
6lv0looetpdIn( / .
7.: ouTo
ro np6p).Tpu
rEdlouuc
rn 6,{,rvuuLK,i -x)"-tr(fi)",
oc,pd{t ,.
lo)piqq 6oul8rd,Io! l(dvqB
oro np6P].Ita 22-18,ov Korfu 1plorpo'Iolliooup8l((irr
rou orodLixrn*Loro .poq{a)rrsivouro, npop}.ifaroq- n oc,p,i/(-) -
i l g [,
="\'.,
ouyd.iv,yta lxl < L
(a) 6Tl(l +.{)/(x) = d/(x) ru .{ <1.
Anoleiq1e
(b) T6po68i6rs6n Kdoouvriprlol / rou rxcvonoEiro pdpoq (a)ivorfitEropqrie
f(x)= c(l + x)' tra riLnolooroopdc, Korlprtorpororeiorsour6roororlio
yLqvqrdperEq 6!ovul1lr.r't
oelpd.Ynd61er:E(dgIErrv s(r) = /(r)/(l + r)'.
t. Ano6e{!1
6r n orpd
s'
3, D(t + nx')
oull(Liveropor6popqaoToX.
!9. (a) Aro6i6'r 6n r orpri
\ r,.;"1
oro[a,-) ylo a> 0.Yn661qr]rl$Gh

ou$),ivropol6popqa n)/, = L
(b) O0rp6\,T an6ro Nprpr'ro6 yro.x= 2/(,r3r),6iq1
ogro dopolopo dfl n srpd
6voDTK).ivropol6popqosro (0, -).
10. (a) ^si6ro6n n oe,pd
oi"y 'oq raL\uvapooatptE 433
23. Opordpopg4
i ,,,,
2t+n','
oulKl,ivEr otor6popedoro [4 F)Yla a> 0 Yr66eqrl:Bpi16
npdrrdro !,ltolo
Iou r-{/(l + nar:)oto [0,-).
(b) Aeiqft 6fl
,/lrl"
\ N t _ 2 , +Sn l,
/oere ro dopotopo'
xortpnolFotror6wa(6vooloKlip0rla 11ova trpooT 6[iqre
^,, rlli t r'a
oro *.
6tr ! otpd6evou-rl<Iivflolrol6Jropqa
tujr[epdvorE
Fotrl oEtpd
Tr sulrgaivsr
i,'x '
3,t + o'"'
rc np6pl.ntql5-33xorlo Kprrripro
n. (a) Xpqorponor(c (npdp)'ruo
lou Dirichlet
2?19)yravd0ro6Eiqne
61rTlsErp'i
i ,.*
='D
ou, xtlivroFodFopqoslo [e,2Jr ], > 0

(b) flo r = z/N, lle N reldlo, 6tilt 6rr
lI s;ntx = lI 'inrx
luUmpdvat61r l f l
s i n * r>l 6evooyl(],ivot
Kor6rLrl sLpd oFoL6lopQq
oro [0,2t].
lf,kl t,
*
d rl / (x ) = ) or' or,]xlivcrTLoKdoL.rs dva6Ldornlrq
12.(a) Yao0dtoLpE (-R. Rl
xar 6rr f(r) = 0lld rdo"i'oto1 R, R). Aro8eiia 61rKdoa, = 0 (Av 0uu6'
ooorErov t$ttoyu ro do,qut6Eivolirclo )
(b) Ynoe6o$ 6tl qdpoutepdvo noq /(x,)=0 rlo rdnora oKol.oL'oiq {r,l p
lim.r"=o. Aro6eiertrdh 6fl Kded,=0. Yn66El1t:np6lo lilft 6rr
= ar= 0, Kr.'I.
/(0) = q0= 6 rt 6,r' t(0)
Auroro orroral[osa 6t', ov /(r) = e r' sinl/r 1ro.{t 0, t6tn /6rv
6i)tvEt
tirtL 6uvar6vvq1pa9ioovduvaloarpri. Acilvcrar'iua 6rr lro ouvriptYlorlrou
opiqerorp 6lJvapootpd 6evptmpivo iwr 0 Io x< 0 Kqt 61r ul6dv 7u
r > 0 - dpo pro iuvqroorpd6vftlopi vo rpllpri\vrrTlvl(ivl6n v6go6po-
rog rou rirov cxivrlto li1pl q :(povrKlio1l1lri 0, lcorlrd dplto va xLvEitat!
(c) 6tr I 11x1= f, c"r" '<o'1 gtxl = |

Yno06lourE a,r" oulrlivouv 1Lcxti0ex
ir6oqo' dvalrdorl [a rcDrplilfl ro 0 Kor6rr /(t' ) 1la kdirotoo*otroD0la{t' ]

nououy(trivoroto 0. Aie:6i a, = b" I\a KdaEn . E]j'ni6:ps.,ttts 'Dvdptnon
wopEl t! tlet pdvo pa napdotuoqodr ,DvawoQdp Ktwpo tu 0
434 ('Arerpeq)ard,ol9ieqru (rirerptg)oetpiE
lJ. AnobLiETr
^.. n ..
orL.ov 't lt^)= Zar" fivd. ripnoauvdp,Iot 16Tco" - 0 )ra Kd0c,
nsp1rr6,{o1ov il / ivorneprrfiiouvdpqol r6Tea, = 0 yl0 Kdoe, {ipno.
14.AsiErs 6n I8lvoloosrpriqE /(.r) = log(l r)oud"ivrr6vo?l0-l<,r<l,xar
6rr r 6uvotroosrpdrtqg(x) = logt(l + x)i (l x)l oDlKl.ivr
r6vo yro,r 6to (-1, l).
*rs. oufit0sir 611 il oxol.ouioroD Fibonacci
{d"l opi(sIor on6 rq oL= d, = I,
a+t= a,i 4 1.
(a) ^si6rr 'tr1a,+,/a,< 2.
(b) Odrolp
'i
Jt^t- Z ar" - L .r' 2x -l,r'-...
XptolFo,rolsior6
{o rprlriprorou),6.rou
yrovoanoSsiqer0
6rr I /(r) o!}l(},ivsr
q vl x l < r / 2 .
G) A'iosEiqre 6rr,0vx <t12,m't)
I
J\^)
Aurri1o6.!n.o
.y'r656Lln: rourr.",-"i**n i*,r'.i , G) xf(x) xlf(x)=t.
(d) dLoondor -
oFprxdxldoparoro li(x' + x l) Kqrrprlorpo'rorEior rr 51,!o-
pooerpd rlq l/(r d), yrovo n{ip0rsjlrov{t},}.1buvapooerpd.rla
rtv f.
(e) An6 ro np6phpo 126,rEror 6rLoL66()8DvorrooLpde nounqipvoup yrq rnv /
np6mrvo EivaloLi6rEE.Xpnqrporioreiore our6ro ororlsio ylori vo 6EiEr6rL
/L+ \t5\. /l + \f5\"

\ )/ \ 7/
"5
16.tor@ /r.r)- ) ar'\sr s{rr- ) b"x. Ynoe:rourc
dr }vdpi(ou,rc,rovo
o'l
- .r' lra Kdtro,o

c".ol),d6rv/voJp,(,o, p'. cv
p' tru:vono^ôtr^do,oqo,
It,ter"r i
16v1,orpaq.
Xprouo,rorior rov nl'ro rou Leibniz(np6F),rpol0'l8) ru vo 5iqr6
on' suoEiflq
6rr ou'lriI oErpdrlq /g ivqrnpdypotlro Cauchy]Lv6!evoiorvoLp6v
rrq / Kars.
3
17.YrooirorL.6Trn fl^)- )
a-x'or,yK).i\cr 7ra Kdnoro.{i,(ar6r. a0l0. Xdpv
'grr.
6rr q, = t.
or),6rrroq,0auro06oourrs t, , t .*olouoio rou opiEero,
a!o6pol'1-
.\
O o\ondqquroirounpo!),itqroq.
ci\urvaSLiEcr
6rLq b"r'or,yK).ivcr
criorc.lra
Z
Kdnoro.{ I 0, 61016ore'roprordrnv I i / rfl apKerdtlKp{i x .
oiyrkoq rar \avapooerpi; 435
23. Opoftpoprprl
(a) Av ld,\'| < M,5iErs

611
tb\, - Ml br'i.
(b) ^rq].6qrs
M> V2 !" t'*'t = t. o",q"r;.,
osa'3luP'.
.:
{c) dn ro Z b"r' or ir). rt y.o l\ | ap,{ctd
L, utrLpdvarc L'hp6.
-i
ls. AercrLdrr
"Dl
ro-rpri ) - -, - t'- .oL/{/.,!Lrorloro/opaoorrv I logtt lroro
a,tnr I tni t
I d, o] 7ro0 < a < l, o].]d 6n oro I au]Klivrorovlos2(l).
.;
+fq. \ nooiro'./cd1 n :ioo',rL 6!r r ofrpd I(n- Z u i apxL to
)a, oL,1<Iiv"..
ojror6pop$ooioI a, d]-rro0 < a < I,ul,IdInopi va tI oDTdlivEL
ou?{}.iv61 otor6-
popqqoro I l. l] KorudLoro, pnopEivo !! ourlivel {ov oro olttsio I (./ra
'OIog,
nopdicrlpo,rt f(x) = loe(1+ x)). alo 6pop9oE6prl[orolr Abel SEixvEL
6n I osrpdorlK],ivs1otor6topaooro [0, 1].EnolavoqI / tivot a'rvslrtqaro [0. l]
to O"dpl/o ro, cbel,rc,.lvrop0tri-
) o^ ti-r,> a"r . Ano6.i",tc
\dr, sror\o-cpo,
pnor 6rr flv d- + ... + a, | < s, r6re a.r' + ... + a"x'l < e, o:16ro rif rra to!
Abel.(np6p).1F0 1848.)
2 0 . [ 4 . o o ' r o / . o r b L f l L o , ) ^ c 1 " t u t A b e't o a p o, r' c7r,y"\ c \ - l i ' " t "' ' , r ,dopI xo Lo ,B ) . r F u
6n {dos o0poiolpl oKo},ou0iaEivqrovo}.rooxl{d Abel a0poioLpl. BpEiI
l9 6it{vL
fLd oxol.ouoionou eivdLAbel oopoiorpl, d,ki 6ev oivot a0poioLpl. Y,I6SeLitrAvo
rpdE.sorov Kordloyo r(D! oErp(ivTaylor dtpl va BpeirclLo rou 6e! ou, {}'iv't 610 l.
ov KaLI ou\,{iprlot roD noplordvelivo1ouvi(rlgoro l.
2r. (a) Xpnorsorol6woq ro np6B1,r!o 19,ppirerq mo rdror on'rpoaspoiotaro:
I l. I I
,' , .
) t l2 4.1 5 4
ltl
riir|+-+
47t0
'Ford
Lb, dn t., - , \r r o u i t o ' v o t - o
Ca!(h) fro,rlvo oL'o oL,y{/.o
"*'
.1;
o r p ; u) a . < c .) b . r o l n , o i r o ' r L c n ) . ; - o t ' ) . " o r r " , : v c r . ^ " 1: o r r .
,Tod/-ar,.
o,7\) iv-ro'o /,rou*o f o" ) 0".
22. (a) Yno6irolrLs6n {/,} eilor prc oro}.or0icon6 qpoypdvsq (6j(Lolurxoonrd

orveloiq)oDvaprioaqoro [d, b] nouoDyKlivouv opor6popqo
orrt! / oro [d,
bl. Ano&ilre 6r,I frivo' aporrdq oro [d,6].
(b) Bpeirplo oKo).oL,oiooDVEx6v oDvaprrioeov oro [a b] noDoDTKi,ivLxold
ortlEio06 !t0 prlapor!6vr]ol,vdprro! oro [a, b].
436 ('Arctpej aroTou4leg
raL(drerptg)
oeLp{q
*23. Yrooarollp611! / sivoLnapoyrdtioLpl.

Ano8Eiqle
61rit ouvdpfltorl/ 0ivurlo {ard
oltsio 6prorLloqo{o}.oreisq
oL,vs16vouvoprrio0o!'.
(Aqorli6poupE i 6I rapo6'iIud-
ru qouvX6v ropo76?ov,dlolfs oK6!o;va rdpdAslTpa oro oroio ro KordortlEio
6proouvt6vouvdpflioo0Jv 6svsivqrouvErtqoDv{ipfitot.)
24. BpEirsrro oxo).oD0io olol().lp6oLpovoDvaprri6ei0v i/, ), nououyKl,ivsrortv ([r1o
Loxlt prijortn)oDvdprrloil/ nousivorI orouqprtro[g r(0r0 srouqdpptrouq.Yr63s1-
(t: Kds/, 0oival00'ff6tar6liTo on!io.
25.(a) A'lobsii.s drL.ovrl /sivarroorol6ropao6proqq{/"}oro[d,r]KoLrd0r/,
aivoro).oK),tp6ortnoro [d, b], 16rro i6rorslJsr KaLyro rlt, /. (Enopfvoq,
!l0 qt6 rq uno0doErq rou OcoprilmoqI 6v1pslaE6rov.)
(b) tro oe6prpq 3 uno06oop $6vo6rLrt {/,,} ou}K),ivL xard orusio orrv /.
AeiEre611ol un6lo1nq L,noedorq
eqaoqal,iEouv 61rI {t"l npdllo.l 6!7(}"ivL
opor6lopa0ollv /.
(c) Yno06rori! 6r' oro os6prpa 3 5v6ex6!dor0noq rt {/,1 oDyx).ivr oe pla
o'rvdplto! /, all.d p6vo61rt /,(&) ouyK),ivsr 1loxrinoro.t,oro[q b]. deilre
611t /" npd?porL oulx?,iva(opor6Bopqo) oE(droto f (ttt f' = s).
(d) AnoociirsdTLI oerp{i
i (-l)"
I. Xi n
oro [0, ).
o'r'r,.iiveropoL6popqo
26. Yroedroup 6rLoL /, sivol ouvcroiqouvop ioLqoro t0, ll ror our.livouv opoL6-
!opau ortv /. Atroisiqrc6
,,
r m lt".=l',
' tn, Jnr'
;;rr
Iolrierro i6Loav rt oi7Kirol ds! sivoLotor6lopQl;

27. (a) Ynoedroup 6rrr I/'leivor uuqrolouoiq quv6r6votlvopflioovoro [d, b] 'rou
rcivELolo 0xardorusio.Yno0;rourr6, 'inrliov,6fl dXo'rFs /,(,{) > /". (r) > 0
7ra 6Ia ro r. KoLyu 6iq ro x oro la 61.AiErs6 r {f"J rsivLoro 0
01()1610pao oro [d, b]. Yr66ni!r Yno06ore roE 6rr, 6rq],6qrE Kord].,,t],1oKo-
iouoiuotpi{Dv x, oro [d, b]. KoLcQopt6oT3 ro Oedrprtpa Bolzano-Weierslrass.
(b) Arodiir ro Oe6ptparo'r Dini: Av rt {t,i siv,o pro llrl,oiEouosaKo}.ol,eia
ouvt6volvoplrioovoro [a, b] rt onoioreivrt o.d ortfrio oc ouvtriouvdp-
flton /,161e n {/,1 rivrorrv / opor6popea oro [a, b]. (Toi6,odnotdlopo
roxi8rav rl i/"] 'ivor Frt-qoivouoq aKo),o!eio.)
(c) IoI{0r ro O0d'prtloro! Diniovl / 6vivqroDvExriq;Tr oDtpoiv0,ovlo [4 b]
ovrLKoroorqoi qr610 o\rorft66L{iortpa(d, b);
2t. (a) Ynoedlolpe61r I I /, ] sivorlio aKo?,ou6ioouvet6!'ouvdpflioo!qro [a b] nou
ou./KLivr opor6Fopqq srrtv /. Aro8ilrs 6Tl,av ro x, rivELo1o x, r6re I
/,(r,)riv8r oro /(r).
(b) loriL ro i61oX0ipiqqv un60orl 6 or /" Ei\olo!vsxsiq;
k) AnodEiqr ro avdorpoaorou rdpouq(a):a! I / ivaLoDvEtiqoro Ia, bl Kcl
l /, j EivorrLo oKo),o'roio l13qv L6L6ntiq r /"(x,) vq'rEiv8rorlv /(x) ri6rr
r, reivsroro .{, r61EI /, o!rK}.i!crofLol6ropqq orrv / oro [d, 6]. Yn6581qt:
Av6/r, undprL ivo > 0 KaLtlaoKoicll]io r, irord,ore /,(.r") /(r,) | > s.
T6po,IpnoLUororeiare ro 06pruqBolzano-Weierstrass.
29. t' our6ronpdoitpq nprypdqourslLs r],EirDq
8LuaoprnKri
rpooarTro!oro ol.oKl.ri,
popo sro#!oe, EcveivoroiKorova Tptorsonorioorusn).tpoaopi'qnoL,67ou!ri6l
pdesryLura oioK),rtpd)paro.
23. Opordpopqq
oi'Jr),roqrar \uvapooerpig 437
(a) 'Eoro s pld Kl.rpoxoflialvdpqal o1o[a, b], 6rl],o6ri! r eivororoepi mo

(1, r, r,) 1lo Kdro( brqufprorl{6, ..., r,l rou [d, l]. Opi(ouperoJ,r oov ro
t. -',
r) 610',r. civqrr (oroorpri)lLtri rlq s olo {r, . r.).AEiqre
Zr {'. dfl ourdgo
op6'r6( 6svEapriirar on6rn 6rag6prsrt 16,...,r,].
(b) Mlq ouvdpqorl / Ldlmar mvovrxororqpivrlorc [d, 6] ov Eitql lo o]rodpp0o
6p$ prqga(otrouoiag r),rjroKordlv
onvopflio(rv {s"} olo [4 b]. dEitlE6n o
ouniv qv npint0rolundplr,Tra xdo > 0, rdroro N r6rc1o6ot tro m,
,>Nvaaj(oute lr"(x) - s.(x) < lro (dos.r sro [d, b].
t tb 1
(c) ALiqtEdr I o(ol.ou0iurov ap'etd,v r.l 0o EivoL
a,.o).oljoiq
Cauchy.
tj_
(d) Ynoetrouf611{r"}ivor grcri},}.1croiou0fcrhpaKor6volvoprrisovoro [4
otol6fopQaoqv /. diqrcdtl .|1ordoE > 0 Dndpt8r6vqN
bl nousu-rtr),iver
16101060rrtror> Nrvofrourrels,(.r)- t (.r)|< r.rldrdororo[q b].
(e) Iqrftpdvot 6tl s, = limj. t,. Aur6 olpiwr 6n jr'ropoilrevo oprbortE ro
l-iTJ"
T qxo),ouoia
J" / oav ro limJ,r" ta onoLoSrirore Kl.rpaxr,rr<irv
olvcpt!oeon{s,l
n'ouou6LiveropoLr5gopgc orrlv /. To ldvo sp6rnganouorouvoLivor: Iloliq
ouvopriosrqivalKavovlroJrolldv{; No fro llEpiri s,rdvrlorl.
+(f) A'!o6i6c6rrxdooor'rtiqouvriprlort ivorKovovrKonorrtp,vrt.Ynd6nI:frq
va 9pitpro(i.rporoni ouvdprnons oro[4 b]ll lt(.r) - s(r) | < Elto rdo
.{ olo [d, b],oeop8iot
6i.oroy lLa ra onoidurrriplrrtra rroraoovriprtol oto
La,vl.
+30.Bpsirt p1ooro).ou6ialtl rou ouyKlivaontv / otor6topeooro [0, l] lro lrlv onoio
l"'I (Firoc rte /" oro [0, l]) + rTil(oErrte / oto [0, l]. (To LuiKoq
opi(erorcto
np6p),Ipol3-26o},)do1oon),oorepo6uvqr6nopd6Erylo eleovi(owoLoDvapriosrg
'rrafle onoir( ro grixo6l!6 rouq mp{ioraolq ilur rrpoQovdg.)
TpoqrxriE
KEOA
AIO24 MITAAIKOI APIOMOI
Ms rlv EaipEolro)vrleDrsiovrapolpriQ(ov rou rporlyoudvouKeo),cion, olrld m

'OI0]E,
FrpLio]Il660txoe Ftonpottoldv6rort rov npoyporLK(iv apr0p6v. or npo,polrl(ol
qprepoidlouvdvdP8td),oddfto)Fo- 6rv 16X[r6Tll(dero],uovuprKli ouvripqorl6tr
prapiqq.To mo on),6kordqloonFeio1o nopdEeltfa,taq ro 6iverro 1yov6q 6116svundplL
apLp6q x nouvcrKovoror.irTlvx'+ I = 0. AurriI o8Dvafiaivor1600oopapi,rouqrr6
ro], m)d oLFoIfolLl(oioroodvonKav rlv avd,Krtvq rcnrvoriooovD dvovoproFdi pllv
16611110 i? + I = 0. fu roi,6rarp6,n xardsrqol rou (oprofodD i rlrovf{i}.}.ovFuolrlpr6-
615:09066vundp:(eL 6voqoproldEx,to!vq rxovorori lvxr + I = 0,[ivot flopdlo,ovo
l.iIE (dolo i o opr0f6e,loDrxovorori tv i'?+ I = 0r. Kr 6poe,I aro6o,0irou(Qoyrooll-
roiD opr0lo$ i orlv orKoldveu rov apr0l6v fprs( va ord,onod xard nol,i opKEto6(
d.tpptl(o66u'lol,oltofoig, l6lqi1po6tav or (lrruErroi aproj.rciDd + bi (1lo o rot b orc
R) snsrpdnrloov,ror 6lot oLv6Uorlov opl0prllrl(6v urol,o-froFiv noDonapr0trioo! oro
Keti),orol, unorf0rlxr 6rr ro?jouv. fio rrqpd&ryF, Kie aeurepopdolla.qiso6n
ax1+ bx + c= 0 tu+0\
]ivral vo ),uoirlnrxd. rol6ivel
- b+ \/E - 4ac b ,/F aac
2a
Av 61 4ac2 0, auroi or rirror bivouvooariq l. osle' av mrpd\rolp
loD[rlq6rKo$C
or r6tor qutoi6:(o0v
oprolo$q, ,wolo o 6),qrrqrp1,rr6onE. Ila nopd6r1!o,
I Eq(ooorl
,r:+i+l=0
}.ljorl,qQoi
6svi1sl ,rpalporLKri
^ t-
x : _ x _ r = r x_ l ) , I ] . o .y t or a e c . r .
AIId o dlro lla n6 pi(t rrlqbltepopdoUroc

r(iooolq uno68rl(wer
flq d,6or9)
-r+\f-3 r -J
'(or x=
"= , 2
Av ourea)vioourero \a-3 vo ortqiverJ3 . ( l) = r,/5.rf--t = r,6 i, roreauroior
uproFoi
0orirovor
2'
Aeveivor;[oro].ovo na].l0[ooute
6fl ouroi01,rpogro )rop6vli,ioqrumKoi,oprofoi
rrcvonororlvrqv clioroo4
x?+r+l=0.
Mnopo$uak6po va (L6oo!p)6urpopd0lrE6 .l1o6orE
no0or ouvr),odq
tol(ivor or
i6rorlryo6rroidprelloi.frd rrapd6erytd,
I 6i6o6rl
xr+x+l+i=0
24. MryaiucoiapL9pol 439
0d'rper va 6ILrrg lLioLq

l+'I 4(l+ i) -l+!--3-4r'
^. 2 - 2 '
,;nou.oo';r,poLorF3 +, orloiver 6vovpr?o6LK6 a + B; no! ro rsrpriTov6

opLep6 rot)
sivor -3 - 4t. flo !01lJ1[81
(o+Fi)r=d: P]+zaBi= 3-ai
0(1np;nsr
o' B'= - 3,
2dB= 4'
Al1iq or SrlosELodore d {urB {or Fd}.roro!]Tdpitouv
tilovror rirotro?rarpayporrKoiq
ijio 6!v01ig).ionq
'Apq pi(rqDroLr 3 4i sivoror I - 2t Kar- I + 2i. Avl]ndplr

(rerpo?orvlKde
or 6110
Kdnoroqi),o?oq noLdor'orirdqrlq6io0d rptlTr,o).iyErot
rp6noq60rr va unoqooiooufs
- H olrLpor'krirpicrr rou G 6rsr 6woLa!6vo ro
V 3 al -", nord v--3-a/
rpollonx'o x2 0. on6re;LeJi oul0oiitorte rlv (rpoyronrtri)ll-upvnnKri piqfl.fr'
0ur6rov 1,670.I inorl
t rl q,-
2
rTpirclvl1esopsirarofwplot rou:
r= ,aror r eivarlLu on6rLqrlpoyrovLKdq

pi(qrou 3 - 4;.
Z
M o',rrlrl ouf,rovio(aro),i7oD[eoflq iioeLq
t+ | 2i
I l+2i
'or0rE
!iKo).oFnopsir0vo 6li1qsr0,arroi or oprofoildq 6ivouvnpdytorrrt]nr{aEhioLr
qq Eeiot'lolq
x'+.{+l+i=0.
rla KUPlKdc or pryadrKoi
eElod)orq, opLoloiivqrEioourpriorror.KdoKL,pLKri
Eliooroil
axribr:icxid=0 (a+0)
lrsnpollLoflKot(ou\r.el.ordq d, b, c, ror d,6j(sr,6noqiipoup,rLqnpuTfqrrx{pi(u(!. roL
ov S,olpdooufr pe
ro dxr + bd:* ar i d x o noipvoupE avodeDrepop,iofLo
no].u6vufo
nol] oL pi(srou sivol oL di.IEspi(Eqrnq dx'+ b.r'+ c.{+ d= 0. Or pi(eqqDloi rou
Ssmepopd0Fro! roluovit'oL,fnopsivoivar!r1u61Koi opr8t'oi.Apa, lro KUplriqiooor
eo xEL ri rpLqnpa?porLKdq pi(Eqi lLo npoyFqnl(ri rqr 2 pryqdr(iqpi(rq.H LinqpEIrrtq
npayporrxiq piEoq sEaoqql"i(eroLon6ro oe(i)ptpd lsq 6rr, xdeeeEiooormprrtoi po0toi
dzLrLanpo.rroTLKri pi(u dEvEivaL 6roqqnapoilrrova npoo$iyoutso aur6ro06ptpo
440 ('AttapeE)ard.ou1ieErat (inerp4) oetpiq
(ror.r6vdt0r raprd qrol,6tto6o(ic av or ouvtel.eodcEiwr lrla6r|(oi). trlv npirnool rIC

xDprKri(qiooolc InopoigE,! xrinotoruotpoofu,va ppotpecr6po ror mnouErou vo
divoDvdl.( e pi(9.Aivon! qv sr66sqrl roo oxolou0Ei,iir jrivo trori ,ropou;d(a
F
ev6ragdpo!.rs rp6ro lov lquio lov nol,l6rp(ov[oglporu((ijv, otr]d ltotl Eivarpu 0r(6110
dv&LBrl 1(arn orou6ol6qrqro)vpLyo6rK{irv opr6fd)v (ofl6rinorel(l qv E(vorrE}.lrdoDroi).
vo }.ioor,!r rrlv ,rrolsvrKriKUprl\ricqioooit. rpoeov(iE opKEivo eBErdooutc
-frq ldvo
eglooorE IlE IopQTl(
x J+ b x z+ . x + d = 0 .
Eivott{ole 6uvor6va onorLEtooi o dpocnou,rp161r ro _{r,U dvo,10l,60,t},6rqvaolo.
b
x= y_
T'
llire
r,-tr-tl+!-!..
327
, .2bv bl
x-=y_ ti,
3
,ipo
0 =x3+br'+ct+d
l,,. b ' y b \ , t . . . 2 b 1 y, :sl+
b\ , I - bc\.
\y Dy+ i- 271+ \by+ - + \cy il+ d
_ ',,, ,'rtlt{ _ 2 b ' + " 1 , + r q _a ' , a . . I
T''y'\s-n- 3 ")
T6pqto 6eqr6Itoq6w npr4sr 6poFf. Avt,ropo6pe vui.iooupeqv eliooo1ogapoq
y, lttoporitva PpoilleKoLro x.our66ei1vr
6fl opxivolrel.ffiooulr
rcor,optrivl6vo
iro6on(qq FopAriE
tt+Px+q=0'
lqv er6rnrlmpi:rror1p = 0 naipvouge t1v e{iooorl.rr= - g. Oo6o6pe cpfrepa 6rr
KdetL,fo6rK6q
apr0p6E dt1rprillarr xuFrKip(qa,t(olgd],rora q(erlprE,ripooDq rl
iiourqd:(srrplq
),ior(.H ftpirrootp * 0,qtrdrlv d).?,I,T).arpd,
onort{
6vqvr}.io(
npoldtuno Odro0p
:(srprsp6.
0 x= * ! (* ==1*ol.
T6r
o = x r+ p x+ q = ( w - t * ) ' - r ( - - - l+o
, ] w ' 1 o . 3 wo : -
-+- - r'$- :_ r_o
9w' 17t
= wt !-* o-
2lw'
Auti !l eqioororl
mipverq poperi
+27qlw')- pt = o,
27(vt\1
roueivor8eurepoF{iotra
liorrFrloq
rpoqryrl!y.
24. Mryq'rKoiapfipoi 447
.
-'= =! Jtnt'T + +27p'
21q
t.)i-
2- 427
O r F I 0 E i r r6 r Lo l , 1 6o r n v r p o y u o f l \ 6 t I r 0 6 n f o i v n
*'=-l+',t"o,u,"i"o,p* *.p"1r**,ipi("-, f + $
M,ropo$p
cnodvorq
vd Tprivoul
2- \4
,Ei 21
Auri ! sqiooonorfqivr 6rro rvivar{dnoraftprxi pi(a rou q/2+r,6no'rrsivorpra
rrpd,ovrxli piqarou q:/4 + pri27. Aur6nupdn'r6Er8uvordw,d},rdovro avnxdraorri-
oou!ornv (+),noipvoDg
- q,,lt*P'
1-\4 21
'Evo
on6ftnpoKnrrouv 3 t6vo ErqqoperrKdq rqds rou.x| aK6rumo evru'rooraK6 1",,6pLota
xDrie q( L6otq stQoviErcl prq l(uprKiEioooqnou6IqrIE or piqq
cv !).rliooDps
sivarnpo,jroflKdqo ni,!o( rou F6).8oro6i6ag, fnopslror nrih vo ilprdxsr
Irlo6rxoie
p' dvovoDonorrx6rp6,ro.flo mpdSsryjro,
opro[oriq or pi(scfl]C
x'-lsx-4=0
sivqr4, 2 + \^, xqr 2 \^. An6rtv dl?'r n),upd,
o nlnoq,!oD
oroieiiapnopard-
vo, (Fsp = - 15,q = - 4)6iwr oovulo lnorlrov
- 15
=V2+lli+_--.
3 . i / 2+ | i
T6p0,
( 2+ t r = 2 r+ 3 . 2 r - +3 2 . - , + ' r
=8+l2t 6-l
=:+llt.
Srllodiproar6 rreK'rprKdq
pi(.ero! 2 + I I i sivorn 2 + i. Tror,!1oar6 nq l6oeqrnE
E(iqoorqivorro
15
1563i
'
6+3t 6 3t
^ 90-45i
16+9
= 4(D.
442 ! AnaptEt
oKd.a'1iqKat(dnupqto pit
or d],I'r pi(EsDtro).oliEovror{, ol]t6qa\' ivd,}loordE or un6roLneq KUPrKdqpi(qrou

2 + lli. To yr./ov6q611,doro Fra on' orrdsns npqTrdrL(6q pi(qnponjmLon6 frq
nopdorooilrTou IiIoSrKon(dpr0foig.rivdrqp{rdvrunooroK6
noprdjter yro!o t)noSsiEL
6rr ! xpiort rov lrla3rK6vop10r'{6v 56\rlnop'i va civard.sioq avoto,o.[{ivror, oLir5noL
nou Divorrv ftq ). oErqrov 8urEpopd0rrov Ka1'(t)0'Kibvehod'6stD\r rnoporlvvo oooLlv
orivopriosrnpotlorrKrirv opr0!rijvr6vo.
Aguroedooute 6rLoupq0rvoip, yLflrlv 6pa,\,a-rpdqouuE 6],ouqrouqlryoSlKoDq apro-
Jro\lqoov d + bi, ]pdeolrar Iov npo?IorrK6 opre!6 a oov d + 0i Kar rov ap1et6i oov
0 + li. OLr"',ooroiv6poLrtq spLeprflxiqKarI oxdot ir = - l, 8Eirvouv 6ft
(d + bt) + (c+ di) = (a + c) + (b+ d)i,

(a+ bi) (c + di)= (ac- bd)+ (ad+ bc)i.
'Eror,
Ir0 ro6rrt.06noqrl
(l +2i) (l+li)=I+7i
lnopsivo 06tDprle0i
an1,6q
oovBrooLivlplot yrqrrqSrio1061116(
l1-r'l=l
'
t 1+2 3=1.
xrtiuol ntq iisurDpo

Oqlropoioa}l!onopoepriool)rre siooolqax: + bx + c= 0,
P{iuLoq
rr rpoTlLorLKoiq
6l]vr).oraq,
o( sirtq:
. (u1 Ll= b1 4ac.

AVt
0v ('r + L,t)'= b'

(6n1,adri, aac),
!#l-.=,,
"lF#l'(;)l',1-
4,(#)(;)l-,[;]='
Jl)'+ a( ' jn'*")+"=o)
(;r;""0r,.a"
"(-l!
AE! ivflr nol,i 6ioxo),ovo I6?lo!pour6vrov rotL,pro!6,topis vo rpErooreivo
ypd\UoDl8oure;va(n, oi)d I ro).unlox6ritrorIq iSraqrtq 6Lunin0ronqyra rpolporrKori)q
opr0loLiq0d'npsnvo oosrieeL61roLro6rlrqp prlqSrKoisqpreroLiq sivaraqr6lo.req
olvroprlo5rg yrd (ein loorrirov tLErpolFor1{oiEdpLoIroLlC.(Av 6cvd1rrnsrorcioir
r6po,npoono0Eiovo rTopoapdors1l ),[anrn( KL,FlKi(0(io0ror]C.)Av
6B0r(0al,o!t\,o
lprlortLororrlooDpe rouspryu8lKoDq oproroDq pEouvdrcro, sivuronopoirnro va Slorund)-
00!966v0vLo?rK6 opro!6.
: 6],tv auoiv'q ouqirrol, cg{oapecvorflj prc 5!vor6rnra. 'OLesor fqortorrKdq
rSL6qregEv6qpryu8rKoLi qprpoia+ 6i xqeopi(oworr),ripoqqn6 rouqnpqypqfll(oiq
opreroiqa Korb Kd() pserlporrr6ovrLr(i!vo
!s rlv i6rooDli r6r6rqro,lnopilorrKd
voTproL!sioL yrovo opioouproDq pryoSrKoiqopr0!ol,q.
O npoaoviquno\yiaLoq ivorro
6rari;lo1pfvo(6i?oq(a. b) npoTrroTlKrijv oprer6v,Kort 6pororp6,roet opi'oDtlEtl
ewoofts 6rov!r)d! Irq rlv np6o0otKqrrov noi)"or),aoraop6 !L7a6LK6v opL0p6v.
24.Mtya6wo[apfipoi 443
Ml,roirx6q qpr0F6ecivaLilo dracroy[dvo (eiloq npo1furLK6vapro!(iv. Av z = (4, b)

eivoriloq rilo8rx6( rrpr0!6q.16.3o a l,alErorro npo,poru6f6poq rou z, Koro b l"dt8ror
ro adrrodflx6 pipoq lou z. To oivo),o 6io! rov !ryq6LK6vopreF6! outpo),i(arur !c C.
Av (d. b) KoL(c, d) iy016io lL7a6rKoiflpLepoi.opi!oL,!s
oitq K(1rroLrnoii.qnisorooton trpo][{rn{6v opL0rLtii!).
'Oru!
nporoo\ruAipafsroLrqpLlu6Lnot oprepoig,0(,rpoiooUs 6n or npotFoflKoi opL0-
!oi sivoLral]!6XpovoKor UryodrKoio! r{ipourt roL! f'Iplroiq rov oprol6 loq, a|]16dsv
EivororDor6- i! oq rpo1uorLr.6qo p10tr6(6rv rivor Eoi?o(n poTpaflKd)\,
aproldr!. 6noq Ktlr
voro {iivorrLr. ou0r; oL,ri r duoKoiic d8vpaqnpoKfll,ipTdh Ev6riror. Io psrl piorE
" ( o , 0+) ( b , 0 =
) ( o+ b . 0+ 0 )= ( d+ b . 0 ) ,
( a . 0 )( b . 0 ) = ( d . b 0 0 . a 0 + 0 b ) : ( a b , 0 ) .
Ar'16 d0ix\16fl oL prlodrKoi opLepoiqq lopqriq (l1,0) orrnrpl$dpovraL, oq npoqlrtv
rp6o0.ol KaLro! no].i{rn).oor{ror6lrl&iiLKdj\r!rprotLdv,oxprF6q6noq or npallaflKoi. tL
q aLKi roL'! np6o0ol Kor roii(1nia6raop6. rr' a!r6 ro! i67o, 0n rro0erfoouye t1
oiB0o6l !o olrLpoii(olrpEro (a,0l on),6q us a. A! ij6oolrL i|ov a{6fo op,oB6,0a
si[aol o0 odoi] va EnovarpiporpeTov rvroor6 orrL0oi.Lo[6a + bi ?ra ro!( tLr?oarxoiq
0Pl!Mo!
nopurtpsior61ri'=(0.1) (0 l)=( 1.0)= I ( l r s i E l r o i d, o 6 r t r a o r l p i i e r o ,6 r r l

oL,Alluolno! {d!qp). A{6t0
( l l . 6 ) = ( d , 0 ) + 1 0 ,b )
= ( 0 , 0 ) + ( b . 0 ) . ( 0 .t )
= a+ bi.
'Iao(
oLood\'8orr6fl o opro[o( irav uta nol,uniorr] EnL\,6lol noLr!ovaiL{6 6{ono ile
!a opiooltr! rouq u11o6r{oi( oprl]toiq oov (EKqpdosr.rli !opaiq a + bi,,. AtrI6 or)oLo-
onKri rilur 010016undp)/sLlLo noii roTLrpd0epeiuop6vl rpor.ord).rtvl oro o[1]|por,o
!o0!Io11{{i 6.r 1o KflrvoipyLoovrrKeiFEvo npifti va opi(ovror ot'! KdrLo'r?dt{ pudvo. 67r
otrv(EKApdocrq'.'Otrlrq,sivoLs\6ropipovvoolpeL6oorse6notsnfupalr{oiiTovnpa?
laflKd npop].riBorqrs.l lprtot ItD! lLrTu6LK6v op10!6v, !;lprc 61()! npordelrs o ou7'
Tporoq oprop6s.ErLri;ov. o oxpr0iq oplor6q roli(r 6!fl ortluvflK6 onpio. O or6roq
ro( orov rLoa?d'lotr.ouq !.7o6rKoiq aprolouq irflv va flnoqLltoripeItv wotpiorot !d
nopuapdlorf npordoEl; lltr roDqfrTa8rKoiqaproloiq oE npordoflq-rLsIq npalpolu(d
{o, aolruorlKd lou( pfpr. ADr6 otp(lh,Er 6rL 06ioDte vc ijou},euolpeFe rouq pLTclLroig
opr0loua o{pLB6eonr,rqioLrieiol8 !s rou( plroiq i rorq npa?!flrLKoiqflpLolouq.fLu
rnpdoeLTpo. yLo11 liol rlq K!01{i( tiooort( )tps1{iortft vu lp{ivoulE x: n pr3l',
dptl edio!}tc vo ;apoL,usav o t l raxsr dvvora.Eniorq, ro w' |]pdhKE!s rlv eni).L,otrLLsq
444 t AnaNE)aKd.ouqitE
Kutltj\upcEtot:tpig
6eLftpoIlde$roq :iorDortq. ro! anoLr0iopK0dqdl,i0qol,ysppLKde npdEsle.

Mr ).i7o),6?,a,
nLl]s\6roraetl xp'roorsirdrpori K{inoLo {i),in ofllpri, vo lpnorrororriooufs6louqrous
prflo/rurrlolLoi;nouivoL8uvoroiorouqnpa?porL{oiq opL0toq.AoQol6q,8ev od),ol]trs
vo orqrdldl,. NdsEolLTli KaLvo SLKoro),o7oip Kdohipo. ElirDtdjq,our6 56vsivol
avo,4ruio. AqoLl6iororo].r,epprl(oi prqollporLopoi nouexrE),oJwoL orougnpoTlarrKoiq
upL0ro,i!ri\uLil,xo,o).o?lf,voL on61rqL6r6rtrs rouKeoioioul. opKsivo l6yioDtE6rr
flurdqor rSr6rrtrr
rctuorrvKortLorou! !L7o6r{oiqopL0lorr.Iq neproo6rpEg reprnr6,
oErqour6rivar roLuE[Ko).o. r(uraurdro ororXsio6! 0o Koro?p0$o[v ooytunL(ds(,)pli-
!flra. fra nopd6r?!a,'yro rnv ano8nqrlrrtqII,
[(d. b) + (d,d)] + (e, /) = (a, b) + t(c,d) + G, /)l
p6vova eeopf6ooulsrov oprop6rIq np6o0ortq
lpeLd(rar ?lo prlo8rKouq
apr0loiq.To
aPLolp6
iriio; 7i!rraL
( l a + c l + e , t b + d l +/ ) .
{01xo 6E16pdio! Tiveror
( a + l c + e l , b + t d +/ l ) .
Aurd ro 5l,oEivaLioo, apo r Il rolicr ?ta npaTjrorrKoi6 opl0rLol(.Eivo,{d,i r6ia vo
sialtr8 flq P2-Pi Kurrnv P9.noparrtpior 6fl oLtr1?o6LKoi
opl8loi nounai(ouvrolq
p6loLrq rou0 xarroL,I orlq12Kar160ivoro (0,0)Koro (1.0)ovrioroLlo.A6v6ivqrijioKo),o
v(l lorri\usrs noL6qEivaro (d, b). cl).d o ovriarpoao(rou (d, b), orq,rpoqrov no).].o-
nl,aoLoopo. nouqlF{ise oritv18eivoLKd,loq (d,b) + (0,0).r6rEar + br + 0
nLoflnarrrtflK6q:ov
( d . b )( , + . . , ; : . ) = ( r . o )
Aur60o Unopouodr
vo ro azolpelsvriver !s 6io rponouq.
fru va Fpoi! ro (-r _v)U
=
(d,b) (!,v) (1,0)
opxiva lioourLflq Ero6osrq
dx by= I'
bx + sY= \)'
Or irjos$ivdr x= d/(dr + b1).y= bi(a1 + b)). Mnopoir0niortqva,ojauproroif
6rL.flv ro li (a + b;) oruoi\,clor' d).riesro
rdrL,16r' 0d'npmvo rolier 6
I labiabi
a+bi a bl a1+b,
An6 rt orL?!'i nourl inoph !0ivarnorp6aov;t6L arodsrrrsi(oqoi fs Kdnoropdeo6o
lqvrd\yo[e lov avriorpoQo),drr.oL 6T1our6( o lsrooXr]to1loF6g eivor npo-#drLK{i
ooor6q sivordlloor oL,r6qnoL0l]!6troorrnroajro).o6rovVdXvolI7rotov qvriorpo-
po !69prTadrxoiapL0!oi aKprpriiqour6 rordXvooUo 0eopt6ao!71ovq unoloTiooutE
15 t5 .6 li
6+3i 6+3i6 3i
90 45r
36+9
Awiosroon6flq Il -19,36v!ndplo!\, Taqvd),o?a rov I10-ll2: si\,oLEiKoiovo trro8i-
ioLrlr 611E v lndpl8rcivoto P pyloSrx6v aprep6\,riroro d)orsor I l 0- I l2 vo llrovonoroi-
vr(r an' 6iouqrou! Ft,ro8rxoriq
upLsroiq.IlpqTparrKd, av u]ripxe,r6rs ro P Sd np,rs td
rpGIErrol(oAo[l=l')r<,rrro-l(oqoli-l=i]),Korour60osp16rovasavri9oor
24.Mrya'$otapfiloi 445
prrlv II0. H qnouoiorov I l0-ll2 6evnp6krrorvo 6:(Er

KoradrpoqrK6E ouv6nree, olloi-
vr 6I{Dqdfl 6evInopoife vq opioouF rdnoroqtdol z< r'rro tryo6rKoiqz rar w.
Eniorlq,io{Dqoutdor6rr, orouqnpoflrorrKoi(oprogoiq,or Il0-ll2 tptoLForo(i0nrov
7u vo 6e{lot'lre6rr I + I * 0. EDluj(6q,
ro ovriororlo onori}.sopoIo pryq6rKoiq opre-
poiqavdt8rqro' qur6:rpoeoldjq(1.0) + (1,0)* (0,0).
Av ror otvtieoE0o tpdaolprou! fr7o6r(oiEqprolloiEor! I,ropqtia + bi, oiiEervq
0uf6foore61110 orivo).oC r{DvprTqdrrd)v oprepdrvivoro(prp6qrl ou),},oli 6}.ovrov
(ft16v qnd rpo1lrorrKoq oploloif. [d,rd oulri n ou),tro/ri1olj1(61ovI ro eni,rE6o,
Kor
r' o!161ov ),670ro rrdn60 6!Xvd
),,7erqr (prlq6rx6 enim6o'. O opr(6vrroqdlovaq, nou
otrorelEirqron 6lq 10 ollEio (a, 0) !r d oro R, ollvd aroKoi.ciraro nparyartrde
d{o!46,xqro Kqrqr6pleo(dqovoq}-6?Elar KoLpayrao K6edlovat. W qurivTTlv}ote-
rp'r'i et(ovoor.,vdiovlo'
6tioor,6poorou6oioropropoi.
Av z= x + i sivdravo6!r1q6rK6q (t x KoL/ npotporu(oig),

opr0p6q r6rc o ouquy{E
Z
rot z opiqlsrsfli rnv
)= t_ i,
Koril otr6).!qtrFrlrl l6rpo lzl ro! z opi(rqroqvo
l7=\-^ti
(Iloparnpeiore6rr r)* y'> O,apo 'r ',F"'+ -l opi(erqrfe oqerivruourpoiiqerrrl
errxrirpqlrqrrxri rrrpoTo)vrnipi(a rou xr+ /r).
fcoiFlprKd, o Zivdrqfi)drqo ovrrroloftrpro!6E

10! z oq rpoqIov npqylrorlr6dEovo,
ev6 lzl civarI on6omdn1o!,z an6ro (0.0)(l)tipo l). nopqllpEior6rr o o!ppo),ro!6E
rI! or6).trlerUnq7rofryo6r(oiq opr0!o(q outQovri!E rovoflioror)(o yrorpo?lolr10[6
aprfuoig. H on6sroat ovdFoo oe Eio sr?o8rKorig opr0piq z |(or n opiqrror EEisouaixo-
).o6ov lz - 'rl. To 0e6prlFo,TouoKo),ouoei ovoadpfl6iq 116qtdvflxi( r6r6rlrreft)v
oU(uldlvKorrov snol6rovnf{iv.
trfua I 'Eoro
rolHM,{
l z ltor w pllq6LKoi
apropi. T6rE
(2) Z = z dv ror privoov o z ivornpq-rlarrK6q

(6nI.,Eivorrle popqrifo + 0i, ylq
rdnoLovrpotp0trK6qpre!6d).
( 3 )z + w = z + f r .
tq-l= et.
1 5z) ' w = 7 v .
16)7= e) t,ovz+ 0.
(1\vl,= ,.z
( 8 )l z . w l = l r . v l .
( s )l z +w l< l z l+ l y l .
ano6fEH Or Lal0pldUoi (l) Kar(2)ivarrpogoviq.
Or ro6fltrcg(l) Kor(5)0),6nowqr|ls
sn' Eueiaq
uro),ollolroiql(qror (4)KaL(6)arro8ErKviowar
p' ivo rilvuolo:
0-0-/ t-zl=7 ;, aps t= - 121,
t=I_ ?.T7;-21)=z.zt, iry7-\zf .
Or 106rlr6 (7) Kar (8) drro6erKn)o!,ror1(rour6q I qr! euoeiaConolo.Ilotr6. To t6vo
6ioxo].oKoltd roDoorpriforoe sivor10 (9). ADrriq avro6qft 4si olouorLKri,{6rl
446 | Aneryq)aKoôvqiqKat(drer\e ottpiE
UQovrorsi (IIp6FIIll0 4-9),o],Id 0o novoi.d0ouprrlv a'r66Erqq

Edr,
lpnorlloror6vroq
xdnoq6roQopsnrri opo),o/0.
Eivot qav0pd6r ditoulorodrtro ornv (9) o\r z= 0 i w = 0. Eivarerio!6 []ro],ovo
Soits 6n rl (9)lot[er ov z = ,l n,7raonorov8{rorexpclgctrxdopr0p6,t (elerdorelopr
ordrrqreprmriroerE,l ) 0 rqr,l < 0).Ynoo;or,o rrlv dL),Irtsupd,6rLz * ,1n yroKdoe
npo?po1rx6 opr0p6l, Kqr6rr w + 0. T6r,-rroxd6npo-rgonx6 oprel6,1,
{ ' ) 0 < l z , l w l r = 1 r -t w t . V - n l
= (z _ tv/) . (z _ ltv)
= zZ+ )t1w* l(tr, + zfr)
= A, t, 1+ zl, - ^(trz + ztv).
nopolrtpior6Tlo ryt + zFsivarnpo-$qTlKd+ lrari
||Z + zi= txz:+ Zfi = frz + Zn/= vtz+ z,x.
'Apa
rl 6eqrd
n).Eupri
rnE(.) s(vordvqrprdrwfooqnpoE tr [ trpqyFsKo6c ou!,re].orj6
xdr
r(opLri
npu orrKripi(o cnotdvog rl SuKpivoDod rounpdnnvoivqropvtflxi. Al).o6ri
l w z+ z w ) 1 4 l v tl l l z ) )< 0 .
oqoiorrt+ztxor lwl.lzl eivar npolpatxoi opLepoi, xaLIw | . lz| > 0,rinemr
6rr
' ( w ,+ z , n ) < 2l w l . l z l .
Ar' olrriv rrlv ovro6rrllafiqipvoogs
l z +w | = ( z +w ) . ( z +w )
= lzll + lwl: + (wz+ zn)
< h r + l \ , 1+1 2 l w l. l z l
= ( l z l+ l w ) r ,
6pa
l z +w l < l z l+ l ' l . I
Or rpdqcrrrlc rp6o0eotqKaLroo nol.LanlqorqofoiFr1oSrx6v qprold,vdloovror or
611ooqrowrrdqleorgerprrdg eplnriEg. H rcpit{root itq rp6o0eonE ivqror},ri(t ilo 2).
A'io fr1a6r'(oioprofoiz= (d, b) ror e = (c, d) opi(olv 6vonopol).nl,61po!ro,roDjrsr
oqv660qn6q r).[Upaq rouro lj06tpollorl{palq on6ro (0,0)oro z xorond10(0,0)oro
v rl Kopuerion,vav ond to (0,0) ivorz+ r (! an66rtl qurof rou 7olprprKo6
66opdvou o9rivsr0loeoqq).
H epplveicIou rol,l.a,r).qorooloiivaLrLo no),rjr1,oKl. Av z=0 rl w=0, 16r
z e = 0 (lnoporige vo66oouFs lra uno]"ollorci an66lqn oeU10tpatti, oD.daK6psKr
quni 6EvlprdErar - o ropprolde rpoKunrr, 6'106dtl iSrl ano8rtri,
o,rdfle Il-I9),
dpalropoils vd rrepropioouge rqv rpooo { goqoe tn-u8evrxoic pryo6rro6e opdtoJq.
:ritla 2 Ap1iqolredrowoerdorrl-ftlevrx6 Frta6rx6oprollljs lra s$rnl rop'pi. (I'JFp(vor
!e ro nopdprqlorou Keqaiaiou4.)
fra Kdocuryq6rK6 qpLoFd z+ 0 Fnopoitcvo lpdq,ollc
z-7 .-z
z
X cr.rr{vrry ncpriorcol. ro lzl ivor6voq0t1K6('rpc1lctrtrli6 cpr0pri6,evtir
|' l''1=14
' l ' l z l=,,
&pt o z,/lz ) eivarevaqqa6rr6qoplep6q qprejr6e
! or6),uq rti L T6po,xdoeIL7o6(K6e
d= x+ iy pEl= lal=x:*yllptiqerctoqpopqrj
) = cosd+i sind
d= (cosd,sitrd
24.Mrya|wolapr4poi 447
yroKdrrorov opr0U6d . Apo xdoprl-!n6ev!K6qapr0l6qz lnopivq ypqqei

z= . (cos0+t sird )
./Lqxiinoror> 0 xqr Kdnorov opr0F6L o dpr0f6Er rivor llow6rx6q0006101 t'[ lzl),
al.),do d 6Ir qv 4 ivqrJra tuvor6.rlro,16r01dl),e( eivaror 4 + 2kn yl k oro
Z raoivagon' ouloi( rouEqpreloiql.6ysror6pt6Faiou z . To Elripo 3 6ijavr
rov z
ouvoprriosr rov r xqr A(fiq va pporl!6
iva 6propa, yrolovz=r+ i lnoporirts vo
noporrlpiooutr6T1rt ro6rlrd
,{ + i= lzl (cos9+I sind)
Ztitld 3
x= tztcosg,
y= lzlsia9 .
A! .x* 0 pnopoip .nofdv0)gvo 0iooulre 0 = ^rcraa !/,t , xor ov -r = 0, trropori|r[ vo
flipolll8 8= {,/2,ovy> 0 ror d = 3,. i 2, ov/< 0).
T6poro ylv6gevo6io gl-ll6svtld'v pr-ra5rK6v opL0t6v
?=r(coso+isind),
lv=stcosoislnor,
z' w= rs(cosd + isin9)(cosd+ isind)

= Is[(cosocosd - sinosind)+ i(sitrdcosd+ cosdsino)]
= lT[co(0+ d) +,!in(d+ 0)].
'Apo,
I or6l.urrl tllri v6Errcrdvou Eivorro Trv6pEvorov orc).6rov flt6v ra)v ropay6-
vr0)v,v6ro {ieporoto6rioruXoi(rvopr6Fir0)vrov nopoy6w0,)v 0q ivor6va6pE!a rou
TrvoUdvou.fro ivo lt-llievrKd pr7o6rr6aprolro
z= r(cos9{hinO)
sivsrr6po rol.i siKol,ovo afto8iEoups
myotLKdrov sqigro),i ortlowrx6nino(psplKde
Aopa!).4?Eror{or 0E6pIIqro! De Moivre):
z' = z "\cosne+ irinrq\,1roKdodprolo drou z.
Aur6! o droc ntpl?pdQel
to z' 16soKoeqpd,
nouivorEil(oLovo 6oiIe oKprF{i}q
n6te
etJtnlrl r K{ietn-lnievrk{iElr}a6rK6eoprelr6Cd1rq(prp66,pryo6rKdqr, oo16epi(g.

AKpr96orepa, yraKdotrtyo6rx6opr0u6 w + 0, ror xdoqloLKdopL0p6 r, uflip:(ouvorpr-
p6q, SroKKprpdvor fllv z" = ry.
pryqirkoiaproloiz rou rKovoroLoljv
,EOTO)
ANO.\EEX
'/=i(cosd+hind)
ylo i = w I ror rdro(ovqproldd. T6rfvqEfryo6rx6(aplol16(
= r(cos0+isino)
rrovonoEiqv z'= w ov l(crp6voqv
r"(cosrd+ î.rd) = s(coso+ isino),
ro oroio oulBoiwrov KaL!6vo av
cosr0+ isirnd= cosd+ isind,

At6 ntv rp(i)nteqioool dnrar6rr
,_i/"
448 ('AretpeE)aro).ouqiEKar(d,teeE) oEtpig
rirou pe ([ ctppoi.i(oup ]v oEtlni 'rpoytorrKri,-o6r1i pi(q rou r. 4,16qv 6eJrEprl

{ioost rpo'dnrr6fl,'tLo(drorovodporo * d1otfs
6 2kt
A!'riorpoes, av enrl.elouper=iiC rft d=dr 1ro xrilroro *, 16r o opr0!6e

z = r(cosd+ isind)0o r*dvorolirip z' = c,. flu va npoo6ropioouF ro rrl,{0ogrov r-
oor(irvpl(6v io! n, opKierotdvoEvo npoo6rcpiooDf n6ooriroto z sivcr6rdxxprF6vo.
T6poxdooxtporos* ypdgroL
k= nq+ k'
yro K{irorovoxdparog, rar kdrroLovcKdpoLo k'praqf 0 Kar, - L Tdr
cosdr+ îndr = cosdr.+ tsinrr.
Ald 6silver6rr Kdeez o ro o[o1ozr = y, lnopivo,fpoQEi
z= i/s(cosdr+ /sindl)ft= 0,...,r]- I
Eniole,6ivoLJKol,o vq 6oiFd ouroior oprogoirivard),or6loqopflxoiavd6160, oqorj
660 loio d1Fr *= 0,...,, - | 6loqdporrv l,rFrpoon62,r.I
trlv nopiofilC on66erhEro! Ooprilroroq 2, svorrolaprouoraonxriror prc A60o6o
YravaFpioKolp q r-oordgpi(e6ev6qprp6rroi cpr0go6. flo rapd6qla,1lovo ppotf
rq ruprKd6 6rr lil = I ro ill 10 r/2 sivqrdvq6prop
pi(qrou i (4ild 4) oryel(ivoull
yroro i. Or ro0rKs6piqE(lou i rivarropavoE or
r.tcos-+rstn-t,
,ira 4 ,l t,t 2't\...ln 2n\1 5't...5n
,| .l tr,4n\ + tn.4r\1 hr...3r

/ s ' n l 6+ cos +,s'n
fosla+ j / T/j= 2 Z
/i
2
\5 .5ft 1
2
.3n
0, smt=- r,
or K'rpffdepi((rou i ivaror
,/1+i ..6+i
2-' 2
fevr (ri. 6rv InopoitE vo ),,ri(outo 1600qn).dqrorr).dolord. frq fipd6r7ta,1ro vq
PpoiflrrEKrprxdq 6n 12- Ilit = v-: + I= /iE Kar
pi(qtoL2 + I I i, orreLovoulrc
6fl ro arctani ivorCva6pLoFq yrorov 2 + Ill. Apa,llo andflq xDFrxd(
pi(qrou
2 + lli sivard
, -l I arctan
$i / a r c t-4ll=
an+\r r rat"Luo{r / arcran+\,1
v r25Lcosl
-:
/t
^'nl r V5[co.t,-l ,^h(-: lJ.
lpolyourivoq e(lous616rr o 2+i EivornionsrDorKipi(a rou 2+ tli. Aaoi
24. Mryairot apt9poi 449
2+ i = \/2. I ' = V5. Ka_L

ro archnT ivordvc6proucror,2 ! i. lropoit va
olrnv rnv KoprKn
YpovoDI prqooav
2 1 ; = y's1*' u,o"n| - /sharcHn

+).
Au#e or 660KUP[(4pi(t6ivoLsrlv npqpoflr6qrq o i6roEopr0l6(,yrori
arctan;
-fz= j
araa"
(lnopeir vo ro ?'Ey6rrelprlorpnod)wog rov r6fto oro np6p),Ita l5-9), d),i.d aur6 6v
rivar Kdfl nou0a lropoto xaveigsiroi,a w roparnpioerl
To Te-rov6q6T1xdofryo6rx6qcpr0p6g dXeryu n - omi pi(oyu Kdo, , ivargrar6rri
p6vorapirrroot Ev6qrol.i orllavnxo[ o0)priForo(. O cpr0p6E i opioqre ap rd.yravc
gaqddroEtlrq ].$srl yn ntv elioo:or1.x']] | = 0 ho OpElti)'ei @Edpqparqe ,fppd
6urun6veraro oErcorrioroElollprogo( 6tr ouflj q povc6tx{ npooertKngdq 6iveL
ouropdroqhioEq'Jta 6i.eqnE dl.l.eenol,oowtul(6q!tg6sle: Kio 6i6oa4
z' I aFt2'' !... + q=0, o { , . . . . d ,r g 1 o c
;XerFu IrTa6rxi pi(al
Iro ,r6lsvorcgdl,oro0o 8tioougepLoo1s66vn]"rifl dnd6eLIrou Oepelrri8oog
Oco)priForoqlrlg A)'leppcq ro prrp<ixcv6nouaeivoutc oto KiFevo F'ropcircvq ro
out,ll.tp6ate|lfro{ioKrlon(np6pltpa25-5).H or66e(q tou Oeopriprog0opoorote(
oe qptErdgvdEgr6dgtrouywrorivrarrsLi(i)6euorol,oFd ldod an6 pla Faoiftpt pel.6ril
tov trTo6LKd'v
uprollti'v.
IIPOBAHMATA
l. BpEircrnv on6).urnrrun KaLro 6pLolaKqovdg
aro rou6:
(D 3+4t.
(iD (l+4i)'.
(iiD {l + r)5.
(iv) V-3+d-.
(v) 3+ail .
2. Arjorq al(6].ou8[! airo6oEq:
(i) xr+ti l=0.
( i i ) x ' + . x 2 +l = 0 .
(iii) r?+2r- l=0.
...1ix (1+i)Y=J
"u'l(z+t,+,y=+
lu) | x1 x-2=0.
3. ilGprtpri\rrsro ouvotro 61.ovrov fr1o6rrd'v opr6u6vz rrq lolq oroiouq
(i) 7= z.
(iii) lz al= z- bl.

(iv) lz- al+ lz- bl= c.
(v) lzl < I - rpoylolrx6udpoqrouz.
=
6 lzl lzl, ror 6n ro npalloflr6!6poerouzivqr(z+ rjl2,e,l6.to
4. Aro6eiqr
qo!5oorr(6
roupapoc sivor(z t)i2i.
450 ('ArctpE) Kat(dn pe) 6Erpi
aKd.oD9iC
5. Ano8cielsdlr lz),wl)+ z-w 1=2l zll+ w111,

rcr epplveLlore
7e<ogerpucd
0ulovlov Loluplolo,
6. [ord sivarI onrLxrloxdoncrvdseooorov z rqr orov 14. 4/-; Ya66et4:Iloui
flrOiqperoqdplqr
olov npstlqrK6 diovoriror,troitraduordsours1reJJ:
7. (a) A,roSEiir 6r', ovor a0,...,ar r .ivatnpdwanxoiKsto o+bi(rraxar b
'IpaTpslrKo[() rl(qvororirnv 6io0l('nz'+ d, rz" L+ ... + qu= 0, rdt roL o
a - bi rxqvororciouriv rn\' sEio0lot.Gnoll'voq,or lyl-npollorrxdspi(qFro!
riroroi eiiooslq lgovi(or.roL ndvror.ord (n7rl.Kqr10 ririoo( quldrvr(ov
pL(6vi!qr dpno.)
lb) tutnpdvdrE6fl roz' + a,,z' I f ...a a, Srarpirortgrozr - 2dz+ (a: + bl)
(rouotroio!or oL,we),ord( EivoUrpo?ForrKoi).
*E. (a) Eolo c 6voqoKdparoq nouSevEir,orro rrpdTovo d),LouaKspuiou.Av or d {or
b eivoroKdpoLor opiqou[eoov 6r'(u]'{rol] d + b\,6, l(orrov ouppo),i(ouls fr
a i byG, rcr a - b y6. LiEr6n o ou(!/ri{ op(rur Kotrd,qnosnKviovroq
6fl dvoqopr0i1d6 lpd0rror orrt Uopqrid + b\,6, ps a Kar, aKdpoLouq, Kflrd
!ov06LK6 rp6no.
(b) Aeiirs 6fl ?rordoea ror Brrlq topeiq a* b\,[, ijtoD!6A= d, d= o ov KuL
p o rfl-- -a. o f =4.F. rc'
. l - o ! ou v o o e i v d or K d p o r ooq '.
a,=(d),ovd+0.
(c) Ano6i6rs 61r,av or o!. .... d, r sivorariporor Kqro z= d + b\t r{ovorotei
liP liooot ?" + d" rz" | + -.. + q0= 0. r6t Kqro 7 = a - r\,[ rxovo'rori
o!fliv rlv e(ioooil.
9. Bpsire6l{ trg 4-qpiqe(rou i xep'ioIoornv Fe ro pLKp6cpodprofq o
Uopen,ror,ro ynv rptaXa{006io, rprTovotcrprriqouvqprioerq.
*10. (a) Aro8iEr 61r.ov t, rivaLpla .l-oofli pi(o roUI, ro i6rororler ror 1Lotov wl.
(b) EvoEoprF6q ly iirrar oprr'.1i r- o6!'ipi(aroul,ovrotl, $,.w:,....l7i livo,
ro oivoLo dloy 1o!' n-odli'v pr(6vro! l. [6oq aplrKt n-oorig pi(sqrou t
udpTouv-i,ra , = l, 4. 5.9'
" ,
r . r I o r u u l L un - o o r ip r ( oT u ' L u c w / L A r o d l , 4 , , . o r r : l ' ' = 0
*rl. (a) A,rodciElc 6rLov or 2,, ..., z, PpioKovra,o,o iOrolgaJil6o pLaE :roL'
er,0eioq
nrpvdflon6ro 0. rdlr z + ... + zr + 0. Y,r66r(I:Aur6 0ivd rpoQuv6( 0,16rr)
leourrprKrlEpflveio nl( np6o0orlq, oLLdsivarsi(o).o vo 8drooups xor fro
qvoil,flrnion66erit:o Lotrprop6q ivaraav.p6i ov I suoriqsivaro npotlorc
Nd;d:oroqKorp d\'0rd1|oopa11lcvrrl ncpintool qld7roro orTriv.
(b) Aei_Lre ox6fq 6fl or n . ...,z;' Ppioxoyrar 6iol,rdvo o1oi6roilr n6oUoq
Eueeioq nounpvdeL qrrdro 0. dpqx(rrzr ' i ... + z,t + 0.
t2. Ano6ci6rs6r,. av lzJ = l4l = lz.l Ku z, + z. + z.= 0, 16$ or 2,, z. xot zr eivor
xopueaqcvd! roo,riipor,rpr?6vou.Yn66erel:Oo 0orl0rioEr vo unoodoer.6rro a
ivsrnpol!(lrrx{iq.Kr0!16lropi vo tivsr Xopiq,reproprof6 qe 1vr*6ntrqq.
frsri;
4.e
KEOAAAIO 4e
f4."- " MIf AAIKE''\'NAPTH>EI>
Ilt0av6rsrq6ev6c rxatrolrils ov ldoErE611I Bair8pl!0),611ruv srTo&(6vopL0lr6v

pqoi(Iororrtv aworqIov ouvqprios0rv. QCr6pq. oL,vdpqol irov (61o1o0ntLKd) ivoe
rov6tdEnoDonelK6vr( rpo?lrorrronq apr0lo q o Kd,rorooe {i}.lorerpollarrKoii opr0-
loi6. ,l.d6Evun{ip'tr rinoro noovo roq llno6i(r va DnExrrivour duflivrrlv dworo 0o
tnoponoo$ eEioou '(ol,'i
vo ecopriooutrivov r(ov6vd nou vo onrxovi(er lrTq8rtorlqapro-
pouqoKdnoroug {i}.},ou(prtq6rKoiq oproponE. O ouolrtp6e oprol6g5vnopoudrdgr xqvd-
vo rp6p),1po(66v0alov flprioou!,xav610)6ror(d).).o!qttlflxo[e oplopoiq)r olvdprlort
sivqrIrooul).oli trn6(i'/rtFr1o6tK6v op10[6vrcu 6evJlspri:(er 6no8ldaoperrKd (i'ril pu
ro t6rorpdrroororlio.A0oi esopioafErou{rpuylrorrKoiq opr0}roiq oo! Kdrolo!qIlyo-
8rKorlq sprpoiq,o mh6q opLolr6!ivsror!! rpallqrlK6rrlro lro L6r{1rcpi,rrool 10!)
'of{oq, peprxiErpopdg
{orvoJp}rou. 0o Kqoaeiyoupe o 0r6rKiopo}.o7io }ro vo e(qoopi
(o!pEro nlaisro tdoq oro onoio!d(rroi g1oorJvdprlol.Mra ouvdp.rlon/ l.iTerur
,rpananni dv ro /(z)ivor npoyforrx6E opr0l6erLord0cz oro rrs6iooplogoirnq /, xar
I(laitri 7ro vs rovioow 6fl Eevnoipvfl avotxoorrrdldvo npoTlarrrdq pdc.O!oio\,
0a tr6!ooq6q6rrpLaolvdprl orl opi(or o' 6vouroorivo).o rou R 6ru! ro nc6ioopropo0
rqq / rivqrdvourodivo).otot R orr, rin)-eg repr]tltiroe16.IprKi- qopi, ovoodpoute orr rl
/ opiqrqr o avalnooivolo10! C,7rovq rovioolg io l8yovdq 611ro f(z) opi(elqL xol
./rafl-fa6rroiqz {or llo rpq'/lanKo[qz.
A,16ro n).ioero)voDvqpr{oso!roo opiEovrflr oro C, poprKde sivol16roirspo or#avrL-
(ig. l-n,Kroo).icdur6vEivaL or ouvoprriocrc
rnq!oparlq
1+ + sa'
f(z)= 1,2'+ a' P'
6noDoa...., a" ivarprTo8rKoi opr0loi. Aur6gor ouvopflioEqi.6yovrol.6nogtqr onlv
tepimoorl rov npol[otLK6vopr0t6v, no].uouuprx66 ouvoprioerqmp olpdvouvlrl
ouvriprnol /(z) = z ( tv iaaurorrK-rlauvdpqo!,) Kqr fl( ouvopnioer!ItE lopqie
/(?) = a tLo xtrorov Frlo6rK6apreU6d (((oro6pdq ouvoprliooe).Mlo di].I o,rolloiq
TsviKsuo! Tvooflic|10qouvdpllot( ivor rl qrcl.irou ntriqD/(z) = lz I tro
(olrvdprlort
1(d0 z oro C.
Aio s!'lopfliosL6let 'tqolpcoi47rc rouqpryu8Lxoi( opr0iro6qivorr R(r](ouvdp-
ltort rou rpolFoflKoi !6pouqD) Karn Im (rl rcDvdpqorllou qovrooflro uipolgr. ro!
opiqowoL ar6 n!
Re(r+ r)) r.
î"+ ii= 7r0't rcotI nPqllanxouq
t'
H (ou(u7rig
ouvdpttol, opiqorcron6rnv
f(zl=z=R.(,)- ilt'r.Iz)
Mropoitc vs o, v6Ldooute !s 6rdqopouq TporoLeire yvuoldqrpo]por'(i.qd, v0pflioLrq
,rouopi(ovrororo R 1rq va KarqoKrJdoolF vd(prlobrrigouvaprloeLq opropiveqoro
C - ivc rcpriSerygcgdq6ivtrt ouvdp tol
- y)r /x'co!/.
/tx ir-es;ntr
O ri,me omrieqS durxKprf;vleolldprlolte npL?p(ii0sL mu ri\'sr sivror
[n drdonoor]
/ iivcrorro ypoeeiorrtropai
6l"vuri.Kd0c!'F6'x'i o'rvripTrlon
'A&eeed
452 ( arolovqieEKat(tuetpej oErpiq
f=u*tu
'frq l(dnolE rpoTpotlKdE ouvoprrioEqu Karu - qrl6g opiEoul0)eu(z) 10 ,tpoluorr{6
Fdpo6 rou /(z), xor {Dq,(z) ro eovrooTlK6
too $poe. Auri rl 6rdorqorllvoloDpd totri
xpriorl!, 611 6t0)6ndvto ?u 6v0a ilov rar rcx$ pohK6vo lrepryprivoope
nqpd8erytq,
u' aur6vrov rp6ro Iu trol,uowpuclioDvdpqor,.
Mro 'itr},q ouvdpnton 0o raiEl snoDdoiop6l,o o' au1li ro x8gdl,aro.ODtnoeirs6fl,
dprqra ev6qpq-Irl6evrxoi fr1a6rxot aprepouz, l,6IE K'ioe(npo rorrxd) qpr0l6'Ita rov
z= lzl(cosd +,!ind).
Yttdplonv(ir po opiogdrofro Kdoz,6vodlo( g6vorou vq rkqvonol{ filv 0 < d< 2,r.
Av Kal.ioou|]aurd ro [rya6rK66proto0(z),161 I d EivortLo(rrpa,),lroflKi)
ouvdpqol (rt
KuvdprTloTlrou oplototo 9\ aro lz aro C: z * ( ,
or qpoqrK6E napaordoergr rov prp6rrriv ouvopoiceovrou opiqowqloro c, Fpi6ro-
!'ror glov 4-6rdo1orold,po, fto|rfvocFillov 6eveivor r(or rol,i 1prioue oav ffi6v9.
Awi .rl' a0I6! F ropoiFew lplorfonorlioout nlv lull,aKTtrli nap'ioraon suvriprlonq
rou avadportxoro Krpri)'qlo 4: q8d(ou|r6io owiypoqaroDC, xar pd)'Iarr6la z Iou
v6Eavnypdaou,'rpoeId /(z) aro (i),Io owiypoeo (Ellipo l).
2ziya I
H nroouvnerolivTlq(rlgqrr$i avonop{iorootFroqIrTaSrKiEouvdpqoqqnoipvffarov
03 KdooTlliorou enur,6ou S6oouIsro 6voto /(z), orri Troro z (ro onoioLrropivq
uttoloyFri un6 nl odonlou ortpEiouo"qv dx6vo). lro ll]ila 2 goiv6tar out6co rp6noq
arrK6vrqe 1lo lreprrdgoowprtdete. M Iu 161010 qpaerri mpdolaorlr, ofloralfrno-
wd\ nol'Iiq eopdE,kdtroralapurrnp.or.rd qq ouvripilonq roln xaoopd.flq rrop{i6fl1-
pa,rl suvdprrlot attol,61oualriE ivororaepi trdvosroDgrdrl.oD! Kdvtpou0, or oDvqpni-
oLqReror lm Eivolorcopdq ,rdvosrrEKorax6puQe6 xar opr(6vrrEEuoiC,awioroLlo,
roL 1 orvriprlol /(") = z: ll)),ilrrov njKl.ooKrivaqr 6$0qop66l$po qlr6rov niK),o
nopd ro,rpopfilaro trounopoDotd(sr rov prp8rKdtvduvopllisE-

Fvrxd I an1K6\,iol
(r)v,ivar 6Dvar6vvo opioouu1r' oDdefi ovdtroF Tov olIcvnKd,v iDroflitov fioo op!
trprm6-
oqKav Io ne rpafFaflxdq oovoplliorlq Ie ft6io oprdpot oro R, ror oe |rprl<eg
oeq oDri6ot 6rdfllr6 Fnopivo nrpr'fp{igowaroKol6rcpaoq tr1o6rri rpinloorl. fu
riapd6r'Jlla,n 6wou loo opiouFopei va oploli {0EiriE:
. lim f(z) = 1 olFoiver6n yraKdoE(rpo,fFaflK6) ap$I6 > 0, lndptr ivo( (rpof,
opr0F6q6)0
lloTlK6q) rirorog 60r, yro Kdoez, cv 0(z-cl(6, r6c
I f(z) tl <..
Av xaro optoFieitapd(rororprpdre 6nogror nprv,l pplviaeivorKdno(6ro9oprrKri.
Apo0 lz vl ivar yl on6o&6rl ovdlEoc orouglrladrrc6g opr0loDgz xor l{, it ro6rlra
lim /(z) = / onpaivEr6fl or flpg /(z) tivftr vo 9pooivli6o s ororov8rinors8oodvo
xfrloxdwpou 1, oprcitozvanpoplorio' 6vavopl(rd !rKp6 Krrrl.oKdvrpoua. ADr6E
o roluprsf6Eorrr(otoreilor rol.S eirol,o dv 1plorlonoriooupfllv rapdsrool (6uo
owi no)vD lroq suvdpqonqPtill0 3).
25.MryaSuigavapt4oeg 451
-tl 'l -il

-+i 't -rt l o l i l l
-Jl -ri -+i lo l+ 1' to t+ I'
-tl ,t -ii io ,l+ t'
-+l -r{ -}l }o ti tl
-rl '{ -+l {o f+ ft
-Ji ,i -+i
-+1--rt-+Ho io 1+-J1
tj t'
-J,l ,l-rt to fr t'.
-ri -'l-tl
-rt 'i -il {o l+ I'
l" I t'
-li rl -+l to tj tr
-+l 'i -+i
-il -rl -+l
i. il ir
r+ ll
{0
O) t{z) = R{,)
:-i-i-) :-"-"-)-) t-:-i-)

1--
l-l-l-l-t t-t-l-l I t-l-l
-j -l- j-; i-i-t-+- j-i-i-i-t
G)/(2)= Im(z)
jj..i;di*
4iw 2
rat (itrerpt)oeryiq
454 ('Artrpq) ard"ou9ieg
\it!13
MprKdorortcia ?lo ra 6praaro8a'(\,1Jovmr

orpr96q6noexqr oIlv rEpinlooqrov
npoypsrrK6v
oprof6v. lutKKpqrivo,
I'T'-'
t]\,-
"
ttJr,tf@+ se)l = Iy f (4 + tt!s@,
ttn f Q) 8\z)=tt|'lf (z') tiliiEk)'
Irn _J_= _ w ttmgl/) t 0.

,-" Etz) utrtctz)
H 0cuE).r65ler6l(itillo 1(l)" rrllOr rt"r onoiq pqoiqowaruurd ru ano1Ela-

otora,eivarI ovro6rtralz+wl< """l,,i.r" "tv
lzl + lwl, xqrou i n ovrodqlqrotier1lorous
pryoErKoiqopreloiq6ruq *qr ?lo rou6npaltlanKoieoproloriE. And ra nopondvodloulE
i6rl oro Z6proFqqqpxld6pra,oL)d Inopo[t va r(ipoutno].nrgprsodrrpoon6 ro
En6pEvo 06pIUa.
sropHM^r'Eolo 6r f(zl= u(z\+ iu(z) Ira rq rpq7pquK6q ouvqpriodeu (o1 u! l<cr

| = a + iP 6fioud, P ei,vaL
rpoluorKoi rploloi. T6rlim/(z) = 1 ov rol gdvoav
=
lg't4 "'
=
lgaa P.
npdrro6fl lin /(z) =./. Av > 0, undpla d> 0 drorc d'or8,yro
Ano,\rEUYno0dloL,IE
xdoEz,
0v0< lz dl<r,161lf(z) tl<e.
H Ssirspit ovro6rlro ypriAlar
i[r(z)-d]+du(z) Bll <,
-
, tu(z) olr + tl,(z) ,l'? < r.
AAo'iorr.r(z) a t arr(z)- PivorKoror6iorrpo?IanKoi aplo|loi,
rqrrpriyovd
rouEeivor
o f f l \ d r r o l d v d q o , r dq v n p o l l o f f e q o v r o 6 q r u n p o K f r r c . 6 r r
tu(z)- ol: < :Kaltu(z) Bl' < s:,

ro oroiocqao'poli(r
61'
a ( z )- o I ( e r a r l , ( , p l < " .
AcaolivororLtrur6rolier yLflKdoE r > 0.drrrflr6Ll
Iimu(z)=oxdr limu(z)=8.
25. Mrya\wiEouvaptfiotrg 455
r6pd 6fl quidEor 360ro6rnrqro;tJotrv.

Aq uno06oouls Av e > 0, utdpzer,> 0 tiroro
ov0< lz- a| <,,16I
6o1E.l,ux'i0z,
a,r- "1<|*, ,r,t- rl
I tz) tl t u k ) - d l + i t u ( z )r l l '
u Q ) - d + l i l u ( z JP l
-2 "
2
6 lim/(z) = l.l
Aur6onodEl'ltt'r
frq vq eopp6oollonodoflx{ito O[6ptfd I . n(Iporrlpoite6fl. qgoi eivarri6l Yv0)ot6

106prolimz = a.I'ropo[le vq ou!ftpdvoute6rr
limRek)= Re(d)'
limlm(z)= Im(d)
'Evc
6proorivro
limsitr(R(z))= sin(Rda))
rporinr 6nxoi,o,ov zprlouonorrioo'rle Eaapto*g
rrl ouvdlero1t( sin.M 6ro6o7rraq
ot'Iliv (rv rErorrirov. 6prqoavro dr6),ou0o:
anoder(vior,t
lin]', - d,
rimlzl=1",
= etind + ldJcosb.
lim c\inx +'r;"icosy
T6poroL,iloule sneKrcivcrrt!dworqrouopior,6nlg 6uvopT]io1q,

tLl06LKdq Inopou!t
vc enexcivorpercarr1v dworollq ouv6lroc:n / 0ivaLduveliqom d ovlim/(z) = /(a).
Korit / eivordovstiEuvn / uivarouverjqoro a yrotrioea oto miio oiri"ogori
r1q /. H
npol-/onlrevn goqndv0rors 6praqtroduxvirdrr oLropaK{iror
6ou),rd ouvqpnioEK sivar
61,qouvetiq:
'
f (z) = a,z"+ a" P' + +oa.
f(z) = z,
f@= kt.
/(x + i) = e\ill-r+,ircos.v.
Eivarnjxo).ovo 66ooulunopolriylord oouvxdrv ouvoprioeov,gspLKdg pd"Lmatev-
'Evo
vloivior rsLioqeuorKd. r&oirrpodrro?olrsurrx6 napd6L1lrq eivorI (suvriprilol
roL,opiotroro(,0, no\rivorsouvIlqos 6louqrouqirrt-opvtlrKotq npottoru(oiqopro-
Io q (8rqq qpoqllci ,ropdoroon,oro lIlipo 2). Opi(ovtoqKordl).l)'a{ol rdl'r ro 6,
eivor5uvar6vq ol)doulr la otjreiq osuvaleroe'yldnqpdoflylo(tXillo 4), ov Ie d'(z)
ouppol-ioou! ro |to!o6rr66pLopo rou z. 1c ro oroio ni2 < 0\z) < 5ni2, r6rEt e' Eiral
couveriE oto ai 1o rdoetn opvrlnK6 npo-rfo K6opr0!6d. Al).d. I' 6norolp6ro {r ov
opioouFrrt d, ndwa0q qreqviqovror rdnorooruioosrrvtt8roq.
H aouv67:eroqq d e(crlc-rdlrl o7dortFro np6p),tporou oproloi lrsq .oDvdpqolq
rrrpoto|,lKiepiqoqD, 1106ouvdprylorlq
6rll,q6ri. / pqvr6r6qtq (/(z))r= z Traxd& z.
fra rpqTlarlroi( opLloiqI ouvriprtoil V dtfl rr6io oproFoirouq!t cpvrlrrKoig
npuypcnxoriq aprOgoiq. Ave,rrlpdvo0F rouEtiTa6rroiqqpLFoiq, 16rrKdorapr0I6q6IL
6io IgrpaTorvlKdq pi(q (eKr6(0116 rov 0, ,roD;xEL!6vo !is), Av Korouri n Kordorqot
Jrord(clro),nrepn, dn6rol)d( a,rdve( sivarxrp6rsprlqaol or rcrpotovrKdqpiqqrou z
456 ('AnerpeQ rat (ircrpeg)
aroTooqteE ocrptq
a
a
a
1
a
I
a
2
a
a
t
t
z
2
z
ll,)= o\z)
tfitla a
pD10 onoio va
sivarfrTollxoi opr0loi, 8evundptslKdno|oeovep6l(prrt1plooipQ(,)vo
qv 01!6rnv dlln.
sr1)dlou!trl pro pi(o oqv /(z), nporrp6\'roq
'EvtrE
rp6roq yro va opioouprlv / eivoro Eti(:O6loDpe"f(0)= 0, Kol yra z+0,
opi(oDpe
at,) . . e e )\
,r(1)-/ i
tco'
npoaov{iq(/(z))r= z, q d I ouv{iprlsl / sivqraouvryiq,oqoi I d sivoroouvxlis.
Kqr pd),rorq,ivoro6,jvorovo ppoir,uLoouvIrif ri|ol.c d,ol' ( f (z))'1= zI]lIKdgEz.
Ilpdylorr, i\,ola6[vorovo opiooDlsKorrlv f(z\ Irs 6],ttIi z ttt lzl = l. fro vo ro
ono6iEo0p ou16lrs sle drorov anoyo,i, tropo$pEvo uroedsoujr 6rr /(1) = I (oqo'i
ndvro0o propoiooJrs vo owrroroorriooDpe -
rtv t prtv /). Ioxlrp1(6pom8 t6rr 611,
ylo 610ro 6 r's0 < r< 2,r,Exouts
AA
{ . ) / ( c o sd + t s i o d r =c o s) + i s i nj
O orio8rxrrx6q ou),loyr6y6q Trq oud,o9rivEtolo6oe(ivoldvoKl.o6rK6

si6oedn66rqle
Jrtpliol elolioror.) riv(DqpdTpoloq).A),Ldn (*) oDvsnriyeror
6rr
l.ir4/ (cosd { isin d) = cosJr+ isin '
=- I
+ f (0J,
ov KoLcosd+ isino - 0,6ft\ e- ht. ?1or, dIouUE ro dronorou 0ilqll. Ilapdlolo
rrj(Erpilarqcno6sr(v$ouv 6 ivor o6rjvolovo opioorrlrsoovliq@DvoprioEn-
ooriq piEoq),T ro Kde, > 2.
fro auvst'i( r'1To6rKdEouvapriorsu'rdprouvorouioia oeopiroro ovriororlo our6v
nouncp,Yp{iaouv rr outrTrpreopd rov npqyrqnxdrv o',vqprriocov'rivo oc K).rrord8ruofli-
poro. EvaaDoro),oyrK6 ov"l.o,o rou6loofliroroq[a b ] ivo!ro oJvo].o6]'ovrov [r?o6F
x6v oprep6vz = .x+ i fE a< x< b Kstc< y< d (D(risq5).To o'ivolo oDr6),fTro'
25. MtyaSwigouvuprioe4 457
x?,fl6i6op0oy6vro, KoLouppori(rorf' [a,b] X lc,dl. AvI / sivqr6!vetli! olvdprlort pe

t11o6Lx;q rLpdqKqr ne6io opLdroiro Ia,bl X Ic,d] qqivsroreu].o]o,rt / voivorapaTjravrl
ot KdroLoq
oro ld,rl X lc,dl. dr).odi, u'rdpr(sr npalparLK6q opL0p69 Mldroroq60r
to,blx tc,dl 't:llK'L9E
f (z) < M z orc td, bl x [c, d].
'T dv6irsrv6lpa vo nonus61trt / 67ErldTrorl i eidtrorrt1rslioro [d, b ] X lc, dl Trari6sv
L,ndpxsL dworo8ldraqrtq r{DvprloSLxdrv qpL0p6v. A!,6F0ie/ 0ivutpla rpolpa!rKi ouvdp'
----r--- , - l- rl6rt. 1610!16( o LoIDpLoI6q 6xsrwoLd, xqrl6tisL.E13tk6r8pa, ov / EivoronoLoarirore
b l,7d6Lr(ri oL,v'rrirouvriprrror oro ta, bl x tc, dl, r6t3 n l/ | eivor ',{onq o',vIriq,dpo
i"
u'rdprrKdnoLo.4o1o[a, b] X tc, dlr;roro tlore
tripd 5
fta)l= f Q ) l I f t K n qz, a r c t d ,b l x t c , d )
10 i6roroXnrKor!e rlv ov'riorpoelqvro6tltu. AdBsftplKdqaop6q6fl I (/ nrdvErro
rrdroroKols)dzroro!ftpo rr'tqoro [a b] X [c, d]'.
Ta SLdqo poororteiono! ovaaiportKov orrtvrpolloi!\,r1ropriTpo$o 6eveqqno6rlroiv
s6d),6poqor qnoSiELq louq dxlntpoaoivrororo np6p),rlpo5. Ynoedlovrdq ro.6!0Je,
qq 'A1,1sppoq,
pnopo[|rd]po\ro66oourr rLroan66srqn rou OefErL66oL,q oEopritaroq
'
rp{ituo ro! 0i\ro1or d.riesraEKr).rlKIIK6, urol(or60v610!!s,rpo]dBEL vd rolpe KoLr6od
nol.).ti ro! vc 8lo{pivou! nq noluovutrxfq ouvcprfoerqo16 rtq {iiisq ouvXsiq
oEopHM^ olnpsM^
r irooENEirorE! r) Eor{Dai,..., a" L rulsioLpryqbrroicproloi.
rHra,{rtrBp
opr0p6q
T6rundprrrrro8LK6q z rdromq60r
z'I a, ,z' )). a. ,2" +...+ ao=n.
f ( z ) - z "+ a - ' 2 " ' - . . - " ,

KaLro i6roroxierylo rrl olvdpqot I / | nouopi(rardr6 rtv
T6reI / ivorout,8Xrlq.
l f t z )= f ( , ) l = l z ' + a , , z ' ' + . - . + l t t
H or63(i loq pooi(cro,orrl\rnapo.riprlorl611dvoortpEio.4 p ,f (a ) = 0, ed npene
npoaav6q!a 0ivarortlcio E).o7iorou yrd rrlv t . fro vo otro6siqoDpe.o odrpnlo,0a
6siiou[e npdjra6fl I l/ I trr npdrto{r Frd E}.riltoq fipj o' 016 .tlpo to prya5$6
0a sivo,6Xs66vi6ro I, rtv on6SErqrt
r,rtn 6l,.H or6SeLEit oro Ksadlaro7, rou 6fl lla
olvdprrlorldprlo!Ilaloi (re npaTloflKoiq6DvrIor6q)
no),ur,rvtrpLKri drsrlLo t dtrorrl
npri o ol6Kl"lpo.o R. Kol 016io ondsiqsrq0ooi(ovrororo ysyov6q 6rL,610! 10 z
eivor!s7dlo, 16rro f(z) Et,rotI,E'tiLo.
ApTiqolFe TpdQovroq, ?ruz+ 0.
f { 2 1 =z " f + l r t 1 1\'
lft|l= '" lr+!+... +5 '

OEroufo
M = r:,ax(t,2nla,
' l, ...,l,lq l).
z > M,ixat)$lz' > lz ror
T6rsyLaxdesz!
ld,, d,,l < d,r . 1,
<
t,,l z 2n a" ,l 2n
458 ( 'Arcrpeq)
ard.oD9kKat(dTreeq)oeryig
dpa
lq _al.lo,*..* ql<+.
ofi' 6roufnror6rr
r_ o"
z
'+...+ 9] >,_ lq,,... lrl ,l
z z
z' /rt
Aur6 olFoivsl6rr
1.,
lf (z\l>+ylflkl>M.
ov l z l > M rcLrn
E,6rK6rcpa. iov l ? l > (-2 U (0Jl. 16!r
l"f(z)| > t(0)
'Eoro rdrpo b]X[c,
[4 dl tutr (],1016 opeo,6vro(t)flfuo6),rouvo replilsl ro
Iz: ll <nax(u, i-2l"r(0)l)1, xcr uro06roupe 6rr I etlil,ol1tTlrri 116 l/l co
[4 b] X [c,d] n0ipve l olo.4, 6n].q6i
tl\ f(dl< | f (z)| ylor(dez mo [a bl x [c,d]
'Enror,6rK6rpq, 6r! l/(a) | max(M, {Dffl0) ),161E1f@l> Lr(o)l> l,f(4)1.
tuv6DdEovroq rrE(r) Kol(2)P}"droDrE 6r I f(z; < | f(z)l Ta Ki10s z, 6n}.o6ir I f I
roipvroTo-k rlv e].d1rsrTl rrlri rnqo' o),6K],rtporo F1to61K6EninE6o.
tf(.) > |f(o)
\iqa 6
f np6ooup
vasupntr rlv or!66rqn 0o6oiper6po6n /(zJ = 0.Eivor
roueopliparoq,
P o L K 6v a o p i o o u F fE, o o u v d p q o l B f t I v
l a(z)=f (z+ d.
T6rEn s tivor prorolDovuprKTi ouvdprnonDaolo$n, noDitfl rlv s]d:(rorl ar6l.unt
rlli rls oro 0. Odloulr
vo 6Eiqout &r s(0) = 0.
Aqunodooujrs, =
awioera, 6r! g(0) a + 0. Av t s'vu n g1tp6rprlsflrctl66vopnrou z
roL clqovi(croroqv ropdorool rlc g. Froporifcvo lpdq,ollc
cQ)=d+Pf+c.+('+1 ! -): ca",
25.Mryodxtgwvapr4oeq 459
{tnouB + 0. T6po, sripQovqf ro O{i}pIFo apr0!6q,y

g1ys6rK6q
24-2ur{ipxErl<d,roloe
raroloqdlor
-d
'B
4 = cr ' 7r, d:(oup
T6re,av dooop
)s1z)l = ld + P^r^z"
+ d^,tz^''+ - + drz,1
= a-df+d.!2,*1 + .)l
= Ilotr
I d
z. | =F \l
*-' * ..,I
l\
= tla{r
l
,- ' f . r )l
"-lT"
= t' rr-r+"[4=" ]l
ADti rl tropdolool sttv onoio priioaF I 16oo0ex6nouq,0alog nrpfvr va Karol,4-
Eou!06!'1010or rirono. nopaq piorrrp6ir06n, ov 61o1#6ooFe
ro Iz I uprerd prrpd, 0c
;XouI
l:a--LzT .... < L
Av, ur' dl.o ra z lla ra oroio 1016routri I dvro6rlrl, Swl'i6ovl !,.dnoroz npatryaKd
I l) ll
lzl:t- z - 1t.<t'"'
"
EnoJrdvo,
ov0 <z< I 6toup
I la lr I l) 1l
lt 1 l t - / l ' , | '1a2. t, 1 : 4z: -! . . |. |
z . + z . l : ! J z + . . . 1S
o
t,''
=r_ t+ VlLz+...11
<l-z'+z'
=l
A!fil ivor q qt'riqaq nou(rpoioagr lc rtioe riroro apr0l6 z 4o0lr
l c ( 7 2 ) l l<o l ,
rou ovlrgdoKrpe10ls, ovdq61r Id i ivarro s)dlroro qg lg I o' o),6r1,q
poro grlodrrd
'Apo
eriftdo. t aptrrl utdosotl,rpinsrvo Eivarl.avoodvn,Karg(0)= 0. 4l)16,ral.o(,
oruaivrdn /(4) = 0. I
A K6to xr ov 0tro),oliooqrro 6rr nopqlivalrerE arro6Di6crq
10)v9oorl(dlvarol.ofd-
rov tra rq oDvqriq lrta6rKi6 60vap1io[l6, oDlrl I qr66ltrl jrdEo6{nos o ilq pa06
oroldl.ola !e qv6),mord).iIl 6ou),rd. Eival euotr6 vo eL (oulrrin eo s|leavroro6vl(l
d .o evdrogEpowc ororleiocv emirri{ougerr ri}.}.oD(orEllropoteFrrq rbr6rTlreErov
npclFo ((irvsuvopllio0ov.To n6uvo npo$avdq Bipo, sivorvo optooup napoy6]ouq:
lro ouv(ipttoq/ ].4?ttqurqpoyoyi6urq oro a ov u,r{ip:(cr
ro
,_l(a+zt-l(a)
Koro oufli! rtv nEpifiool 10 6proou!0ol.i(elqr IE /(d). Eivar6101,0

va oroiiqouFE
'Arcrpeq)
46O ( ard,ou9{eqrar (dnerye)oerpig
f(a) = 0 tiv flz)= c,

f{a) = |1\' f(z)= ',
(f+ c)'\a)=f(aj+ s'(a),
(f .s),@)=f ( a ) . s ( d ) +f ( a , ) . s , ( a ) ,
( l)i", --ril3ravs{or+ o.
d E{a)i
\f . c)'@)= f Gt.d))'c'\d).
OLoro8EiEELq 6i{Dvouriirvrr0vrl,nov sivaraKprp6qi8lq,6noqrprv. Er6rK6repo, drouf
'orr0q,
6n, ov /(z) = z' , 1610f (z) = nz" ' . auroior rinor orosErKviouv
rrtv napoyo.rr-
orp6rtra !6vo rov plr6v oulop ioeov. no ,oi d ,or npoqovsiq unovriqrcLEsvEivor
nopdT0rTioLUegouvoprrioELq. Aq uno060ou!e, Ila nopd6cLTpo,6rL
f(x+ iY)=x- iY (6tl)'06{/(z)=t)
Av np6KErior
r't/ vo sivormpq, 0r7ioLtrt
oro 0, r6rc ro opro
lm /(-r+ i) /(0)
np6nL
vo udpxl. IIop0Tlpoilo6!oq 6Tr
-xiy
av y = utror-= l!
x'r ]y
)t iv
0vx=U,ro1e i -=- I
1'r ty
dpo oDr6ro 6pro6svpnopivo ri'rdprEr,yrmi ro ,qliKo 'rqipvL rrq rLp6qI KoL I lla
x+ i ooodrirorE Kov'rd
oro 0.
Meld on' aur6ro nopd6erypo, 6eveivcLrcodlou rpovsp6 ro noLinpdnL vo qvo(qflioer
(oveigdlleg mpotoliolFDcolvopniosq.Av e'rpleirrougopropoigr(DvxpKorsin,go
8si 6rL6EvutrdplErKotrlde).rd6o
vo ?svLr.E[oouuE
orronErorq oproFonq ]ro Fr]o6rKoiq
opLeroiq.fru rrlv dJpo
or npoPid\usrq
EivolororoL66oEeq,oil{i6},0 poqra rpo0}.riporo0o
ru0oivoivropa.
NPOBAHMATA
1. (a) flo KdonporturrK6 oprep6 -v,opi(oupd(r)=.r+ry (o re Iasivcrrrc
ouvdprro! !e rrTodrxq rL[dq,opLotivr 610R). AiErdrLr] a ivo1o'rvsliq
(aur6dnsrardpoo0]16 dvo0(ijpnjroo' our6ro fta'ilolo). Opoio6,8siqft611t
B(-y)= x+ iivor o'rvx'iq.
(b) Eor(D/ rLo ouveriq otlvdplrtot oprot6v! olo C. fro oro0sp6y, 0;rou}tr
s(x) = /(x + i). AEiETE 611r I eivqrouverriqouvdprron(opro!6\,rtoro R).
oloniq. 6eilr6rLI ,Cy) = /(x + iy)ivorouvejrriq.Yn66Erq!:Xpr orronorEi
0T6 ro (a).
2. (a) Yno0dro'rrr6 / sivo,rLuo, vcrrii rpo?taflxli suvdptrlonoprofivt ndvoo'
avoKl,Lor6 opoo?d)v1o[a, b] x [c, d]. Aro6eiil0 61,ov rt / troipvslr\ rLFdq
Je) Ku f(t,) tts z Kol w oro [d. b] x [c, d], 16rrt / noipvrKor6Iqn6
flpfq uvdrEoq oro /(z) Ks' ro /(r). Yr6sErErrEerdorentv s(r)=
/(rz+ (l tw) yL0t olo [0, l].
*(b) Av / Eivor|'1oouvstiq r11o61xiolvriprnot opLorfvl oro
[q b] X [a dj, o
Lo,ruprop6qrou (a) pdpolqdEvdta rLo Kuvdvav6tpa. oaoi 6vlnopoljlc \ru
ptiooL,r' tLq rol,qprtq6rKoLls opL0loisqvd[Eoooro /(z) KoLro /('v). Od
25.Mtya6ul6ouvaptfioery461
pnopoLiod!'vd rL{doorle611n / raipv'r 6lsq rrqflJriqndvooro uerllpatpo

tyrlyo srtn(i tiuv /(z) Kar /(w). o).).do'irxt our6LorDer.
Bpir8iva nopd-
6r'/parou vd ltiXvcraur6ro ,rpd'/ta.
3. (a) Arodei[re6r, uv or d!, .... d, ivaLrulaiol rrL'/o6rKoi
dprepoi,r6re undpror]v
rrlobr{oi opr0r'oi
4, ...,z, (6X1ova?Kocfixd dlaKoKpLpdvotr6roroL6ore
z , +d ", 2 , + . + d " = f i e z , )
(b) Ano6'ii. 6rL,uv 01 a0,..., d, , sivor npaypdrrKoi, 161.10 z" + a" &' | +
...+d0 Tpriqror ouvTrv6Fvo 7pn!!rK6vrapol6wov z+d Kor 6ur-
popdof,0ivnupaJ,6vrr0v
z' + dz + ,, ro'r 6).0r irolv npalparrxo[qouvrs],oraq
(rproLiLonolior
ro tlp6phpa 24-7).
4. :' aDr6ro rp6pl,rl!o0a Eiordooup !6vo no).u6vupa !s rpoyroTlKoiiouvrsz,ordq.
'Evo
raloLo no).u{bvufol6ysrar 60porop(rlpq,orov ov fnopsi vo tpqpi
l,r + ... * ,!": yrc xriroronoludrvufqtrj !e rpo-rlorr.origouwlsoriq.
(a) Ano6eiEir6Tl,uv rl / oivordopoLorro rsrpoydv'D!, 16r/(x) > 011or.do8x.
(b) Aro6siils 6fl, ov rt / Korrt g ivordopoiouororrpaldrvov, 16106iva1Karrl
f'c.
(c) Yro6rouA 611t(,r) > 01ra Kdorx. AiEr6rLI f iva1d0por6po r1po?6-
vov.Yr66srhrrpdv.srpd,lof(x) = rls(x).6nous(r) + 0lLoKdo
n. ror ro
r rpimr vo 0ivoldpno (?rorir, KoLs(r{)> 07ra'(d0.r.XpnoLlLonoLsiorE
r6po
ro np6pl,rt!n3(bl.
s. (a) EoloAavqoivolotrTaSrKrirvopre[drv.'Evoqqpr0p6qz],6yrsr,6noqxo
r- ] trpinl0rol1(0! npaTForrKdv opLef6v,oprax6dlpio10l) ol,v6).oriAov'j4ordoe
(rpoluor,{6)' > 0, urdpreL dvoolueioo oroA $ )z- a <raJ,Ldz+d.
Ano6ir0 rn 6roirdarorrtdKEoort rou Ocorpiporoq Bolzano-WeierstrassrAv A
oivordvo{irn po']rTo6ivo}.o ro', [a b] x [c,d]. 1618roA 6xc1ivoop1ax6 onFio
L oro [d, b] x lc, dl. Yn6361h:^Lolpdoftrp6ro ro [4 b] x [c, d] 6.o 8Jor0 r'1o
KoruK6pu9rt yporlfri 6noq oro ttipa 7(a).Aqoi'ro A oivurririLpo, ro 6vo
ro!].dtrorovpLs6rspr61srrirrpaotpio rou A. Xopioreour6orq 6 o ppLo
oplqdlrloypotlri,61I(D( oro IXipa 7(b).tuv8liolcf a!r6v lov 1p6ro,6La1pdj-
woq 6Lo6orrl(d I KoraK6pDqEq {o1op1E6vnq }potlaq.
(To droSLooro-o LrrxLipluo 5Lror6;'rolq no' rrprTpdvalfo o' riv rnv ' rrj-
6nqr eivsL1600 ouvq0ro!6vorou o ririoq "Bolzanoweiersrrass" ouvrie0rq
IploLpisrIo vo rcpr7p{iver q pdeoSo rrlg on6SErEnq, er<r6q on6 ro i6ro io
006prlto.Aii.yrompdbL1fq, ro: H. Peiard"A Contribution !o lheMathema
ticalTheoryof BigGameHunting"Amer.Math.Mon$ly,45(1938),446-447).
txira 7 (b) Ano6iqr6n {de ouvet4q(prto6rxrl)owdpqol oro [a, ,] X [c, d] eilar
qpo-rpfvtoro [d, b] X [c, dl. (Muteire ro Ip6Pl.Ipo 2l-3]).
(c) Atro6'irD 6fl, o\rrt / civortLrorpo?rLoflKri olv8j(riq6uvdpntort orola, bl X Ic,
dl. r6rc ! f nuipvcL r#llorrt {o1s}.dx16rrlrl}'ri oro [d, b] " [c, d]. (Mropsilc!o
tprtorponoli0610 ro i61oK6l,rorou tar f&Do8ro O06pr a 7-3.)
*6. H on660Grt roDOs{,rpritoroq 2 6svprropivo sopitosir0lioqorortcrdSrtq Trori1l
6Dvor6rrtro0rL],olrlq Ev6q1pE1" = - e iB6rrytlF-loloro O'dJpnpa 24-2,Korno!6-
voqoTlqrprl(Dvots'rpLKag ouvqprrio6re. Ilopou6rd(srLoln6vKdnoLo sv6!oqdpov ro va
6d)oo!plLu oroLleuir8lor66e(t 10! 6rL udplsr fLo ).[ot 1Lot1v elior,rol
(a) Asiqror,' Kooop6uno],o1lo!66Il pnopoipvappoi|e ),ioeLqr1g zI- c = 0'/ru

xdotrla61{6opr0!6c.
(b) E(ny0i6rllori rt niluot rrx z" c = 0 lnopi vo qvo-te0i6rrtv ,I8pir1ororl
nouro, srvurnsprrlo.
462 t Arapc;)ord.ou9it;mt tr)rtrpt.:totrptq
(c) 'Eoro a ro otleio 6nou! oDvdp{lot flz)= I - c nqipv rr} eidTrorrl

an6ilrrlrrrrilrtq.A!4 + 0,6siic 6rro ordpdroi rr ortvan6SerErlmu Oopri-
loroq 2 ivaLioog te L Aeoi Fro poi|r 6i./o!pq !q ppoip7 I0 7 = aip,
ro L,n6io'nortq an66rErtqaopF6(s, 7,a rlv /. ApKei. enopdv(Dq,va 6eiEo!!e
611I t)dXrort an6),urtr1!ri rIq / 66u!r0uivno1o0.
(d) Yno06ro!!c.ovTiosra, 6r n f noipvrrrlv ).ri1rorq andl,uqTrprj'qg oro 0.
Aqono,1tivqrnepLTloq, ra olpio+ d.:l di nrl?oivouvge t1v / oro c:ld',
ci d'i. Ailr 611lLu !rxp6 d_rou)dXLoro!dvqon' olrd rs orlpiodTcr
prxp6rxprlqnd7.L,rtlri on6ro c, Kaloiri-/ovr{IE 610roe ov{eqol.
7. E6rioflz)=(z- z)' ...12- aln
rar \'i:rf nr ftzt=tz' zt- ...1/ ,,.1' r, .
i^,,r-
(bl Lorolizr=Z n , l z - z . t . A l i i n d r o ! g r z r = 0 . ! 6 T rr u , , . . . . . , , rd c r
'Evd
ra) x!pr6uooivot o lou.trrlioo!
unopoivva ppi;rouror6is oro i6Lorlpcrinbofroq cu0c iai no! n0pv{ierdr' ro
z. Yn66LEni XprtouonorEior ro Ilp6BtIFo 24-lL
(c) 'Evc L'rooivo).oK rou c,IlIj6o! Li'jlerormpr6 0v ro K ftpLdILro s!0rj?patpo
rUitu nou6wDdL Elo rlloia orurio rou (:Xrua 8).fLd lidesoivotroA. undp-
.lsr dvoEl{iXlolo Kupro o'jvo}.oro,Jro npraZcr,ro oroio }.i7rorrt xupri 0iKl
roL'A (:7rirq 9I o! 6vqoturio P 3vovri{'r orrl! kupri eiKr roDA, r6!s
oi6Kirtporo A npr;7star o1oivo trrrninr8o grqquoiuq ro! npvdr an610
P. Xprouonor6woqoufli rrl!,ninpoaopiorno6ei(r6rLor piqqrne /'(z) = 0
Ppio'.olrursrrl! (l]p i 0rlKn.or, ou!6iou {z . ...,z, }. nproo6rspse trt-tpoao-
pis.?rcrrcrl(t'pflioivoio rtropeirvq Ppcirrortv nqpqnotnri n9l rrl; nporr\,6-
rbr'E!dun-npr6u^6nvo).olouctrrtrtdou p\n_.BrPiroypoeioE).
tzittd 8
tz4pa 9
6. Ano&iitr 6tt, qv it / eivorrapcToyiorgrloro z, 16rn / eivqrorvtri! oro z.

'9. Y.o0:-oL,tf
6r t = !
u ll dror r rc., ri|cr npc71-cfl <eqorroprrlo.rg
(a) rro 6rd0p6, , odroDpc s(x) = u(x + ryi) Koln(r) = u(.r+ ryi).AiEr6rL,av
f'Gu+trn)=d+iB./ra npolloflKota ] i K q r B , 1 6 r c ( r o ) = a x a L
h'O = B.
(b) Andrnv diil ,r,,!pd. qqL,noiooD! 6!r kly) = u(.r!+ i)Kor lLv) = ,({ + i)
=
&iErEdfl l'Lv!) d (qLk'G) = - B.
(c) A! /'(z) = 0 t'o xdocz. bciLrcdn r / 6itororooprisl,\'dprrlon.
r0. (a) Xpnouonor6woiq\'ixqpoorl
I t/ | I \
' 2i\\-i r+t/
l+rr
rrtv /ur(x)7rqrdek.
|]psire
(b) Xprtorponori61e ra vo ppeirsr!v arctanl|(0)y1ox{i6et
alrd ro anord).souo
KEOAAAIO MIfAAIKE: AYNAMO'EIPE'
Av 6rv 67r':ridt jrnvrd\tsrun6noi npoKnlsrva qnoondooL,Jr napulo?iorfeqlL7a5LKdq

olrvaprrioer;. o ririo( or.,roli rou K0Aot0aoL,eo nparfi !q oqq'rpo5i6eLro !L,o {6: 67oups
oKo,rdyu opioowr or,voprioerildoo r(i)! omrpooflp(ir!.Au16Koorordq\'oTKoio!r0
ou(rirlon ?ipoon61r,(dnflpE;oxoiouoiq lrTadrrd,voprojr{irv
ror m oopoiogmodrorov
&Ko),oL,er6v. q)"td(6'roi ol]vdprtKsL!e rq 6proxor rrt oL,viTero)or paorKoioprogoi sivflr
ole3ovra!otoL6runor l !o!! ovriororTo!qyLq trp{rlpalLKdq
uxotrou0iegxoL oLpdq.
Mra arrpr oxoloD0iotr'/o6r{6vopr0f6vivol.runLrd.u,o ovriprloq $ rc6io opr-
otoi, ro i\ rar !17o6rxi;ngiq o or,lBollo!6q}tr ror,qEi,ir{ rro!lplorfororiods 7rorri
oKotoL'0i0. npo/lnflxdy (pr0ldJv0o tplortonor!0ei {oL 7rq ri oxoio!0letryo6r(d'!
oploirdf-MrqoxoLol]0io la,l 0116tryd&Koii upr8poicmprord\f,rorJrcrov nLosiXprtdlo
rp6no,a! o\rotdooup ro olr'io a, oro s,rirs6o(:X'irroI).
H srol,ol]oionouAoivcruroro tXipa I o!-/xiivELoro 0. 6nouI (oi?K),(orl'Trolrya6r-
16; axoioueiropillror 6n(D;orprp6q(qr tru rL_c rpo-/!onr6; oKo),ou0iq:rl oxoiou0ia
ld"l 60yriiilfl oro /. {or Tpdqoujr!
Eriw t
ligq=r'
qvyLoKd0c
> 0 udplcr 6!oqquoLxoq opr0u6q N rdroroq 60r,7roKdo
,,
/ ,.'.;1 c v n > N , r 6 r ca , l l < c .
\:9:.. Aurri n ouvoixrlorltoiv'l 6fl xd06xidi.o; noljo/6rd(o!FfExivlpo to /,0o mptdlerro
.1"7ro 6io ro oplirdreTdiatl (tlip( 21 1o vo sx$paoro6!nlo a,r).d.r oxoi.ouoio
0pio{tioLlirK(ild6o ot onoroldirolt njK),o!e Kivtporo 1.
H o(yKhortft,r! $yo6'rrirva{o),ouo16!. opi(slorsKpr0d'q
6jlLrL{tvo onorqKororL!npu-r-
fsrL(iq or:oiou0iq,
oild KaLoldTeroro auri rrt-/voari rrpinrool.
xrip 2 d, = 4 + 4 rro npallurLKoiq4'(ar c,.
/ = P + 17 ?u npotton{on(B roL7.
T61t lim a, = I o! Kor!6vo sv
lim4=PxoLlimc,=7
AflorEEti H un66eLlrtoQriveI0roo! el]l(oiq doxlorl. AvalEr onorsbrinoreqtArpoiio tla

ro nriJfrpdnsLt'dnpo'toprioEr.o!r0o!i,r,ri1Ero Oc6ptFo I rou Kc$oiqiou 25.nouri\'or
6B010.I
To 60por6Fdllaq aNolo$io( {a,j opitslor, {a1 ndir. oqv 10 lin s,. 6no!
s " = q + . . .+ a ^ .
Or flrot.o!0i( -/la flq oroi( our6 ro dpro r'rdp7sr, ii?ovrol o0poi6rlS't oi),(xrl|(d.
Iropoift fq troilc rl dflrptolrpdZ o . o u y K ) . i v ru r 0 ! ' ! 6 r o 6 r ' 1 0! t r { i p l r r .L r 6 L i ; ; u i

464 ('ArEtpE)qKoAou9bE
rar (ineryeg)otrpig
Avtprd(srolva ovonl66ou!
onox],ivr, KriroraKarvo$p,rd
KprrriproTra
rTlo$ykl,rorl
anrpoosrp6\r,
16?(l)
rou oK6l.oueoll
erDpritaroq.
d,= b"+ ic"^trsrya tptrrKo'iq4 Kqrc,.

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16t) o5i r.c6,votoo,,ta,)c:va,oov poo!l
Ano ,o,q op,ouoLC
' i n ( -r ) - , i n 7 ,
cos(-z)= cosz'
Atr6rLqro6rtlcq11flro e'' Kore '' InopoirLg

vq ndpou|0ro!( rnnouq
)
H r').fq rov rr1?a6rf6vSuvopooeLp(iv
ronoosri, noFvos,rtv 'K0rlxriouvriprlol oro
Kdvrporlq ptrdrtqrorvororFuodtivouvopfliocov oroKol.irrLpro oI6oI svdtsoa
orrqrpr]{dvoterpLKdq{o, e{enxdEauvapriorqrou Koviq 6vEiraawoolri 6rov opi-
orrlKavsuiig or ouvapoiosE,KornoD6v0o ite rord qvor(a).Lxpeilopiq q lp4ot rov
frTo6udrv :ov
opiojrdrv. rpoi6v oDrriq
rlq otdotq, nqipvoup prq qtdort avdrsoaorot'E
oprotoljEe {ar r nou6vsilapEDnovLoorsi og rrirps:ov orovrnro
z= z, noipvolrro aEloortl'ioro
oaooufE orordl,opa
'sivor
Gro 7'vrxiiro e'"' lro n-oonipiEarou l.)
M ouraqnC rapornp{oLq rI plaq pogrdvororlq sr}obl{iEouvapni-
0a K?,iooupe
osE. Kor 6!rDqundpj{ouv oK6!aopKerdPaoud olorleio lro rlq Euvofoonp;q,rou dEv
axouvovaqeposi. Oqr6pq,ondvioqEsdoope f0 Kdvrporo a,
iiuvofoonpdE
ri
I@ ), s"(/ s).
Kr6qo'16rnv rcpi'rrooq a = 0. Aufli I nqpdlErvneirEv rrdpE,

o{on6 vo atrIotroltlosl
rra duvafoo pf! fs xiwpo ro d, uniiplou,npoeovoie K66o1q 6Lovrov 06{DpTtpdrov

alioi rou rceoloio! (or dnoSsiE0le
onolroiv t6vo rrplltiveq rpororToLriocq):
undpt(er
ivqEopreuoqR rrreovov voLivo,0 r "- r rt,o,o,do.c l oc'6 o-rz dr' voor,lKlivcr
1
oro),srosTrq z px lz - a < R, Kqr oL 6por qq r,o r,,ruli'uo' QpoyufvoL]ro z rLs
lz a )R oriols,'yrox60ez ye lz a <Xnouvdprton
nn-i o.r, ot
472 t AnaNEta^d.o'Ai; Kdtt.(inprJ ot)p\
'.
i t/t- z not, af
'E!fl
i116rpo
npoqov6q
no6prnu"^, .n**, ,r"1v( 06rdooL,Fr
av uropsivo nopu-
oroEifra ouldprrot }le6uvoFoosLpd
Kivrpou 6, ! 3E6o#vo6fl i6rl oL,fliypdaroroov
dlvofooELpdue Kivrpo a. Av rt
ri\
I(z\ s('z- o)
djtn oKrivo oitKirole R , Ko' .o A ol"rrr,:vt o1leio !s I b - o | < R (tnila 6), ror eivor
aiil]Lu 6rL r1 f(z) snop'i vo /pqqei oov 6L,vqpoosrpd pe rivrpo ro b,
.r l ' r : \
-
r,
,/ bl
oL / 'r(b),/, !). A'(6!o, ourrl rt o8lpdizsl oKrivo oi /{}.rotq

(or apL0poi4 EivorovaTKoorLK'i
- -
rolid7Loro! R Jb a (pnopEivu eivatpy.jlrtrcpn).
i6y 6(ronodsiioluc rd ororXsio trou avdqapelKovsrtv npolToiue{ nqpd?poQo,KoL
wdp/ouv rolid oK6fo ortuo\rnxdnpdTForonou EE!0o Id ono&iEoufE.Av n.r.
:/irr 6
l'(r) ) a"(/ rJ \aL e(.,)- ) b"(t bt .
r<org(b) = d. r6rs od'npcn0I / o g vd TpdAsrqLoqv 6uvsfooeLpd}l K6wporo 6.

Ar xor tirdore i6po oE e6ol !q onobsiEoupE 61,ara mpnrdvo cnore),6ogatclopig vc
.1oa?d1ouF'KdrToLs( poolKd6vass 16isq,svroiroLq orqnodeiqsq3v0oivaL6i]ovcrjKol'6
,i60! yr(I !a oopoiotararfl 1Lv6ps\ro {orrLq {rvnorp6qouqr{rv 6uvapoosrp6v.H 6!var6rt-
rd 6fos va fliidtolle lra dlvapooorpdKivrpou d oE fla d].1r1r(6vrpoub, yivrqr 6io Kor
nLoroiunioxt, KoLyLor]v / o s rpord(0rornpo?ronKrl e'!r3lr6rtrq. Avri vq o],oK2,r,
p6oolf qL,riv rrtv napdTpaao!' 6var xorarrlorL6u,rololLofriv, 0o npo p,iooripva
Stiroolpeprn rp61er,o1cn6 (pL?oALKiuvdlloI,, ivav 0,16rouq 0rpor6lsporJs K)ddouqrov
.aB tuo 'i..o.or oloooo"'na|.-Lo;Lqrdpfl vcr rqKdnorut
eE!rir|D3drv es(Dplfrirov.
ELodTovru(rLq dulofoo8lp;; o aur6 ro KrQdl,oro.iirots sKon6 va oroxopiooDp
uryo6Ll(69 o!yop,IrioeLqnou va sivor napoToyiorfeq.A$on ourdqor oD\rdpiioErg ivorr],F
Kd dnerpegqopdgrupdylJtiorpeg,eiv(lrquoLK6vq uro06ooufedfl n ol{oldvslo nou 6loid-
iutr' civoLnoii crbrxi fdou oro oivo),o r(0v nopuloTiortuovlrTadrxrtv ouvoprri6srdv. To
|]uordd o'oplirora rlE rrtodr{riq o!d;"!olq atroisrKvDouv 6fl 5sv sivor Ko06ioL,iror ro
Av ptd uttdijDti orvdpr\on irat apopivn oe Kdnovtopia A roL EnniSor rat

EIvdtnapa:uyiotpl otu A, r6rc al,rclrituq tiv dnEryEe
AopiCnxpaytl)|iotp, oro A.
AK6tid. /11 KdAo\t1E{oa orc A n 6Eeti Taylot rnq f oro a jDTrIiyEt otrv f oE
fliAE Sio(o nou npriret orc A (txipa 7).
ttitld 7
26.Mrya|wtE\uvapceerpiE473
Aurqor rrpodo8teivol oro 116np6teenouoJro8rKvrjowot o1l pLfoorri ovd),Doyl.

EivqroSovqro vc Kdvotj9ono@6iloreavoaopiioneiSls(11(oro6ilrE - oL
Fd0o6ornou
Xpl6r|ororo6!5orsivcrrlioq6rdeop0flK4 0JI66,fl 6Xoutcouvawrlor orovororXdETl
Arcrpoorrr6Ao7rof6.Av 61(1)( aDrdq
ooprioou|r fls nporioflEtvoodq, r6rEpnopo|r[
vd oro8siqoure noli Eirolq 6.TrovoedpqN'no r{ivo,.
Aq unoodooofE,1lo nopd6ryp,6rr/ Karg ivor660oDvoprrloEq nou7p{ieowsroav
SDvoroordq. T6r,6rcq ;rouf ono6ier,or / xar s ivfl 'Iopalolior}les,aftror lor-
r.6v,on66xol,o levrKd06oprilorq,6not f +E, f.c, l/g Kor/og ivqrniorte
napu-rotio4rg.Av avolpdloufola onor),ioporaqn6rn lr-rqtrxriavli),'ro!,aur6orllqi-
vr6fl lropo v vq-rpogotivoov6uvqloorpfq.
fvopiqoulei6t,,!0)qvounol.ori(oulrK8Dvtrjroorpial(r"tf+g,f.gKarllEar6
rLqduvaloorp6q rov f kor g. EivoriKo?,ovo llowdvrKov0ie,rdrq0a urololioer grc
EKQpooItLo rrlv /og oov fLo 6uvutroorpd oq npoe(z-b), diov 6o0oivrd
avqnriTporo-6uvatoorpdq
f(z\= > a(z- d)"
s(zt= ) b.tz bt'.
6noDa= s(b) = 4, enorivoq
gt.-a
Z b,tz blt.
np6ro o'r' 6),0,qlpou!n66vq uno),oyi(ooF
q 6ovoroorpd
,.4
k- t z t - s ) ' = l ) b , t z b ) t l .
\-1 /
6q opli(sr 16 ro (z
rcr currj 1 Er.rvagooerpri 6)i. Kord ouvdnelo,
o olwol,eoriqrou z"
oq oj(forl
Irgbr - ). a,\Btr) d)
Bnopiva uno],o1or(oo" d"o deporotq olo omio spqqvi(owaLf6vo

"r""p".;;"
ouvr,soraf nounpoxirrolv qrr6flq roug(z) - d.
r rp6rsE6Dv{i}rE
M 6loro rp6ro.ov rl
flz) = > a"{z- aY
djarldr(Tivaoirl.rotg R, 16rI / eivarndpototiorFl oro ropio,4 = lz: Iz- dl < Rl.

T6rr ov ro b or{Ksroro A, eivar6uvor6vvoTpd\youuEritv f oov6uvoporpdlls x6wpo
ro b, 'Tou0a our(l.ivrorov 6i:ro axrivaqR |b - d | . Auri I oErpdlropoi sqv
5i"*. y,*i n I
npolgcrrr,6rlrovo ou1xl.ivao dvovpcToi.ulcpo ai{2- dl" jrnopcivq
ivorrl oerpdprcqoDvripllorlqnapqloyiorpttE o' ;vc 1,rpio Flfi),6tepoon6 ro A. Aq
f,roofoourE,yrs nopd8orl $a, 61tf (z) = | I (l + z). T6rrt / ivorropdyoyioLrrl,eKr6q
'Apo
ano ro ; Korro - i. ols oflois6Evopi(rrtr,. ro /(z) yodeErqr ocu6,.uouoonptf,
a,z' puKrivuo Tl(),ro!qI (KoL pdl,lo.o, lEpoup 6rLdb=( I)'l(or ar = 00vol eivor
npLrr6q).MnopotpoK6Iovq lpdvoDlo
t(z\= > b"tz +{.

474 ( 'Amrptg)aroiorbiq raL(irerpeQoapig
dro, o,op,0!orb = /''{T' Ttvqxrird of /K}.rolq

u (olo vaUovriuor,/r
r l ELvor duriq
r n . a u p d c . c i t f l L V I{ i r : . I q r 6 o r a orl o , ,l o r o r o t I ( o - , i E x i f o S )
tov np6o0roxivrlrpo?ro va ooXo),Iqsirr;cploodrpofe rrl lryqdrKi qvdlucit,vo
ovoQipoulrivo qx6!o qrordkoFn.rou pr rrrror oprcrdKovrdo rnv iflip(ivE ro.Kcrll,ro-
pirevq ro 3i1o onoro8ri'rorE ojtr'K6P'gi.io.
rlo rpa-rUall(6z or rudq tou sinz ppioKowarfliwore lEra6i ro! - | xor rou I, sl.).d
no pr7a6rr6z cur66eveivoLro06),ou 0(n016.IIpdruofl, av z = i, trq y npo-rtroflx6, 16r
. c/r, eirrr er el
stn+ = --
2t
'Orov
ro /.iv&L pqd,o.16txario sini ivorlydl,oKor'qn6).urnrrlri. Aufli I oulrrpr-
rpop{irti sincivdrI o)rrKi lov olvoplrioEovnoDivqropropavg (qr ropoyoTisuEq o'
(ldrorsq 'Evoqnor,),opa
oi.6{i.rtporo tLya6rl(6
eri,rs6o suvoprliorg
rraI4\e aKdpa$e).
nouraaviqEror oxerrKdvopiEolrt MryaSrKiAvd).uotsivorro 6l'iq:
O(ipnparcr,Liouville.Otu6tApaytit'\ xKipdtq 'D|tptioe\ elvdtot otaeepie
rou Liouvillc,0opiorplq fio),u0rvllrKri

tov a,riri Eaoptoyritou Oetoprjporoq
|
flz) = z' + atz' +... + a"'
Ffl > l, or6ls r / 6[v ivqrorqepi.Eivori6t (l)0166T1ro /(z) eivoLp?dl,o7Ls
lr'lfl.o z. ripo ro O6pllo lou Liouville5ev poq ),4rrinolo 10 vlloq6povtro rlv /.
Idpr 6JroE rrl ouvdprnol
_. I
,rr,_
f(r)
At,ro /(z) devirav notd0. 16rI g ea irav oKdp(rro-dqoi ro /(z) livlqr !e./d].o1lo
/.
/c/dln I or,vdorrol g e0 fto! Kqr opqyldvl.
rpd?ku rou ipXrrqroEovrir0ool FEro
'Ap0 =
06pitlo ro'] Liouville. /(?) 0 rLqKdnoroz, xcL61ouse cro8eileLto Oeyuluir8eq
Odjpr!0 rnq'A),ysPpaq.
TIPOBAHMATA
l. ErrdoreIo {aolrdq,r6rrqo0rpigtrorroxo].ouooir'
ov o!7{),i!1,rcorqv oulKL(vsL
{,) i (r+.t)"
nl
7,
(ii) i L-l rt
i',,,i i.
t',,=i \ .l+++r)'.
,. f logn ,,logrr
=,r
2. Xplorlonoliorro rprrriproIou ).67ouô va 6eiqr 6rr rl olcI(vooilK),rolq l(q
6lvalooflpcqivol l. (t xderpinroorlor l6yor 6n6oXts
Ko0etrddn6rrr e,rdtcvq
26. ML'ya\LriE
\uvapoottptE 475
o' 6vo6pro<l qv z < 1, a).ld ]ro z > I or l6yo10a

Kd)v6pov ea oDTK-l,ivouv
-
rsivouvoro i o dvo6pLo>1.)
,r' \ 1.
(iiDi r
(t\) ) (n+2")2"
,-'
(v) ) 2' 2".
3. XprorpororEiorero Kprrriprorrr pi(oq(np6phfa 22 7) .rrqva ppirrlv oxrivo

oi, drol! l(d08troq ord rle buvtruooelpic:
(rl .1 r f -1 -J -t-t ...
1 ; ; 1) ! - L .
(iii) i 3 2".
r"t i,z"t'
4. To Kplflipro.rtqpiqospropoirs, osrDprlru(drou)drrorov,rTdworsvd ro rprlolpo-
rorcfpeylo va ppoiprrv oKrivaoi7K).LoltqprqqSuvqpoorpdq KaLpdtrrorq,[rq nLo
ltrrriovd).uotrtq Ka.{ioraolqo6n1eio' ivav rnro /ra qv axrivoor16}.ro1q. ryo-
o16 oov dno rov Cauchy-Hadamard". Aq L,ro06ooute np6ro 61r ro o vo],omv
V laJ eivarrppq,p6vo.
cpL0irdrv
(a) xprtorrrororcior
ro np69),rlp 22-7laavo 8Eiqsrs
6n, ovlimi-ld, k < I, r6rErl
lb) A L i 4 r c0 K 6 F a0 . . a v l m t / l o , t t
.+
l . r 6 r c o r d p o rr t c r/' 6 c vr i v o rq p o ] | - i -
2
'i
1c) T n u d p t G ) t o ' ( b ) b " t v o r , v d l l q o \ r i l o o i y K ) , r o n cr n. c" , ) . a . l utnt
l l r m 7 l o , l t < j r o ' , o " l 0 - o ' t s s i v r L . - , r . f L u v o o , [ r ] . n p i d o L , ! Lr o t d n o ,
oprlo'r'cI'm /la" -- ov.o olvoô oIDv klv r'la,l drvL'va.'0p01!cvo.
A ^ " s " i E , ' ; ,o' o ,r l v r r t vr c p i r r o o 'n'l F

.i ,
" "t " - * n " y r o z + 0 . d p o r r
o,ftivsoriyr),rorqEivor0 (ro onoiorLropsivo osnpleiioo ! (l/dr)
s. Eqerdors qr6 ro np6p),rlra2:
1leoK6lo!0serprrorp6E
ir f r '
f; f; f
476 ('Anrped Ku (ti,tapeg)
aKolop9iee osryig
AroSiErE6nI np6q ocrpriouyK]'ivr rTovro6orrl povo6loiongpLQdp8rq,dllt rpilt

aslpd EoulKlivr noDovd orq povo8loisrsprqdpLo, Kor 61r n 6srjlepno8lpd
ouyK),iv }lo roDldlrorovdvqolFio orn povq6roio nsprgdp8rorol oroK),ivulLo
rou)dlrorovavoorl!ioorn povobrqio nEpr9ipsra.
6. (a) Ano60i6re 6rr e' e. = e"' tla 6],ouq
rouqprya6rKo$q z ksr y, 6Eirvovroq 6fl I
oirlpoorpdrrlq e'_. ivorro Cauchy
1lv6lr6vo r(Dv
orp6v rov t'roL '.
(0) Aei(r6n si{z + }r) = sinz.cosrv} cosz sinv xolcos(z+v) = cosz.cosv-
sinz sinwyLo6trouq rougprpSrroiEz ror w.
7, (a) Aro8iqrdfl x{i0pr?o0rr6E
dprep6E Fean6lDq rlpi I ypdqerarorrpopqrie'l
1,0 K,irolovnp01p0r1K6opr0r6/.
(bJ AnobEiErr 6n e ' | - e' yranpcypurrroiq.r rcL.y.
8. (a) AnoSiqle 611l expnaipv,6l.scrK F11o61Kd6
rlFdqsKr66o]16.o0.
(b) Aro6ei610 pryd8rKri
611nsinroipvfl onolo8ri,mr npi.
9. fLd {de JrLoon6 lre uK6}.oDs6
ouvoprriosrq,
uro},oyior6roDqrrpdrrouq
rprq
trl+I60v1Koiq 6po!q rtq oLpdq
Taylor yipo 0?16ro 0, enlEp?d(owoerLq
Suvdtooerpdq.
(i) f(z) = tatz.
(ii) fk)= z(1- z) '1
(ii;') ft,) =
(iv) /(z) = los0 - l).
(v)
^ . sinrz
l(2t=-
sin{zr)
I
(\jj) fQ)= r -t-
(viii) flz) = -leJ/+' rrll.
10. (a) Ynoe6rourr 6t1Tpd9oll13pra8raQopiolFrl q Fop-

frlc6rxri orrdprlq / un6'Earo
ai / = lr + ru,6lT0!! {or u ivorolvoprrlas4ls npoylorl{dEr1pdc. t
rcr o or napropLogoi
trrwu xor u 6rouenpa?porrxoic aplFoiE.Ms d),}.ol.6Tla,
t(x) = !(x)'ylo rpqfporrKoljq
x (q).ldro t 6svopl(srqrra d),}.ox). XptortLo-
nor6woEro Ilp6pLrtpo25-9,6siq1 6a l1q npo,tqrrl(dx 6tou!
f'(.x)= n'(x)+ i u'(x),
6rou / ouppo],i(flrr !'7o6LKrl
nopdToyo, vdjt'Kor t'ouppoli(oovflE ouvri-
oLq
napoldjyoDr
oDr6vrr,)vrpoytorrK(ivouvqp iosov oro R.
(b) AiLr,Tvr(6rp0,6
/r(r) =,1,(x.)+ irl,(r).
(c) Yno06rou!
tu r / LKovorTorEi
rnv eqiooorl
rfts r+ +q'l=0'
6nouruaj EivoL
npoypmrxoiopL0soi,xcr 1 /(r)ouppoliqerpryodrxrirapdyolo
av6pnErdq!E.AEiir6flort KoLt LKovororciv rTlvi5lo Eqioooq,6nou
ortrr)
xol tGr oDFpol.i(ouv
r6pa ropo?61olje
ov6replerdiitEnpoypon(d)v ouvoprli-
o6ovoro R.
\uvapootrpig477
26.Mrya\uciE
(d) Asiqrs 6i( ar d = b + ci eivcr prlcSrxtj pi(o rlq liooot(

z" + a, Ft- + ... + an= 0, tdr0 /(r) = ch sincr rar t(r) = eecoscxeivol
ror or 6 o lig8( qg (').
ll. (a) Ailt6rr rl xpdvivqrI'l oro C.
(b) fra 6oouivov + 0. 6eilr61le' = w av xot tdvo ov z = x + iy trEx = loglw I
(6,T0l]
log ourgoli(oup. rilv rparFan'(ti )'otdproprKisuviipqorl),{ar t 6vo
'G) Ai6rs6116svDrdpxrlauve le ouvdprtol logoprspdqTro 6),o!ErouEFrl-Frl-

8evrxoriq gryo8rxorjq aproforje,ldrora 60r exp(log(z)) = z yra rds z * 0.
t^.;Lrr drr n loc 6.v F'ropei va oproriotvEl,ig oirt l(ov yro r - l.) .
AeoL6cvL,rdp;(sr rpdnoqvaopi6oLll[FLoouv.Iri ).oyupr0rr\ri ouvdprnon.6tv
fropoile vo lr],ioougs71o rov ).oyipro|o vdq lr]o6rroi oprepoi, ol)d B6vo
Ira <rdroLov ),oltipt0lo tou wD,t"',orivrqg
6vo! otr6rot! dnerpouq oprotorlg
z
pe'= w. Er{olg rra tryodrxoriq oprofo'lea KoLb opi(ou$ oov at to orvo,lo
Iov lrla5txdv qpr8td,veb'"!'ri,qKprpstpo, to orivo]'o6].ovrov opre!6! ce,
6nor-rz eivqr6va6lo,dpt6loqrou a.
(d) Avm eivqrqrdpqloq, r6rs ro d'rnor},0i dvqvtovooprep6,s(sivovlro! 6ivLo
oDvri0t6orort0ri6tq opLqdero! a'.
Av ir Korr eivolaKdpqroL, r6te rb oivo),oa'''" qulairrn f ro o vo),olov
trrdJvno! 6ivEro ouvits srorrr66rlE oproF6f,6n),45i,ro oivolo lov b',
6noub eivo|Ia n-otli pi(a lou a.
(f) Av d Korb Eivorrpo'/lorrxoidpr0foixoro b eivordpprtrog,16ro doKopd(er
drErps rLI66,or6tn Kor1lo o> 0.
tgJ BpEir6LouE louqloropiolougrou i ror ppeirt61.eq rtq ruEqrou i'.
(h) AEiErs6fl undptolvdJrrpe SDvarte1rd6-|lo To(|')',vdr p6volis]Lqro I".
ME(d6)'swoo ps10orjvo),o 6l(Dvrov opl0F6vrnq popqr{qz'1ozorooivo),o
Asi6rs6116).Eqor lrpdqror.ja& eivareniorlgrrpdgrou (46)'.lDvendysroL,

q!or-
(6,6fl 6),( oL rrpdqrou de rivor sniolq flpd{ lou (a')'. A}.rlotljr6tr
12.(a) fra rpoytotlxd x,6iqr 6rL lnopoipc vo 6ral.iEou$oov log(x+ i) Kor

log(.x t) rou(
' '1fr \
los(t+ t) los(l + x-) + /(Z - arcranr/
- i) = log(l+ r:) - r(+ -

los(x
".,*rI
(60 Bol0o\joerl mpoinploit 6 r/2 - arctanx=arctanli-{ 7la.r*0.)
(b) H nopdoraol
I l/t t\
l+,1 i \Fi
2 x+il
6iva, ruru.d,
fa, l-.
J l-, x,-tlloc('r-i)-Ioc{x' t)l
6n our6 ro onola],6fc
Xplorgororeiotero ldpoq(a) yra va omtrrloiorE
oDpeovi [e ro ouvloropdvo.
13.(a) Mra oKo),oleio{q,} Irya6l1.6v opr0p6v }.dtIor qKo}'oDoiacrochy 0v
tim la. - o, | = 0. YnooroDp
6rt d, = b" + 4. 6nou or 4
478 ('Arcryeq) rar (impe) oapiE
aroAoa9ieq
rpa1,yarroi.Ano6eilre6n rl{4}eivaLoro}.oo0io Cauchy av t(aru6voav or l4i

Kor{q} dvor sro),oooi[qCauchy.
(b) Arc66iire6rr xdosro),oDoidCauchy j.ll-|o6rxd,v
opr0f6vour(].iver.
(c) Ari'ocor' EuoEioqon666rEn,xopiEvo 1plortronorrisErE otopilqro Yranpa,!q-
flNaqosrpfq,?Laro 6n Kdeoroi. roq oufllivouoo orpd6uyK),iver KorKd0e
uvadrdloq{rtq ilsr ro iSrodepo16pq.(EnrrpfnIor, xor pd}'roroooqougpor-
lEiout,va jtplorgonorriser( a,rodrigerc r(Dvo!'riolor1oNeoprudrov110
rpqruorrri( o p66.)
14. (a) AnodiEft6r'
''nlr^*,_
.. _ . " _ j r _ = . . _" ,
' ont
g3
lb) l4stdErc tougtl)aou;/ro ro ) coskx {or ) sinky rou6ivo\.ror
oo np6pllto
l5,ll
l5.'Eoro {o"l ! oroi.oo0ioFibonacci,a' = a, = l, a,-,= a,l a-t.
la) .A! r, d.. a,.6tiErE or. r. | = I L I r,.
tb) ^crtrrdrrror=limr,urdpxrL.{arr= 6rLr - (l I V5t2.
lr | / r. LqjrEpdvor
{c) Ariqrr6I n ) a,z'd7n orrivo oiyK}.rot62.(l+ ',6). rxprlou,orord,wa6

rq qvan66srrlo eoprilorc quro[ rou rqolaiou, r(dr ro Tryov6g 6rr
L",t--ltz:-z | ) q,r6Tonp6pltFo2! 15.0d vr 4oup[,rpo-

Inopor,oaFr
Bliucr6n r o\rivo oilK).ro'tq Eivorr !r(porrpt qndflq d'rdlLrsc
rrl6qrov
- -
pr(,ivrtq 7:+ 7 I 0. AiE)iorpi(eqcivor{l+ \,/5r2,n oKrLvooi}x}.rorlq
ed rpft vq Eivqr(-l + V5)/2. noparnpioI6 our6qo aprfu6qrivor or'
oLrioroidoqso 2/(l + V5).)
16. Aqoi ro (e'- lrz lropEi vo tropnotoori!e q 6uvqo6rpdI + z/21+ il3! + ...rl
orcio 6vrivorlt6dv oro 0, drcror6fl, urdpt(Er fro buvolooLpd
' -i 4-'
t fn-lrldvrKiaKrivaoiyK).rolq.M,TopoiFXpnoqronodwoq ro avarr6SerKro
e0)-
pitqra rou Kqqtroiououro6, ar6pq rar va !aw6vou!rlvaxrivo oD-IKlloIEivol
2t, aqoi ourri ivqrltKprirprlon6Luq !t1 noDlropoiv vo ndpouvor opL0Foi
z= 2.icriyro rougonoiouqe' I = 0. Or opr0foi4 noupqovi(ovror 36,)dyowor
opr0poi Eernoulli*.
(a) npoasv6q4 = L Tdrpo6siqr61r
z z z c'+l
e'I 2 2e'r
e'+l c ' +I
e'-1 e'-l
.Mar6eop4o,opoloi4={-l)"ibr,etiiMdropopi&moulli,m6ir,=odrri.os6.>10}.,8 po,;
(!)) (or or h" dpuy 6dJ.ooodr.fo np6orpo,m! 6.! 0qro d&6diowr 6llu4 YndOzolv
dslpriort xor dlh;
ndpo).lotqoudqq; otolorolo?io..
26.Mtya6rci6
\t'vapoocoiq 479
Kal oulnepov0rsorr
b,= +. b"= o t\ o n Eivorftplrr6sxor, > l.
(b) Bpio{ovroc p6loqrtq Lo6rrlroq
ro ouvrt Eoflirouz' oro3Eqr6
, \Ii!+"11,t!+!-
- L k,. tt. . 2t 2l I
sEiqrE
6rr
I i"[-o'*,',
xdobr ouvaprri63lrovrpotyoL'-
Aur6(oriroq !{iq er rpdrErvqunoloriooDpe
pfvov,KoLSEir(vr6xdoe61eivorprl16s. Yro).o1iorsEjo-rpc\ 016roue06iq:
4: +'4 = ,t.4="t'4: ,t
*(c) Toufpoq(a)6i1ver
6rr
i t\.,- /e I
L, t)nt'.- 2
",_ I )
ro z f 2t {sr 6iE1
AvrrKorooreiorE 6rr
'*"=1f,.t tt"z.,.
'(d) îft6
tar,z= cotz 2cotZz.
*(e) ÊikE 6n
r a n z -) j,1 t) 2"Q) t)./'

;-t \2n)l
(Auri I oLpd ou.rxlivE,?n 121< ft12).
17. OroprepoiBernoulli mi(ouvoro!6oiop6).oo il,o od,prroro! 61orL,r6v6rdruKol6-
l8pqo! q)"uqpi6oufsliyo rdvo oro oDt0o)"rol6. Aq lpnouorToLriooupE ro D 7lo vo
rov (Tr,coflirapuyri)11ortq',
otirLpo).i(o'rf' 016rro D f 0ao'alpoli(rrnv / . T6rro
Dr / 0oo'lruivcr/" 'rsrro e'l eoo"t-o'' ' I /'/,: (pi0a.o. oL,.rr o, 'pdTLv,Kri
5EvfrEriworo, aD"d0adXrovit/ sivo1,yroropd6erlta,roluourrrKi ouvdprnor).
Tf).oq,ped oufpo).i(olpstov (clrori 6roaop6vDylo rov oroio A /(.r) = / (r + I )
/[r). Tdrpa0116
ro Od)pi]ttoTaylor, npoo}'rilrflro
ov mpoKritt\yoDttc oiyK}.lortq,npoK-
rr,+,r=ilj@,
'- 1
"
', ,,,'-j / nll^'

", 1,, ;',
A/ = (eD- I)t,6,rou 1sivflro (durorrK6qrel-
Mnopoipeoupporrrd,/o1pdvoL,fs
pnopoipvoypd\roDfe
oriqD.AK6ponrcoulFo),rKd, A = e' l, rpdytd 'Ioued'rp-
nE va ol!0rvL ofl
^D
D = A.
e,I
480 ('Arcrp4)ard,ouAiqmr (inpeq)octpiq
'EroL,
0d npnEirpoqsv(igvo Lot[sr
D= > +Dt^.
6rl).06i,
r"i Jix,- )::l/'(r't) f't41.

Toopoiotr' owiqtle ovoloisqivoL
6tl $6pvol,v
ooordororEldoloral
G) Airo6si6rs6rLr (**) 161 01ovrt / Di!'orno)"uorvuprKri oDvdpqq (on6lo'
ourivrlVnepirroorlrodnErpod0polotroivaLnsrpoopavo).Yn66
p6qowsqrlv (*) orrlv /,'), ppeire6vcvr ro ?lc ro /r, 'Ix) - /ft(xf dnerrc
trpI ortonor8iorerov njrroro'rn poFl,itaro( l6(b)yrovoppeilerov ouwetrsq1Ti
rou /0'(x) oro 6116l6).oq rnq (**).
(b) Iurrspdv0r0116 rlv (**) 6rr
:A
ft\'I f'nt- ) :11/'rn-Il- / 1011.
G) Aiq 6tt ?,o KdSe

floluorvuprni
oL,vdp'
tor s 6xoDr0
g r 0 rI !a,r, I p t& ) +.p" ln lr Br r0)1.

3k!'
(d) 0'116orrtvs(r) = xr rrq va Seilers6rr
Epopp6or8
f,"-,'.\4r Pr"".
p | . L:tA-tt
!,^
x p l o . l o n o r L J v T or ;o T c y o \ o co b - r.ij" Ir, orl
\r."__I" , ',_t b .I e 1 " . , . ,

!,-2ll.tltt
OL66rqnp6reqnplnrdJoele sre{rvioqr(avoro np6D}.rUo2-7,rou iXoKon6
va oqgtropoKLvri oLv' ovoKol,nvsre ro lrvr{6 povra},o.looq rd)pavo Aoivror
napd].otloL,rirlnp6rooL o).ld or opr0!oiro! Bernoulliorlv npo?iranK6rnro
ovoKa).iQ0l{0vq(pr06gI aDr6vrov rp6no! Apoi TpripL ouroiq roDql0
linouq.o Bernoulliror!pi{eror(oro aplo rou Ars Corrtclardi 1713,roD6rl[o-
orelrr]rc!s1{,rov0dvo16 rou):('OnoroqsErdoero!r1i lit oLpd600! oeopdrtv
KovovrK6rtT{i rrtq,iooq pnopoL vo ouvrliosl rov JIivoKaD.MrdtpdALrov
nopordvrD ruro, Iopig vq 66osrKofr{iflr66srEl,on?,drg oTlpL6vovroq6 or
ouvreioriqbr (roDqonoiouqou[p6],,(son].6qpA, 4 c, ...)lKovonoloi!rrlv
ro6rnroro! npop).riporo6 l6(b).H oxdonno! undpreL ovripsoo' ouloiqrou!
apLoloiqKoLrolg sl,vrleor6g orn 6uvapoo0rpd qq zi (e. l) qvaKd.iQenKs
qn6rov Euler.
t18, O rinoq rou npoplitoror l7(c)ysvrxisraL{ar ofitv rspimoorl nourt s 6vEivor
ro].uovDtrKri
orvdpntortro {ircLpodepoLotolnop6ivo avnKorooloei p 6varrs-
paoFvodoporopo ouvavo6pou'loLoinou.fLqvo Ppo usrrod{qposr.t rouDnol.oirou,
Livo.XpnoLuo \u c,6flrdyoL,rr
{0aorcq\oLvoipTr"coL,voprrtofi,
h\ Ta n r@tup,toL Bernouio. op.Lo\tu ono I F
c"r'r=l(i)a",.*
481
26.Mrya6xt6Suvapooerpig
To rp6r0 rpia Etvalro
'P,tA=,-
*'
o!x)=x'-x+t'
,p!.a=_,_T+i.
Asi6rr6rr
e,(o)= 4,
,t,()= b" 0vr > I
e,'(r)= nE, ,(xl,
pJr)= ( l)1p,(l-.x) ra,>1.
Yr66aqt: Ano6siftEqv rsluraidro6ntft !s EnoTol1i
1dwD
dro ,, 6el(rv6wae
(b) 'Eo'roRxrG)o 6poerou unol.oirou

olov r$ro rou Tayloryrollv /o), oro
6doll}la [x,x+ l], hloDii
e) .r'(r+t)- rr =|lllr't ,*"',n.

Ano6riqr6ir
JA JA
f','/.t= > :t | /r'lr l- r) - f {Irl ) ,"-in" ,,rxr.
Yn66stt:Murtoeir ro np6Fl'qral7(e).npoodltrov6iKrq
N- k oroR.
(c) xpnoljro'torelorE
rlv ol,oKl.lporlKti
Fopg(rouunol.oinouyrovo6iir
6rr
'9&1-11
I !n^-r"r - / 1* '1,tr,.
f,trtr'--'*' r' N!
(d) Eqar{i}ffe tov (T6norou Aepoioproe 1ov Eulcr-l,taclaurinD:
s{r)+ s(r+l)+ ,..+ dr+,)
r,+? i ll r
- | sO&+ > i:u' 'U + jl - l) - s,' ,(.r, t-s^(r.r).
E,r!-
' e!(' + l ' ')

s"(") = ti i't d$(rldt'
4J''t Nr ""-'
'Eolo
(c) t rt nspro6tnioDvdpqan,jrrepio6o l, rou ixavorori qv '/r!(t) = %(t)
I lld 0 < t< L (An6ro !6poq(a);rrror6r\ dv t > I, 16rn t, sivarouv:(ic
aeod p"(1) = q,(0), roodrsKur 6rr Tl {r" Eivordprlo av ro t, ivor dprlo Kor
neprrniov io , itot mp1rr6.)Aiqredfl
t'rt-|,t. ,,_.\
SJ;.rl= -l 1:i----:1 !"^!odr
J, N!
f = ,. - ,-,' n - J,
'f ' - " -{' " t ' t -u *.-)dl
, t
avor eivo!aKipaloqr'
r Nr
roDTaylor,ro un6l,orroS{(-r,,) ouvrloos5v
Awiofia 0lt6 ro un6l,ontooto Osd)prlro
482 ('Atrcrptq) aroTou1iegraL(rirctpeg)ottpiE
u(ovororirnvlrmSJx, r) = 0, yrorioraprepol{or or ouvqpriorqroDBrnoulli!.ro}.d)

voDvno),[]pitopo (ovkdrro np6ra-np6ro nopaSsiyroro 6vdsilvoDvKriTlrrroro).nap' 6-
7"qaurd,ouXv{ipropo[[6 va ndpoug on]avTl{der}.r'tpoqopiqan6 rov rfno rou qopoi
otsroq. HTEvrKriKorioroot EErdqErar l(ol,irEpooro n),oiolapraqrro l61xrirFE),6qE
(i,ooL,flrIoTlKaq
orp6at,ol).ri ro er6pevonp6pilpa u{iE6ivrfva cEoLpErlK{ioruovrr(6
i!0pri6erlpa.
**19. (a) XproLtroroLsioc rov riro Euler-Maclaurin,JrN= 2,7rovo 6iEsr {tr1
| | l',t,.,"
log r . !los(o lt-J,lozt& .2logntl - :-dt.
(b) ^tilrr 6ri
Ioel \ lr l" u,(t),-

I 12 rt 2t
(c) EqnriorE otoKi.ipolnp =1, t,lt)lztat unaox",,
llari ro /6v,KEurivo *o,
ijsiElE6fl ov d = exp(B+ ll i l2), r6rE
',rrrt
I n: ' f
,, t. t
(d) To np6pitpo 18-53(d)
60iXtEr
6rL
t r (r!)')2:"
::.,
"_ \ 2 n) t \ / i
\p'toLLono,dorc
ro!ipogrc)7Lovd o-:tcrLorl
alnb+ e h2h
v4 t r'm
o (_z n ) ' , e
Vn
6rr a = /2:r.
rcr oupneprivcre
(e) êiire 6rr
= fl =
Jo a,G)dt l" e.G)dt o
(Mnopsir vo {dvsrs loug uro}.oylopo q }.erwogep6q,o}.}.d ro anorileopo
Eliots, ouvndysralan' sloiqEan6 ro [p6B).tFo 18(a).Ti propEir0r6po vq
ropao..l"s,q'ov A(x) =/'t

,reir' ru rLE]poeLK6q (r)drxo,7G) =/ F(qd';
qur{ rqv n}.npoQopio
XptoLtororcioTD Korol.oK}.ipooilKord p6p!, yro vo
6iqer
611
v{r) 0,,,.
r[-
,2t-
(0 ^siqrs6rLrt rd.rror!nFrirorr e2(.{)./tax orc t0,ll ivor ' on6lE

+
|
'["- t . zt ri t d r l - l 2 n.
(g) Tdl.oq,olunepdvare
6tt
, F Z o n " . , . " n ) t ) b< n t < . \ a 2 nn ' +n e * | D a
To rd.rK6 oDFndpqoto ro! [poB].irqroq 19,sld roxDpripopgrlmr dnoLrrou
Stirling,8EiXvfl6T1ro rl eivorrspirouioo t V2rr'+Lrre ,, geqv dworc6rLou.rrj1
26. MtyaS*egSwapooerpAg483
rrapdo,root6uq6pgl dn6 ro ,! Kard}lta nos6rlro nouivar tu(p1i 6 o0T'(p6n I ro

, 6rov ro n ivorpe1dl,o.fro napdlerlpo,ov r= l0 nuipvouFe 3598696 al'!i ,Irq
3628800, t' 6vqoqdlu0 < l%.
Mrc nro 'yevtni popgti rou ninou roD Stirling Drloypopli(r tov (qoulrmorrx6t
Icpcl(nipc loo r0,touroo oopoisparog.Mnopo0pva ,(prloqronoriooDlrc i6rc s?fl-
IiflFa p' aud rou 1pqorlrotrorioapEoro np69).tla 19 lto va diqoqr6rr'tla
N> 2 i1oDls
ro" , l 2 n n D ' ' 2 . e " t) = i ---A-

- \[---!]- '
| If'' t"(r) dr
F,k(k- l),t' Nrr
propoiFvq ndpoDlrE
Aqoi I UNeivorrppoyFdvn, qC ppei6
ftrprioslC
{"(r) -,r, M^ .
l['
u! . t| -< |
Ntx ,^
Avro Nivar peldLo, rl omopdMN0a ilur ,r{orlglryib a}.trdIa no},6pqdlaI,
o mprilowuE lvr-r 0a xdverro 1tv6}1/onoht prKp6. TId, I rapdoroorl
.'ra,*'"-.'"n(f _,,,J
*--L,o
plopivo sivqr10l,6l(ax{ fiposEyrsrlrour!drov ro a eivcrgr*pd,o},}d1o pelilo
n (ro ntSooILqdLa Eqapdral an6 ro /q 0a lvar drai.po Kq?,i (to ,rdoo Ko),ri
rqaprdrorrcorndl.r arr6ro 1rl).
MEPOE
EftlAOfOE
'Hnt
flinorc ivdt nolDtit_dvo,
ApXlrixrows nou Ei:(EKdrapipEL w
fpa ]rLaKaLvoip.lnMqadoya va
ri(a tni a, lEKwtiv q atuirnt'
Opatpi.Kat3o .E{owaenpottu
KEOAAAIO >OMATA
I 0116ro BrB).ioxdvoftro olvLJrtrinpoondela va opioolft 6).t( ftq oituot"rLK6q

dwouq.a{6!o Kordpouq6noqrcuvdpllolD,7rorouqonoioueiva! 6l0LoollrK6E opro!6q
oulv{i esopeiroropxr6c.Atr}d ro Q KoLro R, rouq6io 0ooll(ouq npura?ovrorisaurltq
rIq Loropiaq. onldq rouqovopdoqp Kornod 6svrou! opiootrr-KdrLnounordijcv dl
oprori,5ev lnopri noia va pelsrlooi o 0{i0oq, Ka1()1l(13r6!rtreq,llli3 npdmLvo 0oprt-
'OprDq,
0onvunodoflq, rar 6Xreoprilora,?rorouqopreloiq. ox6rrpaonoe[loteIov 6po
<aElporoD,raL o aurdro xqd).aro 0q 8lpeDviooutE npooE,fflK'irtt),ot cl 6o!'i r0rv
ll-1r3.
Or{,qro Q KorToR.r0 oivo),qN \sr Z dTouv\r sr,rdrciv!, Tdpiqivov o, olnpd opro!0.
Eivoro),iola6fl dl,rveKd,rorooo(ilrlon a ra riooepqourdsivolo oro Ked),oro 2.
otid 6xiv6 or o6pdnrprlpqadE ondlouvnoii on6ro vs gt)vrolorlvop16[6.Me 10 vo
noiu, /ro nopd6r7fa,6Tr ro N qnorieiloran6 rouq l, 2. I, ri.,r.,o .dr(&vqqdpoult
Kdnoroolor;ariorou N r{Dpiqvq rq tspoxrrlpi(ouu(Kurro (rt,r.' ivorrij(prloto).Or
qusrxoiapLopoi /ir,rotvo oproloiv.oii.d I drodrxooio fi,ar nolinioKrt Ksr6s\'rarprd(r
opxcrdur ro u'rdi.ouo0Lolio.H Bro),rolpoQio no! nporivoup nEprdzrqvo0op66 o'
oDr6ro np60).nfo,xo06q'(oro 61,0rq diJ.oPiForanouarorroiwqr ov xaroroi e6kr vo
orKoSotioflrov AmrpootrKd A0110!6on6rn osli.rsKrl )"olroi to! oQtrtpia.H olvdzrorl
rou ,rpo7p{ilporo( qurori0oonqrroiorov oprol6roDZ pe0do! {o N. xol rov oprog6rou
Q !e PdoI ro Z. Aur6to ttp6r,palloKurq),rilEr o' vomtd oprojravo orit'oloQ, xdnorq
ouo tpdopropdvq ,!pd(61e + Kdr..Korfl!1616 trEc,I1Il2 6a1r' kopipard. To r9t wreio
prlFoduro! rou lpoypdFFmoq ivorI rotuorsri rou R. ! pdorlro Q. ADrrlrlrturoiu
KarooKeuiivarro! 0o poeorooto).rion.Yno06rovrqq 6rr ro Q 43r oprd18i,Ka16rtot
lljl2 ;IoUv ono6Lzr6i yro ro Q, 0o opiooo!relLKdro R {oi 0o dnorrlfoutt 6}.(rLq
Illl3 yraro R.
A116rlv flp60eoipqqvq ano8eiloup flq Il-Il3 aolvsror611ofl rpdrsrvs opiooult 6yr
r6vo rouE,rpa?Farrroi6 apr0Foiq, a).]d Korrnv np6oeeon Karrov nouonlsoLuo!6rorv
rpoylorLrcdv uprt6v.npd,tsrr. or rpoy[oflKoiopr0]oindpouordlou! vSrqqdpov p6!o
oav;!o orjvo),opo(i r' ourdqnq npdEerc: Eivorno),$9o0r{6ro n6qoupnprqipoltor or
'
rrpoyjrorLxoioproUoiooXdonIe rrlv ,rp6o0on Korlov nol),on).oorool6ro TrlivaLor
ol-risro
or npo?lorLKoi opr0!oi,ivo([di].ov riolro.Aur6qo roxuplof6qbroru,fli]vrTor !'
dvdv),o?rKdla0ntqnx6 rp6no,av lplouonorriooulrsqv 6!\'0rorou (s6!sro_.D.nou
npr.afpdvroov sr6r'dqftprnl6ocrqro rpio onouSoiaouoflilars oproll(ivauTouto!
0rpiiou.Auri I iorperLxd oifdvflxi oqaipolrcv si7lpovov po0lldnr6v o!rzo)veir
ne rdr6nll{ Il19 noue(voL Ko(vde orq Q, R KorC.:6Fo eivorivo 6rlvo)-o F(ovt((sLldvov
ono,or6i'rorrri6ouq,|lo(i r0 6riodrll).istrpdEqD + xar . oprodvqdIo F(6I),oOi.
E6oKov6vq nouqnrxovi(ouv oe 6 o ororxeiqd r(o1bon6.o F,li),i,oororzrioa + b xqr
d 6 oro F) or onoiC(ovororoivflq qr6),ou0q
. o'rrotlKq:
(l) (d + b) + c= o + (b + c)Tro'ldosd. b ro1c oro F.
{.2| YrdplEr\droro oroLXEio 0 oro FrdrorodJorc
(i) d + 0 = d TLoKdoa olo F,
(ii) tro Kd00a oro F, urdp-lrxdnoroorou(siob oro Frirolo d'oro + b = 0,
{3) d + b= b + d raK{i0Ed Karb aro F.
488 Et}.o7o;
(4) lt ' b\ . c= d. \b. c)^tro

Kdoq b korc oro F.
YrrdpXl rcd,roro ororleioI o1oFdroro (isr I + 0 kqr
(i)u.r=dlrakd0saoro4
(ii) Ila xdod oro F Ir d + 0, undptGrkrinoroolortio 6 oro F rdrorodrot
s. b=t.
(6) d . b= b .a 1|ol(doea ror b oro F.
( 7 )a . ( b + c ) = a , b + a ' c y r a x d o s 4 b x a r c o r o F .
To lvoord rapo8siyloroooudrovivar,6Jro( dtoufEi6l ulro6it1, ro e,roR l(qrro C
Fs + Kor ' nq pooldq npdlerE * rar . . Eivariooqrprrr6va eqlyriooulo,)itadalrd
ivaro6poro,a)"i.dI sqillol ivol,drol n 01,l.169, rol.riorivropl. 'OravIe + roL
olppol,iEoul .
ra olvlolodva + Ka1 ,orKav6veql, 3,4, 6, 7 Evivar,Iop(iovo8rdtu-
rr6qrq rorvIl, 14,15,18,19'ta oror;1eic
rou noi(ouvro p61.orov 0 ror I eivorol opr0roi0
xorl(7r'sur6xqrnrliqaFrasillFol.o0,Ul(aroopr0l6ebsrq(2),(5)ivoro-aio
a-r, ovrioroqs.Or ' our6ro 1,610, orDt6vo6fo F oqrFoliqo'Jte lrs - d ro ororXiotrc
1oonoiod + ( - a) = 0, xqr f o-r ro ororlioltc ro onoioa . a-t = 1, ,Ilq a * 0.)
E\r6qd16ro Q, R l(orC. 'r,rdpt(orvrol).d d),}.aodrtarqrou Iropoi$ vo nprlpdvorr!
EiKo).a.Tvu rood6$T,ro stvorro oivo).ol 6tov rov oproFrva + 6 \rre d, b olo O. Or
,rpdEEq+ Kdr . , 80ivot,?raIla or6poQopd,oLoDvlloropdvq + Kor . r0)v'lpoyUc-
lrk6vdpr0j|{ilv. Eivolorqpairllo vo olfr6ooutr 6 oDdCornpdioEnopd.fouv rpd.fpqrl
Kqrvoipyrd orortei0rou 4l
@+ b \f2) + lc + d \f2\ = (a + c) + (b + 4 A, rouo\4ixEr g1o.F,
@+ b \f21.lc+ d rt) = @c+2ffi)+ (bc+ dq A,noo otnKer
oroF,.
O' oov6'ixC (l), (3),(4),(6),(7)rou o6raroqsivol'tpoquvsiq na ro 4: oqo6ro iouv.rra
6lo!q roLqrpoyldrLKor.i6 qprpFo'i(.ooq0rdq0c rolior:v yrc 6l.ouqrous,rpotlarrroiq
apL0/oiq!'lct-oporicd!bV2.Houvorirl{2)ro:(riryLqrioapr0l6q0=0T0J2
{ E to l o F K a . .v l a o = d + b , J 2 o r o I o u p r 8 F 6Pq= t _ a t - t 6 r / 2 o n ' r o F ,
L<ovoroL r rrvi a I p = 0 M c 6 , r o Lrop 6 n oo. | = I + 0 V 2 a v r i K c r o r o
F , d p oI ( 5 r )
LKcvororeiror. H snol.iiolorln1E(5ii) eivar ro F6vo olru(i SfoxoLootloio. Av
a+ b \12+ 0.1618
@| brt)' d--J-=
+b\/2
|
Apxd ).ortr6v
va oro6siqoull
6rLo I/(d + b f2) ovrtxEr
oro Fr. Aur6rolri$ yrati
I a b 'tA a (b) a
-.,
a+ b @- b \f4\a+ b.f,2) 7 - 1 *Y'
(rl Erqrpron
Ic c b f enLtpdncrct
yroriI oldon o- b\,/t-0 ed ioIUtdvo ILa
o= b. 0 ragoi o V2 Eivor dpplroq). 10 oroio onoKl.cirroro,16 rlv uft66orl
a + bJ 2 + 0 \ .
To En6Fvo rdpri6erTlaod,llrotoq,
4, ivorro].i ortroiorpo dn6qv Eqrigd,rovrl:nprd-
ZlJr6vo660ororlio ,to! xdll.roro pnopof|levo fl oufpol,ioouleU0 mr l. Or npdqEq
+ ror . npryprieowor q[6 rouer{vqrEenoucro},ouooiv.
+0
,FI;I ,FI,]
'FT;I 'fiT;l
H nd,io0uoil rov ou!rtkd'v( I ) - (7)ivarlil'leol, pdtEflo onFiou npoEol!io. fro
27. Etlpara 489
rapddrtfd,n ouvoixn(l) onoSslKv$flr sv Mtqou|rsrq 8 ro6rrrqnounponinrouvF

a, 6, c = 0 rl l. napornpciore6n o' our6to oriua I + I = 0. Auri n ro6qra -rpdqersr
niol(l=-1.
To rsl,eursionopddr,lao6parogrou 0o66ooulro ivoLpdl.i,ovov6!1o:ro F, orror),ei
rqr or' 6Ltrru EsDyriprq(4 d) Jrea oro R, l(oLor + Kor opi(ollqr q'r6tLe
( d , a )+ \ b , b \ = \ s + b , a + b )
(d, a) . \b, b) = ld , b, d b).
(Ta + l(or noD[edvi(owqroro 6eE6pd].oqivorn ouvyloroldrnnp6o0ronxar '
noD.orlqoroo|6qrouR).H eacl{oeuo1ror6tLro f; ivoLo6ta aarivrsroeooqoovlro
H ).onrolepolaKri Slpeuvtort rov rirorrirov rov oolri'rcrvivordvo06!o !l.drlq on6

-rrqrouqoKonorlq ro o6pararrqpdj(ouv n?,aioloyla vo
I6vo roD,ol]d !dq, dvoLSovrK6
ou(lriooup o' 0l)16lr( 16r6irlEqrov opr0FlvIe lov nro or(ovoFr(6rp6no.flq nopd-
6er1po, or ouvcregtov lll9 nouono8il1lKov7ro(qpropougD 6to KeedLoroI roxiolv
o Kdoeo6ua n6rK6rpo, r61l)olv ora o6}lorq Q, R xar c.
noporrpiors6fl pprx6(r6r6qrqxo'v"q oro Q, R KarC,6v roiaioovoe 6),010
s6!arq. fro rapd6r?pa, rl ro6rrro I + I = 0 ivor6uvor6vva roder o. xdnorqo6poro,
xoLsnopdvo)E 0r!6 rlv a - D = b - a 6svdrrarovayKoorrxd 6rr a = b. f rq ro odJFoCo
roXuprsp6E 6fl 1 + I * 0 rpodKuts 0116rnv LonroFpri r0pr1paai roDC /ra 10 o{itaro
6I0)qQ KorR, our6qo rotuprotd(aJro8ij(rrtKE onddl)q r8rdrnrq rou lv svrroroltoiv
oExdaorrEd,16nq o',voriKcs rol"odtoroq.Yn{ipxn/ru oxrr"oi dwo'a ro' rpnortonorri
ourdqrq 1616rlr9. Tvo 6idtera.ttllvo 66Iu ivoLdvqo6fq F (prpdirs + Kor . ) pq(i
lle 6vounooivolo Prou F(tu (orrl(dD oroqio)glq liq 6r6rnreq:
r8r fro rriord dlo F. Fraror fdvo Frarolirr oro rrq
(i)d=0,
(ii) ro d avriKfloro P,
(iii) ro - d qvritLoro P.
(9) Av d xol b oviKolv oro P, 1610Korro a + b oviKrolo P.
(10)Av a xor b ovrlxo'Jv oro P, 16rKq'ro a ' b ov'lKrolo P.
'Onoq
6louf 6fl, ro o6lroC 6vpnopeivo yivr6tdr1atl6vo. To o6po n, ! 6110p6vo
otorlEiq.oFo[{oq 6rv F'topeivo }ivfl drqrcro]ldvosdtu: rpqTlqflrd.qv r$opF6ooupr rrl
ouviiKrl(8) mo I = - I, dloup6rLro I rp6rer va qvri|(8rsro P r6i alr6rnv (9)ro
I + I = 00oowlKsL oro P, ro oroio ovnadoKsr [llv (8).AJr6rnv d],].1r],0upd,10o6[a
F.,roronorL)..iroro166).0rqrorcooroFoiqo-bV2uca,boroQ.o'roo6irors
vuyivrbrorlralFdvoo{i,Fa:OCTor lrcoqPro orivo),o o}.uvruv d b V2 ror,EivororrrKoi
npo?torrKoioproloi (f rrl suvr0ropdvn6woro).To 0610 4 frorpdnraL rr oDr6oe
6Larra-ruEvoo6tq: il r!prlpaqrlrou Pqqivlar oe oaq.
EivurquorK6vo rsstdTo'rtxdnorovouppohs!6 7ra ro Tljl6v 6rarrrayjdvoo6pa,
owiororto p'aur6v ro! lpiloqrori.Lirqr Io 10Q ror R:opi(oup
a>, ov roa- bqvnlr'oroP,
a d.
a b a\ a> bia= b.
Xploqronordrwoq oDro0q roueoprojro$qInopoipvo avonopdyollfs, yLoo,roro6irol
6ulEro?I6voo{ipoF, roucoprofodqrou KEeatr"aiou 7:
'Evo
oivotroA an6orolXeiorou F l.dyrardvo qpo1p6vo ov Dndplrxdnoror sro F
Tdroro6m r > a lu Kdoa oro A. Kdoe1ircLor ),6prcr rivo gpd1pc u ro A.
'Evo
6rol1cio x rotj F ).6y0mrld 6to rirvogpri'tFc-frcro A ov ro x ivordvo
qpd,ta 7la ro,4 Kor.{< / 11oKdoE y oro F rou ivoldvo Qpriylollo 10A.
49O Eriioyo;
T oq,ipooroe e6ortva 6lorL,ndr6ourr' {dfl oldlo7o llErrtv l6r6qrq I13yra10R surri

eo Ei!flr(qr I re7"slroio
oQoip8a!arrouroLrKspd.oiou:
niipoq Erorrq, pivo od;FqEivordvoSroftmyudvo otljlo oro onoioKd06pt Kv6
a, to).. itc ivo ,l.d}.oro{ivuop{i7lc.
d!', !rpo7t-L!o
H L-;-r I rur oo[n ov Lorri!' rou, vo po,;1Lroôo,rdol, o]tdIo\ ordTorlcKuro-
'OFoq,
oKEriiqrov npaTpqrL(6v opL0r6v. r6po sitLoore
sqoil0ot;vor t ra Kar{iiit).fl
0!16 ro! 6r6jto. YndpxoDv
fdoo Tr(I\,a brqtopp6oorrLE 6l(] npoDripora1|l onoia 0(1
onavl!eoivor(I 6io KsirdLoLo
nolronolt,volrvl
L Yndpra n?,ipos8tarroytdvoo(ijro;
2. Yndpxfl[6vo 6van),ipoqSrorsroypdvo
o6!q;
To ortfrio c(Kivnoiqtaq 0o Ei\,ol.o Q, ro oroio unodroupE 6Lsrro7f;vo o6rd, nol,
n0p#lelro N xurZ oavL,noo$volfl.I 6vqxpiortoorlpgioeo1peroorsi v.rutroodoor[s Kor
KdIlaK6!o71oro Q:
'Eoro
x 6vaoroLriorou Q pex > 0. T6 na xdcy oro Q L,ndp1cl K'irolon oro N
riroLo(ioft rlx > r.
Auri r 1,n60ol, nourorlpi{erqr 61l or ptroi oplopoiitouv fltv ApttIiSErot616rlru
rov npoTtrurlKd)v, 8evnpoKinrran6 Tlq6L6i1r0qv6eEtorrotuivo!66[o1oq(yLoro
nupddsl'/l'onouoro8rKvisL ro nopsndvo,P),6n8 016!71). To onfavrL{6oitrrsio7la }oq
ivor6rav{uraoxud(rar quortpdro Q, or L6r6rtrse
Illl2 etqoviqovror oovoopriuoro.
KqrIi) i51oouppoivL f' oDfiivrtv np6oslrtun60ol ov opxi(oton6rrtv ofirl, l(o!1ri
Un60eoq yraro Q lev 0c rlravonopalrtrrt.
IIPOBAHMATA
l, Oito!$ Fro oiloio {0, l, 2l rcL opi(olus rLqrpdlerq + xar . oro F ps rov trilo{o
ro! oKo,,o!0sl.(o {av6voe ?,o vo KoraoKeDdoou[e a!r6\r ro\r dvoKo 6ls1 (l)6cErls:
rpooeiorc i nollor].oor{iorc /L rot o, vrtoro/dvorpdno. '(a. F"rd a9orpdorf ro /c7a-
'EroL2.2=
l L l l E p o6 u v o r 6n o l l q r l { t o i o i o u 3 . 4= I + l,dpo2.2= l.)
+ .0
0 ) 0
I 2 0 0 2
2 0 0 2
AEiETE
6tL ro Fgivqr o6Fo, Kdrono6iqr6 6 fnopsi vq yivsr 6Lqrcrq7p6voodrpo.
2. Aq uno06ooL,fs r6po 6rL trpoorqooift vo r((llqoxudooup dvo s(itq F pe ororlEio 0,
1,2, I {o, npdqcLqr,q + {oL oprop6vE6ros oro npol.roipvo nopdSer?po,
npo60aro!' { ri nol,}.oduord(o\r.oqFs rov otllrtoLordvorp6ro. rftr lsrd oqo,pd,vror
ro !s7d 'irpo 6rivor6nolton).{io1orou 4. AsiEr06fl ro F6ry 0o eivoro6po.
3. odroui'cF={0, I, d, pl Ko, opiqouFs
116npdi'q + r<o, oro Ffs rorq 'eri(
27.\riparu 497
+0 I a F .0 I a P
0 p 0 0 0 0
0 B 0 B
0 I 0 p I
p I 0 0 B
Acil 61,ro F iva106r'0.
4. (a)Eoro F 6vooriFooro o,roioI + I = 0. Aeiqr6n a + d= 0 rro {dos d (Ftro-
po[|13
aK6Idva ypd\yoDls0 = - d).
(b) Yno06roupE6fl (l+ d= 01la Kdrorod+0.Asiqro6rL1+ I = 0 (Kelorotd-
v(,rqb+6=0YtaKdtu6).
s. (a) diEr61ro rdeEo6po 4ourE
yLorutoiol,q quoLKoigqprepoiqr, Korr.

(b) AE uroeiooups6rr oro o6Fo F Eivqr
1+.+1=0
]ro xdnorovquorr6apL0!6J]?.Aeilr6n o pr(p6repoq

m !' ouriivqv r5r6Tlra
(our6qo np6rogopr0f6qlf-rIur;(opoxlrlprotl-
npaftr vq ivortrp6roguprp6q
-, F).
"4
6.'Eoro F onoLo6inorod)fqpmnpoolfvo!6vo nl]ieoqororteiov
(a) AiErE6n trp;ra vo ljrdprorv 8ra{sKpiFdlor
allor{oiaproloin {or , f
1+.-+l=l+ -+1.
(b) :Drrpdvare611urdptflrdnoroeauol{6eoplo|1(je
k ss
l-1::ll=o
l Nd!
7. Eoro d, 6, c, Kord arorj(eiaEv6qo6loroqF !E a . 6 - b . c + 0. A6i6r66rLro

oiorTlp0E106oEov
a'x+b'Y=tt'
c'x+ d'r= p'
dILLnorttl]qrpoqx Kur/.
8.'Eoro a ;vo arollsio ev6q06!0r()( F. (Trpo?ovlKri piEoDrou a ftre dvoororliob
roDFyLoro oroior'= 6 6=a
(a) I6oq rrpoyovrxq pi(EE6xerro 0;
(b) Aq uroeooup 6 o + 0. AEiqle6tl ro a frr 6io rerpq,ovrK6qpiEEq, r(T6qov
I + 1 = 0, on6 ro d 4er ir6vopio.
9. (a) O0rDpo rs rtv sqiooorl-{:+ 6 'x + c= 0,6noDrab Korc sivororollsiusv6s
o6laroq F. Ynoodrouf 6rr ro br- 4 'c 6ZEL sro rerpoyovrKri pi(o r oro F.
îqc 6Il ro (- b + r)/2 Eivorlsort rlq sEiooorq.
492 EttiAoyog
(b) :ro o6fo 4 rol) fsrjrdvou,ror m 6io oror1ia[poQqv6!Clolv rsrpo]ovrxi

pi(o.A16 rlv d)"}.nr).eupd,sivol e[Ko].ovo e].i,lou]rs61rKov6vo
on6ro 6fo
6svlKovororirtv sEio0rolx': + x + I = 0. Apo xdrolo ),snrofipEro610
orpeio(a)np6r6rvo EivqL ],av0ootr6q.no i ivor;
r0.'Eoro F dvo66Foxor d dvtroroltsio ro! FnoDt l, dt lErpoy(Dvlloi pi(o.Aur6
ro rp6p)"Ilo jrdE5ei:Oer ndrqvo KorooKsDdooul0 6vog?o}.[rspo 06!0 F', no!
nEprdrr ro F, Ka1oro onoioro d ;I& rrpoyovrKri pi(o. (A'rlrt I '.orooxsDri
ivfl i6n oEpla sdrKriirspinrcroloDyr.Kpudva,
6j{erT F = R Kora = I ouni
Tlnepinrool0o Jrnopo$oE vo odqKaSohTior o' oDflivqv doKlat.)
Odrou|l3 F'ro o vo],o6).0)v.0)v (s'iy6v(! /) px Kal/ 610F. Av or npdqsK
.
oro F oivor+ Ko1 , opi(oDlsoro P ne npdEslq @Kal O oEqiEl
(x,y) @(2,w) = (x + z, y + w.),
(x,y) O(2,w) = (t . z + a. y. tv,y. z + x, t!)
(a) A,!o60iEr 6fl ro F', JlEflq trpdlqOxor O, ivors10fq
(b) Ano6iqr 6rr
o(y,0)= (r + /,0)
(.x,0)
(a 0)o(x 0)= (x. y,0)
{tpapriopo$pe n3)sro (.{,0)ro'rri(rorf ro x.
vo oDpaovriooullE
(c) BpirE rerpayovLKri roDd = (o, 0) oro ,fl.
plo pi(o
11. Eoro F ro oivolo 6l{Dvrov rerpdSov(r, x, x z) ar6 npolporlxo$eop1oFoq. Opi-
(ou[rrq + Ksr . !6so rov
(s, t, u, D) + (w, x, y, z) = (s + w, t + x, u + y, t) + z),
(s,t,u, D),(t!, x, y, z)= (sw- tx- uy- uz,sx+ tw + uz Dy,
sy* uwl ux- tz,szluw+ ty- ux).
(a) Atire6n10Frl(ovonoli6).q nq 6r6rnrqev6qo6poroq,Kr6q ori6lrtv (6).tE
!plKd dlfeio or npdlDq eo sivor ninov{, to !6vo 6!rDq npdypo irouanarrei
Kdno,aoKi!,I riva, I inopln tro).Ionlao,ooFoi dvr orpdpor
(b) 'ExerKoolpooei va o'rrFoliqoDpe ro
(0, l, 0, 0)l1et,
(0,0,l, 0)pej,
(0,0,0,l) pk.
Bpirro9yLv6levqrov quy6vriouottpori(ouv rq r,j KaLk. Toanor).6ouoro
o6silo0v6rK61Dpq6fl I ouvoiq (6)oae6E6Evrottr.Aur6ro (loq6 o6[oD
F r.dysror
66po Kouatr iov (quatrniont.
KEOAAAIO KATA>KEYHTON
IPATMATIKON APIOMON
H ro66qla 1!( aJtirovl6eptaoioqrrousvayxasrrkdrrsprdl.raro' au16ro xed}.oro,

ovRoraotiEsrar arl6fro npalpoflKdrpd'rrlqrdqtq rdCa.fra va ono6iLoup 6fl u'r{iptr
6von),ripsq 6rorroyl6vo o(iFo,eonpdnr vo 66ooupFlo 6oei ror ),6n1o!pri rrprypoqi
v6qrErorous6poroqn roli0'rot 1{ivo'rv0it'(6v ( t)-(10)Iou 6laftiotpdloDs6loroq eq
ivarl(orraonKi oD.ddtson. 'O!oq rl rsprypqprirou i6rourou odporoq,rov otortiov
no! npdX0l, eivolot' o),i6ralquiq.
trl6rd0soi Ua(ppiorclor ro oivol,orov prlr6vopr0p6v,xorqn' our6ro oKardpyooro
!hK6 rpdr8l vo rqpdlou!0to odtjrsnourl,rKdeq ovopriooulerpclpoflroig cpt0po$g.
vo eqivsrarr),rioqorrioovo- sv ivorWooroildvo or pilroi
fro rov oltil to, au'!6ttpdttL
optoUoi. A,T61106 0o ,tpoil.oouv or un(j),ornol;Oqr6po EloulleqnokrliosrapKsrrilnDrpio
60rvo roroloFaivou!61ril l(ordomst unopixcr vo prlvivar1600an),monKri 600
unoSrKv$r qunl I qngpisKrrrrl 06pn6irle. H o.rpant1rxinou0q uroo.rriooulE orrlv
xor0ol(cLri !0q.4cr i6t Iptorlonorl0ri orroTd.rolanxd ]ro vo oprdroivorouvaprrtocrE
r.o1orlr?aSrxoioproloi.Awi vo npoorseisoup vs rposEropioorup rqv d,Iervrlq'jotD
durdrvrov swordrv,66oqg dvovoprsp6,ro!rL! neprdypaqe aprld,601vo npoo6ropi(Er
nLrlpoqr'q foolronKt tolq L6r6rrcq.
'Evo yrorov opLoF6
nap6loLooXdSro 1(l)vrpalpoflxrirvopL0girv ororreigro neprlpcrprl
rov npa?po.rKdlv opr[6v!e odol ror](pttorjeoprepoie. H llopal1iploit6fl xd0Errps]Iq-
rrx6qopr0l6qed npEn vo opi(erarr),1po( an6.o oivolo lov plrdlv aprold'vnouivor
lrxp6tsporcn' c!16v,ltro6stKvisr ILo Krr),IK'nKdqr).i Kqrrol.i s),Kuollxi6uvor6.rtra:
6vaqrpo,lonK6q apr0!690o Unoporior vo (Korrr).Lrd6vroq 0o) n6pr,paqioov trd
ori),lorrion6 prlroGaprofo q. fro !o 1{vsr6tcrqour6ro oXi6roEQopp6ouro, npdnEr vq
opeooi dvoqrp6no{vq mprypdvouts(ro o vo},orov pnr6vopr0g6vrou eivqltLKp6lspor
0116 avov'rpo-rfqtu6op1p6'Xopiqvs svqeEpooJpe orouqrpclpctLxoLlq optogoiq,ro!
11orrlv 6pa 6veivirrlirom ,ropqndvo sn6ntrdqrma tq Jraorltanxriq tqq eqvrooioe.
Av ro ?4'rp6Ks11dr vo roil8r lov p67,orououv6tr ourov prlr6vapr0p6vnouivor!rKp6r-
pora,r6rov rlpotfofll(6 apr0g6a, r61Ero A od'rpn8vo 6trqv Eri(6r6rrlm: Av 10x
atnKelolo A Kor/ rivor6voeprlr6qqprell(ig r6rorog6g1y < .x,16rro y ovrixsroro A.
Err6q on' o',niv 1Iv r6'6rtro, ro orivol,oA od'npft vq arrxqr lEprx6r'i],).e.Aaoi
npdrcrvo uJrdplouv xdnororpiltoi opropoix < a, 10661010A 6vrpdtrrvo ivarKv6-
frq rov i6ro16yo,oeoi npdnEr va u,rdplouvr.dnoror pnroioplloi x > d,10 oivo),oA 6v
rpdftrva sivorol6Klrtporo Q. Ti),o(,qv-x< a, r6rs npdrervcrnriplaivoqri).logp1r6E
op1[6e y U, x < /< a, dpa10A bEvrp6nL vo neprftr6vold,roro olorXeio.
Av Oooiptioo'r[e rpooo)prvriTvosroiq rouq npayfqrLxoiEaprOgoq, T6rE60v oivar
SrloKo).o vo sidTErr(np6pl,lpa 8-17)6fl 6vc oivo).o A p'dur,q nq Lir6rrtreqeivor
rpalLarL{dro orivolorov ptrd,r cp.0p,irrcr evor prrp6nporon6 Kd'rorov,rpoy-
porLK6qpret6 d. As6o$!ou6n or npoypoll|oioplotoirpo( ro rrop6vivolrp!l.aKrotdvoL,
q on6SELEri odq,av KdvT *(ir!ola,npdn0r vo 0opl00ionl(ireoavivo avoriolto 016),10
rdvo o' q'rl]iv rn ou('ilrlor. Oo lptorpLiI,n{ivroe,y1oto aoer(ordlr 6evEErdostE
xdnororcpiorplr6r6rrltarou ouv6),ouA. Avundpterxovdvo().6toqvo 6ro1d(oujre xL
d),Io.
494 Ett oToq
I]ponoirK6eopr0l6qcilar dvoorivo),oa, on6 ptroiq opr0poiq,Fe q cii( tiodpl(

13r6qreE:
(l) Av o.x ovircr olo d (or y 0ivor6voeplr6q aprell6c
|r3/ < r. 16r{or o_vornKrr
( 2 )d + s .
( 3 )d r Q .
(4) Av'rrrdplflldyrolo ororleio oro c. Me d).).c16]t0, ov o x ovtl(fl olo a. 16tr
undplrKd,roro,olo a lley >.x.
To oivo),o67,ovrov npq./paflx(ivopr0r6voup9oli(rarrE R.
fLo vo ooqDnsv0utioollcrtt $rloooqia nourpi9rar oo qn6lov opLop6,

aq iiorl}lE
rapdbflt!0 tp0]F0r(oi opr0poi:
dvoor,yKcxpLFivo
a=[roloQ:r<0rixr<2].
EivaL,nrole$ol,tr,qqwp6d!r o a civoro npatlonxdqopr0g6q no! rhxd eoovotdoollc
V2, ol)d 6vivqrre),siolErelpllpdq aoKrloilro va6rilsr6r o o oivor 6woEnp(lporF
K6qopr0p6q.O),nrl ouoiqo pu rdrorcdorrlort,ivcrva rqv ).ioerelpqorgorordrvrcq
!6vo ororjceidyvoord7ra10Q ro 6Jdxo),o xopldrr 0o Eivqrvq ld1Er.r! orrvotlxt(4),
qiid otlTd;j(fli6rl eleuvLot.ioqvnp6p)-rl!donpotyoilEvoft$fl,oLo(oQivoup s. dog
va PpeirnorosxprPdrg). nqpoltpciore6TtI oDtixit(4),ov riorivoLqpxordrpop).ltd-
1rrri,.6d,.Eivqrrpoytot'(dotorootrriuv0 .or!r vacnorpiiotpr codoere6 Tr,rpi6cur{r
l.{ oro Q: x < ll
{xdroe:i<ll
eq irov unovriQrcr (o
?n rov til),o npoytsrrK6q apr0!6ql.'
H lerdpqonqn6 to A o1oa iou oproUoifqE, nsporiord(r v8LqQipov 16000l!6 litv
ewolo),o}lKri dnovl 60()xoLar6 rqv dnoyl rououlpoi.Loloi.An6 '6(DKorrdpa,rpoTtro-
rrK6qopret6q6ivar,eEoprolorir, iva oivolo an6pnroi6oprotoiq.Aur6 ortloivI,cr6rK6-
rEpo,6rrdvqqplr6q apre!6e(6vqororlEiolouQ) 6veivorrpqTpqrrK6q apr0!6q'ovri7r'
our6,{d0pl16qapL0p6q x iler dvqelo1ololK6 olriororlo no! 6iyqrfip01ldrrlc6E qpro
t6e,ro iy oro Q:/ < xl. Agoi o).oxl,1priroouge r1v rorooxurit(,)\,npo?lrorr(dlv
opr0!6v,
6alno poitr v' oro].].oyoilson6ro ororXEio roDQ xorvo ontgotnooufEdlr oro eiic ro
Q edoDlFo).i(cr ooriiro niLK{io6volo.frd rylv6po6l1(rc, 0alproorivodoulerjougs rrtv
i6roorrnri tlt prlroiqapr0poriE, r npoytroflxouqoproroiq(orrvo),o ptrdv opr0F6v)xo0dr6
ror lrsoivo).o,rpotfonKdrv apro!{irv(o$vo}.ooDv6lovprlr6vopr0p6\r.Kdrcro oizUorl
ivorioo( ovan6eeuxrrl, oL)dlrooutpovia nivo orovorUpoLrot60aqv rpropioor dro
Id;(roro.Or pnroi op$Ioi 0d outFoli(owar! trrpii Ldnr,rxd?pdfloto (x,,v.z, a. b, c)
rarorrpq-rusru(oiopretoi!cUu(pd.rlvu(d-rpdltora(d,P,7),rv60s'tpnorjronoro
xqq),oia l.qnvu(dypdupqla(,4,4 C) yravq oupDo),iEoute o voLqnpaylorLx6\, opr0g6v.
To un6Lorno quroi tou Ksoqlqio!oprp6vrqr orovoprop6rr,rv * , . , xorP tro ToR,
Kc,oqv 4tr66(I 1o0d1r,p' alj1i 1t 6opi, ro R ivaLnhipoq6rsrroytdvo s6!u.
no rilv oKpipEu,0qapTioouleqr6 rov op16[6ro! P. AK6!qKr6dr6aako),oueioou!0
rlv avriorpoqrlropio.np6ro opi(olFsrtv o < B' opy6rEpa, 61qvor + Kqr. eaivor
orn 6L{i0oripot,0o opi(oL,Fe ToP oovro oivo},o6LovTovo !e0 < a, rql0c cfio6siEou}re
rrqrdr6rrlreqno! npdrrvo ,rllpoi 10 P. O l6loq lro rov oroio qKrvdl6 on6rov oprop6
rI( < ivar6rr n dwou qufli eivolro),rlon),l oxor),oiorarou 0q KLv!0oif6.
Oprdtd6.Avo {or B Eavq L,rpoTtortKoi aprepi, 161n a , > 0( irov rorn Koupoorrrri,o),}{i eivar
\'dLo$6povvo srud,soul.6rr! < lnopir6pqvq exspoo1i nroon]d qrr6rrlv < ova
KsrB eivarnpoy}lanxoioproroi.16rd < F qv Koru6voov ro a npr6xIar oro P.
Av A sivorprdQpotfivrtou),),o yticr6 nporuonxoriq oprotoiq,ivorsl6dvtporpovdq
6n ro ,4 0d rpcnr vo 61rdva)dlroro qpdTpq.Kdoa oro A silor pro oul,l.olli ond
plroi! apr0fori(ov ooroior pltoi oproyoitoro0otloonv6i.oro' ivo ouvo),op, 16r10p
ivdrev8qopdvoq ro supA. IrIv ond6e4qrou nolr.voo eropifome el.drlout'ii,e6rq
rou
urrpo).rrroldpr( 6evd1ouvavogcpoei, or orciseouFLivouv olov lo )plojrddfl ro P
rivdr rpotgoflK6Edpr0t6q.(Av0opno6t orovr6no vo opl0tod|r[ro 0sopripsroo'0016
ro {ryd).oro,oipo d).qoluiowor o' dvotyd}.oOs6prljrd:Yndp'1fl6vqn}.ipC610r-
roTrravo06!10.)
oEaFnMrAv A eivoL6vooivolo on6npo,foflKo q op10loD6,

A + 0 Kolro A 0ivoLdvo)
qpoy!6vo,r6rs ro A dlr6!0 e).{ilrorodvr,epdyld.
AnoaEEHOdro'rFe B= ix:x ovrlKroE Krirorod oro,41. T6r to B sivqroi-rolpqpro

o!}.).oyri016npoypolrKoi(oprofoig'I an66clnroL'6fl o B civorrporuolrl(6qapr0p6q
onorrivo sl.i?(oulleltooeponpa1fara.
(l) Aq uno0doouF
'6rl 61110 x qviKEroro B )ror/< .{. H npdrq ouv0ixr]orllaivr
ro r ovri{l oro a ?ra xdnoLoa oro A. Aeo6 10 d rivar rpolpqrK6(
opr0f6f,qn6rlvy<.r irrar 6n rol a\aiKloroo. E'rodvocivoroiloupo
ooor6 6n ro y qvrikfloro B.
(2) A$oi ,4 * 0 undplErKd'roroa oro A. Aeoi ro o ivot,Tpdyton'c6q apr0f6q
unriplrrcdrolox olo d. Aur6orlpivr 6n ro .{ ovrtl(rsro f, 'ipo, + 9.
(3) AA0610 A eivardvo epaydvo. urriplcr xdnoroenpaTllor{6( opr0l6q7
droroq 6ors c < ,y tro xd0sd oro A. AA06lo 7 sivor:rpolporrr6gopr0p6E,
undptErxrirorogptlr6qopr0g6qx noo6evo\.r4x1 6107- Tdlpoyla < 7 orllo!
vfl 6fl Tod ,rprdlrTororo T. EnotdvocLoXfurKoLdrr ro r 6Evd\,1)Kr oto o
yu Kdoo oro A . Al)16onBaiver 6fl ro x 8Evor.rlxr
oro B dpoB * Q .
(4) Aguno0doouls 61rro x qvrir(er
oro P. T6rro .r ovnxLoro d yrsxdnoroo oro
A. Aeoi 10 o 6vdXL NTrorootoLtio,unrip7sr xdroroqpitl6qopr0p6c / p
.r < y Kuryoro a. A ),)dou!6onfoivel6fl ro y aviKroro B dporo B 6sviXsL
uslLorosroLj(3ro.
AL,rEqor raodsprgrqporrlpiosq oro8rKvriouv 6rr o B eivorrpqypoTrK6q opr!6q,H
onri6cr[1ton <iTr o B civutro e)di0orotivr,:qpdTparou A ivsLEuKotr6rpn. Av o qvi(er
oro A. rdrr civoroclvp6 6!l ro d npdi(sraroro B our6oltai!,r 6rr d < p, dpq ro B
6i!orrivorppdlt0lou A. An6 q! dLirl nisupd,av 7 Eivor6vadvorepriruqllq 10A. 1618
o < 7 7roKri6rd oro A or,rdolFoivr6Tlro d trEpri)(ror oto 7, yn rdor d o1oA. Kor
oul6lxe {odipoi.i(l6rrro B mp(di(lororo 7. Aurd grI serpdrou,orltait cr 6fl p < 7'
Enoldvc)qro P rivorro ELdzroro dvo apdTlorou ,4. I
Oopro!6qrns + ei\orKotJrpogqvicKoreiKo).oE. npircr6Foqvq66ooug glq on66er-
ln ro,ldfl ourdqo (rrpoQoviq'oprotdqdlu Kdroraiworo.
Opro!.ts.Av a ror P EivarnpqTlqflroiapro,roi,rorL
a + B = lx . x = y + z ttq xd,roro/ oro a ror K{inoroz oro tr 1.
oropHMAAv d xqr P civor fipoTpolrKoiopretoi, 16r ro d + p rivor npo][a1l{6e

opr0r6E.
q ror r-r frc /rq oraua,popdflrirfl vo cro) noLiool,lrftoocpoapdltars.

(l) AqunoodoouUedo |' < x trq xd,rorox oro d + B. T61sr = y + z./raxdroLo
496 En ,oyog
y oro a KorxdJroroz uro P, 1to1.) ortoivel 6fl w< y + z, xar nopivoq,

r y< z. Aur6 6si1v1 6rl ro 'v y qvriK!oro B (oeoi ro z aviK' oro p
Kalro P eivarrpoyloTrK6q apr0r6().AaoSw= y+ (w y),;mror 6rl ro w
ovriKe,oroa+P.
(2) Eivoraovp66'rLd + P + 0, ttsri d + S KatP + g.
(3) Aso'i d + Q xqr B + Q, undptouvpnroi qprofoia Kor6 ps a Kor6rr oro d
KoL6 6Ir oro p. KdoE.xolo o rKqvoroLei ritv x < a (ylori ov d < x, 0116
rnv
l6r6qro (1)rou ,!pq, orrKoioprepoio i10v Korro d oro ol ofoioq Kdesy
srop rxqvono!irrvy<b.'Ap(lx+ y<d+ b 'ttqKdo x oro d Kory oro
B. Aur6 sEi1vEr6rr ro d + b 6ev uvrlKr
oro d + p, dN a + B + Q.
(a) Avx dvriK!oro d + p,16r' x= y+ z tlEy6rc q.xorzoro P. Yrdprouvy'
orc a Karz' arc B pEy < y' Kq z < z' 6ft x < y' + z' Korro y' + z' (rvhKEr
g1oa + B.'Aporo d + B 6Ev6r!pfyrsro ororrio. I
Oa6reri6rt owr.qqoein6ooErirovrtoaro6rrrei6?,rourrlTlSlo6rKooio. Kdeeopri
rou 0o ovdpEpoup fvov raLvoiplo rpoyporrK6aprel6,0o rrpdn$vo qno6srtwoupe 6rr
siva! ,lpo,folLx6qapr0F6qaul6 oJrollsii)1lo 1o6(ipovoDveIX6v,nouor6l1al{l ov
eivorlerplfdve( tpedqovrolKd'rolaoKdW.AevDndpIL KoFldoepdnio 71'durd(rr6q
0]16ro 6fi 0a {oupoorsirs},1t6t3po av s}.dylsrp6vo1ooere rioopsleolvoird. Eu -
l6q, 6troE,o rqpoosrd(ol"rors6d)n K6iKd,roro v6ra96povrq srl!io,xor uspLKd ar6 ro
oe3)pifdrdtoq d ivol rSKoIa.xuF8(prpdva,Eio rSr6rqcgqq * 6evncpouorri(oov
K0p1d 6Doxo).i0.
oprepoi,16'r(d + P) + 7 = d + (p+ 1).

oraPl .{ Av o, p, xqr T ivornpayporlKoi
AAo'j(x + /) + z= x+ (J + z)I\anxaioDe plIoiq oprpoi(x, /, xqr z, rd

Airo,\Er.H
ororliorou (o + B) + 7 sivolxololollDio lou o + (B + y), KolavdorpoQo.I
ornpHM^
AvaKolB ivornpal[orlKoi
dplFoi,
rdrEe + B= B+ e.
AIroÊEHAeivroroe ooq(aK6!aEuKor6repr).
I
rl0 vo aJro8iqorrs
1r(dl.)"ee
L36qretlq + opi(outsnp6rqro 0,
=
Oprryd(r 0 lx oro Q:x < 0).
Eivor,66qqre 06,npoqovdq
6fl o 0 iva!rpoyparrK6q
oprep6q,
Karro ,r6pvo0e6pl-
t0 ivo1Eniolq0ntr6.
opreldq,r6ft o + 0 = d.
EapnMrAv a ivor6voenporuqrrxdq
afloÊI"HAv ro x ovrl(erorov d xqr ro y o\.riKer

oro 0, 16ry< 0, dpo.x+ y< x. Aur6
oluoivr6tl ro x + /qvrir6Loro d. A ps KdeororteioToud + 0 ivorxarorollsioroD
I An6 qv d}.l,rt,rlupri,ov 10 ,{ aviKsrorov d, r6rs undplrplr6q opr0B6ry orov d

rdroroq6ofty>x. AAonx= y+ (x- !\,61ro1J y avix8rsrova, Karx - /< 0(ori6rro
-
.{ / aviKsrorov 0), qur6 oro8srKvir 6fl ro x ovrirerorov a + 0. 'ArroKdssrortEio
rou d eivorKorororreioro'r 0 + 0. I
O rLol.oyrK66
D,rovrlqroq yld ro p6).orou - a 0c {10v iot:gro or.rvo),o
t.{ oro Q : ro .r 6vovrixrorov d I .
(yloriov x 6EvovriKer
srovo,61aroIr1id 0asivll -x>d,dpax< -d).A),Ido
UprKfq ro oivo?,opnopivoJrtvsivalKovrpo,Uorllt6q
rpurr6orEour6 Avrar
apr0u6e.
dvqqnpoyporLK6eapr0p6Eo 6v6Ierlfyroro ororjaeio,ro o6vo),o
28. Kataorafi tav ryaylalKt)v apfi!(iv 497
Q - o = {r oro Q: ro x 6va\.irn orov dj

proptifa e\ere\s eldJ@roa@v.eioxn. O1ovo a civot6vaEnpq7lqflx6qaprep6q aurof
ro
ro! i6o!e, o volo | - .r 6v orov
avrixr d 0o6trtvo ororlio - Eivor
.r0.
[x ] ldyroro
enotivorqdvaykaio vc iponotorioorrus {riroq rov oprop6 1oD -c, o oroioq 6pi(sror
ego8rcopfvoq p' dvc0e6p1po.
Op6pde: L\ o d ei\ar '.palpo1lx6!oprgp6q, rort
- a = {x oro Q: ro - r 6svaviKrorov d, q),ld ro x 6eveivoLro e i)troroororlio
lou Q - al.
opr0loq,161o - o ivortrpolporrK6g
empl|x^ Av o a ivorJrpoylanx6s oprolrtie.
(l) Yno06roug 61rro.{ ovrixrorov -dKor/<x.Tdr -/> -x.Aeo6ro

- x 60vqviKerolov d, tot'isi etriqf 6T1ro - / 6votrlKstorovd. Enrnii'
6fl ro y 6eveivurro eld](roTo
ov,civol'rpoqovdE oroL1io
rou Q d, oqoi
ro x eivcLFLKp6repo oroLlio.Aur6 oro8Lxvrjsr 6n ro / avri(Ersrov
(2).AQoi a * Q, lndpler KdnoroE pnr6qdpr0t6qy,rou 6evovrlxaorov o. Mno-

po6!svo orooioolusdfl o y 6evEivoL o grxp6r8po(pnr6!opr0I6qoroQ a
(yrariro y propoilc ndvrovo ro owrKqraorriooutr !E o,rorc6inoley'> /).
T6reo - y ovirEroro -a. Apa - e+Q.
(l) Agoi d + 0, undplrKdnoror oro a. T6rerc - r 6vpnopivq ouiKtr o1o
- a , d p q- d * Q .
(4) Av 10 x ovrlKerolo - a, 16 10 - x 6svovrlKerolo c, xor ufliptr 6voq
pitr6(opropdq/< - xoormioesriorlq6EvdvrlKeroroo.'Eorozdvoq ptr6q
opr0u6(p/ < z < -,{. T613oif8 ro z avixroro d. KoL10z npoaov6q 6v
ivarro e).dXro1o ororlio rou Q a. Apo ro - z ovrir(L oro - a. Aao6
z > x, our66si1ver 611ro - o 60v6X6rli?rolo orortio.I
H on66E,EI qq d + (- o) = 0 6evsilalI0),siosrilLorl. 0r 6u6Ko),iEE6svoai],ovraL,
6r0rqio3)c0o u,rooioor, ornv no).unloK6rnra rou oproto$1ou - d. To ,rp6p),Ipoeivar
6tr o our6ro olpio 0o lpsrqororileqv AplLlri6tro6L6trtla1ouQ nou6urund'8rlxe
oro r61,oqrnEoopio(rou KQolaiou27,rdl rl onoia6vdfttqr 0,T6fle llll2. Aurri n
eivorarcpoitrltrlro vo oro6eitouFro Lifto noual(olouoei,rrounoi(a roLi
r5r6rr1ra
pomK6p6io oro En6lvo06ptto.
,rHMyaE6ro d ;vaqnpaTlaflx6qopre!6q,Karz dvqqe x6qplr6q opre!6q.T61eDndp-

Xo0\r(:X{!d l) prlroiopropoix oro o, {ur y rou 6aviKouvoto o, rdroror60ry- -x= z.
Ennldov,Fnopojrvo unodooups 6fl o y 6vivu ro sl.dXroro
ororXioro! Q d.
t
4ip I
ano,\Er=lrYno06routrp{i}ro6n ro z a\,liKrorov o. Av o( opropoi

t , 2 t . 3 r .. . .
rirov dr.ororo o, r6ft rddr pnr6qapr0l6qea rirov oro o, aooi r.dsptr6Edpr0p66l'
LKovonorei rrlv v < ,z ltq xdroror, an6rnv rp6o0Erlnposvoqrpeioo un66sol.ADr6
qvrrqdoKr !s ro yslo!6q 6tt o a eivoL
npoyloflx6q
a pr0!6E,dpaurrdplsrKd,rolo,t
r;ro(o
498 hri),oyo6
(i)or10 x = lz va ovtiKroro o ror ro y = (k + l)z va prlv av{xl olo o. flpo$avd}q
EJrioilqov ro y oulpoivrrvq eivorro sldtroro otorl6io 10! Q - a, 061oup

x'> r dvo
norleio tuu c, xordwrtoorotoripto x p to -x',rar $ y tt 10y + (x' x).
Av ro z 6EvadKa oro d, !flip1a Ira rap6lolq an66r(rt,noupaoi(roroto f?ov6g6n
or opro,roi( - r)z 6vInopoiv 6),01vtr
ilitv eivoroto d. I
oroflrvr Av o civoLdvoqrpoltroIrK6copr0jr6q,
tdte
a+(-a)=0
AnorErlg Yrodroul61110x ovircr olo o l(arro y o'ro - d. T6rro - / 6evovtixsL
oro o, dpa - / > x. Enotdv0rq x + y < 0, dporo x + y ovtixersro 0.'EIot, l(dooroF
lsio ro a + ( - a) a\.riK.L
oro 0.
H ovdoeq Koreiouvoilivorlito flo 66oxo),r1. Av ro z oairer oro 0,1dte - z) 0.
y 6lr cro d,601ro y vd fTlv
Eilaovo |rro l,ipgq, lndplr Kd'rorox mo a, kqr l<iittoro
sivsr ro EldlLsro otoLi(iorou Q a Ku y- x=- z. Auti n ro6rrlro-rpdeerqr tot
x+ ( -.l') = z. Aaoiro x qvriKeroro a, KqLro - / o1o - a, our6aro6ErKv6t dlr roz
ovriKcloro o + (- d). I
opiqoulrrra (6sr[d ororleioDror clo6er,
Ilprv repriooupeotov no1,Lon1.aotcop6.
Kvnolpcuu poorKrlr6rdrlr0:
Oproldt P: {a o1oRro > 0J.
nqporrlpiol86fl io o + , oqe6ctruiKsroro P ov ro i6rorolier na rc a rcr p.
otorHM^ Av d ivor6voErpo?polrx6qopr0!6(,16r. ro:{ sr lio xar f6vo Fia qnd E

qK6).oueoq ouvoiKEq:
(i)d=0,
(ii) o a ovril(roro P,
( i i i )o - o 0 v r i K s r o l o P .
Ano.\EEH Av o d nprdteL
onorov;rinor
0rltr6pl16 opr0l6,r6rs o o oitoupanepLqr
6io!q rouqapvilruoi( prtroJeoprojro$e,dpao a nprdXr lov 0 xor d + 0, 6lta6{, o d
o\,li'.!r oro P. A! o o 6v :rep67er0etLxo0q plroiE aprfuoiq, r6te uriplouv 6rto
ev5l6sEv0:
(1) o a va rEprdlr6lou; rorq opvrlrrKoisprl1o6(qprop$q r6re a = 0.
(2) va D,r{iptrKdroroqopvlnr6q prlr66opr0I66x rrouvd jrnv uvriKrrorov d
pnopoi!vo unoedooute 611o .r 6voivarro e).dj(roroototleio tou e - o
(7loriq!ftopoioa|]sve ovnKaroorrioouFe rov .r rov x / 2 > x) Tdreo - o
p
ncprdXr rov 03flx6prlr6oprep6 _r,dpo,dro( 6j(oulei6t aro6sitn,o - a
o\.rlrsroro P,
Atr6 EiZV0r 6rt 1t[droutuiyorcv an6 rB (i) - (iii) npdnrvo rolljr. Av d = 0, eivqr
eovep66fl 8evuropivo rotir rdrrordsr6 Tlq(ii),(iii).Enisrlq,ivora6ivarovo rolioDv
Tour6lpovo or o > 0rcl - a > 0, ?rari16I0a riXoller(qr0 = a + ( - a) > 0.I
Ouu0eirc6rr rt d > p opiornrr vo onpaivsl61ro a ftprdlr rov B, ol)d vo prlvsivar
ioogfE rov p. Aur6(o oprsf6Eirov 6,n drp6rr0 tro vo aro6oiEoD[s ritv rir]p6qro, o)J,d
r6po eq nparfl vo dsiloupe6110ivo1roo6JvoloeFrov oprot6 ro! 0q ilq|'lt 6doeLp
pd6rtro P. AI].o61,,rpirsLvo 6i6oup 6rr I d - B > 0 oivarroo8{vatn!e rrlv a > p.
A!16 eivarrpoqovdq lrld qn6ro 0e6puu rou aKo2,ouoi.
eropfiMr Av d, B, Kor7 civor rptrylorrxoiqpropoi(or d > F, r6re a + 7 > p + 7.

Mnopoille6Kd,ovq oro(),cioouge to ev6el6gevo
vo Lot6a166rr|T0,Ioriov
ruv rpaypatwtbv
28.Karaoreufi apr9pril 499
a*1=B*7,
a = ( + 7 ) + ( - 1 ) = ( B+ 1 ) + \ - 1 ) = l t ,
l o n o i q6 vr o j r i r L
. pta+1>Ft7.1
O nollanlooroop6r alLxr su16sq 6uokolidrou. Av a, I > 0, 1618Fropo'jt'va
opioouperoa.Boqeqiq.
Oprot.j6.Av a KorB ivqrnpqtfqrLKoiopreroiror a, B > 0, r6re
tt. P=lz:z<0ilz= x y I1ordnorox oro a rftl {droloy 610P fE x, .v>01.
ornpHrlAAv o KolB sivurrpuTloftKoiaploloi ts o. B > 0,rdT8.oo .B ivornpoylo.l-

{6i (lpr0F6(.
Aflo^rEH'0'r(,6'rdwo,np6nr va etaylou!6rdooprs
ouveliKEq.
(l) YnoedroDp 6rr rv< z, 6rouro z uvri(rsro o .p. Av w < 0, r6rero w
ol,ropdrorr qvitgLoro d.B. Aq uno06ooDp 6rL lv>0. T6rez>0, dpa
z = .r' r yla Kd'roro
esflx6.roro a KoLKdroroesnK6-voro p. T6pa
z wxv ltr \
\z 1 '
Aaoi 0 < n'< z, droupEw/z) ir avrlxn oro d. Enopdv0rq ro rv lvriKLoro
d. P.
( 2 )n p o a 0 v 6 c a . E + 0 .
(3) Av ro.r 6vovriKsroro a, Knrro y 6svovriKroro B, 16rx > x'?,o r.dox'
oro a, xor/ > /' yLoxd0sy' alo P. Enapj\6."xt > x'y'?ro6Io rd osnKdr'Ko1
'Apa
/'f ourrirrv r5r6rr1q. ro.ry 6vovriKEL oro o .p 6tl,a3ria . E + Q.
(4) Yno06roup 6ir ro ,r ovriKL oro d . P, KoLry < 0. Yrdprr Kdrorox 610a rr
x> 0 (or (dnoro/oro B pEy> A.T6rErcz= xy Ei\ororo d .P Karz> w.
Ag unogdoouFe 16po6rL l/ > 0. T6re r = xy 7ro KdnoroerLK6 x oro o KoL
Kdno$0srrK6I oro p. Eriorlq.ro d 'r8prdj(cr {dnoro x'} x av z= x'y, co:f
z) xy= y", oo, '(Eroro o ,8. Artrfl8iro a .p 3v;lfl ra'j/16ro
oroLxcio. "o " ",'
I
[opaqpiorE 6r! ro d .B rpoqav6qoviKeroro P ov ro i6rolojri61ylo ro d, E. AD.6
otror).1prlver r1v lclieslot 6)"ovrorvrbrofir{rv roDP. fra va oufn?,rp6oouus rov
oprop6 rou . opi(oupe rptirot1v lal.
Oprolrdq. A\ o civaLivo, npaTfafl\d,opre!6q.16r"
0\a-0
't -o' l = l o o ' o ' o ' 0
l-
Oftopo, \r o \ot P tirc apo/foIro' oprelo'.r6'c
I^ qvo 018 0
10.
o.8- llol .lfl. ova>0.8>0ror 0.0<0
'l8lt. o,o>0.B 0.rior0.0 0.
{-rlol
'Onog
i6(D!unomcu66oo10. oLonoSileqlov r6roiir0rvrou rol"lonl"qoroopo{
yivovraL
o'rvl0(l)6
f0 aloyrDTri
ontv n'pinroon rorv0ertK6vdprBd,!'.
oFipHn^ Av o, B, (df 'r,ivorrpaygorrroiopropoi,r6rc d . (B ' ./) = (a . P) . "/
Ano\fr:ri Aur6 'i!or aavsp6o\r a, B, 7 > 0. rro qv qn66rqq

orr 7vrni nspinroorl
50O Erl,oyo;
npdnsrvo 61o'ipiv.s ({oL0u ivo1,.droqn,o siKolo o! rplorronoLioers'ro

mpLnrijocrq
n6pevo0c(ijp'tpa).
I
oEnrHM{A\ d r(oL
B eivornpdr,lqnxoi r6rEd ' P= B. a
opLopoi,
rno,\Er:lrAur6ci!'orQav8pd ov o, B > 0, l(oror {il).qnepLnr6oErq

sldyTovror
EiKoio.I
oflolrcj.. I = l,{ oro Q:x < l}
(Ei!'orqovep66rLro I 0ivoLnpqTpanx6q apL0p6q).
apr0!6q,r6rs a . I = a.
oEopH[&Av o EivorvqgnpoTloirK6q
'Eoro
AnoaEilH o > 0. EivorEirolo va 6oip6fl xdeEoroL1Eio ro! a ' I ivoLxor oroL
jtsio ro! a. A116rrt!,d1,l.ln).supd, oEwodooup 6rLxdrorox ovriKeroro a. Av x < 0.
1618ro x oulotdr(Dq uvi KclKaLoro a , l Av .r > 0,r6!elndpler Kdnoroq prtr6qopr0!6qy
oloardroroq60r{<r.T6rEx=v.(r./y),Kotrx/yaviKsrdlol,dparxqvriKero
a . l. Aur6qnoSsr{vir 6fl d . I = a avd > 0.
Av a < 0, r6rs,Eqopf6qovras ro orot6Leopcnoup6hq ono6iEup, d.lolp
a . r = - ( l c l . l l l ) = - d o l ) =a .
61svo = 0. I
Tdl,oq,rdOsdprtfosi!'drrTpo,po!'t
Oplop6t.Ay a Eiys.t ac.npoytorLK6gopr0!6ql(aLd > 0, r6rs
dn = ix oro Qrx< 0, ri x> 0 Korro l/r 6EvovriKr oToo, oll.d ro li x dvoilo|ro
prrp6cpoororleioror Q - a|'
cv a < o,rarea-l= - (lal-1).
ororHMl Av a oivoravo(npa?lalrx6qapr0lr6g
6loqoprLx6q
an6 ro 0, 16ro a-'Eivol
rpotparLK6q
0prop6q.
AfloaEi:Hnpoqov6qopxsivo eisldooutr6vo a > 0. Ipdm, vo s).6yEoDf

riooepLq
(t) Aq t)ro6dooDps 6ri / < x, xq, 6r, 10 r ovriKeroro a-r. Av y < 0, 1610ro /
uvjxeLoro o-r. A\r y > 0, rdre x > 0, dpo ro l/x 6EvovriKEr oro d. Aao
lil> li x, an6ra'6 oirro lryavrlftloroa.xarro1i/ooq6q3vivol.o
lrKp6rEpo ororliorou Q a, ripcto y ovrlreioro o-'.
(2) npoeov6q d-r+ P.
(3) Aqo'ja > 0, undplrKdnoroq 0srLK6g plr6q opr0t6cx oro o. T61r'ioli,r 6Ev
0ui(Loro a-', dpdd-'* Q.
(4) Ynooirourrs 6Tl ro x avr1K61 oro o-'. Av n< 0, 'ivdr qovp66rr undplL
rdnoLoy oro a-I gey).r yrori ro d-'nsprdtsl Kd'loug osrLKoiqptroiq. Av
x>0, r6rE ro li;r 5vov'ixLoro d. Aaoi ro li n 6'v Eivorro rLrp6lepo
ororX0iorou Q - d, L,ndpireL 6vuqplr6g opr0l6qy 611oro o, t y< li,r.
Ara#?o!r;r,a\rpnr6oprgp"6 z p.E
y < z< 1ix.T6rro li z aviKEloro d, KoL
li z> :r.'Aporo a-' 8svnEprixeL Kdnoro !671010ororxeio.I
npo{rlfdvouva ono8ilol]F 6tr o d-r silqr or' oliecla o avriorpoQoqro! a oq rpog
rov no).?,anl.uo1oor6,Eir,oltpriolfovo !Xo!r!Eo1l6rd0oipqqdz,lo6voli!!fl, nouri!'o,
o no)Lun].uoLoor.xci a\fl).o7oroL,rp;ro' /o; ).ipt-o,o;.
'E6ro
rHMxr o 6voqnpa?!ot1K6q dpL0f6gp d > 0 xqr z dvoqprlr6qop10!6ctLrz> 1.
prtroiopr0soix oto o ror y nou6evavriKEr
T6rL,n{iprouv oro d, ldroroLdjorri n = z.
ErLn),6ov,
lnopoiuevo uroffooulo611ro-',8svrivqrto e)"ti1LorooroLleioror Q o
28. Karaorewjtav ryayparviv ap0ptitv 5O7
np6m 6 ro z ornKrLoro o. Aeoi z

Arodfl=HAq unoetoou! I>0Kdr
z "= ( t + ( z - l ) ) " >I + r ( z - 1 ) ,
dn10r
61ror oor0uoi
2 ,t 1 ,i , .
'Apo
6.v F'ropo'iv6)0r vo ppiol(owqroro o. ul(iplEl Kd'Ioro* rdrororiote to v = z' vo
ovriKr =
oro a! ror ro / z'_'vo Filvo\,1Ker oro o. npopov66,vix= z. EnUTLov, ov ro /
ougpciver riaeivorro e),ri1loloororlEioroDQ - d, rroipvoulr va-{'> x ororxiorou a,
Koro\,trKaororoip Tox pe@ t' Karaoy le rc !x' j x ,
Av ro z 6vovril(ororo d, lnopo'jF vo 6(iroo!p av{i}.o7lrr66fl61, pcoropdvloro
16}0!6g 6rr KdnoLoq on6tolq opr0foig l/zt npirer !o aviKsLoro o. I
o * 0. I(irr a . o-r = l.
eEopHxaAv a Eivorivoqrpqllqnx6E oproldelCoL
AnoAEEH llpoedv6eapxivo rErdooulrs !6vo a > 0, on6reror o-'> 0. Yno0irorrf 6rr

.r 6ivordvoqeEflx6qpr1r6E dpr0!6qoro o, ror / 6voq01116g prlr6qopr0!6qsro a-'. Trir
tol//6evovnKrorod,ripal//>xenopdvocxy<l,trouorlpoivcl6ttlox/qvriKErsro
l. Aaoi 6).0ror plroi aproloix < 0 eriolq ovtil(ouv oro 1,our66il!0r6tt Kdosororleio
10! a 'o-t sivolKulotollio rou l.
fla vo oro6ei6oup rov altiorpoqo ro1uplopo, qe rdpoupeilq ? oto L Av ?< 0 16r
eivcLrpuvep6 .
6rr ro z ovrlreroro c c-'. Aq uro0dooupe 6110 < z< l. I6tQovq p ro
lriHrq, uniplouv efll(oi prlloi aprepoii 6to o, Kor/ 6[ aro a, !..otorira:I- y/r = 1| z'
l(or pnopoiF va uno0doowe6fl to / 6vriltrr ro ).d;(roroororrio rou Q - o. A).).{idDr6
ontoivs' drr z = x. (lly), 6nouro .ya\,liKeroro a, xor ro lly oro a-r. Enoftvo)s,ro z
cvrireroro a .a-r. I
'E-torJFc
o1c66vrs),L6s8r I Anordv&I dn66sql rousnrsprorrKoi v6pou.fro Frodx6po
qopd,rpdrrvo Erdsorg ro),).dgrcpLnrrhorg,
flv or),rdqeore 6!0)q,lrlv repirroorl
rou 6).0roropropoiivorotTu(oi,undpjter;vq ev6LaeCpov oll6io, KsroLri7,).0q'reprm6rorq
ft r(Ionoroit'Tor
nol$ aiKolq.
ompH^ Ava,P, KqrT ivarnpolloflKoiqprofoi,

r6]a. (F + t)=a. B+ o.1.
AnoaErrHYno0aloup rp61o6rLo, p, 7 > 0.T6ft Koror 6io qpropoiollv 1061110 npG

Iouv 6trouEro!! pilroi aplo9oiq5 0. Tvd60stlK66pnr6e0p1p6e oro a . (B + 7 ) eivqr
qq Fop9riq.r.(/+z) lrc EirKd.roro d, / olo B, l(orz oro'y. A,eo[x (!+ z)-
= x, z + y. z,6norro x. / ivor0srrx6 rouo . B, {o1rox. z 0orrK6
oTorlio olor:(sio
.
rou o z, our6qo opr0F6govrir(rxar oro o B * o . 7. Apo. l(doolorXioron
.
a ' ( P + 7 ) o r { r lK o r o r o
a. P + a. 1.
An6rrtvdl.U'r}.'rpri,6voq0ffrr6eplr6edpr0!6(oroa.p+o.7ivorqgropsti
xl / + x,z,ylo eT]Kri
xl, \ afi d, y aio B, Ka\z a1o?. Av xr < xr, r6t (xr/&) / < /,
'Apo
dpojo (.xrixr) oro p.
r ovriKEr ro
I r + \ ' z = \ l ( x t l \ ) r +z l
avrixrcro d .(p + 7). O'rorKd, to i8roraXvoogo 6o!)irov xr < x,.
fta va or)tnitp6soul ntv o'r66s{nnpdnr vo Erdool]l 11(rrplnr6os({6nouro d,
P,KartE ivar6).a > 0. Av x{inoro 0116rorpioivar ioo lle0,rtdn66erqrleivqr
e6ro}.il
xor or npur{iroq6noudlouFa < 0 }.inowar opdoogav ;IoDF s(eldor6},Eqrrr
'Erol,
fi0ov6qreylo ro P xary. urooEroups6fl o > 0 xareqrd(olp61p6K lpurr6orq:
p, 7 < 0 KolP < 0, 7 > 0, KorB > 0, 7 < 0. H np6t1 drctorap6o<rrg on6qv nepinroorl
ttoualout i6n oro6iqsr, }roLrl rpiq dneroron6rn 6Eirptav evo].).dloD!s la B Kor.y.
5O2 Ettl"oyoE
EnorivrD!.ErLKrvrpov6poor
orttv repitrroorlB{0. r)0. YrdpXouv16r' 6io
v6oX6Frv0:
(l)B+?>0.T6r
a . 7 = a . ( l P + 7 l + l E l )= o . ( p + 7 ) + a . l p l .
a.(B+7)= -(o.l0l) +a.z

=a.B*a.t.
(2)13+ 1 < 0.'16r'
d . f o f = a . ( l B+ r l + t ) = a . l B+ L l + a . t ,
a.$+1)= -(a.lB + r,l)= -(o.16l)+a .7=o.p+ a ..t.l

Aurri n dn66rlt oLunl,tpfrvLrr]! eprooidtrouKrivqp o oUl6!o {Eqd}.oLo. Av xal
poKpIKolo!]tvriavrop6, dL,lo1or(qdiorompLdlsratrols).dolLarq qpKr{iortfovflKd6ort
va siiqervo lo 3roodoreFroqopd(KarKordrporitLrtq 6rLnopqndv(,r fln6lro aopd)f'
fra npdrr!qopdqdpoDts
6tqro! fl( ].nrotdp0r;. 6113sv 3ou).euqpeoro KE!6 undpir
npdTlofld!'on).rlpoqlLqrraTpfvo o6rLo.Ta 0ropripalqouroi rou Fr0).io!6eJlocitow(lr
os uno0i;a( rou lry np6KerroL nordvo rpolroronortooiv.Anop6vsr avorv8luqipov{qr
loli ovcm0i}ttro s\rdsl6fevoilnopsi vo undpXouv no).Idnlripoq SLorsra.y!;r,u
66jrorq.
A! 0r,16eivald.rloro,r6re ra eopriBaro rou An6lpoanKon AoTLopo[ivarav;ir16ro
rT"orloLo
oe nEpLEX6pvo.oi).d oLr5L6qrqIlll3 rivororo?ort.srrr{doreisiq.To ri0u-
roio KrQdloropd. dnaLidoo8L un' uur6ro s\rde16pvo or Ldr6rlrq
IlJlS IqpoKrrtpi(olv
nrripoq ro'rq rpoyporLroiqopr0!or; onSrinoreFropoufsvo oroSsilouf' yLo1oL,c
npqyforr{oi(opr6Uoi(,uroaerKvieror Jrcp{iortourienq 16r6qrs_iur f6vo.
fIPOBAHMATA
Yndplouvf6vo 6Donpo0hirors o' ouflivrrtv ord6u,d),id 10 Kseivaqrtrdsrrla ri.cioq
SLdeopelLKi l(araoKEUri ro! npaTlLonK6\, opLeF(i)!l
H irrolspriq fsi,6rr.tflsq di).rlq
KorolJKa!'iq ol,vLol,iroLp6!o oroDqlLo(o7rordq, oEi(L
6!oq rov K6novo 6p6r l]v KipLo
r6do,Ior {pLlptrqrnioo an ourdqnq dl}.e; xorcoKeu6q. Or npollLanxoioprOpoinou
Korooftridolrtxov o 0!16ro KEqdiaLo, eo lnopoloovvo ]dyovror(or npo?lLonr.oi opro
poi rou o1,1'0p16rr1r, ?tori opiorrKovoKpr06s;ro1 6o1svo sEooqoi.igEror I L8,6fitro rou
c)dxLorou 1iv0rapd?Foros. no! 61srvu Kdvrrlr q 6r{i1oh < , lro iworo o,,10ppr{ri. To
olorllLa npa?lLorLKd'! opr!6vrou KorooKru'i(rol oro sn6lsvonp6F],rtlo0o lLnopoio
vo iaIErol (or rp{r'l[o Koiap!0!oirouova],ioro,.TroriqrrdXvovraL 6ro16orror d{o),o!-
0iE;Cauchyv0 6!xiivo!!' ndwo.
l. AAo[ Kdorpq-rpqrrK6q opr0p6(0d npmvs ivorro 6pLoKdror4 o{o).ou0iag Cau-
chyo?16 ptroiq opr0loiq.eo pnopoioa[s\rolorfl|dooL,lsva oploow, dvovnpoTpo
'
rLx6aple!6 !o rir,orr1o q{oi,oL,eia Cauchy0116prtroic apLololg.ApoJ 6lLiDq 6[0
o(olouoisqCauchylropsi vo outKiivoL,v orov i61onpoTtLonK6 qpL0p6,auri rt rpo-
root rperd(EraLddrotEqrponono,rioLq.
(a) Opitot]ps6116io aKo).or8ies Cauchyan6 prtroiqoproFois[d"] Kar{b"j sivor
(ourFol.ro!6c:{i,,1- Jb,l) ov lim (d" bi) = 0. AnooiEr6fl
rood-rvdrr6(
{a,l - td,l.,tn t{r"l- {4 } or'1r"i - id,t, {{rL6 {a,l - tc"tar'{d"j- {41 Ko,
1 4 l- i c , l .
(b) YnoedroulodrLd oivoLro oLlvo),o6l(d! I(dv oxoiot)ord,!trouEivoLroodivo!6( !s
rfv l(i,l Kor P 'ivur ro oivo].o 6).(d!rov o{o}.ou0ltbvtrouivqr loo8ivapcq !e
28. KdraoKEt)ir@vilpdylidttK(hvoptegi)v 503
rit! i4]. Anodeilt61ro n P = I rl a = f . (Av o n P * 0, 1610uttdplerK{irorq

{c,i Kar610a xal o1op . AiEr6rr o oDrrlvrrlv mpinroo! 1o d Korro f
anorloriwaraxproriqon' curdqrrq sxo)'ou6ieq nor sivoLroo66va9q Jrsrn
{c"1.)
To pipocO) 6ifr 6fl Tlouuo1ri 6)-ovlov qKolou06vCauchy6rafspi(erur
qr6 ra oroio anoIeiilor ofl6 6)'E1r! ol(otrou'
oe,(ivo ovri66o,or1vol'c,rcoevo
oisqttouiwr loo66votq! K{inorqGooepi axotoDoi!. Opiqowoq rpa-ruq1lK6
opr0t6ivs lCtoroo6votro,rot oulpoii(oopero ouvolo 6]'ovI(DvnpollrolLK{iv
opr0u6vN R.
(c) Av a KarP .ivoutpolForrKoioprotoi,foro {d,l lru ol(o)'ouoio olo o, xor {P,}
lro atolou0io olo P. Opi(oDp sov o + F rrl ou 'oYli6)'ov lov orolouer6v
noo6ivorrooilvotr(Jrtqv at(olouio{d" + 41. Ai( 6fl I {o, + 4} Eivor
oro).ouoioCauchykqr ok6pa6giqrt6fl our6qo oprop6qtivol ovidplitoe0'16
flg ouyrexprpiveg crotrouoise{a,} Kali4l nouSulfqpard tq o Korp. Enq-
),rt0e6ore ar6po 6fl o ovtadtorloqopLo!6qrou no),1o'Iloorootoiolvalro].d
Asiqr61110 R eivoro6pa I our6enE ,lpdErq

(d) I tropil avlotp6gou-rrarov
ro),ion).ooroopd rivcr to p6voev6rqqdpov nourpi,rotvo eldfErt
oI1'reio
(e) OpiorErolj( 0ttxoriqnpalpanrorlqcpr0porie P ;Iot 6sr ro R va ivoravo
8raursrrdvoo6to.
(0 Ano6iE1E drt l(d0soKol.oooiq Cauchynpollotlrdrvapr0I6voulKl'ivr.OulI-
0til' 6q ov {q } eivorfu qKo}.oueio npollanKi'v qpro}rd}v,
16tKd06o" ivar!
Irt oflpd ro! tlq sul),o,i on6oro),oDoieE Cauchyptr6v apre[6v.
2. Aur6rorp60hto o*ratpoQsiprol(a1ooxeDi rov orpqypqrrxd)vapr0f6vrou fo0ld
AuKrior,'.Opi(ouprpotpolrl(6eopr0rG va ivot6vo(&Yoq(d, 141),6'IoDd 6ivar
avoqoxfporoqror {4} Frooxo).ou0io on6rouqquorxoicopl0[oi( on60 oq 9, JrErov
dpo6rr I sxo),ou0iq aD1610 ({ToCmplotdv8llov
6v0ivorts).rKd9. AroroerFrxri.
a - ) b.l0 '. M qLr6vlov oprol.o. o rpoylaflK6qopr0ldq 6vono][ oulrr-
ivaL
*p,ulul qu.rreltreuo,
qll,t or6!or<oLiEg nououvavrdp ltv rp6o00orl
?rovo opioontts
Korrov ro),lan),aoroop{j
si!ar eoPpdq (tr6qnpooedrrsdrErpo!q6K06tKoiqlopiq v'
avloulcire yu ro 6tLFeroadp0rs 6sKo6rxd Wqia 6Jr'
drsLpov) Mrq lolLKi npoodl-
1lol nspLrpdQla(rqpoKriro. To r6lvqoto vu
iva1 xpTlorJroroLiol8to trd:(roro
iivo qpdt|lolqon6rrlv opj(ri.
(a) Opi(ofp(o./4j)<(c,ld,llt.va<c,itE=c ror ?roKriroro t ,1o0l1
4 < 4
dl.Id b = d 7ro I S.7( n. XpqorporodvtcqoDr6vrov optou6.orcoiqrernv
dvo qpdTFoloq
r6r6ryllqroL E).dZroTou
( b ) l , o S o o r i v o o = l o . l 4 l t . o p i ( o u p c a , -|a " 6 r o r o 0 r t r xor, ie. l v c r o
)4t0
ptr6q opr6l6erou rqipvou$ ov d,irieouue610 10 6xa6rrdvrleio Frd10
t-oo16 !e 0. A!rrorp6q0)q,uv 5o0i dvoc pnl6q opre|r6er qq popqie
'. , at..^-"
a' )b"10-'. aq ouuBoli(ouFc sc / rov npa7pcfir6 aprf6{o. lb"l). drou
T
4' = b"7LqI <r] < k Karb"'= 0 rra, > t. T' pa rqd = (o, {b"})KaLP = (c,
{4 j) opiqo'ip
d + p = sup(ai+ Br)" k auorK6s opr0s6(l
(ro )dtloro dvo gptilpo lrdp1sr sn6 ro pdpoe(a)).Av opiooupsIe rov i6Lo
rp6noro! no),la,rlooLaot6, 6lov 1ovt6roflirovroD06!0-
r6ren ?Id,rigsuol
xor6ou!'lodrurrbloirpo.
roerivorte).eioedloorl, rrottqax6!oqopd dg0)q, rl
rlnopenro ,or),ooraotoiowrorp6qou0d ivorro 6uoKol.6Tpo pripo.
KEOAAAIO MONAAIKOTHTA
TON IIPA|MATIKON APIOMON
Ooenrorpfvoup 16paorovoL,v{ort ourpo),Lo!6 7Lorouqrp,1?rLoflr.oii

upL0Uoii. r(pord,-
vroc r0 natrdoiFpo).ayLadi),a odjlaro rol, ruX6vElpavroro{v.AK6to.0o o0oporjp
tou! o{iporougxqrrougptroiqopr(]poiqoavrpoTJrdnKoi_( apr0IoiS0r6lxoidrol],xoL0o
noArpiivoltLEro! ri,oirEporp6nope rov onoioopiornKav()1npaylorlKoioploloi. t
0!16 ro KtQdiorocvdla$tp6lLqors yro 6voKoLp6vo sp6rr o: undp7ouv {i],l,ad.ripoE
6Lor6ro1d!oo6irror(s{r6; on6ro R:H or{i!rto! o' 0!16ro sp6rrtpo,yLova xuprolEKrri -
oou[e,eivorivaLr. fLs nqpd6rypa, ro od)troF, ro'r nopoL,ordoor
610Kqd].oLo 25ivor
drolorq,!6!0 o6fa, Kflr0i0oLfl6svivarro R. Aur6ro o6!u eilor;vo (ov6l-
dld n].rlpo)s
ro' rupdSer?po rrsri io (iloq (d. d) rnopoilLvo ro 3oir6 ol1!'dvadiio 6vojrorc!
npq1p0flxoiopLloia or npderq
( d , a )+ ( b , b ) = ( a + b , a + b ) .
l a ,a ) ' ( b 'b ) - ( a ' b ' a b ) .
sivoLoup|]r|]uorfq p uurrilrt Ferovotaaia. Aur6 ro siSoqrqpo6ei?poroq 8silvsr6 , tro
dnorciso!fl'rLKr'i 'rourpo0liporoq,anolroivr.r Kd,rolq
Uro !El,6rI llolIo l(d 6p66r07ro
r l v o t n p f o t , r o . o v o0 6\ s o - i v ! f r o \ o . a o . o q .
Ar l,o'olrtouot-coop' roo,oTroro, R IptoUonoroi[Lrfl orortriardroroL,o;fu-
ro( F, ldrc o0 xd00a on' ro R 0d npenEv avrLoroLxEi 6vo(6vo!o' /(d) oro F. o
owpol,1ot6q/(o) unoSslKvi',6tr 1 perovo|ooiapnopsivu SLoruro0i r pdon flq
ouvapriorE. fla vo Kdvoltr r.dIrraroro,0olpsrooroippra6wora6uvdprlotqnol,i ]I1o
ylrlnian6onorfl8inor''iii! !{iq ala onooro}.rionor r6po ouoroorrKd,0o onoLrioouts
rtlv rro TEvLKri f!'vorq(oLrv{iptortqrnouIprtorponotirol 6ro }roBtIdrll(d.Mro o!vdprt
orl, rr' uuT]irt 78vLr(ri d!'voro, eilqr orl,6q6vasKav6vo;nouorLKoviqsr rdroro npdtrora
odl,ifl rp,i?paru.rta vo livouts r!n1Koi,6r!,iptrlq eildr proourio?ri0116Srarroytdvo
qein (ovrrKsudvorv KdeE siSouq) nou6!n0plitrErjodrqqopslKd(ei7rlpro iSLorp6ro
ororreio.To ,raioopropoipLoqol]vdplrlortq / oivarro oivolo A 6?,0rv rov o! xLpdvov
o yLoro onoiaro(a, b) qvrixeroqv / 7raKdnorob uur6ro (!ovaar{6)b6ufBo}.i(1or F0
f(a). Av ro /(a) ovri{roro oivo).o, r1o Kdosa oro A, 16ri6Fdn ! / Eivo,rtlo
olvdpltot an6ro ,4 oro B. fra nopd6L7po.
. ov f(ir) = sinx71dKdeE r aro R (KorI / opi(srurp6!oyLd.{oro R),r6rsr / sivaL
!1o ouvdprrtotan6ro R olo R si\ra,eniortgtro ol,vdpqor]qn6ro R oro I I, l]
. a! /(z) = sinzlLo {ri6cz oro C. 16rer / eivarFroouvdpirtorar6 ro C oro C'
. tw f(z)=e'r]!d(sgEz oroC.161e!/ silsLpLoouvdprloqan6ro C oro C sn,llL
aK6tap10ouvriprrtort
onoro C oro lz o1oC: z I 0l
ouvdpntolqr6 ro lzoro C:z+ 0loro {.roroR:0 <.{< 2nl
. rt ,3i!'o,l,Lo
. ov / sivorr'touiio.rri 6).(Dv
r(DVqeu?drv
(d, (a, a)) 7ra d olo R, r6rs rt / sivol p,o
ou\rdprrtoldr6 ro R oio R.
Yrol]drour6, 611FLKol4 sivorOLlo odJlo1o0oo!ppo].iioD!0q r rqnpdqsqoroF, ! @,
O , K l , nK. u l r l in p d E orr(o4 r ' 0 + , . , x ) . n . A ! r o 4 n p 6 ( E r r q r v o n o i E e L r o v p 6 r o r o !
orivo).ou ro\r {oLvo[pJ,lov ovoFdrov]ro ro ororlrio loL,Fr,16rreii'npsrc\'o udplsr pru
ouldpr'tortl1n6io 4 oro 4 pEflq qiq 16611110(:
29.MovodrK1xnxd
tuv rya'ypambvapfipitv 5O5
(l) H ouvriprlot / 6d'rp0rTvo Eivarl-1, 6rl].o6i,qv x * /, 16r0a dnpen vo

xaDpE f\x)+ /(/) ol]16ol[aiuL 6fl Srioorotleic roo E 6Evpropivo
dlouvro i6ro6voFo.
(2) H ouvdprnonf 0d ,rpen vd eivu rcni,,,6rt).o6i,yra Kdsolortsio z rou F:
0d'rpsruvs undptrfdroro x oro ,F,r;roro 60rz = / (x) aurdonuaiv'r6rr
rdeolorlio loL,F,IpTlounloov6votroKdnorou otorXeioutou 4.
(3) fu rdoex sto / oto Fr 0d npmvo 6IouF
flx@ yl= f(x\ + ftr),
f Qay) = flx)' f0)'
our6 onlroivt61t rl 6Lo6rxooia
fitg FrovopodioeeivoroulBrFood Ie rlq
rpd_La6rou odlgoroc.
Av ox6jrdsoporjFla Fj xqr F. oav SrorcTqTjrdvq
od,!qrq.,tpoooCrorg[
!ro flKdIo
g) A\tx@r,ift f(r)< fbt).

MlooDvdprrlort
F' oudqrLg6L6r1T roopo
egl,6yetcr peg!6sn6rc Ft olo F:.Aur6qo
opLo/dc nor (ovtovq8ra
sivor1600olFqvrrKdq ( rd,votpt rtnrr<ri.
AvFl Kor4 eivor3'roori'tara,dvoe6oFoppqr6!an6ro 4 sro F,ilar troouvdprnon

/ q'!6ro F, oro 4 lrerr( eiriqd'6rnre:
(f) Av,r+ y, 16rrf\x)+ flt).
(2) Av z qvri(' olo F:. 16rz= /(r) yla Kdrorcr oro Fr.
(l) At, x xor .vo!'rl(oovo1oE, r6re
f(x@y)= f(x) + f0\,
f(xoy)= f(x). fly).
Av ro F, 4 eival6la1lattdvoqd'lrora,onarroipKorrlvi
(a) Av x ey, 16Tf(i{) < /(/).
To0610ro4 l(qrF: ),lilovrorro'otoperxd ov D,rdpXerivoqrootopglop6q qvdlodrouE.

Aio roofop{prxddd}pqtqeopo$vrar ouoroorrKrioov ivo xdoorlllavru(ti18161110 roD
v6e,otrordloc rol'i0r (or lro ro dtr),o.Enopdvoq lrlopoil, l(arrpdmL,vq qqvs8raru,rdt-
oouls ro np6F).Il10no! ldoqxeorqv cpl|j ror-rreqal,aioudv F eivaLdvod,lipoq 6lorE,
Ial$vo o6Fo,ivoroe),6(vo npqrivouF6 ro F rsuri(rort ro R - su16rou 0o
odi.duvq(6pour.ivorltil),ov cv ro F eivcrroopoperx6Iero R.Irc en6lEvo06pnla,
ro F 8d eivoravoo6po,p rpdqq + rcr . . xcr <oetxriororlEiqDP. 6rov tpdQoD[6
d < b ewooile 6r( 10 b - d qvrlxroro P. xol ofro xd0sri(.
ornpHll{ Av F 0ivordvo,t).iporq 06!0, r6rero Fivor tootopqrK6pro R-

6Lsrsrq-f!6vo
Ano,\EEHAqoi 660o6purqiXouvoprorivr ivqrLootopqrxdov u,rdpXr 6vorLoopop-

proB6qovdpod vq (crqoKsurioou|
rouE,,Tpd,rL }lrosuvdprrlol / ord ro R oro F nouvo
:sKrvdtsopi(ov@entv / srou,cqr(Epqiou!
eivqrroopopArot6q. oq eliE:
/(o)= ()'
"f(r)=l+l+-+17rar>0,
t(r)= -(t+...+r)ra'<o
5OG EtrQ,o'yoq
Eiv01fliKo},ov0 ldfqollrs 6n
f(n+ n\= f(nl + f(i),
f(n n)= f(n) ' f(n),
Yrd6),o!erouqoKdporoug m rqr n, ror pol E6rvo oDppoli(ootrto /(,1) pE, OpiEouuE
r61srlv / orouqpltoif apr0poi!ir!
f(n/n) = nL/D= n ' n-l
(nopornpEiore6Il I * - * I * 0 cva ) 0,1ori ro F eivdr6to1s1a7!6vo o6!a) Au166o
q ' \ i =
o p r o B 6q1 6r w o f ol r m i m / n v l , n E m l = n k , d p t n ' I = * ' r , 6 w n ' n - ' =
i . /-r. EivariKolo !c e).d?qouirt 6rr
f ( \ + \ ' )= f 6 ) + I h ) ,
flr'' \)= f(r') ' fl1)'
7to 6).o!qrouqprlror-{opr0so6qr, (or r:, ral 6rl f (r) < f @) sv \ < tr.
o opro!6qrolj /(x) ?roru16vr pooiEEror oq Woonl flo r6dc6rLrdoerpatlcm6g
apr0l6qKoeopi(rrar 0116loL'6prlloie opLolo,iq no! ivolltrkp6lspo{ ro!. flo Kd0E.roro R,
efrouyA, ro uno6ivo),otou F nou srorlEilot ar6 6)'ara /(r),71o 6)'oDq rouqprlto[e
apretoiqr< x. To oivolo A, ivotFfpqu prl Ksvd,Kordvo gpq,ptvo,Yroriov .0 ivol
ivaqp1rri5upr0ll6qper, ) :r,tdle /(r0) > /(r) 7la Kdo/(r) oro A, . Agoi 10F ivor6va
,r).ripoq
Srqrloytdvo o6pq,10oivo).oA, 61er6vqIdl(roro'tvo gpd,Ua opi(oDlEt(.r)
'E;(oDf np(i)flYtaplr6 x, xdt Feri
r6pa opiorto /(x) }l6no6uqopenxofq1p6ttou6,
-IlnKde.x. nprv o0vIiooup, np6nsrvo otto8iqoul
61tautoi or 6io opropoioofgovoiv
$ prlr6.r.M iil.l.a)'614,ov, eivor;voqpll6q qpre!6s,0i).oul vd or@8iloupe6rt
supA. = /(.r),
ro /{-r) outpo}.i(Ers66rcv n/n,tn x: n/n. Aut6 6evsivardpsoo,xor pooi(ror
6,T0l]
orlv nt I p6rnroloD P 1pd(tol),ou6voro ort$io o01dpla gLKpri
mpivooil.
Aaoi ro F eivqr n).ipsq, ra oroL1sia
I +. + I }l0auorl(olgapr0uo6q,
olnBoriEouvEvooivo)'onou6vivordvo spaTpivo'I on66ql 6ivaraxprp6qI i6|o !

rlv on66ErEtyroro R (Oe6pl!o 8-2).Ot oDv6nsrsc o!to6lou l7ov6rcC Yro10R 6louvlo
oxprpi roucovdtrolo oto F: ouyrKpr#vd, dv a xor b rivqroloLlEiorou FIe a < b,16rE
Dndp1sr Kdnoroqplde opr0u6q r *toroe drota
a< fo<b.
Mrdon suiiv qv nopoliprtorl,t'norpdsoulsrrlv cr66e(1 tou 6tr or 66ooproloi
loD /(x) outqovoiv tlo pnt6.r.Av/riluivoq p!16qopr0p6q Fy< x, 161.iloou {6rl
'Apd
6er6n fcy) < /(.r). tdos orollrio lou A" eivar < /(x), Eno!6vo(,
supA,< /(.Y).
Aa6 rtv ,h rrkupd,aql)l!00600!113 611rirov
supA,< /(x)
T61eeq uqprr,voq prtr6qqproFqr drotoq 6ore
supA,<Jlt) < flx).
Ar.d r ouvoriq t(r) < /(r) otrtriv0r6fl r< -r,ro oitoioolpoivr61110 t(r) ovirer
'Apa
610 6{vo}.oA. qut6 npoeovd)q owl9dorn tlt q oxforl supA,< /(r). I op1lri
ur60ronEevrirqvorlolyl,6nlqEti
supA.= /(r).
29.Mova\rKdT\ra
r@vnpqfpo Kd)v
apfip(iv 507
'ElorFs
).ortr6v
Flora)d op,otfvr ouvdprtol / oJI6ro R oio F. fLo va oroS8iqoul"
6fl
rt / civorlootopalotdqnpdrn vc eru).10eiooupe (l),(4)rou opLotoi.O
rLqouveril(s,c
0ptiooDrel's rrlv (4).
Av.r {qr,y sivorrpoytaflKoioprololtrox< y, r6rs sivotqovp66n ro,4, nprEtraL
/ (x) = supA,< supA"= /(/).

fra vfl drTod.eiooD|18
.rlv r10o\r6ntro titq Lo6rtrqE,rqparitpoLlls6 urr{iplouvplroi
opL0foirK0rrpE
.r<r<s<J,.
6rL/(r) < /(s). 'Ersror6rl
EdpoL'}l
f\t)< f(.)< "fG)<.fLv).
Aur60ro8ElKviflrrt\r(4).
H ouv0ri'(n (1)rpoK'jnradroooon6fitv(4):A! x + r.i6i ri x < -vri -v< r orrtvnprirrrl
n'pinroor /(x) < /Cy), Kqrorit dsLirprrrpirTrool/0) < /(xl {oLo q 6io nsprnrrii-
a|tc,Etrtttf(x) + f0).
fro vo dro8silouprlt (2),60rrlla avooroL,rsio
loD FKo, -Bro oivoio 6lov rrrv plrdrv
cpL0!6vr fe /(r) < a. To oivoro 3 6vEivor{ev6 Korrivor {or dvo apsy!;\,o,Trori
LrrdplerEvoqptr6q opre!6sr !s /G) > d, dp( /(s) > /(r) rq . oro B, qn 6rou
rpoKinl6n s > r. Tor0r.rroEl.dtrorodvrDqpd?ta rou3 rolupl(dpqor6rL/(,r) = d.
fta vo ro onoi*ilolft our6,opr(ivo o,lor).eiooupE
flq d].1,6C
6uoSuvor6rlrsq
f(x)a
a < 1I.x).
lrrv np6rnrpirrool0u un{pI' dlus prll6qqpre!6sr !
f\x)< f(a < d.
AIIduur6 olpoiveL6n.r < r Kor6rr ro l ovriKnoro r, rootroioovnQdoKErts
ro7Elov6q
611x = supB.trl 6irpl rcpinroort0oDn]tptdvocpitr6qaprF6q . pe
a< /(r) < /(x).
=
Aur6 lae bivn.<,r. Aqoi x supB,a!r6 onpaivsl6Ilr< s ]to xriroLos oro B. Apo
f@< t\, < d,
KorvonpFo ovliposr]. Apa /(i) = tl, Kl d7o'r!0a,ro8iqer
lt (2).
fta vo sldtEo'rfLc
rlv (3),aoror.r Kqrr 560npa.rjronKoi apL0uoi{qr uroedrourr
6rL
f(tt+ v)+ f(x) + /Cv).r6rc 0uivor
f(x + y) < f(x) + /ty) i f(x) + f(y)< f(x+ y).
:Tt! rpont mp:nrdat0oI nip/r ptio, opreFoq
r rtro,oq;orl
f(x+ y)< f(a< f(x) + f(y).
A],id 0ur60o po( ai,vE
' x ry<r.
'Apo
ro r 0o FropoLloE 660ptr6v apLep6v
vo TpoqeioovdepolalLa
r= 4 + /rj otroux f(x)+ f@,

droro.H dLlt nepinloon,! 6jrororp6ro.
Tdl,oq.av x xoL/ eivqroru(oirpolpoflxoi aprSfoi,re ru i6rasmrsrpriparo
6sirvol,!'
508 Er{},oyog
f\x'v)= f(rl' f0)-

HT svlxi ,Tepirroolivarled Ilq onhi ouv6ttao.I
A01d1006plpqo),ol(lnp6vr rrlv dpeuvo rlourdvopndvootolg npotpollKoiqopre-
foiq, ror 6lo),isrrdo alerFol,io-r$po ar' er:oiet yndp#t iw ,rtpoE6nlsrayFdvo
o(irtoKol,oq rpoe rootopero!6,B6vo6voJr),ipoq8rorrayldvo o6Fo.Eivol 6lfavrrK6
yroq toollorl|ri ooqnar6eiqvoSeir Kdnoljra trnropepi l(oraol(euirov rpo?trollt(iv
oploldv,o).).dlsv 0o1psraoreivo ovorpdl[tlavd s' oldi ri] oulxercprp6vn l(mooreD{.
Eivorre1.io6aSrdQopo ro 6116vaq npa, lanKdq oprell6q
oDlpoivr vo ivqrprooulloyri
qn6prlroiq ap10uoo6 Korx{ifl T;roro8ev0d rpft nor6va pnuiverotlv o:rriSer[1ottorou6t{-
Jroteoit[ovrlxori0eopilaroEyro roDqnpa]lanxofg cpr0poft.Or ].orrxiEato8iqs{E
vu 1plorpororoivgr5vo
0d',rp,T roTeyov6q6ror rpolparrxotopl0poisivordvanl,ipoq
6rorerayudvo o6ta, yuri ol)Ili rouqn r6r6rtraroie tapqrr!pa(Lo( rpoc rov looFopeF
op6,ror Kdoa(r6loft po0tUdrrq r6r6ril1ar0)vrpotlorlx6v qprold)v0o rolirT rq 6la
rq roouopornio(ilrala.fro vo eilror6r),rxpr}'1iq,
0d'npnvo trdpa66ldt61lour6Eo t).ar-
raiog Lotuplofoq ivororl.6E pla npoxslilrtvrl rou ou-rYpqpao. d,].d q Fotpd(oworuoqi
rou l(qr610r,olt66v,or dL),orpoenlolrxoi.
NPOBAHMATA
l.'Eoo / 6vaqroolop9rol'ieon6ro i oro 4.
(a) Aeiq1E6 f(0) = 0xar f(l) = I (E66ro0xotro I ora op6rpriouFpo).i(ouv
drolleia ro! Fr,v6ro 0 Korro I sra 6eqrdo0p0oli(o!vororxsiorou F,).
(b) Asiels61r/( - a) = - /(a)xqr /(a-)= f(d)-l,'t\t a+ 0.
2. Nq srs uKarpiq lra vo nErorirE 6fl rdot 6L6qro v6go6porogurdpla ror s Kdo
o6pa roopopqrK6I'our6.H oul0oD),i[oC,rl our6ro npdplrl}ladvor vo ]pd!,tr
rol.ri 1|JmxegorooiqKlf1pr va PPqrooift6fl 6).0ror rolL,propoiauto6 rou flitro!
-Ila
ivq rpoaoviq. 4 kar Fr eo eivar660ootara nousivqrtoojropqrxd va ottlou-
oreioou!,l(orolc 6io 0oootBol.iloulerrqnpdqEqp + Kol . AiEr ' 6rr:
(a) Av n Eiooortr: + 1 = 0 6j(srlro l{ol 6to 4, !6r dler}.6onKo1oro E.
( b ) A v K d o ro ) , u o w p l Ke ri i s o o x! " + o , r . x ' ' + ..+d0=0p4,..., d,-
oro Fr 6:(erpiqooto 4, t61ds ,roluovulrKrisqiooonx" + b" ' ' x' ' + ...
+ 4 = 0 Fr 4, ...,4 | oro F, 6trpiqomo 4.
(c) Av I + - + l(tt oopdq)= 0 drc F,, t6r ro i6rorodar olo 4.
(d) Av ro 4 xar Fr eivor8la1Era,Il-|;va o6Fqru(Koro roopopQlou6c / rxcvomri
qv /(.{) < /0)ro x< y) xar ro fi eivarrd,ip(,1613ro 4 sivqrnlrlp6.
3.'Eor0)/ dvd6loolopeLol6E0l!6ro ,Froto Fr Korg ivoqrooFop$ro!6q an6ro 4 oro
6. opiEoDs rrl ouvdpntolg o/ sn610fi oro 4 f k o /)(x) = s(/(r)). AiBt611
t g o/ EivorrsotopqLof6e.
4r YnooiroDp6 ro F ivor6vanlipoE 6oreraf'rfvoo6uo,olt6ft undplrEtcCtoo-
pperop6q / qn6 ro R oro F- AoiEI6rr oqv npoylsn(6nt1outrdp1Er!6vo dvo6
LoopopqrF6qqr6 ro R oro F. Yr663rEI:lrTtv rpinto)orlF= R, aur6 ivol io
np6o),Iuo317.T6pq,qv f Kargivqr660rootopqrofoion6ro R oro F,ooopiorE
cr6 qv routotrxtj
5. Bpir 6vqv rsolopprol6 on6 ro C oro c, 6roeoprrx6v
anrrdvrq.
IIPOTEINOMENH
BIBAIO|PAOIAT-I
Kltltotos rpi,w ,a Snqdtt
6oa rou r rriooqr 4 KL{on roD'
vari 6oa &aPdoer att6 ra&irov,
ga @v aqEliooav fuiLt6td.
(r) :.rE. Av Km! rdroi@ rEriepocrl ib qq 16 rp669oqq ;(6odrq (1980),rl

Fr0hoypogidrou sunpopia
tqpal''r!I iSLa|r.lnrlq qq6x6oqqtuu 1967.li.polpov6fivd,roLrddr6 ol6tdioueqivoEdlor6vdEU
dwrGutvoui xponld!! 6p!4 rtv o0Ewrkrtitid touq KaLmpe!0{ldlr. n 6Lxi rrqqoldtriq r6vo Ex.i rou koiwE
dK6ftlo. Edarq, io divolo qq npoENojttrtq pr0llomogiog mprEld, rilp! oiF.pc (t990)ql.rdapoco orn
1),6ootr!a! rdr ,rr' !u6 frralopioixq o! etsr,oro ryrllr6.
'Evflq
onorouqoKonoLis alr!riqrnq pL0),Lotpoqioq sivflLvo o3r?r1or rof tl!a1\6i]rr npoq
dl,isqn!y;q, o],id I nL6oituuvrLKi],eLroupTia rrvonoio lnopiva ElunrpEnior, EiwLvfl
{sIq6iEL rlv norxL},io lrDvSroeeoipov !flh !orrKdrvpotertpdlr'rv. Kardouv6n1fl, Tiverol
trpoondeeLs vq Enrsul6ti lio rorKrLia,topiq 6poq vo rpoonororlAes ntlpofltl(. H
orlfprvrinirtdrporov poettalLK6vBLP].iov (dvErro! or6ro qq niitp6rl'!oq ors66r
ovaq,{rojKdr'ftriji rpoono0oi|Le !o svooppfi,outLE ro dveidprlro 6Ldpo6fo,600rLo
x),ooL{6Eilqrivo PoriottFo 1600drieovoeivdr!0Epqovrorci e66.:s ppr{iqnEpLnr6oerg.
ouri I ar,oooqiapnopEivo arrerdoLors d{pa, oaoi pprKoirir}.ororov Kard},o1o
o ! - r o r o . 7foo - p r p ; r u - o d, ' f L , T o p o i t \ o S L o p u o r o i v 0 r d f L o t r p o r o . r ' t g o r r f r ' t . r u
rpLprlpEprrdr!Er6vorov A0110!6.Ev n{iorlnEprn!6o8L, undprouvno}.},6q nr1,o16q no!
!ropo{! vq Sropaoloi! o qu16!o ordSro,Kor6vnrmeioL,FE 6rr EivaLnpoqP}"dP't
KdnoLou w;/L prar36ao1oIL opioKEraL nronipo.
'E!o georpriudro
o16ro trrooro,rELd,bl ovun6derKro ro! o!aqiphKdv o o!16ro pLpiio.
civorro 6n. 1rdoc quoLKoq opr0jroq lnopivo ypoQri6o\111!6tLcvo np6rovopLBtL6v, Kord
6vtlvKarrovo3lK6rp6no.Ano6'i6aqo'rroirou pool{oi eEoprlfororuropsivo Ppsrxoviq
ortv opxri orc36! onoLoudrinorc FLpiioundvo or! orortELdj6t OsorpiaApLep6v. liyrr
o r \ r ' t o o vr. f l r 0 o , o , u o r . ( d { o \ o d o o r o
d F - (P , | ] / . {i u
ll ;n Intrcduct;on
af theTheolyoI Nu,rberEGpint ,K6ooit),G. H. Hardy{oLE. M.
Wrighr,CLarendonPress,
Oxtord,1960.
Or s{66oELq "Pergamon"cKbiiiou!riu osrpd.fitv PopularLecrures
in Mathemadcs.
}rs
or; rir;o q.uvrip.oo
t-Lp{oiq o:.o;.oi ororq onoio'q ro
t2l A Selection
of Problensin the Theatrof Nur|-bets,
N. Sjerpinski, (PeF
Macmillan
gamon).Ne$ York,1961.
T6ioq,slrL6vour 6vouL(p6prllrio trou0ili(ourrEvo plv i/6r sqavrll0i:
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N.Y.,
\952.
To qvrrKEifEvo oprep6r.6Ltlnep!d
rov oppril0rv ro ovrLKeiFe!o
qq Ap,euo0iopids
KoLrr'tq
Avdilolq. Mio 06aLpcrLKrl
316otori !pioxsr{rLoro
L4l k.aional Nunbets,M.Nrven.Wiley,Nev York.1956.
Ma(i pEnolii; roloprxCq undplowr(arqvoqopbq
o!.rqop6g. 03 Ucprr(dKdr0\ oroL1cL66rl
dpepaotr6pafufonr.dn0pro8rx{i. YndpzsreniolgFioor66erqloTto r EivorLrmpllorLK6f
ro', (os0rpritLoro(
(p)".niotq[53])roLraio!. ]'iu ond8eLql Gelfond-Schncider":A!' d Korb
d].yBpLKoi. a + 0, l, {o1b dpplroq,16.co a! eirorurepponx6q.
'Oia
ro PrPiianoL,svoqtp0nKo!Farprr6po,qpri(orv perouqrpuo,xotlq upL0soiq ni).ti.
dra\ rp-.o(fro,.0-upoiv,j'do,,ivfrtv iropqf rut oppriru\.ut oxL-uv p't-drv tor rov
o{paiovapr0p(iv. MpLKd rpooaarsBLpiiotrspouoLdloriv pLdKal(loKeuirov pli6v dn6
roui qlrorKoiqapr0lorig,.liid6LioKo).00s rror6\youps 61rutrdpjttrno drdqolf ornft!6-
nLol ro! e6fq1o;0n6ortivt oro
l5l Foundations E. Landau,Chelsea,
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En '!xarpio, rt fl1,0s\'rLKri
7ppauKri iK6oor].
16l Gtundlaeen det Anab'sh(Tfrripflt6K6oot),E. Landau,Chelsea,
NewYork,1965,
Srcrioercr pip).io'rrotnlq, topr661r1,
ttbpaoe SrcordoL( !o(i !s ;vo diipC]EplovouT-
(300
7),116).sqLK6 nspino! ).aEo\),7ro 610 ro Prpiio ivoq rEoiprroqrpdror I1o v.1
opxioErKdnoLoqva 6ropd(rpoet[aflKd ora repuslLKd.H pooLr(ri Lb6oxlq r(0roo{rlric
I{DvnpoTu(11(6v opretLd)v
oqei}.troLorov Dedekind, rou oroiou rl oL'}tFoiiilnopi va
512 Ilporervdptvrl
fuB),roypaE[u
on theTheoryof Numbeff,R. Ddekind,

[7] Essays Dover.NewYork, 1963.
Ev{bno),ioi!a0rlpaflKoiapKoivrororl! ano6()l ro!' q!orKrivopLef6voovq!oLo},o7rK6
ollrio eKXi\Tolq,oraprepoilnopoiv vo oprorolvtaoo orv6).lnv.nouivorrt tr16gr!r].1
66lq op?tiKKivror_c.
Mrd rortreDrrKrl
ropouoioortrrlqauvolo0s0rpioq,
eivo,ourli 6c tvo
|]o0!o16tq('1o
PLp),LqpdrLperirio
[8] NaiveSer?l?eolXP. R. Halmos,VanNostrand,
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MLddiLl noll Ko).ricLooto/i eilrqrro
[9] Theoryof Sets,
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'looq
xp'r.i(sroLvq 61a00Por6ooulc
oprop6vouq nouEivoroltoro rov (lLovripovMoonuq-
fl{d)vD61tI o!vo).oocopio alerrdnoropoelfqrLK6nprEI6Isvo (Karolrtv rpd6rtffpl6XL
qurd
!spLK{inoiu art!ovflr.d0ropri!oro).XptoLponoL6wag ro oTlpovrLKd orors}.6otora.
o Kamke oro601Kv'is1 6fl undpl'r lio oolvriq ouvdpflton / r;roro rhor
f(x + y) = Ilr) + /Ly),7ra 6).oru x {o, y. r, arro'jEtrouororsFpdvouv rrv ovdyvrD-
oI rorv{laou6v prpliov, oLnL6ouavrLdiq6vvorq rn( ou!,ologctDpioq
oroiltoav on6
ro!' Canto.,ro! onoio!I epTaoia;XeL qvanopaloi oro
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c. Cantor,
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OLovlo61rl10g, oLonoiqqvlrfroniorrtKov oov 6vo6rorXr66sq oauooIa K0diara1
Kur2,orl! npoTrronx6rlraotroI].o,lvfvavEL3rK6Kld6o.Mrd Kalri orolrsLdr6lqsroo?o-
[1ll Ana]lic Inequah;rt,N.Kazarinoff, Holt, RinehaftKorWintlon,NewYork, 1961.

Ar;6LKo 6.a.Dop,r.(i; ono6rr!'rq-oL,6rro 1c{r/rrprKdc
ldooc":va..r {porcpo;I rooq
rou aplotttrLxoi1600!.xdelio PaoLopeqo 6loaopsnKrl apXri,ppio{o!r,' ort! opz,i
rou nronpoX(l)ptt;vou pLB),iou:
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H {ioorxtl 6oL,}"rd
ndv{oonq ovL66rlr0q oro
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O KdeE6vuco,16rorq olrtpoqiqqq rpur),riqal,flieouvsp?aoioq, ,X'r oL,FPdl,].sr
prov
6rK6ro! rp6ro. orlv S,donuprnPrplLoypqpia rdvo orrt Q[ol fl]q lo0rtfoTlKiqo{avtq,
ono-lv r).", o.i "vdcuflorFanKoi l-!fi, apofl.roi.rsro
[14] A Mathenatic;an\ Apologl c. H. Hafdy,Cambridge University Press,NewYork,
1940.H i{6o6rt {!'{),oqopsiKar ora },hvrKd0116Irq EK, pe lirlo (H u-
rTo).oliqtv6qpoolforrKoi,, HpdKi.sro 1991.
Or 0!lr,076gon6rlv flv6K3ortcuvELoqopd rou Li! ewoodrLrl,oqopoLivror
ll5l A Mathenalician's
Miscel/arj,,
J. E. Litllewood,Methuen,1953.
H uvtioi snLnfSori
orupo].rirou Polya6rrv nur6q.roTrxri,
sivarro
Ll6l MathenaticsandPlausibleReasaninE, G. Palya(T6t oaI: IDductio' and.Anatasyin
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H fEotErpiorivoLo di).ogx!pLoqx).d6oq rou propeiva ooprt0i
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Aot10!6.To;p7o ro! EuK),i8I,rorlsid nopofivL6vo;./{!po UotfoirK66p1o,ol,ld rt
ovdlvooriror 0o anprEiooq vc cvop)"1eig61pro ovo.j/v6orrlq
vo 6Xsrnpocrowqorsi
'Iooq
xdnoq. 10l(ol[rpooi]Xpovo6p]ondvo6trlv ft].oolrrl fopsrpia' sildlro
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IIpocw6pw4 5t3
Ptfi.roypwpla
To 6ppao 01116 (oipErlroroprKriqvo6pou4

pr9fio ttop6:(er xar rpt4t pLdL(Pdeo{
ro! p6loutoD(A6td'|aroqtou Apluriblt sq f0rprpioEnrntr6ov.
Ecraoil to KeQdtr(ro
28 nsptlpriefl6vadraltd,lCvood)pooro oroio 5vrqisr ro sv )'6YoqqioFo Mtd (or
rtdF yro 6pop0oteoFrprxd prplic, cq nonpe6fl rcnreurtKdrpli'/lratuPpioroupeKrr
llSf Introduc.ioato Gcon ry, H.S.Coxeter,wiley, NewYork, 1961.

I1e66v610 ra flrpota qE 'ptoperpiog ot{rqpouvroukillotov rTlvropt6tillo, rTou
6voslsr6rxorpdvo
a,ror),Ei 0eld. Avltropo$levd oreqooipsro].irpnLoolofi orrlv
KLprdrIro.ri KqLKotrilepnFo0uqrr(ri t!rrpia Ycurcd.on61IvovoYvdorl Kqrrnv 6pEulo
pePdo! ro
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ADr6ro or0lio, nspLtL $iq rpooK.rKd 6ED0nlpivl oerpriopropti:vrot 6taruzaioaarv
eopnpdrov,ro)vonoiovol o,roieiELqrpfttslvo 6ooivoti6rov qvow6orrl(r,r(p1aop6_
'Evo prpLiottou6XL
vqonoSsiqerq rqp61ovror oto raloETouplp).iou). d).)'oTop1pLKd
6olrlsirdvo srlv l6Loaplr],sivar10
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Il6poon6ourdro 660ooovrioroft0rp]ia,np6ner vo ovae6pouFivo rqorpenl(d tto].0ttpo
cniol( rdnoec6cr6r(urivo.
0L0ILop'jxr, ro
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floLld an6 rq rropo6iylmorcu ropanrivo orplioD 'Ipoipllowor ar6 ft6 ttpolopnFva
06parqAvdl,uotE,oL).dqp(tdon6autdpnopivd ra e].fllioer KorKdroLoilou 7vc)pi(r
Aoylojli. An6 ro orp),iorriv(Doiov Aoyro'r6oltel(;)voolsl6vo 6$0,ro Ka06vo
oeopo[gvo
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sityPrss,
[23] Differchtialand Integnl Calcrll]J,R. courant;T6!oq I (6s'irprl6K6ooI)1937,
T6toqII (,!p61I6K3oot)wiley(Intncierce), NewYork, 1936
O Couranteivsrnol,66uvar6co1lqoqoppoleq. Enrrlcov,lo ll)loio ppntou T6poDI
rspldlouvD),rx6ro! oDvrl0oq PpioKslor orov rpolopnf6vo ouBIp alpovola-
,^0110[6,
vov tr,rvArqeoprx6v Elrodioov(o110rv trpdrvFourier.Mia roo,
oYri olq 63rp6qouliq
(noLonorui ),ito npoxopnFvo).otrdjr6)FpioKrrotcniolg dlo
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O 66repoE r6poqrou Couranl(leKltpro#w npolopnftvoqAo]lop6d ,tpr61r ntl1p6-
o0rou}'lx6 ndvo ofl< Arqqopr(iq Ka06q
Eqrodlotg, Kar lro ros1o71i
olov A0?1016tov
pra0olirv. Av ovagcpolFeorplia onoxlllotlKri }ra )'o1ot6 pIapo)'d,v,fd rqt eit'or
(ova1romrrd)oprcld6icKola. Avapiepnru0rp)"iondvo gle Aroeoprk6c Eiio6ots
6xouvypoqi,ord '.avivoa'r6 otorlerirdnoDrd,6evnpoxoLei$Ydlo veoloLaol6
Ynripxr, vrori1olq,6vaKdftoCn(ottpoXoptp6vo prp).ionol)0oDJrd(srur
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ro l.ito 6oenol.i Kotpo#voplplio rpoloplp6vouAolLoPo0irou
Oa npooneprioor.rpe
tnopoiv vo avoxotruqeo[v stKolq oa6 rov i6rolov avopd]orn)lLd Kqrolrq fip( $oq
Drdp1rprq rdol vo avaooptioouv rllv 61'rtnopoDoiqolrou npoi{r0pqlr6vo!
.AoYLo[ot].
574 flporervdptvrl
fup)rcyp,t,pLa
ofltpi(ovldqlitv orl fpapplKri'A).7eppa.

'Evo
on6ru np6xqet1Erpidra.
no! sqo{o;"o!ei
o"u- vofivor\aLun6ro n.oouop+o -i rn oKoftd,L,vorn
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[26] Calculus
of VectotFuncriorr,R. H. Crowell{qr R. E. Williamson.
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MepLKd np6oAl1roII0iio nd!o orov npoX0JprtIavoAo-rrop6,ErLTslporiv
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ro! rponru1roK6AolfltnijrcroiriFETd).sq
rproX,rrov oillpovrDvMoort!LorLK6!.
ODorKd.
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0r0iro7poAio, a9oi roXircrn reivoLrv
vc unorsl,6ooNJripogv6qKo010p{rFtlou
trponr!-
ZLuKorl {n{Louorou56v.H oK6nrirltLsiirt TovoopdrovKorrov ouolErr(6lsliDv5op6v.
eivolrt nrpLorriltq (dl7EllpaqD.
To rp6lo nponrl1LoK6 'Al.7E-
orr pov*pvo
ndvrD
0LP?"io
[28] A suncyofModemA/sebra(Tpiq 6r(6ooi]), c. BnkhoffrorS.Maclan.Macmil-

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'Evflq
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To pr|]iio rou Henleinsile oKon6vfl anor')"66 10EvSLd[soo,orrl Euo(olia.lsroqi ror,
l'81\u' c\6: urTdro ono,60o-rpu\].uorKd p Fi.,o,'ol
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'Ev.r
0'!6rfl Kaerepo!6voFrp).icoq !r7a6rtr1cvdiuol eivcLro
[3ll ConplexAnalsis(AeirEpr] 6{6oot).L. V. Ahlfors.Mccraw-Hill,NewYork,1966.
[pooonlKd,ovolri!'oDp!
pesv8roq;pov
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T6)oq,! fsi6.rt rrtc roro).o?iag. ov rcor50vaXL ovqqp0si p6tpl r6pq, pproK6rav oro
l]r6lJoepo rtq si6roolq nol)"6yeEfdrov,oaoi otrore)"Ei r! {puoroloyLni 7viKsDot rov
Ldsrij!tt{r ro 6pLoxoLrn ouv;X0n.rou noiqouvqiXoviop6io oro MapoqII ot)lortron
|]LBl,ioLi. YrdpToDvrd)pano).ld 6roLrerd)31 PLpl,ia.onoT"oyiaq oiid pa! onoeappLivL rl
npoonrLKri xlq onorillonq 6LrD!'ol)16v. Koriror ori6t nrolloivoutsro yslov6q6rr
undp/ouv. KurnpoerSonorolps 611[0pr1rd 6vsivarroli l(d)d.
(}1n6!e\,g li7Eq0forrKfqv6rlreg, ol!6oroLXr166sig ta1prrolu 3[oKoLsq, ,repr].flppd-
vovrol e60lnL8ri rrq 6xoL,rslnqrvLreioro |]lBl,io.H an66ELErt 6T1lio rt peivouoa
ouvdpqot EivarSLflaopiourt orE66vo 6],aro ortf io xoun8iouoplo|oi Itq (Karpio
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r6qrrq, o, tr,6ro).].6q0716
rLqo,roieqoro6erxviovrurKsi,IptoulorodwflC 10 osdrplpo
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H nLon{ivroorldprtol eiv(lroni6E6vootr6fEprKdonouSoio ysvr{uptvu
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f-
I, a \'IorFo-r,;f.trbr\.io r no).0,rouoq
rorj, e'dylB).no6pl.t,rol8-tarctoronapfli-
Ilpotctv1pev1 515
PrP)'roypaqia
rrtroqoTt oe0)pio q olvripriloil'(ovovolq rolovopriq,

nrovolliiolv,6fiou
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noiEfl0!ir{i}6rl
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H o6uvaliova otroxlrlpo0o6v
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oKErdrorrlv Kop8drov MaenfonK6v.Mrd v6rae6pouoc ovdluol r1g 6uvcr6tlrcgyra
olo .ipoon oeororle66erq6pooq,!r|riooKrorpdqqorl rov cro6eilaovyrcrrqc6$vareq
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EivarffpiE ?o drr 6vqouo1efl(6pevo ro n6 rdvo rar aorvolEvrtd6uoKo).drpo np6-
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l38l An Intrcductionto DitercntialA@ebn,l.K^plansky, Hermann, Paris,1957.
fra va 6roprioerauld io prpl,iorp6nr,Ev1orirote,va yvopi(ft opKerid).7Fpo. (M6),q
np6oqa1g, ruIri:(8loov liooud,lepprxiqrm gpeoxoprojrtvsq sp,ooir6ndvooro oftJpri-
Iora rou Liouvillexor uno06rolp 611a0{6o0o0v orlwoll0.)np6rfl vq noiFs}.i1o},67ru
u:repcori(ovroq rq 6ra6rraoiaqeoiox).ripooilEos droLt6166rq 6po!E,rou no).l.oi!o0I-
lqnKoirrt 00rpoiv16Xvn (oovlioottlsritv ,ropoy{irtrort,
nouEivaron}dqnr36ir6rnro).
Ih0ov6vvc eiore!61ev{fepoL6rr ! o},oK},ripoorl propeiva ouvroleuoei p6oooroipov
nlvdKovaopiornvol.oK),rlpotdrov. fLo 6souf op6oKovtoL olrl!, rpooKtuil avdpoorl
roircrvmvdrov,D,rdpj(er prq npaytsrLxd6pop{ploul},oyri,jrs odp(otqo}.oK},tpduoro,
levrKEDp6vo opro96!ao),oK),rt p6paro(sr rol).d {i}.}.4aK6prl(ovnott ZpLoot0irr rrlv ruil
rou 34oDoproloi ro! Bcrnoulli, ould sivarlo !6po! nou rp6rr vo Korldlr)i
l39l Tables of Inte,rrls, Series,znd Prcducts,I.S. Gradschteyn t(qr l. W. Rlzhik,
AcadericPresr.NewYork.1965.
frc rov pcrpqgiroovolvtiotq.uttdplc'ivo prplio 'roiqq" pc ,Iivorrq:
[40] Tablesof IndeliniteInrearals,G. PetitBois,Dover,NewYork, 1961.
or ur6lorrgovo0op6q sivorxdnoe6loaoplrKoiei6ouq.Elninrouvs rprqKornto'
piq,exiov oroiov I npri,il ivorroroprrri.Tnv enroro),ri
rou H. A. Schwarz
lrouovoqi
pofeoro IIp60Uta I l-65,Fropsirsva rn Ppiroro
[4ll wars ol Thoughtof AreatMathenaticians, H. Mschkowski, Hoden-Day,san
Francisco,1964.
MprKEq roroprr6qovoqop6q
xcLlrio rpoondoerovo svooldrooorrvoq 8LlooKsiiarou
A0'/10106,
9piokovrqroro
[42] TheCalculus: Apprcach,o . Toeplit4University
A Genetic of ChicagoPress,
Chi'
cago,IIl.,1963.
To ,ieploo6rEpo ivorKorerteovroK{i
o!]ypdgtatq 1qqroropioEr{0vttoongaflK{irv Kur
,T),IKrlKd- ro
Mlo oqro0oilraoliioipeorlivar
516 llpocrwjpen\fufhoypstp{u
H. Evs,Hoh, Rinchanxor Win-

l41l An Introductionto theHistoryofMathenatics,
ston.Ne* York. 1964.
(E.r.E.O i6roqoul?poeaaqoek6ooIrrleAu3ptKavrKiq
MoenpoflKiqErorpiaq, K!xl.oq6-
plo ro ]983ro 6iroBoap\o Io,JGrcatmohentsin Matienarics.tro E?,trtvrK{i,
ro 1989,
xlKl.oa6prloqn6rqet66osK(Tpotol,ia))orp6roqdyoa,V'nr|o.'Mey.4ortyltitrur
MagnwnKi)v- i,dr,$ 1650D. To 1990ExlKloq6ptosKato 2oSr6!Lo(.)
Tpq rol"eEaxo6ltaiktq plooiqivorrol
[44] History of Analytic Geo.rer./. C. Boyer,Acrdenic Press,Ne\'/York, 1965.
[45) A History ofthe Calculus,and Its Con.eptualDeveloprnent, C. Boyer,Dover,Nev
York, 1959.
[46] TheMathenatics otGrcalAnaledrs,J. Coolidge, NewYork, 1963.
'Evo
rp6oaoroFrplio nourapouo i(r flq or6vdq rou llEstoooqrx6 rp6nor{iv0rorrlv
roropiarov fa0ntonx6v, ar!66vavsul'ypog6o 10! onoioDrl e(oipotrlro),upd0eroivor
qr6fn n6 wunoorokri, a9oi np6xrrqr]lqrp6ntq dEEoqpo0tponl(6,tivdr ro:
l47l TheRole of Methenaticsin the Risco[Science,S. Bochner,PrincetonUriversity
Press,
Pridcelon,N. J., 1966.
T6),0!,oroolrdopolaard ouoevrrr;(nrlfE Fnopsirrvo Fpsirsoro
L48lA Source Bookin Matternar'cr (6iro$o),D. Snith,Dovr,NewYork,1959.
O N'/d),oCoprOIdE 1(l)yFr8l.iovroD xqroj(opoiwore66,fropi iKol,ova 6d)sEr rrlv
vdn0)on6fl eqovr),'i0nr n Fr9},rc]poqio ndvo orrv roroprxri ntrnpo96ptq. Av KoroL
'rp6rqapI6Erov lo0tfurrK6v nepvofvqtr6tlv trlo vdlEli lalool, 6veoiverolto
0rFl,io ouri vo ootol,oiwor p llq np{i)r66pi(q rou Aollo|lot. fLo rapri6r'ru4,eivor
o1e66va6'jvcrovo ppoilrno16enporoon66L! ro o{iptp M6orlqTrFtiq(oiFaovaIr
q\ Encycloryidiedet Mathenatis.henwissenschaften, T6iroeII, aurdErirov o O. Bonnet,
lou orroiouro 6vopoivo1yvo6r6qrouqsro!6cor661116 AloqoprKriq f0rFrpios o116ro
(o6pnto causs-Bonne0,). KoI' ovo),oyio,ox66vKdoEroroprKdprp],ioTra ra Maonto-
flkri, poq1.r6rLo wallis ani6e( tov op6vlpo rim doo !106orepir!),oxnq pee68on
ol,Id o166vKav6vo
,!opr0ol-riqD, 6vovop6pr rordiravouni n r60o6oc, qvl(urtrrlpEd-
orrlKed'!6 tv 6peuvo to! Eulerflivo oq ouvdpqorlfitpo (|rd ll6pr,paoi 6iv6rars e
Anowio(, Fq ).60rrou npopl"'lraroq18-53).
H EirplKornyopiq o'au{ qv re},rxrioptidoprp).iorv,0oproporioe vo xop&Krrlplori
oov(sKloixsll$6vlD. Yrdpler 6vaqerrl,rlx'trxdgetdLo6opr0u6q oa6rgrorosxLoiKsul6vo
!rp),io rprlqs rdEsoe,1po!!6vo on6 pioLouq FootpaTlKolq, y166elorpouptvovxcL
dpopovorouENev York?rmerj
[49] Whatis Mathenatics? (T6raprn6K6ooit).R. Courantl(qr H. Robbins,Oxford
University
Press,NewYork, 1947.
[50] Geonetryand theInaginarbr, D. Hilbert KqrS.Cohtr-Vossen. Nev York,
Chelsea,
1956.
l5ll TheEnjoyneitof Madrerna&:cs,H. Radcmacher l(orO.Toplitz,PdncetonUniver-
. silyPress, N. J. 195?.
Princeton,
l52l Far,ausPtoblens of Mathenatics( t()I'n ix6oort), H. Tietze,Graylock Press,
Rochester.
N. Y.. 1965.
'Evo
an6I0 1116ordolta (eK).oixutrivo' io noL,qvoqapEror
PrPtr srrl6t6aol(qliorov,ro0rl-
[53] ElenentaryMathenaticsfron an AdvancedStandpornl,F. Klcin T6!oq I, Aflin-

netic,Algebn, Analysis,'16loq
II, Geomclry,
Dover,NewYork. 1948.
O loq T6pognspL4rfro oJr66s(!.Iq unEppolrK6rnrqq rou z nou,o!,{or 6Ir r6so
o1011rd6t(
600r(ivrtoro dpoLopsqv qr66strtdrt o e sivorlnppq-
[4],ivarv'rE),6q
ptfltoypapia 5l?
npoftw6pv1l
trr6c, cvrrKc0rorlowc6 pepryc6rxd6t$kalrdllo olorltp6pard. Mto-

tc o),ox).1prirgoru
pivo 6upaori ptv6on ttov pcorxtiv ororleiov q( MrTo8rKriqAv6),urnE.
H rpi.n Kdqyopid eilqr a(pr96g owdrallclprci ond fllv ,rpoilloilq rpdxsrta|Ju
ouo ttx;e epyaoieq.Or 6ooxolisg r.ouonvclT(i)wcre6d)ivarrcl'i pcldlEe, (ar eilofe ro
*oupd,rova ffpr)dFoutEt6vo Fia on' aur6c,qv rqTi ft)v ouesyrrK6v ovoeop6vrc0
Mtpou! IV. Av ivar Kdv oro aTyl,rxri, ov rar onripXrpflgpooNvo o oprcrr6EE6vse
'Otr
tl{ioo8q (t.r.E. ndvrosoro }.},ylvlrd..-).
To oD0wrx6 dpepodro 1a}.}.1rdPpioKror
L54l OeueresConplatesd Abe.l,Christiania,Johnlon Rcprint Corporation,Now York,

1965.
llporoegqaviorrlxe oe leptavrni lErdqpool oro Joumal fiir dic rcine Md ang.wandte
Mathenatik (l) 18i26.frr \\. ou\,trol.oyroloiv or 6Dsxol,iE,l.6jr6Tt aur6qor avqQopet
ou{ooC gpior(olrar l6vo o navn6lrtlux4 prp}'loorix9.Ev rornoK, rl uL6rqourrie
titE pyooioS0a dvor m0av6Ero i6ro rcl6rltrn 600 rt ovdpooTt rov Prpliov rou 4ouIE
i6I avsq6per. H ardd 9ploxerdro Iio naponiprlorlioo i6roorcu Abel,nouoraooorn
pooldTvdroltou ndvoola poifurrK'i, olo YT ov6q6n 6ldpooE roue(uol1prnopdlolq
to0rlr6q...
AfIANTH>EI>
>E EIIIAE|MENA
NPOBAHMATA
l. (i) l=aro a r ( o Y ) = { o - r c } x -l . t = . x '
i ; r n " ^ ' - y ' . i 6 t eo - x-' - l - t r - v ) t t ( - r ) ' x a rD ! o rr'i r - v = 0 i
r+ Y= 0,6T\lo6i, i x= Y'tl r= Y'
(vi) AvtucolooreiotE ro / ttro -y ornv (N)
- y= 0.
2.'Eva plipodttotri8raiprol d.r
3.it ab=ab '= (dc)(b-rc-) = (dcxb.)-'(0,16 rnv(iii))= oclbc
-ldd+ bcllbrd-r){ar6rlv{iii))
tt;) @d- bct/\bd= lad bctlbd)
= a b ) + c d t = d / b+ c / d .
'
(iii) ob(o-rb-r)=(d.o )(b br)= I, tipoar ' b = (aD)-'.
| -
(.t) ld/b).4c/O = @/b)(c/d) (a' b-tr(c d')'
= (a. b t)\ca' d) = ddlbn' c t) = dd(bcr-l
= (ad),/(bc).
4. (D r < - L
(o x> "4 it^< - '/1. - -
(v) fra 6la ra x,aqo$.xr 2x+ 2 = (x l)1+ 1
(vii) r> 3i r< -2, -2 qg xr- r- 6 = 0'
orpi(eg
dgoi3kdr eivar
(ix) ' x > 7 r r i 5<t<3.
(xiI . x < 3 .
(,.iii) r > l r i 0 < x < 1 .
- - = -
5.(0 b - d ror d - c tivot oro P, ;rfl (b o) + (d c) (6 + d) (a + c) ivat
olo P. E top6voq, b + d> d + c.
(iii) Xpnolponor6vroq qv (ii), c<'d. I61t, n (l) olvotdT1or01r
d+(-c)<b+(-d).
(v) (b-'a1rar-c eivcioro P'i:.ci'-clb-a)=ac- 6c eivoroto P' 6l)'o6ri
ac> bc-
(vii) Xprlotrorol6vra(rrlv (iv),o > 0 xar d < l, iror ar < d'
(ix) AvflKaraolsiote m c ps 1o d t(or10 d pero b o1rlv (viii)'
9. (i) ./1+ '11- ,"8+ J1.
(iiD l a + b l + l c l - l a + b + c l
(v) rt+J1+'ls-'fi.
10.(D a a v o > - b r 0 r b > 0 ,
-aqva5-bxarb<0,
d+2b0vo>-br.orbS0,
-o-26ava<-rxorb>0.
(iii) x - x ' I c v . x 2 0 ,
-x- I av.ri 0.
, (i) x = I l , 5 .
(iii) - 6 < x < - 2 ,
ro - I ivst
, (v) Kovvq.x (l ott6oraat tou x stri 10 I oov rnv utr6otdoqrou -xotr6
1oul'li1r61ov2)
(vii) .{= I, -1.
t 2 .( i ) ( l x l l ) ) - ( . r y ) r = r y = l r l ) l J , l ' = { l x . l r- l t ' . c , r o , i , l x xv c t l r l l v l
eiwr l(arro 660>0, ro'r ano6errwct6tt lrvl lxl l.vl'
-
(iii) lxl,zlyl lxl lyl ' = lxl lv-rl t c n a t n v (ii))-lxl-'l (oi't qv
\D= t*/yt.
t"l iio .'r" (iv) 6rruL drr lxl=lv (v-x)l< lvl + lv-.rl' rtror
l r l - l v l< l r - Y l
tvii) ix!yi z l < l t + 1 1 + l z l < l r l + l v l + l z l A v t o r i e tr o 6 q t o r 6 r c
522 ArawfiottE ot em),eypiva
rpoplrjpara
lx+yl = l.rl + ly , rarorx ro1/ 6rouvro i6m 'rpdqro. Errlnl.dov, ro z

va 6lerro i6rorp6urilo tlEro x + y, erctx, y, z np6rrva 6touv61"oro
npdJlgl
i6mnp6onro(sKr6s ovKd'rorceivor0).
l. (i) Aqoi l': = l . (2). (2. 1 + l)/6, o riro6 a),roefsryroll = l. YnooftoDu

6Tlo
droe o)'rloeh ylo k. T6re
r(,(' l)(21' l) .
t t-... I t- ,* '' -
,,, 1t t r.1,
6
=(!!lL pp* r) | 6(*, r)t
6'
_ ( k + D . t(k
= , + 2)Qk+ 3)l
_..L
_ (r + D(r+ 2x2[i
+ r]+ r),
dpd o 10'1060),16[1ra k + l.
2 . ( i ) ) . { 2 i l ) = I + I + 5 + . . .+ ( 2 , l )
'-
-1
= I + 2+3 + ...+ 2n- 2(1+ ...+ n)
It n\t10 + t\
2 "'""
5. (a) Aao'i
r+'=-L",
o ntros aUedfl tro , - L Yro0drou$6fl
1_ rr+l
l+.+ +."=
T6rs
I + r + ...+ r' + r'+r= ': ' + r,+l

It
I r+,+ rd(t _ r)
lf
' -'"*'
= l
l-r
(b) r
' S=l+r+...+l
rS= r+...+l+/+'.
'Ercr,
s(l r)=5 /s=l-'"-',
dDo
J = -_.-
Aravrfijeryoeen),eypiva
ryop,flpatu 523
6. (D
(r+l)' +6k:+4*+l,t=1,...,,
dtoLrlt
,c ,c
(n+ 1)"_'' ,s
-4 t {6 ) kr*4 ) k{n,
, ( r + l ) ( 2 r +l ) .n(n+11
(r+l)! 1 6
7
{,,
424
(iii) A'i6 rrv
I
L
.- l { r
r+l ; k(r+l)
8. To I Eivo,ri dpno( i mpLtT6q, r(orpd).,oroEivornprn6r.Yroeiroupe6rr ro rr Eivori
dpnoei rr p1rr6q. T6rsro , jr,loprivo ypoAcioirsoov2k i1roov2k + L llr'tv rp6 l
nspinroorl,,+ I = 2ft+ I = r6p1rr6e. tq Sajreprt nEpim0Jol, r + I = 2(r + l) = d,
nErpoq. Kor 6nq 6uonEprrr6onq,o, + I sivflrri dpnosi r0p1rr6e. ( Ovroe,qlni rl
an63e(r lodqer (6norrrtD,ol.].{iivorrpriyrLo.rooori.)
9.'Eoro B ro olivol.o6lov rov qtioLK(i)v qpL0lriv I yro rouqoroiouqo ,o I + I sivor
aro A. T6rEro.1eivaloro 3 Korro / + I EivoLoro B qv eivarro l, dparo B irspld1sr
d] orq rorg ,p,or\oiqopreuoic. ro oro:oonFaiv-r dll ro A nrpritfro/.o,q ro'. $ror-
{oiE apLpoig > ]r0.
12.(a) Nor,616rrovoa+b irov pnr6q, r6rEb = (a + b) a eoirilv prl.6q. Av or a
KoL6 ivordpplror, r6re o a+ b 0o lnopoioEvo rirdv prtr6q,oao6o b eo
pnopoioevr ivoLr- a yruxdnoLov pr'tr6opL0p6 r.
(b) Av a = 0, 16ro ab eivorplr6g. Al)d ov a + 0, 16ro a, 6sv0o lllTopoio va
civo otroq.ordTr r6i.o b - {obr. o eo tra\ oIroc.
Nor.rL0 'ropd6r7!o, V2.
(d) Nsi. ftc ncpdSrLrro, l[ rur \,[.
ll. (a)
( 3 n+ l ) 1 = 9 , 2+ 6 , + I = 3 ( 3 " ? +2 r ) + I ,
( 3 n + 2 ) 1 = 9 n+1 t 2 n+ 4 = 3 ( 3 r r +4 , + l ) + l ,
6nsrqr6tl,ov o *'6rorpirur!e ro 3, r6rsok np6nr
eriortqvoSrnrpeirorJr
ro 3.
Yro0droufcr6pd 611oV3 EivoL0116q,{or doro V3 = p,/q,6noup xur q 3v
d1o!,!'xorv68rolpdrrl.T6ip' = 3q', dpoo p' SuLpEiror pero 3, {ipoKaLo p.
Enofavoq, p=3p'1u rdroov quorr6oprel6p', KordLpa(3p)1= 3q1,i
3(p')' = g'. EroIdv(Dq
(oLro g ,riolqSrqrpiroLarr6ro 3, rou ivoLdrono.
H i6Loar656lqTt roxiErKorl'o ro'rqV5 KoLV6, Ersr8ior sqlo6osq
( 5 ' + t ) : = 2 5 r : +l 0 ' + I = 5 ( 5 r : + 2 '+) l .
(5n+ 2)1= 15n1 + 70n+ 4 = 5(5n1 + 4n)+ 4,
ot tn)tTpiva npoP.4para
524 Anavrrlocrg
( 5 r+ 3 ) 2 =2 5 r r + 3 0 r+ 9 = 5 ( 5 1 1 +
6, + 1)+4.
(5n+ 4)1= 25n1+ 40n+ 16= 5(5rr+ 8, + 3) + l,
Karor avriororleqeqrqd'or! Iro rolq oplopoiqrrtquopariq6, = r?, Seilvouv
6rr, ov o kl6Lcrpeiror peto 5 rl ro 6, ro i61ooutpflivElKoru6rov,k.H on66(t
o:roru,xdverTra tov V4, en!6i o (4r + 2):dlorpiraL |]Ero4.{Axprpdjr}l aur6v
rov 1670,j or6SnErloD.rl6vurTopEi va 1plouonorlei 1lq vo 6iEL 6n
o
7v1K{iVd 0ivor ripprlroq ov o d 6v ivorrflcro rrpdyovo:6vd1o0[s Kujrio
sio6qdl,1orl 6rr o (d, + 'r):6v propsivo eivorro),).or)dororou a yroKdnoLo
m < a. Xrrtvrpofporlr6fltra, o 1ol(uprair6q our6qEivoro),Ierv6q,q),ld I on6-
6rEtqnoLleiqv r).lpopopidrou npop),ildios 17.)
(b) Eq' 6oov
( 2 n+ l ) r = 8 r r + t 2 n 1+ 6 n + t = 2 g n t + 6 r : + l r ) + 1 ,
6rr,ovo ftrsivordpnoq,16r
6,rgroL sivarKoro.i(.Avi,5= ptq txar p xaLq 6cv
dxolv{orv661o1p;rrl, r6rspr = 2qr,610ropr 8LolpEiroLJrro 2,ro i6roKolo p.
'Alc, p = qDorx6oprep6p', {ot xoriLavrin n (zp)t = zqt,il
2p't'o
"6no,ou
d(?')r- q'. I noLdvoq.o q crvoopr oqcni6ng. npoyjrodroro.
.H on66e(qnc r1v1h eivoL6fou, ov lpltorponoriooltt tre 1666tE

(3n+ 1)1= 21nt+ 27n'z + 9n + l = 3(9nr+ 9': + 3n) + l,
=
( 3 n+ 2 ) t 2 7 n +t s 4 n+1 3 6 r + 8 = 3 ( 9 r r + l 8 n 1 +1 2 n + 2 ) + 2 .
19.Av ,= 1,r6rE(l +n)' = 1 + ,r. Ytooiloulo 6n (l + l)'= I + r]r. T6rs
(l h) ( l h j ( l l h J > ( l + r l t l I r r t . a p o il - r \ 0
= I + ( ' + 1 ) r + , , i : >1+ ( r , +l ) r .
rlan > 0,rt avro6rrroivaL
dteonouv6rcloroD 6DovulLu(oioopriFo{oq,aeoi
or d ,or 6porroL,etqovi(owororo qvdnr!1forou (l + l?)"sivor0sn'.oi.
61()1
t. (i) (.r+ l)/(r+2). H iKapoor/(/(x)) 6xsrv6rpop6vo610!x+ I Kol

x+-2.
( i i i ) I l ( 1+ c x ) ( I 0 . { + l / c o v c + 0 ) .
(v) G + y+ 2)/(x+ llly + 1)(rts x,y+ - t).
6I t - c{.,{4. a, td npirlr vo
!!,,) \4ovo. - l. apoi /(,{/ /(,r) o,,vtndicra'
16IDsry1urou?dirrorov6vqx + 0.
2. (i) r> 0 l(qrpnr6E,i y> L
(iii) 0.
( v ) - 1 , 0 ,1 .
3- (i) ix: I <.r< l].
'
(iii) {x: x+ I KoLx + 21.
(") 0.
4. (D 21.
(iii) 2L'"'+sin(2').
5. (i) Po r.
(iii) so s.
(v) Po P.
(vii)sososdPoPoPos.
Il. (a) y.
Atavr1oEqoeenkn)iva npofi.ripara 525
o) ir0).
(c) Ii(y).
12.(a)
riprr0
rrp11Trl
(b) rrprrrrt
'iprro
/dpno /neprrni
g dplrd dpIlo dprlo
I lrxpr dpq
(d)'Eoro g(x)= /(x) ro.r > 0 Koropinqv I el.d0poTu.r < 0.

2r. (i)'EoT os(x) = r(,) = l Kdl/ praoDvriprrsrl
ys nN oroLo.
f (2)+ .f(1)+,/0).
1 6 T f o ( s + h ) * f os + f o h .
(ii) tG+ l) o/l(.r)= G + lX/(x))= s(t(x))+ nu(x))=
Golxx)+ (llo/Xr)= tGol) + (1ro/)1(.r).
(iii) 1 | - | tt \
t"et,)= I\Ee, llE(t)t-\T"s)tx\.
(,v) Esros(r)=2 Kor/ rrLo yrolnv oroiot(l)*t
orrvdprror n.rt'r.^
1l(f oE)+ f o (1ls).
l. (i) (2,4).
(iii) [2,4].
(v) (- 2, 2).
(vii) (--, Il u tl, e).
3. (t O],o ro ortpioxrircr on6 rqv ypoqrrn 'iopdoroon qE /(.r) = x.
(v) Ol,o ro ortlsia {dr(d 0'16q ypo9rKriroprio.raol qEt(r) = r,
(vii) 'Evo 6ivol,o 0116 oeeieE nopdl,),r},e nposrrlv f(x) = - x, nou rdpvoDvTov
op(6vrto dlovc orc qsrio (n. 0) yrooK;poLor,, ,.
(ix) 'Ol.qro 6nlia pooorovKiK)"oqKrivoqI Korxdvrpou(1,2).
4. \i) EvorerprilovopKopuq;6 (1,0) (0, 1)( 1,0),rar (0,-l).
(in) H r6voorlrou rtq
lpaqiporoq /(x)=xKorrrle fG)=2 x.
(v) ro srlpio (0, 0).
(vi! A xrjxl,oq cnivc6l6Kor (l:wpoD (1,0),oqo6.x, 2x+f=(x-t)1+f t.
6. (a) A,r}.d)q raportpiorE 6n r /(r)=n(r d)+b=n(+(b- IIid)roptor'
aroioI K)"iotfl, rou Srdptrar 0116 ro olpio (4 6). (To oltroynK6.rtaDd
rlv {ioqol Divorva ouldpoorETov rDro6ruiou-K}.iorle.)
(b) H uionoo6l6p;rElor on6ro (a b) Kor(c, d) 6:(* rl.iot (d- b)/(c d), ror
aror q s6iooorl ivorsuv6mrcmu pfpouq(a).
526 4n0vt4a qoEtt typtr,anpofi,rlpara
'Ofl\
G) n= n'Kat b+ b'. t ourrirrlv npi'n(oorl, ivoLooitq6rL6vurdprsr
opL0!6q-r d)ore/(ir) = s(,{), vd,r6roroq.xundprsrndvro qv rr+rr'xa!
ouyKErp+6v0,.x=(b'bJl@ n).
7. (a) Av B=0 Kor A+0, 161Ero ofvolo eivor ro ypdqllo rrtq /(.x)=
\ AiB)x+ ( C,/A).
(b) To orpeia(.x,y) ndvoornv KorqK6pu{pr]
uoiqx= a eivoLoxpr96qEKivonou
rKovonoLoivrnv sr6orl I x+ 0 y+ (-a) = 0. Tq oqfio (a y) mtvo orrl
ypoqrKinopdorqor1rlE/(x) = rrr+ b ivorqKpLp6qExivoirourKovororoiv
qv (-]?r)x+ I y+ (-b) = 0.
l l . ( t H ?poqlKrinopdoroot1116 pleo dEova.
/ sivaro',fuerpnrloe trpo(rov r(0roK6
(ii) H lpoalKrinopdoroortrrtq / eivorourtsrplK]loq rpoErrtv opri ro\, o86\,0J!.
Ioo6fva!o.ro Uipoqrnq YpaArKiq ropa6rdocuqrpoqro op,arcp{iro, KoroKo-
p,,tor,dqovoroipvrroro16 rt\ o\ rovd\troon.rpiro rdod ro, KaraKop' ao'
dqova,l(oLprli#so rou op(ovrioudEovo.
(iit H tpaqrKrirapdoraol rtE / ppio,.Elor ndvo016ri nirou opL(ovrioD dqovo.
('v.) H rpoAlKrlnopdoraorlrrl( / 0rovfll.dtL0dvsr ro ldpoe[sroE[ To! 0 l(orro! d
lov'i K0r6avd.
21.(a) . r o T c r o d , o vr or E a r o o r d " " , e - ' , . ' , " " 0 * p
UJ^r
. I - t ll \ : = r , x' I
,'tl^ i.r-- J + G
,xrl.
216
=i,,* rl'
\" 4/'
ro oroio eivolro r.p{i?ovotitq otr66roolqrou (.{,/) ar6 rrl ypoerKrirdpd-
oraon rrlqg.
(b) Toorh-io(x.j)LKuvonorr o, ri rrto, v0tKto! (o t-ovoav
(.{ d)r + (-y- B)r = Cy- 7)r,
)t1- 2ax + ct1). y1 2By). B1= y1 21y * 71,

,
1-rIlraI p'Byl -2y
)-t2p_21:t 'll Blr+1 2fr t
(Auri r l.60r eivarKoi.i jr6vo?roB + 7, 'ro! 6ivqron),6qr ouvoriKrtro P vo
uv DpioKErflr snirrlqr. A! ro P eivorenirtq a, 1616r ?,ioTlEivoL
rt KflroK6pu-
ql euoEia ,rouSdpXeraL 0116 ro P.)
l. (it hm-j = [mtr, + 2r+ 4r= 12.

-Y
limr = timx'i + -r' ry+ -..+ xy' : + y, I
i-r r-I Fr
=y" +y,t+ .+ylt=nr"t.
,-rG=n vo ,-,fr \ a r { \' - , . \ d l

Fo ,(Vd+l+Vd)
Aravnioeqoeemkyptvaryop)"fipam 527
'i:i;,tETil l
,li x/i
3. (i) ar6 qv Eioocrl
Eivol 6ovor6vva Fpsosiro 6 eKKrv6!'roe
xa- sa= 1x- a) (x3I al I a1xI a1).
A v . r - o l < r . r d ul r l < r + o l , r o r i r o r .
l x l + a r + d 1 x + d< h l , + l a . l r l ' + i a l , . l , l + l a l ,
< ( r + l a l ) , +l d l 0 + l d l ) , +l o L l r +l d l ) +l a l , .
Ero#voq, Jrropo6us
vo 61ol.iqouue
6= ''i"(r,
( r + l a ) r f l o l ( t +l a l ) ' z l+a l ' ( t +l o l ) +l a l l
Eivar 6$am1r6, Kol tn0ov6veDxo),6rcpo, ro ,(pto1}onoriooupro pfpoe(2)rcu
),rirporoq.ADr65i1v 6'!r ll - dl l < r 6rov
, ' \ 2 ( l a l ' l l ) /),

",t<.;"(r.---l-
tou o]'rl0e6!6rqv
lx
l*(tubr-r_|r)\
d l < m i nl l , - l
2 ( l o l +r )
\ /
= ''i" h.---==--1_) = a.
\ 4( al, I t)(ldl+ l)/
(ii) (3)roDl.{pfo.oe, ll/x
A,16ro J-Lipoq ll<E6rav
. r - '. <- m , /nl l t .ct \- r- .

(iii) Al!6'!o!6poq(l) rouliufaroq, l(r1+l/.x) 2I<e6rovIl/r-I|</2Kar
lx'- I | < e/2.lfpeovo pe ro rdpq (i) Kor(ii) 0l)106rou rpopl'{raroe,our6
sulpaivsr 6r0v
, - , It E e \ fl e\ -
tr | <mrnlt.t.r'8-.2.)l-mro[t -t-d.
(v) IIdpIt=',oeoi0< lxl < e'ouvenfueor 6..\ftf
"
(i) xpto(6loor| f(x\ zl<elzxar ls(.x) 4 | < t2, 6n;.o6irplo(6uooTe
'
, 0 ( l x - z l < m i r ( s i n14*r.r'l="
U6/ 2 4/
(iii) xpeloq6poors
I lr(')-41<""t"($,#),
6nlaSritapraq6poor
0< lx - 2 | < [min(2,
&)]r = r'
=
9.'Eoro/= liln/(x) Koropi5r'g(h) f(d+ h).T6r, 11oroi0er > 0undprer
avo6 > 0,
528 Amvtfiotrqoetri"eypivaqofl"tjpara
rdroro 6orE yro dtro rq .{. av 0 < x - a | < ,, rdt | /(r) - 1 < . T6po, ov
1 r o r / ( c + 6 )- / | < e .A r . r r r i
0 < r l < d , r 6 r s0 ( ( n + a ) - a 1 < d , K a d
'Eror,limg(t)
= /,rooroiolropsivq
avro6rnTs Inopivo]paasioov lg(r) ./l < E.
tpo0ioavlim/(o + ,|l) = ./.H i6roErrlrplfomlo /ia 6eixveron, uvlim/(c * ,t) = ,'t ,
r6rslim/(.x) = m. Enouavo6,lo xodvodpro uftiplsr drovurTripxrkarro dl).o,Kqrs'
auni qv ftpinroorl d\sr iso.
lropo gvo d1outsro f(-r) doo Kovrdolo / ,n0ulo6le,sv KoL

I0.(a) ALoLsenlrrd,
- / lnopivo sivor6000?.olre (ovrd oro0.H ru'IrKrion66eqn
$6voovro/(x)
eivor1600rlprHr;q ,rou j(prd(Ior ndnoropluoiodrolevo fo i(r rpollto-
rLnl ar66eLln.flo vo yivoupe arprpeiE, uro06roupr 6fl lim /(r) = / Kordo,ro
g(.r)= /(r) - 1. T6re,tro 6],aro > 0 urdptsr6vor> 0 t6roro6otTLo6la
rq.{,ov0< l.{-al<6,16r l/(.x) 1l<0. H rd'ljloiaoutriavt66rnrq
T
pnopiva-rpqpi lg(x) - 0 | < r, xot 'no!limg(.{)= 0.To ttrlrpilralq LqrYlv
dl.).rlKsrl)oulolt ivoLoloiorEt0rpiq61oirpoevoloadpov,
(b) Arsroorl1l{d, ro vo dloupcro.x Kow{ioro d sivcrro i8to pero vo rdvoupeto
x - a vo rivar ro\,rd oro 0. Tunrxd:uno06rou$61l lrl! /(.x) = ./ rc' 6sro
-
e(xJ= f (x) L T6\e,'ttd6],0ra > 0 u'rdpletivo d ) 0 tdtorotiote 1c 6lc
r o x , o v 0 < l r c l < , t , r o r e | / ( . x )- / | < . T 6 p oa, v 0 ( l y < 6 , r 6 r e
0< lLv+a) a l<6,ripu lf(!+a) ll < c. A)')'dn r).rDroio qvro6q-
rq Inopeivaypaqi6ov lgLy) /l < E.Eropdvoq, limgcv)= ./.H tmlrprlpa-
ro).oyiqoriv ovrioTpoert rsrLiSlvol civoLdForo.
(c) dlqr60ylrrx'i, ro -r Eivorxovrdsro 0 qv Karp6vocvEivcrxorlor'. TuILxd:6c!r{l}
=
hjr /(x) 1.fro Kdo s > 0undptetavo 6> 0dtoro601ovo < lrl< tr6re
/(x) / < e . T 6 r E o, v 0 < l x l < m i n ( t , 6 ) , 6 ' l o D p0s< x r ( 6 , d p a
l/Gr) /l < e.srorAvoe,liqr,f(.y) = 1. A,16InvdlJ.r n)'upd, dv r,!o06sou!s
6fl ro lir"n/(xr)urdprn,60r(,limt(ri) = rl1,t6rEylo 610tu > 0,ur(ifl(sr6vtr
d,rdroro6010,av0 < lr (d,r6re - ov0 ( lx ( 6r,
| /(xr) m | < e.T61,
iloulle 0 < lvt < ,, dpo l/(-xi) - 1l < . EnoF;voE, lim/(r) = 1.A|!6rtv
dilt n).supd. ot,r'roedooufr6fl ro li+ /(rr) uirdplsr,60r(,lim/(ir) = trl,r61e
yro 6),a rd 6>0 utrdpt(sr
dlo d, tiroro 6ore, av 0< l-r <6. r6re
l f ( . x ' ) & < s . r r i r e ,c v 0 ( l . r l < 6 r , d l o u p oe < l i l i < a , ripc
l,f (itl') - I' < s,i | /(.{) - m| < .Enopdvoq, liq,/(.{) = rn.
(d)'Eoro /(x) = I 1lox > 0 xqr /(r) = - l'/rq x< 0. r6re,lim/(xr) = I, o],}.{i
ro lin/(.{) tev ',ndptrr.
t7.(a) H sDvdprylorl.f(x) = I/x Esvp'ropiva rpooetyiqr6vo 6prc oto 0, aeoi
livrror oooli no.irTd).rlKov'ni
oro 0. npdytarL,ovEdplrtroqn6 ro ri propi
vo sivorro d > 0, o'rdplrxtinorox nouerd,1eierrtv 0 < .i < 6, alki l(o,
qv U.{> |/| + e, KorouyKE(pqravo,.x = min(d, ll(l./|+)).ADt6ror6ev
rrv llir - /l < e.
no),r0eir
(b) Avldprlroondro ri propivoivorro 6> 0,DndpIL r.droro -xro! srrd,Ieei'
e L t 1 v 0 l / l + s ,x o rs u l l c K p u d v
. x = m i n ( l + r . l + l l ( l 1 l + E ) ) . A u r 6 r o . r 6 e v e n o l , r l o e ire1Lv
ll/(.r l)-rl<. (Mnopoip.niotEva spqpp6ooLu ro np6p1.!!(
AzavefioeqoeetaAeygiva
ryop),ripdta 529
lo(b):Iiml/.x= linl,/(.x l) qv 10 rIuroiourdpl.r, ror iror 6 ro

u,rdp:C$
dplo,l6yD Iou FdpoDe
(a)).
25.() opro!6q.dnl6( rddr!'ra6ra c (or 6 oovt (cr c.
Eivuro or:v'r1oqq
(ii) np6xrrol yro l,ogprirpororoirtort rc0 (i): av n ouvorirrtEilrr o),rtorvi lrq d,1a
10 6> 0, r6t rol6ei l(orlto 6/2, xor &or undplelavo > 0 drcro dlol,av
0 < f x a f( e , d t e l f ( x r - I l = 6 / 2 < 6 .
(iii) np6Kerroryrorop6Fora rponoroilon: 6ou),i\ne
!E ro ,/51lo vondpsr ro (i).
(iv) Kiour6ivor rpononoitolr l.deL
ro i6ronpdyuopio (i),oqori/l0 > 0 Korlvor
Fdvol6napl r.iroro,s > 0 rrouEv6rog6psr.
29.Av lia /(r) = lint(x) = 1, 16r,yrdrcrioE >0 undptouv t,,4>0, drora
6orE, ]lu 6la rq x
o v o < . r < a + r , , l d r l f ( x ) - . 1 1< s ,
0va- 4<x<a,r6re l/(x) /l<s.
=
0 6 r o udl l e n i n ( A , 4 )A. v 0< l . r - c l < 6 , r 6 c r ai - q < a - 5 < x < a i l
a ,r(qd < .x< d + d < d + 4, dpdl/(r) - 1l <..
30.(i) Av 1=lim /(x), rdre 1lo 610 rq >0 Dndp1r Cvot>0 r&oro drore
. 1 f ( r ) - 1 1 < E l r o 0 < r < d . A v d ( x ( 0 , 1 6 r 0 < - . { < d , d p o
if( .r)- ll < e,SnoF:voE, lim/( - x) = /. OFoi106, avro lin/(r) urdptl,
t6rundptrxqrro _liml(.x) KoL6trrtv i6loflFi. (draro0iFr(i,10 r Eivq!
kovriioro 0 xareErrK6 av xdrl6vo ovio -x sivorxowdo1o0 ror aprTflk6).
(ii) Av /= li4/(x), 16rtro 6t!d rd e>0 u,rdplErivo t>0 dloro 6g1
l / ( x ) - 1 l ( e 1 c 0< . r < , . E r o r , o v<0 l r l ( 6 , r 6 r el / ( l . v l -) l l < e .
Enoldvoq, lim/(lxl)=/. H ovltoq(ar60!vorl XljvErorpe 6loro rp6no-
(AtoroorllrKii, av 10.xivarxovrdsro 0, 16$ ro lrl sivarrowd oro 0 xar
0eox6.)
(iii) Av 1= li4/(rl r6re 1o 6lc ra >0 unipt6r 6vo r>0 rdroro d'ore
'flxt
rl < E.E,roFivoq.lim/(x') /. H avrioltKqraruvon trivErqr !c
6polorp6no.(AloLooryrK{i, av 10x ivorKo\,{{i6100, r6tro.x' ivcLrovrd oro
0 ro! 0nK6).
34. Av r = lim /(r), 16ryro xdoer > 0 undptrl(ii,rorc( N 16romqdro1| f (x t - l l < E
llc,{>N l(or rivor oqpdg6fl }ropo6}rvo urooCooupe nr,;qN>0. T6po, av
0<x<lN.rdrl/r>N.dpq l/(l.rl 1 l < c . E n o s C v uh gm. / { l x ) = 1 . H
avrieErtKarEi0uvotlivrcLgc ncprlrororprSro.
rco^,{lloi
l. (i) F(.x)=x+2Trodl,o10.x.
(iii) F(.x)=0yto6Lo10x.
l. (i) Opuflrdvldvo xoLKdrr,r. El,qroq rrlri 0. Otr Fdlloro.

(iii) Opclp6rn rriror, olJd 61 rivo. Eldltorl nprj 0.
530 AmvtfioegoeenAeyptva
ryop),rjpara
(!) Opatpdq KcL dvo Kor Kdro. Eivor suv6lro 6n a>-l (iror riiorc
I
-a- llat l) Av- l<d< d-l.KardroL./(r)=a 2
t.16r'a<
7rq6),qro x 610 (-d- l, a+ l), rar 610rro c* 2 eivcrl gdlloq ror 11
I
r).dtrsrn nti. Av- < a _<0. 16rrrl / ncipvcrtrlv el'dtrorl trlltl a'. ror cv
T
d>0, 16rr / lret qv el.rirrornflLri 0. Asoi a+ 2>(o+ I)l p6vo7rq
t-t -\6li 2<a<tt + r61iz,a*" " > - | n oovdprnq
/ dr,ry,oro
p6vo1a a -<[ + \ttl2 ({orql)16
eivoro + 2).
(vii) Opon6vrldvul(qrtdrro.Mfuorc |, E]'d o1o0.
(ix) Opoygivrldvo xorrdIo. M6Tro1o l, e].d oIo -1.
(xi) H / d:(r korpdlLoto ror ).dlroro, prorar ivoL suvXric.
2. (il -
n= 2,sqotf(-2) < 0 < /(-l).
(iii) r=- I,oeoJ,f(-l)=- I <0< X0).
3. (i) Av /(r) = rrrE+163/(l+ xl+ sin:x),16rr / ivarouvolieoro R Kor
/(l) > 0,'v6 /(-2) < 0,dpa/(x) = 0 ro Kdnoro x oro(-2, l).
5. H / sivororoopi, }lari avC)rarpv6ioauqoprrK;q rudq t6ft rl / 0odtorpls
o).cgrrgrv6rtiyeoeqrrpdq rou0arrpLe).{ilpovov rot dpptrEq.
7. (l) /(r) = x,
12) f(x)=-x,
(l) /(r) = lxl
(4) f(i)=- l,rl.
10.Eaopu6ot3 ro OE6prlpI urrtvf-s.
IL Av /(0)=0(i /(l) = l)iloMErs.x=0(ri l).Avf(0)>0= t(0)xor/(l)< I =I(l),
r6tedn6ro np6p),ylFo l0 ?'o / ro! ,l;j{oute /(.{) = r }ra Kd'roro,r.
Li0 To I ivollo pdfroroororlsio Kqrro f6Troro Kdroqpd,to ivor0, ro oroio 6sv
(iii) To I sivorro fiyroro ororlsio ro1rc 0 rc ).dlrsro.

Aqoi {x:x: + .{ + I > 0l = R, 60vulrdplr)dtroro dvo $pdruo tl Etroro
Kqrol!poluo.
(vit Aqorl{.x:.r<0(or.r" v- l<01 ([-l V5]i2.0]ro Fd?rolo '({iroqpdr-
!q rivo' | - V5]i 2 ro' ro eldloro dvo qpdyra ivqr 0. Kavdvo on6la 6'io
[-
6vo\aiKr oro orivolo.
2. (a) A,qonA*5, lndplr Kdnoro.xoro A- T6rs,-x ivoto1o-A, (qr 1or
Al0.EtO'6oovro A civordvo Spa?#vo.undplr(dirotoy rd?oro dorc
/> x TradLo i q x o 1 o A T
. 6 1 -
/
, < x - f r q 6 1 0 r c x o t o A , x c r i r o r -ySz
7ru 6],0 ro z oro -4. EnoFdvog, ro A sivar Kdro Eor0r
epo.tgivo.
d = sup(-A). T616ro o sivor6vodv3)epdrua.rrqro -A, dpa,qvrrorpdqowaq
rov npotyoipsvooulLoyrot6,ro d 6ivaLfvo Kdroepdlpa?raro A. ErL,Tl.i-
ov, av B {voLonoroSirorKdro ApdtFo10! A, rdrs ro -p eivcr ivc rivor
-A, dpo-p > a Kor;ror < - d. Enotivoq,10 -o sivarro
9pd1!a1ro10 B
pEtrsroKdroqpdtts rou A.
5. (a) Av / fvaro felq).itepoqordpqrcqF I < x , r61EI + | > x. A].td / + I <
-{ + I < /. EroF6vo6,fnopoiuEvs rdpour7lq * ro / + l. (A,r66e(nrtE
irupqrlq ro', 1: Aeoi ro N 6evrivor dvo ppqTldvo.undp:(Er
K{i,roro;rpr..r\,i.
Arawfioeg ot arit'ypiva rpoBTfipata 53\
opr0u6E , Us-, < -x< r. Ero#voq, uftipler p6vodlq nnepoop6vo nLi0o!

aKspoiov / gs r < 1< x. T6po6ro?"6qre rov iryolilEpo.)
(b) Aqo'j/-.x > 0,undplErKriroroq sDorK6q apr0t6qr, dtoroE66r l/t < y - x.
Mlo Korny ,x > I undpter,orri ro (a),6vaEaKdparoE k p ,x < * < ty, to
onoio 6rtwi\Et 6rt x < Vn < y.
G) ^lol.ihs r+ V2(s- r)/2.
(d) A?16ro (b), ufltprgr prlr6Er p x<r</xol croF6voi(unripxrprtt6( s l1e
x< r< s < y. Eqopjr6o1 10(c)Trar< r.
l0. Esro k o llstalirspoi aK6po1o6 < x/d (rt Li)artroo npoFl.riforos5 dirver61r
urldp16rrEroLok) Kar60r(l)x'= x - /@ > 0. Av .x'> d, 16r.r > (k + l)o, Kordror
k * I S .r./a,oa cwioeorlprlv enJ,ori roDk. E,rofdvoe,0 < x'< d.
12.(a) Aqoi ro rdo8y oro B rrovo,ToEi rrtv/ > x }lo 6Loro x oro A, ororoSrirory
g1oB ivar6vodv{lrqpdylroT 10ro A. Kdrdrory> supA.
(b) To (a)6itva 6rr ro supA sivoldvoKdroapdyporoD-4,KordrorsupA< infB.
I 3. Aeoi x < supAt 01y < supB1l0 Kriosx oro A KarKde/ oro ,, a,leror6rr x + y <
sup,4+ supt. Enopdvoq, ro supA+ sup, ivor6vqdvoqpdyporou A + B, raLdpd
sup(/ + A) < sup-A+ supB. Av ro x Kary lrll,eyoivqr6 ro A Ka!B ovriororta,
dror 6ce supA- -v( e/2 Kor supB /< i2, 1616supA+ sup-B (x+ y) < 6.
Ero!6ioq,
sup(' + 3) >.r+ /> supA+ sup, - E.
L r a' ) I I
Itnl ht ft't al h d
h na h
-ll
t0 a\ar nl
(b) H qorror6v!6,4rou (4, l/d) eivorI TpoerKi,lopdororqqs
_. t. l
B\xl=-.tx al r:'
a1 a
Av /(r) = s(r), r6re

I x
+2
,. at rat=lgtulp) =rm(d+r)ra:
qo\Xfipara
532 Amwqoeqoeeru),eypCva
.. (-zah-h1l 2
'-r ha'(a + h)'
O) H qo'tloF6lT&o rou (d, 1/ar ) ivorq ?paetri ltgp'iorool rqE

2. ..I
8(.r)=__l(.x_a)f__
=- --+ -i
Av /(x) = s(r), 1616

| -2x.l
Tl
2xr * at = 0,
3ax'z
n
0= (x- a) (2r,- ax- a,\= (x- a(2x+ a)(x- a).
:Apor= d r(r= a/ 2.ToaryEi,o( a/ 2,4,/d') ftirar olrlvowiosqn}'upri
oq npoqrov l([roK6pDqod\ova m6 rc (a, Lt a\.
3.
,r,\-t^f(a+ h)- f(a)- tL'[a+ h- '/A
,Hh
_('/;a+h-'JA\'/,a+h+'fd, _,. h
h ( l a +h + J a ) F ol(Va+n+Va)
I
2\lG
4. ElKao{a:S;(x) = 11 r. At66E(rt:
-.. . + r) - S,(r't .. (x+ h\"- x'
.. S.(.x
-
"-., l_0 h i:i h
i {'1"-,a,-,"
;:;h
=r-l li)*-'r',
= I'il,' ' = *" r,aQoiliqrb,| = 0 roj > L
r \l/
5. /(.r) = 0 tra x 6tr oKdporo.KaL/(x) FqoproFvocv x cKdpcroe.

6. (a) r
, , , , . E G +h ) - E l x ) , . t / ( x + , ) + c l - l f ( , ) + c l
htrth
,.^f(x+ h) f(x) - ,,",
;:T
Aruvrfioegot tmleypivorpofi,fpan 533
I
rhr ,,r,r - li- 8(r l,) s(.{)_ | ^c f(r r h) cf(x')
tr ;.:ii h
.. f(x +
_ c. tin!--j_- h) f(r) =
cr'(^).
7.\a) l'(e)=3'e., l'(25)=l (25)'; = 3 . (36)'.

(b) /,(3,) =f,(e) = "f'(36)
3 e1,f.$1\= f,t2s)= 3'(251,
/'(6)= /'(36)=3.(16f.
(c) /'(o'?)= 3(o)?= 3a', f'(x1)= 3lx'11=3x'.
(d) /'(/) = 3r', aud s(r) = /, dpdg'(x)= 6rr.
.. , . 8 ( x t h ' ) - p l t )= . . f ( x + h + c ) - I ( x t c )
b. (ar 81ri=rrT-:
l$--- ,-
/(x+cl+b) /(r+c)
,-0 h
{'-'
b)
+ r) g(r) _ i^fl + chl fkx')
- _ r._g(}
:",/"\ ;:ii i :i:f h
-
, _6[/(c.r + c]) /(c])l _ ,,_ cl fkx L k) - fkxtl
-ir",,-.r-i,ril-------l-
_
= c. tinflcx+ k\ fcx) =c. f.k4.
(t!T Kpivtrrrrou6lrprolorjfo oDlrilrl orpd10)vunol,olrol6vpeKeivou(lo!

npoplisoroq 5 - 14.)
(c) Avg(x) = flx+ a),fi18g'(x)= /(.r + a), ard 10(a).ADd g = /,xqrilor
f'lx) = g\x) = l'(x + a) 1ft 6lo to .r, ro o'roio orl[aivL6fl I f' eivaL
mprobrKrl !e rpiodoa.
9. (i) Av s(r) = i', dre s(.y) = 5/ ArId f(x) = s(r + 5), dpdon6ro np60).rua
9la)iaow. f'(xl = s'lx+ 5)= 5(r+ 5)'.
(iD f(x) = (x- 3)',dpo/'(x) = 5(x- 3)',6',0,q
orodpoq(i).
'
(iii) f (.{)= (x + 2)'i,dpi f (x) = 1lx + 2)6,6aaroro dpoE (i).
10.Av /(r)=s(r I x), lorE I'\r)= s'\t a x) 0,16ro npdBtnFq8(a).Av
flt) = E( + x),n51Ef'lt) = s'(r + x), on6ro npopl,twqal, nps f'(x) = s\2x).
ll. (a) Avr(r) = cl,r6rei'(t) = 2cr Kar6rv u'rdplsroprp6q k dror60r s'(r)= kr(0
(6tl,o6i 2d = kcl) yrq6la ro r. (Er' turarpia,oro olFeio ow6, 6v.rvo pi(o!-
pKotia fn-Irl6svrKiouvriprlol t lra rrlv onoiaI /' ivarovdtrorlrlq /.
Md ro Kred],oLol7 0a rirov too(6oo1rK6va ppoill n6! 0o 6lola(s o
K6oIoEov o fql0,aioe iI 6irlo.)
(b) (i) Av s(t) = (a/2)t?,t61Es'(4 = dr, dpas"(0 = d.
(ii) [sIt)]r = (a0: = 2a. (a/2)t1= lasvt.
(c) O nol0alqro(rdgrrs(r) = 16l r!661a o0 . 6sutrp6Lrrd, Kol drorndar 400
n66loo I = 5 6r)rsp6l.enro. Mid a,r65 6eursp6).rro, I roj(iritm 0o sivoL
i'(5) = 5a = 5 . 16 = 80n66rqqvd6surep6).eJl1o. H rqliltra riravit lrori ar'
ourrtv6rovt=+
2
21. (a) Aur6Eivarivoqtil,Ioqtp6ro6Tpcaiqrou oproroi (Bldft np'jpl,rra 5-9).

(b) Aur6 eivololvirorq rou npoF).ilolo( 5-ll 6ravqapgooriortv npinloorl
534 AravrriotrEot tttl1p4varyoQ,4lan
r o v o u v o p n i o e, !o(vh \ = t f ( a + h ) f ( a ) l l h K g lB ( h ) = L s @ +h ) -
cld)llh
26.(D f" (x)= 6x
(ttl) f"(x)= 4x3.
30.(i) tlpoiv,6rr/'(a)= nd" a\ f (t= x'
(iii) trrsiv!6rLs'(a)= f'(a)a\ s(x)= f (x)+c.
(v) hrqivLro i6ro!E ro (iii)
( v i i )t r f a i v 6Lns ' ( 6 )= f ' ( b + a ) w s ( x ) = f Q + a ) .
(ix) truaivn6n s'(b)= cf'(cb\'Lvs(x)= f(cx).
l. (i) (l +2x) cos(x+xr).

(in) ( sh{) co(cosx).
. /cosx \ .{sinx cosx
(vii) Go(x+ sii-r)) (l + cosr).

2. (i) Gos((r+l)'?(r+2))) t2(-r+l)(r+2)+(-{+l):1.
(iii) t2sin((.r
+ sin.{))co((x+ sin])r)l 2(x+ sin.{)(l+ cos.{).
(v) (codxsinx)) . Ginx+ x cosx)+ (cos(sinxrxcosx:)). 2x.
(vii) (2sin-rcosxsinx':sin:/) + (2xcos.xrsin:xsinrxr)
+ (axsinxrcos-r'sin:xsin./)
(ix) 6(x+ sins.{)5(l+ 5 sitrlxcosr).
(xi) co(sinrxr + l)r ' 7(sinr
ir + 1)6 (?sin6xr ' cosrr ' 7i6)
(xiii)co(.rr+sin(xr+sin/)) t(2r+ cos(rr+sin.{1J.Qx+zxcosl))1.
(1 + sinx)(2xcos/ sin?r + sinxr ' 2 sinx cosx) cosxsin.rr sinr.r
(l + sinx)r
c",t)*,/--L\
| / r'rl
\ s r nt _
r,,,,"i * ),.0.{ \ \ mLl.l

, r/ \
3x' sin* xrcosr 1
/
""\
.- / x'i
",, Li" ^ l
4. ul
{x+I)']
(x+ 2))
(iii) 2x'.
5.(D
(iii) 17.
6.(D f'(x)= s'(x+ s(a)r.
(11i)f'(x) = s'lx+ E(x)). (l + s(x)).
(\) f'(x) = s(a).
7.(a) A'(t) = 2rr(t)r'(t). AQo[r'(r) = 6]1 a!r6 ro r troro onoior(r) = 4,jnror611
A'\t) = 2n. 4. 6 = 48r, 61c,r t(t) = 4.
(b) Av y(t) Eivsro 6y{oq q lpovrxr{orrypr{r, 16r y(r) = 4'r(r)r/3, Kor;ror
-
V'(t) Arr(t)'1t'\t)= 4n 4'1.6= 384jt6rt'vt(t) = 4.
Attavaioeqoee .e1plvarpofhipatd 535
(c) A9ot5A'(t) = 2,tr(t)1(t)xatA(t) = 5lld r(t) = 3, Ctletot6fl

np6rrl M60o6oqr
.rrr= 2t4t\
.A1l),- lo'ourto=
- '''' l.
-'
61t
ErcFvoq,
t/,(tl = 4r4t),,{l\
= qr.e.l
= 306tovr(f) : 3.
fro va eqofldooDFrq 8aitepl p60o5o,
mparrlporiF
drt
t(r)= A(r)": y'-A(rn
ro llpdpl.qpa9-3](arrov Kov6vd.Iq A},Dot6oE,
dpa,XplsUono|dyraq
l t ^ = --J--, -"''',"',''
1 n t t\l a't'\
"" 2^17,1}-
=nhi.tAG),A,o
.
= ,l 1tI "',11r 11t*re r,lropeivo e(XogrFawV|.
]
T6oo.
94il-= r''t'Itl-
v1r1=
4tdr)1-
3trt]'1
= 4A(i),,
3a rl
a1-_
v,(r)= .._, . +lA(o A'tt)
= -=, , 'lt1,
4t A,(t\
=2.3.5=30.
10.(i) (/ o ,)'(0)= /'(l(0)) . ,(0) : /'(3) . sinl(sinl)
={,r"}},"r.''rr
[n) d(l) = ,,'G) 2? = sinl(sin(ra+ l)) 21.
12.\O Kav6vogrng Al,lot6oqolvsndFtordfl
tO= tt " at't'l = l'@(x)\'c'(r)

$,1
| =---:-'g'(x)
3!.xr
n. <l (u
*=*.d1= 'J,).(l + 2r)= (ms(,
o! ox <"os
+ l).(l + 2r).
-...- dt dz du
(ti', 6inu) . (co6.x)- ( co{sitrr)}.(co6r).
i= A. i= e
536 AnawfioctE
ot an).typtva
ryopAfiparu
l. (i) 0= /'(x) = 3x'z 2' 8 rlo x = 2 xorx = - rc onoiaxcr rc E6oeivuroro

|,
l- 2,2).
/ 4\ 20J
I F 2 \ - s .f ( 2 \ = r t . J \ - t l - n '
. 2 0 3=. -t7, = rr.
maxlmum mlnnnum
(iii) 0 = /'(x) = l2xr- 24x1+l2x= l2x(x,- 2x+ l)yrt1t=lxor.{= 1,a'r6ro

I I ll
r\-z)- n /(r/ - i; ,r{o)

=o.
/ t\ 41 /t\ tl
ma mum= mmlnum= u.
i6,
(") 0="f,(r)=
x1+| \x+t)2x_t 2x x,
(l i l)1 (x,+ l)'
y't x= | + n'rc' x= I r,4,c:r6rc o:roiap6voto - r + r,6eivcroro
[t ,!l
'21
/r r,-0./(t)=;. lt | 1\/1'-n | '"42).2.

maxinum= (l + \tAi 2, minimum= 0
2. (i) snpiorou 6ivrro'irK6ltyroro,Korro 2 rorrK6ldroro.

teivq!ro
(iii) 0 eivorro ot!io noD6ivsrron1x6el.'it16ro,Kal 6Evunriplouvolpia noD
8ivouvrorrrK6!6Troro.
(v) - I + \,6 Eivorro oTtpionou 6ivrrorrK6 pr6'yroro, xcr I r,6 tornr6
4. (a) lrlFr6sr 6fl I / 6trnpdtporLcldtroro, aeorlsivarro),uovutrKriouvdprrt-

ot dptlo! PaBFoi.To si.d;goroeprgovi(arcr
oro olpcio x, yroro oroio
u-/ (.r) 2t(r-d,).

;,
dpq ^- la |... at),n.
5. (i) To 3 Korro ? ivaroltrioronrxorjFdlrolou,evd,105 xotg eivoloI pictonl(ori
6?"o1iorou.
(iii) 'Olor or dppqror.x> 0 eivarolpio ro'nxod),atiorou,Kor6).0ror rippqror
: r< 0 eivsrorlfioro,nxoi ryiorou.
(v) To r EivsroTlpioro'rrKoileliorou (sroriorou)ov ro 6Ko6!r6ovd'rrD,po
(6evnpr{16tKdrroro
,Ip16IDr 5.
8. Av /(r) Livu'ro o' vo).rK6
liKoc nlq Ko!ni).I( r6rL
f@=.,-,\d+,tr\-")+b'.
H 0rflKi olvriprIaI / d:(E,stoovloqrLdrroro.qeoi LjT/(r) = Im-/(r) - -. xorrl
/ sivolnovlotiSraQopiolprl XoreropvoE, ro Idtroro elQsvi(Eror
os ol$eio x 11o
10oroio /'(x) = 0. Au'i, = 0 6rav
"f'(x)
AnavnldEtg
otuLrlpivaryop,fipa.ta 537
-
,,Q+7 ,/1r a, 16,
Aun{ q eliooroq },eer6r arctand = arclanB.
Eivsr eniol! 6o!o16vvo napdrtprioouF 6fl ro /(r) rsoiror IE ro doporo}lol(Dv
IIK6V roD6raxroFpdvoo uo0lpfutroDqrilaroq xal rcu arou.Jpdplourfripoloq on6
rc (r,0) oro (1,b). Aud ro deporolaivorldtro.roritovro 660eu06ypoppo qriporo
ivoroDvuoErdkd(dv qrclritorooornpi unrol6m6n, lplouonoro$le ro npdpl,l-
Uo4-9(b)). Ain Eflinq yoFlp{o6i1va 6fl ro mo ndvo oqrFaivr6rdv d = p .
9. Av .x rivar 10 Irixog Flo( ,rLeupdq
op0olDviouIe rEpiFrpoP, 16110 }lixoc file
dl.},nEJritupdceivor(P- 2r)/2, dpo10ppo66v 1llEmadvslaq dvor
A@=tE ]4 '
EnoFavoq,ro op6o,6vrofe to Fdltorolpql6v oulpoivel61ovto x ivdrlo orlleio
leyioroD qe f arc (0, Pl2). AQoi I A ivor oovliq dlo [0, P/2] roL
A(0) = A(P/2) = 0, ral A(x) > 0 ylo.r oro (0,P/2),ro pdyrorollndpXr.
Etr6i i A
6ivordroeopiorFlo1o(0, P/ 2),io otpeio l,a1iorou,r, rKovonoleirylv
0=A'(x)=:----=-x
-_ P - 4 x
2'
opooi rurl,rxoi rul,iv6pou6.rroDy l(ar oxlivoq

10.'Eoro S(r) ro IPd66vrlq mpdv6ruS
=
r. En'j5ll V tlh,6nov, ilrr ro 6VoE,6toDpI = yzrl, dpo
S(tl=2rl+zrth
= 2,r'y2!.
t
Odl,oup va ppoipsro onIEio l.atiorourtE S oro (0,6). Aur6 lnriptel aQoi lim
S(r) = IimS(r) = @,Err6i I S lvqr6roQopio$toto (0,o), to olgeio ei,cliorou,r,
)v
0 = S(r)= 4rr- +
_4trt'- 2v
n
' --:Tu
- vi
19. To I sivol oillr8io tonrrou F olo0 kor ro J rom{orj elafmoD.
'Etoup
25. (a)
>M
dps f(b) f(a)> M(b - a).
(b) 'ExouFe
538 Arar.rlocrgot tn)rlLttvo npoQtilnn
'f | h-:\ 'f t z-\

/ (r) y.0'(dro.or oro(a.b)
epaf(b) - f(a)= nlb a).

(c) A! / ( x ) | < M 7 1 a6 l . 0r a - { o r o [ a , b ] , 1 6 1 6 M = f \ t ) < M , 6 . p d
f(a) M(b a)< f(b)< f(d)+ M(b a),
rl
I f(b) f(a)l < M(b a).
28. (a) /1x)= cos.r+ a yrdl({inoLovopLp6 a (616rr/(x)= - cosxei\rolliaT;rora
ouvriprrlorKar oroaoSlroa Srlolirorq orvoprioeq 8roaapouv Kald tia
ora0Epd).
(b) f'lx)=x!/4+a 7t0 {dnorovopr0l6 a, dpo /(,Y)=rri20+dx+6 Itq
rdnorolqaprejronq d {ar b.
G) /"(.r) =.rri2 + xri3 + o 7u rdroLova. dpo f '(x) = x'i6 + x'| 12+ ax + b
yla ({inola d Korb, {ipo /(x) = x' | 24 + x' | 60 + dxrl2 + b.{+ c yra KdroLouq
gproroq d, b Kdrc. IooSivoiro, xcr nro on!i, flx)=x1i24+t5 60+ax'.
+ bx + c 1lo KriroroDq uprepo$q 4 bl(qr c.
29. (a) AqoLl r"{r) = 32, irouts 6fl s(r) = - 32t + o }Lo Kdnoro d, dpo
s(r)= 16r'+ d. + B yrcxdnora a rar B.
(b) Elaovdrq, r(0) = 0 + 0 + B KoLs'(0)= 0 + d. Erodvac, a - q, Ka\P = st
(c) t' orir{ rrlv n5pirroot, si = 0 Kol q = !. dpas0) = 16r:+ ur. H }6'110lrl
nti llg s elqovi(eror 6rov0 = s'(t)= 321+u,Tir=ui32,dponfa-rrsrrl
,fir,)=rofir,)'+,[j)
',12
64
Exeivrtq tpovlKl orrytri,I rol$rrtraeivqrelqov6q0,d,ld rt flrd rvoitlvdl

32(6rrD6 KorK'i0s6Tlytrl. To Pdpoq rrDndro d6oqoq oerp6vo t > 0 6rov
0=s(l)= 16l+uf,
ri I = u/16 (Xperdqerdr
16001p6vovo n6oerKdrro600 lpdoqx va qrd@r
arlv Kopuai).H rox6rtra r6rs Eivor
/ rr\
s'(r,/16)=32(;./+Lr
(rt illo roXirtro [s rnv oroio opllKdKrvri0rlK

rpoqra ndvo).
Eqopl6orero O{irptfaM6olqTlp{q ornv f(x) = !t oro [64,66]:
'60 . t
---=-- t,{,-
/".. }ra(daoro.r
oro[04.60].
oo "6q
04 2vx
Ene6i64<.x< 8l,6rour8 < \,[ < 9,{ipo
Aravrfioeq oeatAeypivaryopAi1paru 539
*,'
!B-s
2
_l
48. O Kov6vaqrou I'H6pital6!vo6t1ioro oKa).og

,. 3.xr+ I ,. 6.x
ns16i
lim3x?
+ l + 0 i tim2.r-3 + 0.
49. (i)
5n1--L= 1. I -
!-r Ian x
1r"or,* 1.
r-0 qecr x :-0
(ii) ,. cosr,r | = l r n -2=sin

1 ,r cos.r
t_r tx
l. (i) / Ix)=(x l),,,.(Av/= _f ,(x),rrirex = /0/)=r,3+ l,dpsr,=(x l) r.)

(iii) / r= /.(Avy= / iG),16r
v,v pwot,
y, y app\Io4.
En6i + y Eivalprtr6ci dpplroqav xsr p6!o av ivu y, dlouJl
/=.r ov o.r
ivqrplroq xorJ'= x ov o x ivordppqroq,dpoy =f(x).)
(v.)
di r, x= a,,i=2,...,n
2. (i) / ivorsiqouooKol / r(x) 6svopi(rurylo f,< 0.

(iii) / ivora0ivouoaKor/ r(x)60vopi(Iorylo r< 0.
3. Yno06ore6rrr / Eivor o 6ouoo.
OdroufEa< b.T6rE,f r(d)+ / r(6),oqoiTl/r
6ivoL6vonpoqdva.EroGvorq,sirs / '(a) < f '(a), ri / r(o)> / 16). AL?d ov
f'\a)> f'' ( b ) , 1 6 ' t
b= f(f '(bD<fu '(a))= a,
iro!civarqvriqsq.H on66elEt /, ri piropsi
ivar6uouyroqeivouoa votpl srpofior-
4.'Erqav6e, /+s eivdrotqouoo,6r6n ov /(a)< f(b) Ks1. s@)< s(b), drc

( f + c ) \ a ) =f ( a ) + g t a ) < f ( b ) + s ( b ) = ( f + s ) ( b J .
f.s 6vivo,ovoyKooflKri oi{ouoa.fLorqpd6r1!a, 'flipr/(.{) = s(.r) = x. (A}jd
f . s 6ivaroiouosav /(x) > 0 yro 6),0ra r.) / o s ivo,anlouoa,61drL ov d < b,
r6rEs(a) < s@), dtpsfb(a)) <
"fG(b)).
5. (a) Av (/osxx)=(f od0),in 66t /(s(.x) = f@g)),6rc s(x)= s0\,
oqonrl t ivaLdvo,!poqdva,dpox = /, 0A06t g iva1,vo rpoq;va.
(f A-'= e'o / ':616ovy=(/os)1aLl]61Ex=(f .;xr)=
" fGa/)),
d p cc j J - J t ^ t . d p a y - E ) t I l ^ ) ) .
540 Amvtfioe\ oeenlEyptvaqoB).4pan
6. A\ f(x)= f0),16r|
axl b ayi b
cx+ d cy+ d
dpu
acxy+ bcy+ adx+ bd= acxy+ ddy+ bcx+ M,
,i
dd(x- Y)= bc(x- Y)
Av dd* bc, aDr6ouv,rdtmr 6rr r - y= 0. (AlId tw dd = bc, 16r' f \x) = f 0\
ylo 6),0ft x, / 6io rE6iooplopoirtq /.) Av y = t-t (x),6E x = f V), 6pa
avI b
^-
"y+d'
dpa
-dx+ b
" ,
7. (i) Exivorq 8usrlirqrq [a, 6] 'ioursp!4ovror oro (-6, 0l ii oro [0,2] ri oro [2,
-), oQotjI / ivarofqoooasra ( d, 0l Kor[2, e), KarQoivouoo oro [0,2].
(iii) El.ivola 61aon1po1a [4 6] noD'repGtowororo( ,01{ oro [0,), aqoit /
Eivaroiqouoomo (-e,0l l(ol geivousosro [0,6).
ypdQerou
17. O dnoe 1lo rnv ntrpdlor'ro
!!= l
dv dt
(t' a0r6 rov rtro 6ivar uv6tro 61r dx./dy ar#aivEt (f )\'$/), e\it dy/dx elya\
(;Kepool oq npogr), xorontvrs?,LKri onivrrlonro.x ,rpdmrvoav'rrKorooroeijry,
rfoo rrls y = /(r).)
OLurio?,oyropoi roo fl poPl,ifaroE17,6ravo],oK],Ipo0oiv,
oilvouv6fl
1l
dx n(xttt)t 1 nt(t rttt
=I""'' '
18.G(x)= ro.rx, + f'(x) - F (f 'G)). (t )'G)
= .x(/ ')'(x)+ f 'G)- f(f '(x)) (,r ')'G)
= x(f ')'(x)+ f '(x) x(f ')'(x)
le. (i)
20.Aqon
u \\4=f6v+.'4)
etoDIs
A,rawtloEqoeen^tTpiw ttpoftrfipaw 54t
flf 'ltl)'lf-'l'(xl
1r.y1=-
t-f(.r-l.Dtt
- /(/ '(.x))
=
t/(/ 1'))'
l. Av P"= {6,...,t"} tvorrt 6ut6prort

Feir= Jblr,rdr
- r,,)
= 2,(r,_J'.(r,
ru, P")
=i ri-,r'.4.!
=r't' ;,
"41'
- nbL' [ ( r - l ) ' -, ( r - t ) ' -, T(lr'- l ) r ' ]

1 2
rql6Fora
u(r.P")=q'$ r
btl nt ni n'1l
n,L4 2 1J
Eleavd'g, ra /,(/, P") rcqrU(t, P,) propouv va nlrpl|idoDv 10 b'l4 600 kovrd ro
srrgqrofF, av 6lotraqouF6 ro r up'd |ls#?,o. E roFv@e,ao U( f, P") - L(f, P"\
pnopeivo lvL aw{ororlo, 6so prrp6 ed},ou}r6. Aur6 6itvr 6fl q / ivdr o},or}.n-
p6qrFq.E fln)'dov,D,rdpXer Fdvodvacapr0p6e a, &or6arc L(f, P") < a< U(f, P,),
tr
,yta6?'ara r. AQo$toJ0x'dr 61srournrlv 161611110, ytorr66trI6fl roorllar p6 b{/4 0a
dler ol.od,qpooei g6lrg Sel'{;gei im L(f , P") < b'/4 < U(t, P,),,tta 6),0ft ,. ADr6
verarts arr' ueeiceu'toloyrolrli, olld olrlv ltpa1llarr|c6q1adfiral aftdto Fyov6E
6tr Ia ,( /, P,) t(ar U( /, P") F ropodvva rlTLrlodooov ro 6'14 600 (ovrd to moDlrori-
tle,6ral4ovtc< , oprcetdtrEldto. npdruofl, a! dlioue 6n b'l4 ( J, .xrdr,dte 6e0c

tftv 6uvcr6vvc rdvoupro U(f, P,) va npooeniarrc D'l4 600 0a odl,qlrE, aQo6
' t" r"
U(f, P,l> 1, x'dx.Otoioq,6v vatIobNE
rivroL b"l4> Jr rrdx.
2.'Eloupe
6rfr- D'+(tr l)'+(r- Di (r- r)1.
-r ., ,. . . "e,r _
.rL 5 2 3 30 I
,- ,. ,J, , -,,, - o ' 1 ' ro' to' o1-

,rL5 2 3 tol
542 AnawrjoaEoeem).e'ypiva
rpop)sjyata
Epeav(ilqro l,(/, P"\ Ka\ U(f, P") yllopoiv vo npoo1'[ioouvro brl5 660 {ovld
'ono)C
06loup,6utr6towaq ivo ]1opK8fliF7 .o. ror dro [p6p]'rtfo I , our6 ouv0nri-
l'1
7 .( i ) J n f = 0 .
(iii)Jol=3.
(v) / 6rr o),oK),rp6ortn.
(r'o prqousrnprion6sEr4r6rr or ouvopiftrs oro (i),(iii)mr (vii)ivororo-

(litp6o1Fq,Pi,6nlp6pl.Ipa21.01flpdq1ovo),oK),npojrdr0N noDeivorpqa-
vEiqa,r6qTnrrprKiErK6vo, proporivvo Eoj(0o[v ous lpd,tpnouoror6-
.vrqErq r66qrrlqan66eqrlq rou npop),iporoq 21,oe ouv6uqo!6 !E yv0rord
oIoKhp6Faro.)
8. (i)
l'tt
J,[$+:; -1a,=::
"1
f ,t: . 6
t u r ) . /, i , | l x't- x'lox=:
k) )tt?z 2x+q x \ d x =a
I,'ll" *, rtt,o)*-|"'Jrsl" ru,or).,,

uu^,/(.xr'iv',oToepd)
t' ... t'^....".t,...
=J eUVy
1" t(x)d'G6,tJ-scv)dJcivqrI macpd).
14.(a) Epeqv6q,r(/, P) > 0 yla Kd0eslorl4pron

P.
(b) toop!6orc ro Ldpoq(a)orlv / C raLrptorto,rorciorcro ttovd(o
t'.^ t'.f'
J , ( J 8 \ _ J ,t 1 " 8 .
24. (a) Ell(pavri'q,
n(b- a\=L(f ,4=U(f ,P)<M(b r)]tt6 4fle 6up0pisq
P rou[4 b].
l"
:, vc,r6q.
mr6 aJ<J,Jlt)d\< M\h at.
I f(x)dx
EropdvolE, ro I =
b--;- trrvonoreir1v m I p { M.
(b) 'Eoro
rn rar M 1 e),ri;0oqKarFiyrorr, avriororxo,rLurirrtc / oro
[a 6].
EnerSti rt / ivoroDvslliE,noipvslrK rrpdE,? KorM, xor ouvenri,q,
rcr q v ntr,i
,i rou fdpoDe(a).
oeenlzytlvaryoBltlyuta 543
Aravtryoetg
34. (a) 0.
o);
38. E,rfl6li
-1rl<t<lrl
{oDlr th tb tb
-l.lI l<J.t =J"lrl.
dpa ir I lr
lJ".rlsJ"tft.
lr
Go np60l'ua 3? oovendysrar.ifrroJ, | / I dx& vqFa)
l. (D Ginrt) . 3x'1.
(iii) Jr;;4;td'.
lb I
(v) -i ' -- ---:---r-:--:-idl
l+rism't
(vii) (Fl{r}= I - Ftr).

F(F (r))
2. (i) 'ol'a.a r+ l.
(iii) 'O},aro r+ l.
(v) 'Ol,aftr.
(vii)'ola to r + 0.(H F 6fl ivar&d0oplorploto0,6r6nF(r) =t0lla.x < 0,aLld
u:dglouvr ) 0 6ooodloops|(owdo.o 0, Stort6oft F(r) = t )
|
5. (i) ( f-')'(0)=
"' .f(/r(o) l + sinGiD(/\0))
-'
I + sinGin0)
t2. F(x)= ,l,Icldt,fpE
f'
l F(x): xf(x)+ l, f(tlrlt.
rlt4t' I
ts. -f(xt=
. . JI oll yllo y o- + d4dzldt.
Vl sin.t I r
17.Mropoi!6va&o?.4ouFs
544 Aravtiloeq oemt)'typiva@opAfpata
'1r/'J+l
f(r) = :-
-I+ I
T6ft
lb "-
= :i r:r d + l
J"Trdx=f(b)- /(0)
n
lll
l + a r c u n l a r c axt)a nl i a r c t a n : r l l . r z
(iir) - l*c''u"utun'+3!-I-)'
l ' ( t a n x a r c t a n x )\' | +.{'/
2.(D'0.
(ii0 0.
(u) o.
7. (a) sin2x= sin(.x+.x) = sin.xcos x+ cosrsb x= 2 sinxcosr.
cos2x= cos'!.xsin'!x=2cos:x l=l 2sin'.x.
sin 3x = sin(2.x+ .x) = sin 2x cosx + cos2.xsin r
- 2 sinrcos'zx* (cos?x-sin?x)sin-r
= 3 sinxcos?x sinr.r.
cos3r = cod2x+ r) = cos2.xcosx- sin 2x sinx
= Gos,x siD,r)cosx=2sin,xcos.x
= cosrx - sin'?xcos r - 2 sin'z.x
cosr
= cosrx- 3 sinr.rcos x
= 4 cos'x I cosx-
(b) Aeo'jcos7rl4> 0 ror
' 1t -'I=2*"1-t-
u=cost=cosl
4 4
ixoltrEcc,srla = Al2. Emror 6rL qqo$sinlr/4 > 0 xat sinz* cos2= t, s,n
'O]row,
7rl4= l2l2wte[qovi)e ranTrl4= l. ogoi cosn/6> 0 Kor
u- cost=cosJ --4cos -Jcos

6 6'
\ = \412. E rror6Tl,oeoi sin7116
iloous cos7116 > 0,
,i",,6=v!-lG/2/ =+.
'in!'1Yl
e.{u) r,o(,+ ''v}= cos(x
+ y)
_sinxcosy+cgs.xsiny
cosxcosy-slnxsm/
Arawfioeqoeenkypiw npop),fipara545
smtcos y , cosrslo/
cosx cos/ cosr cos/
cosxco!y_smxsm/
cosx cos/ cosx cos/
_ tanr+tany
I - tan .xtan Y
(b) An6 ro lEpoe(a)6tout
tan(arctanx) + tan(arctaD/)
tan(archn, + arctany) =
I tan(arctanx)taD(arctan/)
= r-t Y '
lry
apri ro arctanr, arctan y rcr arclan x + artan y*kr+n|2. Aqoi

1rl2<T.lan r, aJctat y<r12, ould oupFaivrttdwc, Kr6g 61ov
arctanf,+ arctan/= f ?r/2,nou {volloo6tvow tlE xy=L At6 ouri lv
' EEioootaulftpoivoqr6rr
arat"nt t y= ljj{ ).
"r"t"o "r"r- \ l - x t t
cpxi to a.ctanr + arctanyvo Ppisx6tdr oro (-?./2, ?r/2),trp(iy|rat ou irur
oliela orr6rx/ < l.(Avr,y>0xarry> l,d)ararctnx+ arcrây> Tl2,
161np6nrvd nposoooulr ?roqv 6tqd 'eup{i,xo! ov f,, y< 0 *or x/> I,
66rs arctao.{+ arctatr/< - ?r/2,dr rpdnrvq oearpaoouN ?r.)
' eqiooonEdr6 1!v ,!p6rl 01
I l. O rploroqdrroEEEdlrdr 6r agorpdooc ntq 6i1epns
onoiedivowar flo *dto:
cos(r, - ,)r = cos(r?r- ,-r) = c-osrtx cos(- n() - sin n-t sin(-4t)
= cosmr cosrl + sin ur sin tx,
=
cos(m+ ,),r cosrrrcos n-r sbmrsinrr.
Or dl),orronorld?owortr 6!010rp6no.
12.A,16ro np6ptlta ll dnEtorort, ov D * t, t6!e
f' I t' - - co(n | , )r]dr

l-,sin nr sianr dx= Tl_, lcos(m ,)r
| (tsitr{o- ,),r si!(r, + ,)rd tsin{D ,)r sin(D+ r)rll

2ll n-n n+n ) L n-n n+n 1)
A},Ld,av n = r, t6ll
l, I l'
I sinzrrsinnr dx= i I ' I cos(m+t)xdr
2t
= -{hr - cos(,n
+ r)7l - t- r - cos(o'
+ r)rll
2-
Or d},),orTurorono6srrwowalU610101p6no.
546 AtrawflotryoeerAeypivanpop)'fipara
15.(a) 'Eto'rs
cos2x= cosrx- sin?x
= I 2 sin':x
= 2 cos':.x L
.. = I -cos2,{
s,n-.x ,
2
, I + cos2x
cos_i=
2
(b) Auroior rinoLdnovroL cos.{i2> 0 Ko!sinx/2 > 0 (oqon

0JI6ro ldpoE(a)nrbri
0< x< 1rl2).
(c,
1 "y. ,n l"l-(os2,t I | -. -
Jq rd,r-i, ax-TtD ar rsro
z D s r oz d) .
2 ?-
'
f' frl rcoszx t I
J,cox ^dt'J,- d^ a)+ lsin2b-sin2d).
ttb- a
19.(a) arctanI - arctan0= ?ria.

(b) lim arctanx- arctan0= ?r/2.
20.1i,n',;oJ.-h l,;o 1
"=
2r.ra) r<,n").{x)_
,ra.".(roi)_
,io_.",,,
-T
= T
(cos")'{x) tnx\
,rn(r80/- -.
srnrrr.
180: 180
,.. ,, sin"r _, sin(nv480)

_, r \in('ryl80, _ r
'"' i6 x ;i r i : i 1 80 1r\A80 180
.. ."1 .. sin".x
t80
) 11 e"". e-'. e". 6,.

(iii) (sir x)-r",(logGin x)) . cos(sio.{) . cosx + (cosx/sinx) . sinGin.{)1.
(v) . sinx""^'[(]oeGin.{)). sin.{"'"
. i0osGinx)) . cosx + (cosx/sinr) . sinrl + (cosx/sin.{). sin.x',""1.
Amvnioeqoeem).rypiva
rpof),fiparu 547
+ IosGin '
"')
smr-cos.r
j-)/--(--r-J*',
",*i"(-
I
(ix)(logx)a'. .]+r"e".fi , ll
log(logxf
(i) 0..
t
(iiD
;.
_. l
1. (a)
cosh)r-sinhrx=
l-:l'- l+f
\2t\2'
4 - TI'
rer
=1 c-Ll r.L - 1I* c-11
4 l-14 1l
=1.
( c ) s i n hr c o s bv + c 6 h x s i n h'v = l - = - l l ' . ' I

\ 2 t\ 2 l
. / e . + . , \ / d - e - ,\ l e * , . c - r - ' -cA'. c-,1
'l-z /t-z l=14'-4- 4'4)
'Ie*''c-.|'_e-'-je,/']c,.,+e-1,., - srnn(x+
t[4 *--i- t--t /J.
Jl=-----
(c) Enefi{
sidr=-j-
Ctoulll
- 2 = :--=:-
sinh,(r) = co6hr.
G) Etr6i
. sinhr
tall|tr=-'
\ eIouIE
_ (coshr)? - -'(siEbx):
. ,,,(rl. =
tao!
co6h'r
l' l = -- .' (a).
&16to Fdpog
8. (e) Av/= argcosh.x,t6rr > 0 kor

r = *"6 y = 1-1+ snt,y cn6ro y6pog(a).
548 Arawrloeq ocemltypevaryofi,ripara
sioh(arg i) - sinh,= qfx'- t uooisinny > 01La

cosh y> 0.
(c) r
(arcsinbl(x)= -nb,( -
))
_l
cosh(arg sinh(x))
- (b).
o'rdro Fapoq
+
vr'rx'
(e) (argtanh)'(,=
',il*#nh.)1
= cosh'(arg
tanh(x)).
A',}d,
tatrh,+---i. = I ar6 rc np6p),nro

7 (b)
cosoly
. dpo
tanhlargtanh(x) + -----L =1,
cosn(arg taDn(.r))
tanh(x))=
cosh':(arg
rI,.
9. (a) Av y = arg sinhx, dr
q:gr
x = sinhJ,=
2
dpo
d-e,=2x,
err_2xe!_l=0,
, _" - z x x . , l * \ t
2
,ipa
e = x * r , / t - r ) c , l oe
d, ) 0
rt
y = aresinhr = los(x+ 1/-l + l).
'Opora,
argcosh x = toglx*.,/r' - l),
lt
arstanfi.x= log(l+ x) -
t ibe(t "1.
(b) J- -T:, b - arssinhd. 0,16
dr = at9sinh ro np6putq 8(c),
+ rft + a) - re@+ \/T-+dr.

= toe(a
f" I
J_-/ , , dr=loe(b+
rfu, rt-togta+r,6--r)
Anavtfioetg oe auk'yyivatpop,tipara 549
fr r r - - ! ! -a)1.
'Iq
-i . d x - , U o g (rl b ) - l o 8 ( l b ) l o sI{ a ) l o g|(
I x'
12.(a) lim a' = liq e'a'. AQoflogd < 0,6tooglim.xloga = - -, 6rfl lim e'r"!"= 0.
1"1 1;. .098J)i= 6. -{= e.

!-- .x
G) li'! ], = lin e'bs.A),ld, limxlog x = 0 an6to F6po6

(d),dpaliq.r' = l.
16.ra) linlos (l + v)/v = los(l)= l.

(b) li!xlos(l + l/x) = lin log(l+y)/y= l.
(c) e=exp(l)=exp(lim.xlo8(l+l/.x))
(*) = liqexp(.{log(1+ l/x)
= lim(l + t/x),.
(H ro6rrlrop rov oolepioxoEcpidtoron6 q oDvd1ela q exp oro I Ktrr
Iriopi vo arflo),onoi o)giie:
frd rd0e e>0 undp:(er xdrlorot>0, dtor d)ot e-exp/l < 1ro
ly I l< d. Enn),rtov,undptr KriroroN, dror6ors l,rlog(l + l/x) - I l< t
-.xlos(l + l/.x) < Tra x> N.)
ra.x>,ry.'Apo le |
(d) e'= tlitr{l + l/x)'1" = lir(l + lh)-
= lim(l + lix)',
= tin(t + a/y)'.
18.Merdar6 Evq1p6vo,o opr0!6qrrDv6o).lapiov prdaptlri xard&ol I

nouoro6i6sr
60 ,qpiou,
eaeiv0r
lim(t + d/100x)* = e"r@.
19.(a) qrsov6c f'(x)=tlt tta x>0. Av .x<0, 16rs /(x) = los( r), dpo
/1r) = ( I). tl( x)= tlx.
(b) Mroporip vo Tpdvoupe tlv togl/ | oovI o f, 6noDg(,i)= loglxl eivcr11
ouvdprlorlrou lipoDq(a).EnodvoE,(losf l)'= l8'" h J'= 1l f f'-
20.(c) Eor0)s(r) = /(x)ie'. T'tr
e" l'0\ - f( x\ce"
E.,ek'
dptrDndfl(er
Kd'romqaprep6qt, ;ror 6ors s(.x)= t nc d).c'rux.
21. (a) IotQova }lro Ilp6Fl.IUo20,undplsrK'inoroI, dror 6ors A(l) = ked.Tdre
k= ket'= Ao. ApoA(i) =,4{ed.
(b) Av A(l + r) = A(0/2,1613
Aned+"+ry:,
.lp|.e''e'-.e"/2ie."--; .dpo' - tlog2),ic.
EivorriKolovoc).dtqourr
6r L
550 AnawiaEte@ ntltlltva ryoQ]"ipaw
22. o N6poqrou N6irova Mfl 6 Ia (dnorov (0nK6)opr0f6 c ,

r'(t) = c(r- M)'
ro oroio ,nopi vs ypsei oav
Q M')'= .(r M).
'Apa,
ord ro [p69]'rura20,urdpter{drlorcqop$t6qt, 6r('16oft
r(t) - M= ke",
rorr= re!,= r(0)= 4. .Apa,T(t)= M+ Toe.
r. (i) (VF + {t/G= x 'rc* xr!).
.,,, I -uq-t-'/,n
-t
Vr-l+Vx+l
(iiil(e' + er + er'),/e'"= e41+ e-'1a
+ e-.
(iY) a'lb" = (d/br' = elb'atbt.
(v) tan:x= sec'?r l.
- .. I llal
(vr) ,,=-
a'ir
t+l l
(vii)+4
!a' .x' {t Qt1'df
I I surr I sinr
(!ill]- ec'r-scllanx,
Itslnx l-(in'!t
... 8r':+6x+4 -
(lxl -=61-z-r-.
- 6
^*'' l = 1
Ju-x, /a-T-it-
2. (i) -cos e'. ( Toro 'r = e'.)
(iii) 0ogx)r/2.('Eoro u = logr.)
. (v) e". ('Eoto)u = e".)
\ lvlu re". ( Eoto u = vx,i
(ix) - (los(cosr))'?/2.( Toro u = los(cosx).
3. fi \ Ixle'dr- t(1{. - hre.'&t--.lt -

lht
-
k' dtl
= x'e' - zxe + 2e'.
(in) EroupE:
1".. e ' s i t rb x
- .:....:..:. b[-
Je- sir bx & ; le- -' t * 4,
ryop)'fipata 557
Arawloeq oeem)'eypiva
= e ' 's i nb x b I r-cosbx - bl ". ...1

e- (-s'n ox'd'tl'
' 't ?J
"
= -
'Ide-
' + sin
b .bx
a 'dx
+ b . =!-- .e-sin br :3--- e- cosbx.
(!) XprlsuronordrwoE x)rdx= x(logr)t - 2r(logx) + 2.xiou

ro onordl.eopcllog
P{liou, CtoDIe
t - !
J(losr) dr = lx(losx)' 2r(losr) 2x]logx
-Jl l x)+ 2.xldr
ilxttos't' tu(los
= .r(logx)r - 2r(logx)'?+ 2r logr
- t (losx)1dx + {xlog | - xl - 2x
I
= .x(log -
r)r 2x(losr)? + 2r logx
.
- [x(log.x)'-2x(logr) + 2x]+ 2lxlogx- xl - 2x
= x(losr)i - 3x(locr)' + 6r logr - 6r.
(Yii) /sec'r dr =/(sccrrxscc')'k = ranrsecr

-fitatr .xxsec,tan,)dr
= tanxscc.r-Jsec.r(src:r - l)dx
r
= tanxsecx - / sec-rdr * .[secx dx,
J sec'xd{ = i[|an,rsec x + log{sec

x + ra! r)].
| 1"h 1l
J t /t t c tx d x = ' : , t o g x - i J r - . ; e
2in.
= -3 2[,..
rogr r- d.x
JJ
='+to|x-+rn.
4. (t Odroulu.[ = sin u,dr = cosu du.To olol(lripollo ltvrar
f c o s u d u |1t.rn=
..
,r-_ J -- u= arcsin r.
v4 sitrt
(iii) Oiroule, = secu,dr = scc|, tanlr dt . To olo(),rlpopc{verar
fsecu tan u du = i =
J r' + lan u)
/ ttt ' ou log(sc
u6;5 -
= lo8(r+ !F'- l).
(v) Odrow,t = sinu, dr = cosu d& To oi,o|CliflDpdT
ivror
552 Amvtfloeq oee "eypivarpopkjpara
log(csc
., + cot u)
sinu v/T:l;t
=-r""| +Jr').
(vii) Oiroule.r = sinu, dx = cosu du. To olorl{porgc livcrar
tll
=J sinru cos':u du =J Gin u)(l cos']u)cos'u
du
J(sinru cosu)cosu du
| . = cosu- cosru
*j -
=J tsinulcos)u- cos'u)du "': +
_ (r r2)'4 (l - r)f
-- , ----3--
I
(ir) Odroulx= tan,, dr = sec':udu.Toolor).ipolrol(vEror
u sec'udu=.[secr
,fsec u du
= u secu + loc(scc
u + tanu)]an6rc npdp),IFa
3 {vii)
t ltan
=it,Vt ' l llos(r-Vl + j?)1.
+ I,.r = &r- I, dr = 2ud!. Tooloxl'ripo)Io

5.(D OdrouFu = ,,/-.r yivror
[ 2 ud u l t - - 2 \ .
'/l+u ,\- l+u/--
= 2u- 2 tosl + u) = 2 \qi - 2 los(l+ !4+ l).
u = rrr!,x= u', d.r= 6u'du.Toolo(lrlpopo/veror
(iii) O6roupe
1 a , , 5r , , f/ r \
-3t I 6u 6los(u+l)
J,i,",,=oj1r'.-r+t-,,ldu=2u'
= 2,/1- 3l/, + 6'/; - 6 log(fi+ l).
|r = ranx,.x= arcranIj, dr = du/(l + ri:). To ol,oxl,ripoloyividr
(v) O6roupE
I au lfi l u-2\.
J 1 t+ u ) 1 2 + u ) 5 r \ 2 + u l+url--
I t du llzu .21 du
5J2+u lU l-u)-- 5/Irdr
I I,..2
= + u) - + u') + arclan
u
TIos(2 i0-los(l ;
lt')
=;los(2 + tanx) - + tanr.r)+; x.
l0log(l
u = 2',.r= (logu)lllog2),dx= du/(ulog2).Tool.oxl.ipoloylvrar
('ii) OdloDI
lf u'+l t f/-. l-ril.

l o g2 r ( u + l ) r - - log2J\" u(u+l),1--
Amvtfiottg ot en).eypivaryofi,fipam 553
==-l-fl' I -]--)r,
log2r\' u u+t/
I
= + logu - 2loc(u+ 1)]
los2[u
- - .{los2 - 2los(2' l)l.
-l-P'
loq2'
(ix) Odroups r = \t x = rr'z,dx = 2u du. To ol.oKlipolq Tivror
[,/ t-iF 2udu

J E
llj
Odrouls r6pa u = sin t dl, = cos/ d/. To o)"oKl.ipoFoyivsrdr

- sin'ylsiny
f2cos ysrnycosy . = -i(l-----.------
I/ + dv i I av
| s|n/ r-s'ny
= 2Jt (l + siny)sinydy
'll
= 2I si,ny dy + J | - cos2ydy
- - 2 c o- s y t -sin
- - ' 2y
:L=
y- 2 c o sy L y - s i n/ c o sy
= - 2r,4-7{ u'"sinu - u'/t - f-

= - zyI - * + a,csi"yG '/" '/t -.
H cwrxardoraoqu = 14 - x, r = I - u':,dx = - 2u du o6tlei oro
KorI ovlrKcrdotcorlu = siny o6n'r3irdrs oro

f-2
--l srn'lv cosv dv - rsrnY- Y- srnYcosY
J - cos;--
=-Zu-arcsinu-url-u'
- 2\4- .*i" vl=- V' - x!4.
aqof
Aurfgor oravrioleoDFqovoriv,
'.'r"/" = + arcsin
vilJ.
ro, ow(pivowoq !q napolcolouElouEKar116np6s '!ouqyn r = 0).
(},C'IErs
6. Xro mo xriro npop)'rlpcta,|]s I orl!r6vrorro aptrx6 ol.oxl.ipolo.
(. .i ) / =r[xJ _ *| , [ _ ,L _ *
(,r+t),
-2toB(x l) -.
554 Arsvtqoe$ot ml''lp{w npofl'fipata
_ | | .t 4
(u0 I = '| : d x +' l(-rd+t
(r- l)' l)'
t2
(r D ('+ t),
- t[ 2x ,[ 4
(v) I =:l =-dx + l --=--:-dt
2'tt+l "t'+l
= l) + l rrcran
r.
ilos(r'z+
- f t .t 2t
(viD I = | .] h( .- x
C1u ._| |r_, : - o, (x. { , + , r + l )
= || _ | o' 1. [| -=-(a
u+t _ |t _-i'r. I
/I-r-l . r(+x+t " t:t't+l
Atad
l _dx
tfl = t -:_----1-_------'':_
| 'i ax
1x.+t+t , rt?, r
\'-t) - 4
=+/EFH*-
=r.f,,'",-ffi(,*|)
=aa*"""h+("++),
dpa
r = log(, f tJ -r lo8(I'-r ,{ -r lJ -
- [ 2xtt t
(ix) l=|-.(a_|...:.......'--_-(,'
I
--arqan aF.+))
'(r'+.t+lf '(.x'+x+l)'
[ 2x+r tol l
=lf**r1,tu-il-611.*16r,4
1E6t'+rll* rl'
ArLl.dn o!"nrcdoroorl
, -_ z t..i, TI
rt ox=
,._{-, ,,,
""
, Ji\x
at Ld{n ro 6D6lpo
olort ip{qr o.
rc ,/i[ au
_u._, .r1iTT,
Xprloluonot6vrdgiov dno elatr6ooq, aDrdlpdgIst adv
Anavridet
oenÊllliwnpofi,fipata555
s\At, rf ,i, I r r c t a n' lu l

s J J f t o a { u ) r' t2)a
e [21,.'1')J;-,J=- , L-= 4
,ipq
I -f .4+o,*.*,t-f ".", *1,;;

, ;-----.
k-1(,
13.H ttooq / e' sin .rdx=e'sinx e,cosx-/e, sin.xdx ortpqivr 6fl r<dOE
olvdpqon F |r F(x) = e' sin x pJropsiva lpqQi oov F(x) = et sin x - e, cos
x- G(x),6'IouG ivarfra d),l.rlouvdprtol !e 6(.r)= 'sini.OusrKd,C= F+ c
Tro Kdnorov
opr0Fdc, ol.ld 6v0).116l)[1
ovoyKdorrKd dfl F= C.
r ar =,[ I . arcsin
15.1a),farcrin -
r dr =.xarcsitr.x
I
6*
= x arcsinx * /ir7
. . . .( a ) 1 . , s i n rc, or sx lf
16. J s j nx d x = - : - : . ! ; J s i n ' x d x
*-
=-:g'*roi[-*#*- j/,"]
_ _ sinrrcosr Jsinrcos.r,
- t T "l
4 8
-+ -"+)*
* I(+
/,".,*=/(=rrl
=Z- "t2+ Llt +":'u a"
rin2,r , l Ir sin4.r'i
4 4 412 8 I
= T3,{
- sin2r t sfuZt '
4 n
(b) 'Ererardlr aurCe
or 6 o om\,'riosr(sivari6Lg,
aqoi d1oDvTtv
i6rarrlrl ylo
20.(a) sitr"x dx=/Gin xxsin"rx)dr

= - cosrsin' rr + (r - l)lcosxxsin',')(cos.{)dr
= - cosxsin"' r+ 6- tlflsin' :x- sin"x)dr,
| - - | cosxsin ', - -:----:J

--rf
J en".rd,r= srn"_txd.r.
0) xtcos"r x)dx
Jcos'xdr=.||Gos
=sin.{cos''x+(, l)/sinx(cos"-:rhin x d-x
=sinrcos'rx+(, t)J (cos -
"-I,t cos
" .r)dx,
doo
I I
= - : s i n . rc o ," ^ - - ;" l-rr nf s ' i r d ,
Jcos-xdr
556 Altdwiorgot tn rf&va ftpo\llyatu
(crfdxldxIx'1dx
'(l+'1" ',(l+/)''] ',
(l+/1,
l)-l- u
_l I
, ( 1+ I ) - r , {r+''1"
4dxlxtdxl -J -2(l
/ (["1-i- Lr(l ,,)(l+ ,,)- _ nxl + x')il
dpo
I a" I x ( 2 n -3 ) l I
' 1 t r 1 1 ' z r ' - t 1 1 r ' *1 r " - 2 r n - l ) J ( , tIr l ) ' - * '
MropoiF eriolq va 1prloqronoliooDg rnv dvrr].ordordol x=tan |r,

dx= sec:udu, rou cl?,rt(L
ro o],oK),iporao
lsec'u du = l|c o s,"-,

-.udu
I :
' I J u s i o u -2_n- l c3ol s : , , u d ,
= I I x *2n-3 [
2D 2 e1+x1)'t .llTT 2n-2 r (l+x1"1
I v ).-11 d\
2(n r) (l+x), t 2n-21 0+x\,'
l. (t P1i(r)= + ex+ e.r'{ (5e/31)xr.

(\-i2i t^-nA
( I r i 4 ! , r r , - ,' - |(-lr'(.{- n 2)L.
L 4t (rrx
'::---l:
(vl P . , { . r i -e - e ( x l ) r -
(vii) Pao(.x)=r+r'.
= I /+x'
(ix) P:,,r,0(x) ...+(-l)'x'.
2. Av I / ivqrroluovDprKrioDvdprtot Fopo$,, 16r ,f(".')= 0. 'Enstcrc'r6 ro
O6p!!q Taylor6n R.J.x)= 0, 'iptr f(x) = Pa"(,{).
(i) -12+ 2(x 3)+(r 3)':.
- 3),+ 90(x-3)r+ 15(r 3).+ (x 3)J.
(iii) 243+ 405(1 3)+ 270(x
-. r-tl , | ,
i. {i, ) l 0 } r q 2 n + 2 >l e . r i n > e J .
OFhtAooi .^-<
(iiit i {-l' (nr"';----L<10-'vro2,-

2>18.nn>s).
:i 2(2i! r):\ 2" ,t2n+ 2):
+.i 1),'ir \
(!) Z (
r r - : l A o o i ( ' ; i X t 0 ' 1 , c n * I > t 2 . r i , >I l .
AltdwilEt o e.lr)"ylliva
rpofi,rjpara 557
8 .( i ) c r = 4 , + 4 .
(iii) ci= (;+ l)a,.
s ^=J'noa,,
l. (D I - r l ( n + l ) = l / ( n + l ) < 3 1 r 0 r + I > l / 8 .
(iii) rmi6r+r -i6Tr = tim(6tTT fl1+ timldGfa+f+1=n16=6.
(K'i0r 'Lruarr6 al,rd rs 6io 6pra. fropri vo 9p0iFc rov i6ro 1p6rc rrou
- vG)= 0 q'rE6it0n
I'T {vG+l aroPrFIio.)
Ereov6q,lim (loga)/, = 0.'Apo lim{G = [m e@')'' = e0(atr6io Os{i}ptlo
(vn) (:/;J,< :,/7+ o< iD (fi )',tor

i/7 s i/V * = i/ z?,apa
lir!(Vr)'= limv2(Vr)'= | (on6ra dpn tv)KoL(vi).)
(ix) Epgovriq, a)/, = 0.
a(n) S logrrxorlim(log?
5. (a) A\ o < a < 2,16ia'1< 2o ii, dpoo <',Fu < z.
(b) To!poE (r) 6Eilvr
6n
,/1< tl z ,/1< tlz t/z ,/1< ...< z.
dpaI aKo)'oDoia oufxlivEr,q,r6to @e6pnpa 2.
(c) Av our4rloKol,ou6(0 ollcr!)06{fc ld,l, !6rc I qrolol.oiol/dlEivor I i6Lqll
t1v {4" ,l. EttopdvoE. 11un66crh6cirwr 6n / = V21 rl 1= 2
8. Av o r EivarprF6g,dt o , ! rr eivdr noLlon)doro rou n 1c cprerd geld?roa, rcr
610r(cosrl ,rr)I = | tro 610ourdro ,, dpqlim(lim(cos'! 'r*)'l) = l. Av o.r rivar
dpprlroq,rdrr rlr,{ 60v civdr no}.lodrioiii ioi r 1La onotodrlnorra, ripc
lcosnl ur.r| ( l, ror dtorlim (cos,! n x)'= 0,511106rl /(x) = 0.
e. (i) I, ' dr = - l. (Xopiore ro [0, l] U8qrepioErqrl ioov rlrDftov.)
(iiD I, I
(v, I, tl
(l + r)'
l. (i) (Arol,oro() (twKl.ivouoo,

o$odlGinrd)/n?l< l/rr. I
(iii) Anor).ivouso,deoi o! npd,ror
2, 6por61ouvdoporoiro + ...+ l/r. (To
t
ordrpr
ro rou Leibnit?
6vegopt6(6roLago6or 6po\ mrd and),wonpi, 6v
eeivouv.)
(')
I.'l
lu apKcrdlrydl,or.
558 Anavtfiottqot unltrytva npo\l4poru
(vii) IuyKIivouoa.
aaol
.. {r+ l)'{r-l)l
llm _- -
.,r-l\r
lrml-J - I= U -
(ix) Arox),ivol,oq,
oeoi l/(los,) > l/r.
Gi) It /Klivoroa
o .q o i l / { l o g n ) ' < - / r o r > 9 .
2
(xiii) AnoKlivouoo,o$oi
,'-l
,\t'2,
110apKer0lrl1ô,.
(xv) Arox).ivouoa,aeoi
f* r -
/|r r t-o g ^ d{ los(losN) loe(losl) - - (N - -J.
6rLI /(x) = I / (,rlosx) eivaLqeivo'Joq

(XnpLrior oro [3,-), opor]
- . . _ -- [ l *lo".t
. I (rl ---:-----------e-:r < 0'Iror\ e.l
(x rog-xl
(xvii) tll, K).ivoroa,
o9osl/,I(los,) < li rr /1o, > 2.
(xix) IDTK).ivoDo0,0ao$
! ! t
, _2' \n lt: tn lt" _ ,_)tn l)n
I'ntln' '-" (r + l)d
' I'm 22
'-'L*
\;l "'
0'16ro np6p),rpol7 16.
5. (a) fLd lcdocN gAov6q
ilolp
.t-
6. ) o"rp,<o) ro,_ r,
'ipa ro Z a,l0 or,yK].ivlrIL ro KprripLorIC Apoyudq( aKo).ouoioc.

Ko'
FpioKersr!raEJ 0 Kqr l. (trrv rpdqrt, aur6q o opL0!6Eorper6vrorrr

0.drd, ar aa... p6vo6rqvrl aKolo'r0io{a,} 6svivorrt rKd0.)
17.To r0o66vrnq ypoprooxroo!vrtq

,reproj(riq
ivcL ro ol,oxrrlpr,rpc
eivcr
|.
r/1, rl |l _lr _ rl_ \_ llfr_ rl Ffr_ rl_ l
' f l l ' r - l It rr sl-[rr,- r:l- J- : \L: 4] Ls rr,l J
lJl - i I - r l), - r 2I8 - i l i l , - 1|6 - 6| q - ) s| 6, - I
tt, ./-:lq .l
- I l' , I I , I - I - I l,- I - | - I * I
4\' 4 lti 64 / 8\' 4 16 64 ,l
r/,,r r r \
=l l
o r-l
l4
Anvtqoetga w).e1pivanpofhlpu 559
l. (i)
/(r)=limt(r)= i
I t,o<x<t.
H [/.i 6Evoqd.(!r olorfuopqoorlv /.
(iiD /(r) = lin /,(r)=0 (aqo'i1o1;=- 1c rll). H axolooolo{/"} 6Ev
'oqrliver
opor6lop{oorrlv /. Mdl,ror!,lto o,ro1o&inoft
, XoDIerc f"(.{)
pydLo,'Ird op*std
trsfdlo -r.
(v) t(x)=Ig /,(x)=0, l(ar {/"J oDtxtrtv8r ojrol6popgo oqv /, aeof
l/"(x)l< l/a ?u l(do.r.
lxrl
_ /_ 1\
(iii) ) {-l)rl . "l.xr.
I_IJ
- (-l),1
\-r. 'rr*r.
I
1"1 !
rro 2t+ I
a. (i) c-'.
(iii) Av
.6r
'f-, r' y' \ = -y
2 1
^ 1-+:--
= loe(l+ r) lxl< ,
dpopo lxl( I CtolFf(x) =(l +,{)log(1 + x)-(l +x)+ c1lordrorov
Eft i /(0) = o,i oqlEon
apr0l6c. c= l,&N fQt)= (l + x)log(l+ -{)- x
p l:l(L
6. Apod
' (-l)rrI!+l
i1 -::-:-i-i-
srn r= ,t, -f ttl
=L \zn
, dloute6n
' "r"' = S !-.lll
3 (2'+I)l
'Apa,
(olF6td)or6fl rt &Ctd nlropd = I lta r = 0).
dtlr'r=zn
=
_fG)(o)
0, knepl1r6q
oe tleyptvaryopkipata
560 A,tswtioG
4
l. (i) 13+4tl=5,9=arctanT
(iiD l(l + ,rl = ( ll + i l)5= l, oqoottl4 = arcat.nl/l Eivst6\q 6Fopo ra
I + i, v6evadpropa 1!o(l + i)'itu ro 5trl4.
= 5=l s ,d = 0 .
( v ) l ( 1 3 + a t l ) l1
2. (i)
=- i + \rsi
2
(-r-\fti
=(-r+\ftt, \ ----T-
2
(iii) / + 2,i - I = (r + t', ftor rl l6vn l6orl 6ilut t = - i.
(v) x1- x7- x - 2= (x- 2)(/ + t+ l). otl'rjoE6ival
' -t+ y'J;-l+/Ji

2 2' 2 2"
'O}'c tc z = ry p6 ttpalpdrrKd.
3. (i) /
(iii) 'Ola m z erl qq lrooro0slou tou u0qpaFgouttriFqtog FIoqi d rct b'
i' v' ) K s v d v uz , d o o n l r + i l < l - x , o u v e n d F t o 6t f l x > 1 , x o t 6 t t
x1+| <l - 2.x+.1. dpq f<l' zt' ro orclo ivsr a&iwlo. ogoi
l-2x<0Ttqx:1.
4 , l x + i y l = x 1 + t ) = x l + ( y ) 1 =l x - i y l
l.+zll2=f(x+ iyl+ (x-- iY\ll2=x.
Q -ani = l(x + iyt - (x |Y')llzi= Y.
5. lz+ l,lr+ lz- vlt = (z+ w)Q+ Fl+ (z- v\2 - F'1=E +
zw*=z(lzl'+lwl').
fopErpu(d,our6I'd& dfl ro depotoFcrov 1rpo,6v0)v fiapal'l'nlo-
iov 6|aTovi(ov
IpdFFoursofflr Fs to deporolo lov lEtpcl6vov ro)vrl$p6v 1ou.
ItoAAAIO16
l. (i) tqd,ivcr q'totritdq, o9oi l(l +,)"i r!l = (.f2)'i r!' *", 1 | Cfzfnt
ouyrlivr.
(iii) tDyr),iv! al,trd 61t arolitoq, oQo$or trpaYpotrrot6potalr|lrattgouv rq aerpd
\
- TI - 4 -I6 ' s I-,-l
rcl or 9awdot$ol opot r'qv

.tl I I I , \
'll
3 5 1 |
(v) agoi 01tlpa lorrtoa6poloflfdri(oov fil oerpd
AnoK),ivs!,
$r +zsr +$r +$1+z$l +$a+...

Aravnioeqot tni"eypivarpop),fiparu561
2. (t To 6prc
.. z '+tttn+ Dl /, + l\, ,
[m_-=llmt_t lzl= tzl
lzl'lo' '-'\ , /
ivor< 1yra l z l< 1 o

, l,)d
>lp l z l> r .
(iii) To 6pro
t-ti+|
ufi-=lzl
*' lzl"
iva! I 'yralz >l:
tv, To dprc
,r+r t?tl!+r)!
lim- l-l = lin2 zlr"+Dd
eivcr0 pc lzl < 1,qud - yrolzl > l.

3. (i) To 6pr0
W=d ,.
u,*^tf
]ra lzl < \,/t.A,.).dj .
civcr< l'yto lzl < \42,dpaI ocrpdsuyxlivcrqnol'r'ro,(
ocrpd6cv sutxlivn onoLiro4ylo Iz|> V2,dpon arrivao$rxltcrtcEivar/2.
(ni) Aqo'i
I oelpdooFl.ivr qml,$roE yro 6lo ra z, dpo n oKrlvaglipd,rartgivor@.

(v) ro 6p1o
\mJ2"z't = zlrn ltrt)l
ivoro,r1olzl < I,aX},'i-yw lz > l,dpon orrtvo sql(),ronsivorl.

NINAKAE EYMBOAON
txl,6a I r. zsz
l al , t o |xl,64
.t,ll 6,76 t"
na{& y), l5
min(r,y), 15
[Trt'l' zs J, f(x)dx,2s2
lim /, 78
e, t6 I f.253
N,18 l+ f('),78
q,19 lim /(x), ?8 t'
I f 253
l'+ /("),78
19
"!,
lin f(x), 7e sin",256
).a,,20
lim f(x), 7e sin',256
r,251
z,2l lim /(x),83 A(x),2s8
Q,2l
R,2l lin/(x) = ,83 cos,258,260
= -, a: sin,258,260
(o\,o ]g r(x) sec,26l
supA, 106 tan,26l
lubA, 106 csc,26l
fG),34,3e inf A, 106 cot,26l
1,36 glb A, 106 ztcsi\,262
A O 8,37 tilne, tl+ atccos,262
lin sup,4, I 14 arctat262
f ' c,31
f lc,31 EqA, ll4 log,281
exp,282
c s,31 f (d),t23
e,283
8, ...1,37 f,123
e',284
{a,,...,d,},38 a',284
f + s+ h,38 lo&,285
f '8 h,38 dflx)l sitr-6,291
/os,38 cosh,29l
fosoh,38 tanl,291
x- f(x),3e f, 132
ars sh&, 292
f", t31
ary tanh,82
l l d , a' 2 f""t33
ary corh,D2
d' f(x) ,". Nap log, 296
o,i.a
C^,43 F(i) 300
.,
A U 8,43 f t94
R A,43 R(f" , a, b),208 If,tor
If 1 , 4 4 LU, N,Ng Jf@atnr
r.:,a].(f,s),aa u(f, Pl,20e r(x),330
n]tr.(f,c),44 P4''340
i< c' 46 I r.2t3 P',4r,3q
10 (Etttoc,(a, b), 47 R,/,348
ro avoltr6 Erdsrnpo(4 t),49 I f0)dx.2l7
la bl, 50 t( f, P),22e
lol.:oo
(c,e), s0
9(x),230
[c, o), s0 Ic,j,37a
-, d),50
liT a,'375
(
-, d],50
Ll f 247
(
( e, e),50
ul r. zqt
566 i'aru; oulLll.av
7, 384 Rc.45l A,,48t)

hi J,. .188 lm,45l u,.481
4.452 + , 487.
495
lm supr,, 388 tt! tVl, qsz .,487,499
0,487,496
l+r",r88 1,488,500
liminfr. 188 J"(a),459
sin.470 - ll,488.496
I1r; a, b).190 cos,470 a-r,488.500
erp,470 P,489
4, 478 > , 489,494
8",418 < , 489.494
r,418,44:l D,419 > . 489,495
c.411 Dt.479 < .489.495
t,445 eD.479 lol, 4ee
z,445 A. 479
EYPETHPIO
Abel,NiekHenrik. 138 Avd6Qoprrdg oaropdg,l9
Os6Qnpa Im',435 Avdlml 03 BoQu(d xTdoloro, 3 14
KAr tprorox,4l2 A!u voriloro; ouuool(o&o;
Ar4rBo{ori,329
AoQoioLU!, 391,463 ro! Bemouli,27
ono),ift0(, 399.464 rorryeotrsrQrTou-oprolllTrzoi!6oox, 28
ard Cesaro,410 rox Gronwall.294
zard!Ahel,435
Tard liQL Tljio; ro! Abel.|ro, 328 rou Liouville,371
ouoid[oQ@, 42i 422 rou Schwarz,15
A0QoLotta, rou Young,228
A!o,209 rQrYorvfli,63
,qJ-reo.357.39 ro! carchy-schwatz,232
aniAor axolo$(aE, 392
KftrD,209 oobrolgrolBlo orll1o,489
MQrxd,39l A{dlot6vrcg,203
MD/q6rxdJ! oAr!d)v. 443 Avr aldglsot, rlnos rrc, 305
nEnEQaoFalo, 202,391 A1rWrao8r0{dEldtog,
Riemann,233 q!npdooeor;,8
>iypa or'U.Bolqrd( ror, 20 ror rol).on),oorootolr, 8
>!'!aQniosor\,,37. 38 A\'rl"xaQ{11(qos,(FL A6qroro o).o1tliQ(0po).
AwioraoqoE orrydprtor;. 194
AUQoropo.
rlirq! Iox. AvriorAoqo<rat.fovotlrrQrrr4E orJvdQrnolg,
262,263
Al'IimQoqo moLxao,
no)AcL-rlooraofl"d,8
yr( ro sin,264.265 naoo0Err76,8
]to ro ran.267 Atu doQoLoFo, 209
ATAaia [rysirai or(lQrr)ol, 474 Avo ol.oTtiQoFo, 247
AxeQoLo-c.21 A\rDdaLooIoxIiE orE,2ll
Avo qEitla, 106
oopoiorll391 E].dzrmoGup),106
c|".Id,rinu;,399
xdrd Cesaro,4l0
doQo|oFo pLq;,391 6EnrcQo;,s0
olobrtuall rfi, 4tr2 ?oft]ioQr\po!, 50
dnEel 374 oQr(0r1ro5.50
npaY[arn0!, 445
auEoroo,379 rrQdroE,50
CaNhy,380.503
!L1106rxi,.+77 A6p'ora o].onhA6Boro. t(xQdE?ar{i},oloE
tibbonacci, 27,2E ro!,302,303
lit08\1Frni,194 A6Qrmoolox).ilKDFo,302
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lLlu6rxi, 463, i\neLpobromi|raro, 50
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qoilorloa, 379 AnrQooErp6<. 392
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6tirotooftAtu. 467 Arda].|ol1,375
AxtivLa,[FrQt]olos,50,256.257
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Nicholss,
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AArloE, 252-?J4,11\.39
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365
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aQQrro6,2l Ir.v6$s!o,5
dQrroE,22 278.33I, 413
drerQo,
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uLls6l7ds, 443
neerrdE,22 rQotrrD{iiould$Ilot 51
nQotloIlxdg,21,494 fpoq!#EnaQqordorE, 50,67
nQfioE,27,367 Cronwo]l, arrodlrlrqror, 294
QltroE,2l I(l) a,45,256
nrsQfarHoE, 365,370 f oria,rQooawrolLophn,256
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Ir!6praoto!, 4I0,428
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50
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362,363 KprTliQrorox.392
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111,490 Cavalien,22?
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roqjftoJYoEto!. 143,
259
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:Ioadtoryqrox,263 Cosh,291
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nolu(i),|rJto Dedekind,Richard.32
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Art ianh,292 50
Ao'ire$ onlrrroypdarl,
Ao\dExx$i, 192 AewQo Odpllo iol]
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AqsiQeql.14
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ovrodrtForox, 2? 6ffflcrru1'o.489,490
aQ[8poI rou,478 AneoQrxaE EEroriooq, 245,252,271,212,298,
no).ld^ruUo ror.480 362
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Bolzano-WeierstEs 6td)fl po,380 ALaqoQlxds ftltoriE, 479,480
57O Eupetripro
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129
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o).rxi,292
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Atnli rotri. 136 moL/e(ir6rso0rold; q!, 389
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r. 15
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294
Aljo qopaqr.oQ0y(rtyiorpll'I 32 HFiro\I).lt 6neSine
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oov dlpnroi,156 313.449,457,414
cryfotrou [e ro ]r, 370,471 Oe[FiwiJtu( Os6pnpa ror Aol(oBou,
T+rtrox,354 ArheQo,432
u'rpoorui&lro rou, 165 IIAd)ro,238
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482
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r6ronFo ro!, lO7 Ofl"d mori(riooro R.498,
E)d/roro orlvdprnolg, 157,158 Oe6Qrua Bolzano-Wei$rars, 380,189,461
EIdXLmoo+teio orrydQrrtorE, r0:rt1.6,157 Or{iJpIUqdr(Dlufrxo,24
Etd7Loro,<6!0 dat0ld!. I l Oc6pruoEv6ropdoou Ttui<,97
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229
Eu6a6ov, 208,2 l3 &urQo,127,328
d.toFQtkj,20 roxCauchy.l69
4Llkbdv enrqq\iqq.208 rouLeibniz,400
t{drlorl,236 roxTwlor,350
nueatribqE.216 OedQqtaoltrzarolErox Surm. 272
ooFrp6laE (rorug, 127 &d)Qtra rox Abel,435
oftQorl3x ,I8Qtm0o91iE. 23? O(iArForo.v'r!'l(l)rrotLa!o!'6roontp&ov.
gltEor nqpa/.btq (rE r).Ept!I), 202 l14
Eln nao! hc ouvdqo1l l93
EEoermsgiv na8qll)los. 128
EE(in).llor,Mto6oqfltq 113 Iniimum, 107
Erclo/ri t'qerua(xi. l8 too6fvarcqq/o].ouea0ECarchy.s02
n].iQilE,20 Ioo[oQqlxdod)pora,505,
E,royoItrd o1]volonQqpoltz6v op0p6!, 29 lsotroQelqtrdE,
505
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Ent'Qrmrz.6i $tro!,8 Io'tqro.Tdlt q;,345
Eni]I86o,Fr1(l6rrd,445
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clroorllTa
iou, 191
E$e|a (ova),!rrxo(oQlouoq). 5 I-52
I oul1oloftQt andoros4 lsrqli 6ir Ko0rdrwqr'0Rdv.63
oructor,229 KsuJru),I,naQdFrQrzri
rrapdorso!q<, 204
rl(otrtE,5l Kqv6voE IlK A).xooi6o!.on66rE!rcx, 147,
Eu0Eisr{'f nQaruarra6a,
49 t4E
Eulr,480 Ko\'dva<rou L'Hopirat,170
Euler.
oQrOBoE ror, 384 KoldlosrouSimpson. 335
EuleFMaclaurln,ntrosd0poiol(10rv.
481 Kov6vogror rQansqlox. 133,334
E$djr1oFftrl Kavolrzoror!$aq or,v(io to!,437
oerc0qruo oulliQrlolE,123 Ks@roL6a(, 69,206
cfllBro
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57,67
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4z
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Kdro 6proo].ozilao)ot!,211 t76
.ôto!r0[o! +eFdo!ro 10.279
+iyroro(inf),107 vogtLrt(brro!,477
z).oorrrius).ioo!ro!, 295
KEloouvolo.19.20 NcnfQ.roq,296
'Kr00rrrofriro bLaoniuoTC,odrprunr0rr, I 14 Log,28t
Klodr"o! oqrDoiroBoq, Io),rid\rpo Taylor 1|a, 34I
ol,oxl.rtp0Ut11c,
1|l]1 2l7 !:rolorro ror,356
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?a
Maclaurin,,r82
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K].ermdduiorlFa,50 Ma0rtua rri OEoQiaror "Big gamehunting".
KLflmo oQ0o16vLo, 457 461
K],eror6rlrc0)Enpo! rli! rQ6oFor,8 Me/ffr rrp'i ouvdQrpt5,157-158
KLerordqrao! irpo!ro! nollox).aorilotL0.
8 Mat'('|o ]1dro qQiqFa, 107
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"Korldba .54
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''KoAWri .5l Ma./|oroq6r.10oaro$ajv,14
Kaio4r'trqrll. 158 Mfo6o!rrE EEdvrlTt!. 113
K!iorFo onpEio,l5E Mio6o!aE).nq'ov, 216
Kprrr'ipro rou Abel,4 12 Mao6o!10|Newton
KQrdQLo ror cauchy,392 rcl urololqro Ailo!,385
Klrrri'}o rox.ô/or, 39s MEQfl{ic0QoioFarq391
B8irrcftvo,409
KQrdQrorrtcQiEo!.408
B8irr(0Balo,409 MdoI r(Xrirr]Ia. 124
KprdQrorlq of/xQro!!, 391 Mfoo! oprotw(rid!.28
Karr'laroror o).o .tedForo!. :197 1r{')}erQrxdg, 28
KQrniQkLMron Weierstrdss. 422 MirQo t[tabrxor aQr0l1ot.445
KxllL"i sEiooor,439 Mr dQ\nrrri oxo).ou0i.(.394
tlrx'i inor 1t_!.440 Mt arlEorlooor.rydQlrtot,203
KurLocr6E, 2Ol.2ff Mrqoivoloo oxo].o$io, 179
Kri){loE,58 Mrt,qoiloroo orldQqon, 203
''I{uxlo!
9 38 Mn56!.6roi$ortu.ro,5
M$ElroBon,: orlxrtrou, 392
M'?o_(r6Eor',229,234
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ao0v{i)s,lg2 Mryo6rd; bllvopooeaq. 465
"tlrlorltooa. 192 @iw mrl:,i].rott;ror!, 467
Kdrlo<.c(laito\' |nrqo!!io(. 236 zlJxLosorlzifft! rov, 467
Mryaitna:o{QfE.464
Lagrange, Mryab0{riA!d}.ur1,,172
rniros :rogopllolrl( ror, a2 Mrl]6lxi n mi Qita,147448
Trlmg nnoloinonror. 350 MLlabni ouvdQqol 45l
Lebcsguc, filint RiemdnnLebesgue,\itLtro, IQdqrfllcrrI!, 452
Lelbniz,134
Leibniz.OdQIUct 1or, 400 Bli blaqoQloLu!.460
Leibniz,mrlFo].rop6s ron , oQropLCq,452
'tn naQoli)]oxc.127,l3l, 138,155,202 orNX'lq,455
I'a dv6rE$r rdEsqirdQotri)]or,133 TayloroflQdptrtq,470
Leibniz.Tr:roEror. 153 Mryabrzo F"rim6o.4a5
L Hopilal. Kr\6!ac iol, I 70 MrlabrxoicA$Uoi,
Lindemann,:170
Liouvill.371 otr6].xr! rrtLrir(,)v,,s5
Liou\ill,Arroorryaror',371
Liouvjlle.Ord'plparor'. ].oldpro[oqro!, 477
572 EDperipn
Baraorov,445
olnterrtofi 70,76
oQrdlo(,443 mo(it-Ieeo,83
rol.).arlcor0opd;rov, 443 oQroxdol|r8io (o!rr.io oliooopr,'orlq),
389
ropelariirl ralL'rvEiarox. 446-447 OaLlolnoEGo ril.( 50
rPaYBortxo[6A0:rov. 443 OaLolLo,
nQoo0oott loJ!,443 rv6! pr1itbnon.447
r(qrfiQrx! rapdorool rfi. 446 owliQrtol ror.l,452
qo\1oo r,6 laQo,c1(n1,443 xnop0o)LL"'iEow{iarrlor;, 292
M-KQLqQm ro! Weierstrsis, 122 OQropoao o].ozl"iQopa, 213
MoiQ6, BdrQnol ff , 56,256 oQropd! owdaT'tot5 i'Er:r].eruNo lQono,
Mollrlp,Jobannes, 330 2A
Movdb'oio (r0moftiio)mortEio,8
:rouairl0o|omrx6, 8 n,256,257
,rgooErLx6,8 AQ1rlideroirpooFryrotyroro. I 1l
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frlopelo'ro! wallistla ro :i2, 331
q! nosotouotuirlolE oriQdro1jq, 2T oov 6:QQrFo!, 274,275
rI; noQdmfldllghllloirooErQcJ!,433 oltort ro! Berov e,370,471
r4L1iror,159
uneQllorr?6r]lToro!. 370,371
n-miQi!q,63,447 IItlaol]oIi.52
rQftr i cQxr{i,451 ro s[l]a6o!rdo qno qv, 2 16
rrtE,98.447,461
rJJIdQErt naQqo\{rxo,20
Napier,296 ni!ona_(1r!,359
Ni!6QeLoEloldQfi ilo;, 296 IoQayo{oroinnt oerporo!! er0poi!. 27
NeMon,126,228 II0Q6toroc olf'rdQrrtoG,300
Mfoo6o!ro!,385 [0Qa161rot,139
N6!oqxivlotE ro!, 132 loloar0urxi,290
N6poEVr.rEeorgror, 294 rurrryE\'I(d[[oorD,202
NolLoqq; rQrlolotrtorc,8 ftIlmi,( q,( 479
IlaQololiorloq, 123
o.t,toi.235 236 laAdr0rror po-roliroQ!; 1G0oE, I 33
oloxhiaolo. 2 13 IIcrQd]tDloF, 123
'dftoeI", 129
o6QLoro,302 bnftQ!.133
iiil'a?aq rorv. 302,303 cx6rErd!,128
llrxqtlo (xara)ero[kj), 252254, eEaarmla6v,128
3ll 332 z).00rl.6g orBFolro[d!tL8, 126-127
aEnftQoOftoQn[oM6ol!Trpii ]ta. 327,328 IoyaQr0!1r"i,190
o8d)QlBo MdolsTWi! rro,229 "rLriv dneeov ,129
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rloon{d! orrp0oi|ou6s ror, 213 1 3 7r. 3 8 , 1 5 5 , 2 0 2
oQtoPAo,2ll q5 f,r23
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0e6pt[orru,304 b.!ftQn,361
xard paQrt,30.1 IlllQdloyo,cmtllxox, 142
oloxLrtQdorpog, Pascal, Tpty0lo ror,23
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o[or{t$oAqc-rorovsw}6!J] arlo}.o$iq 390 II6iooQrouox, 34,35,41,504
Opor6[oeqa ourrli\,ouoa orioloria, a I 8 Ilmlqpf vrl roQdtdryrort.202
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opodBoQqc owetig or dQrttot, I l 6-l l 8 Ileiolog or!(iQrlortq,63, 135.251
oQ0oltir!ro,x),6roro. 457 [.Qrmooqi,
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polo6rxdrni(ror, 77 o!!aQqoeo!. 467
olorlip0roK,2l3 [!],irc oxlopnjoeov. 37
Eupe4pp 573
IItiQqE .nor(ljFi, 20 PGo,roluovwxriGo|ndQqo||s.43

IIliElg 6LalsrayFeloodus, 490 6!-r].14,
154
lol'!x6E o!,wroype1eE, 67 rol),o.rldrm0 qg. 103,154
Ilo),).ori,ooroop6!. 3, 5 PtlaxErpolo\,rlioEs6po,491
ol'rlpsrqosr|xdr 10[05 rox, 8 PqarnQayo\,rxi,l0
sr.rrooAdN, 404,4(5 ouvdQqo!rK, 455
aeoondt qedsiry, 7 inaAqr qE. 98-l0
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plyo6rxdrvoQroldjv,443 Rlemann-LebsgueAr4plq,270
Qtn'eiq ror, lK6
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irQooeraQtmwdEwuoE rox, 8
Itoi-}@nMnFo (piloE), 103 >oFnp6?no @rus).326
"[oli qQ11Frxd.56 >Lea,
nol]Jovut oarlorniprtoll 36 dner,392
tQdQnfqqE, 53-54,164 arol.ljroEo!W),i!o!oa,399,464
rolltqn)doro rov Q({tv rIE, 103,154 yeourraD{i,393
noLui'LJlo Taylor. Foeponn,340 6rrwFo-,425
flolui'n'tro ror Bmoulli.480 Fouier,268,270
IIoloE\d raQoyoyiout owsIliE ovyxlircwq,391-392
ouldQrlot, I 30,424 Taylor,425
nQay|'larfld F.tQoE [r'to6D{or,ap$rclr, 443 1Jn6 or,t0furtoqr"ivouoo, 4m
neayFoftx6 FeoEdut(ieqorE, a52 :qdo,
nQdyuorrrci dQ$[oi, 2 ] qndorool6110, 5I
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rot]Jfiq,189,
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xalao,cui ron , 493 rltrioEyta.62
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IIQolUorlrdE qQ$pd( (fl,fiHos oQo!dq). 494 e).oximorouvdQrrtortE,157
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r!5 n@ooollE,E rcu AQxqji6l||'67-68
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IIQ6qp0,9-10 tr0eQior dQflol,37
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(Spivak M.) Διαφορικός Και Ολοκληρωτικός Λογισμός

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Michael Spivak

>!lPA: I]ANIIII:THMIAKH BIB\IOOHKH OTTIKAN EIIDTFIVQ\

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s(a,,...,oJ = s(o,, ...,a,) + s"(dr*r,-, d1).

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!s 6poqo' ;va r6rorofirpo. 6vivororlrcoroorl xd eu:(riproro oriryqor a xd lKovo-

(it lt- l!.1!5 ... r2n l)

tiii 2{2i Ir:=l:-3: r5j 1...+(2r-lr:.

Y,r66rin: norooX6on ilouv ou{q orrupqords.r{

,(r- l)...(, *+l)

= (i r. re*'i t*qr ,d,Kri

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s. (a) Aro8siqrsll3 noyor(oro , drr

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