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Vol.8 / No.33
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THE VOICE WEEKLY 33
Vol.8 / No.33 - August 20 - 26, 2012

NEWS
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Vol.8 / No.33
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Vol.8 / No.33
25
VOICE
The
August 20 - 26 , 2012
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26
VOICE
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THE VOICE WEEKLY 27

27
Vol.8 / No.33 - August 20 - 26, 2012
PERSPECTIVE
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tajctae taMumif;aMumif;aMumifhom a&Munf&m? jrufEk&m
a&TYoGm;Muonf tajctaeay;onfESifh ZmwdodkY jyefvmvdkay
vdrfhrnf/ rnfonfhtvkyfrqdk OD;aESmufESifh ESvkH;om;aygif;vQif
atmifjrifEidk af jc tqaygif;rsm;pGm wufomG ;aomaMumifh olprd ;f
jyifjyifwYkd EiS phf mvQif jyefvmol jrefrmwdYk u wdik ;f jynfzUHG jzdK;a&;udk
ydkrdkaxmufulEkdifrnfhtajctaeyif/
rnfrQyiftcGit
hf vrf;rsm;&Sad eae taMumif;aMumif;aMumifh
jyefrvmEkdifolrsm;vnf; &SdaeOD;rnfjzpfaomaMumifh xdkolrsm;
ta0;wGifae&if; EkdifiHhtusdK; o,fydk;Ekdifatmif pDpOfay;xm;&
rnf/ qufo,
G af &;enf;ynm? o,f,yl Ykdaqmifa&;enf;ynmrsm;
wdk;wufaeonfh ,ckacwfwGif tquftoG,f? ynmwdkYonf
uGef&ufaumif;vQif aumif;ovdk pD;qif;aernfjzpfaomaMumifh
xdkolwdkY ta0;ae&if; cspfEkdifcGifhrsm; azmfxkwfay;xm;&rnf/
jrefrmh jrefrmha&wGif tajcwnfomG ;cJo
h nfh vlcRefvrl eG w
f Ykd
jyefvmjyD; ESvkH;om;ESifh MudK;pm;um OD;aESmufESifh zefwD;MuvQif
jrefrmhjyKjyifajymif;vJa&; &Sed Ef eI ;f aemufwpfqifw
h ifEidk v
f rd rhf nf/
aZ,sol
wGif tcef;qufazmfjyyg&SdcJUaom aqmif;yg;rsm;pkpnf;rI
rSefeef;aqmifuefhvefhumrsm;
farmi
e
o
e
a
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28
VOICE
The
PERSPECTIVE
jrefrmUEkdifiHa&;avUvmqef;ppfcsuf (16) 1948-1988

CASE STUDY OF MYANMAR POLITICS 1948-1988
ausm0f if;
6/ oHk;ygwDtzGJU
(oHk;ygwDtzGJUqkdonfrSm ref;bZH acgif;aqmifaom
autif,yl gwD? Ekid b
f vGif (Ekid af &Tusi)f acgif;aqmifaom rGejf ynf
opfygwDESifh apmarmf&,facgif;aqmifaom u&ifeDtrsKd;om;
wkd;wufa&;ygwDwdkYjzpfonf/)
1963 Zlvidk v
f 30 &ufaeY autif,yl gwDrS Akv
d u
f siaf z
acgif;aqmifaom oHk;ygwDudk,fpm;vS,f tzGJUESifh awmfvSefa&;
aumifpD udk,fpm;vS,ftzGJUwdkY pwifaqG;aEG;/
oHk;ygwDukd,fpm;vS,ftzGJU\ wifjycsufrsm; (u) wpfjynfv;kH typftcwf&yfpx
J m;&ef? typftcwf &yf
pJa&;udk ESpfzufoabmwlaMunm&ef/ typftcwf&yfpJxm;pOf
twGi;f vGwv
f yfpmG a&;om;ajymqdck iG ?hf yHEk ydS x
f w
k af 0cGiEhf iS hf pnf;
a0;qEjycGifh&&Sdap&ef?
(c) oH;k ygwDtcsi;f csi;f nEd iId ;f &ef twGuaf omfvnf;aumif;?
tjcm;awmwGi;f vufeufuikd t
f zGUJ tpnf;rsm;ESihf nEd iId ;f &eftwGuf
vnf;aumif; vHkavmufaomtcsdef? vHkNcHKa&;ESifh tjcm;tulnD
rsm;&&Sd&ef/
(*) ESpfzuftjyeftvSefaqG;aEG;csufrsm;udk toHvTifhay;
&ef? pme,fZif;rsm;wGif tjynfhtpHkazmfjycGifhjyK&ef? owif;pm
uGefz&ifhvkyfcGifhjyK&ef/
awmfveS af &;aumifpD uk,
d pf m;vS,t
f zGUJ \ wkYHjyefcsuf (u) typftcwf&yfpJa&;udk oHk;ygwDwm0ef,lxm;aom
e,fajrrsm;wGifom vkyfay;Ekdifrnf/
(c) oHk;ygwDtaeESifh rdrdwdkYygwDrsm;twGufom aqG;aEG;
&ef/ oHk;ygwDA[dkaumfrwDtpnf;ta0;udktjrefqHk;usif;y&ef/
(*) aqG;aEG;yGJ&v'fudk xkwfjyefaMunm&ef/ (oHk;ygwD
bufrv
S nf; if;wdYkoabmxm;udk xkwjf yefaMunmcGiahf y;ygrnf/)
toHviT ahf MunmcGiu
hf rkd l oifah vsmaf om tcsed af &mufrS cGijhf yKrnf/
ESpfzufaqG;aEG;yGJrsm;udk atmufwkdbmv 4 &ufaeYrS
pwifusif;y/ awmfvSefa&;aumifpDbufrS AdkvfcsKyfBuD;ae0if;?
oHk;ygwDA[dktzGJUrS ref;bZHwdkYu OD;aqmifaqG;aEG;/
aqG;aEG;Muonhf taMumif;t&mrsm; (u) trsKd;om;pnf;vHk;nDnGwfrIwnfaqmufa&;?
(c) trsKd;om;vGwfvyfrIwnfwHhcdkifNrJa&;? ydkrdkjynfh0a&;
ESifh 'Drdkua&pDa&;?
(*) trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pD pD;yGm;a&;pepfwnfaqmufa&;?
(C) typftcwf&yfpJa&;?
typftcwf&yfpJa&;atmifjrifrSom usefacgif;pOfrsm;
udk aqG;aEG;Ekdifrnfjzpf typftcwf&yfpJa&;udkom t"du
aqG;aEG;cJhMu/ udpukdvnf; r.'.n.w tzGJUtaeESifhom
qufvufaqG;aEG;Mu&ef oabmwl/
7/ r.'.n.w
(trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pD nDnGwfa&;wyfaygif;pk r.'.n.w
tzGJU0ifygwDrsm;rSm autif,l? rGefjynfopfygwD? u&ifeD
trsKd;om;wkd;wufa&;ygwD? csif;OD;pD;tzGJUESifh ArmjynfuGefjrLepf
ygwD wdkYjzpfygonf/)
r.'.n.w tzGJUtaeESifh typftcwf&yfpJa&;ukdom
t"duaqG;aEG;NyD; tjcm;udpr sm;udk ygwDtvku
d o
f ;D jcm; aqG;aEG;
Mu&efoabmwlcJhMu/
vlrsKd;pkvufeufudkiftzGJUtpnf;rsm;ESifU
aqG;aEG;Mu&mwGif t"dutzktxpfjzpfaeonfrSm
olwdkYawmif;qdkMuaom ]cGJxGufvdku
cGJxGufydkifcGifU} jzpfrnfxifygonf/
1947 zGJYpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya't&
jynfaxmifpkyHkoP mefjzifUoGm;cJUMuaomfvnf;
vufawGYwGif wpfjynfaxmifoabm
jzpfaeonf[k olwdkhbufrScHpm;csufrsm;&SdEdkifonf/
tpdk;&bufrS cHpm;csuf oHo,udk
acszsufay;Edkif&ef vufawGY jyoEdkifzdkh
vdkrnfxifygonf/
vlrsKd;aygif;pHktwlpkpnf;aexdkifMuonfu
tm;vHk;twGuf ydktusKd;rsm;apaMumif;udkvnf;
vufawGYusus jyoEdkifzdkhvdkygvdrfUrnf/
typftcwf&yfpJa&;ESifh ywfoufaom r.'.n.w

oabmxm; (u) wpfjynfvHk;typftcwf&yfpJxm;&ef
(c) typftcwf&yfpJvdkaMumif; wifjyMuonfh vufeuf
udkiftzGJUtpnf;tm;vHk;udk xkd;ppfBuD;i,frsm; qifETJjcif;rjyK&ef?
(*) r.'.n.w tzGJU0ifrsm;ESifhoufqkdif&m a'orsm;wGif
ppfqifa&;trdefYrsm;udky,fzsufNyD; uif;vSnfhvIyf&Sm;rIrsm;udkyg
&yfqkdif;&ef/
(C) ESpzf ufqufqaH &;twGuf tE&m,f&EdS idk af om tpd;k &
wyfpcef;rsm; kyfodrf;ay;&ef?
(i) typftcwf&yfpJxm;pOf twGif;? r.'.n.w tzGJUrsm;
\ vkyfdk;vkyfpOfvkyfief;rsm;udk vkyfaqmifcGifh&Sd&ef?
(p) typftcwf&yfpJa&;umvtwGif; jyemrsm;&Sdvm
vQif ESpfzufndEdIif;ajz&Sif;oGm;&ef a'otvdkuf yl;wGJajz&Sif;a&;
tzGJUrsm; zGJUpnf;aqmif&Guf&ef?
(q) r.'.n.wESihf typftcwf&yfpaJ &;oabmwlnDrI&onfh
tcg owif;pmESifh a&'D,dkrS aMunmay;&ef?
(Z) ,if;oabmwlncD sufrsm;udk ESpOf ;D ESpzf ufoufqikd &f m
wyfrsm;odkY wdkif;odjynfod TefMum;ay;&ef?
(ps) typftcwf&yfpJa&;umvudk aqG;aEG;rIudprsm;
NyD;jywfonfhtcsdefxd owfrSwfxm;&Sd&ef/
awmfvSefa&;aumifpDbufrS jyefMum;csufrsm;
(u) wpfjynfvHk;typftcwf&yfpJa&;udk rlt& vufcH
aomfvnf; vufawGUwGif dk;om;pGm aqmif&Gufrnfh tzGJUtpnf;
rsm;ESifhom typftcwf&yfpJEdkif/
(c) typftcwf&yfpJxm;pOfumvtwGif; r'nw\
vkyfdk;vkyfpOfvkyfief;rsm;jzpfaom pnf;Hk;a&;ESifh tkyfcsKyfa&;
tvkyfrsm;udk cGifhrjyKEdkifyg/ tqdkygvkyfief;rsm;udk &yfqdkif;ay;
yg&ef/
(*) awmfvSefa&;aumifpDtaeESifh awmwGif; vufeuf
udik t
f zGUJ tpnf;rsm;ESihf wef;wl&nfwl vufcaH qG;aEG;aeonfrmS
EdkifiHa&;ygwDtaeESifhomjzpf/ pifNydKiftpdk;&taeESifhr[kwf/ odkY
twGuf pifNydKiftpdk;&ozG,fjzpfaeaom tkyfcsKyfa&;vkyfief;rsm;
ukd vufrcHEdkifyg/
(C) ESpfzufndEdIif;aqmif&Gufa&;rludk vufcH?
(i) typftcwf&yfpaJ &;umvudk aqG;aEG;rIupd r sm;NyD;jywf
onfhtcsdefxd owfrSwfa&;udk rlt& vufcH/ odkYaomf jynfwGif;
Nidrf;csrf;a&;udk tcsdefrqGJbJ tvsiftjrefaqmif&Gufoifh/
odYk aqG;aEG;aepOftwGi;f awmfveS af &;aumifpt
D pd;k &
bufrS pdk;&drfruif;jzpf&onfrsm;udk azmfxkwf/ if;wdkYrSm 1/ r.'.n.wtzGJU0ifrsm; qufaMu;aumufcHrIrsm;udk
vkyfaeHkrQru ,cifqufaMu;ray;&aom a'orsm;rSmyif
quf a Mu;aumuf v mMujcif ; ? tcsKd U a'orsm;wG i f ,cif
raumufcJh&onfh ESpfrsm;twGufyg a<u;useftjzpf awmif;qdk
aumufcHvmMujcif;/
2/ pnf;Hk;a&;vkyfief;rsm;udk awmwGif;omru NrdKUay:
wGifyg vkyfaqmifvmMujcif;?
3/ 1963 Edk0ifbm 11 &ufeYu &efukefNrdKUawmfcef;ra&SU
wGif jyKvkyaf om ajcmufcdik Nf idr;f csrf;a&;qEjyyGrJ mS r.'.n.wESihf
rqdkif[k jiif;qdkxm;aomfvnf; vufawGUwGif tcdkiftrm
qufpyfrIrsm;&Sdaejcif;/
4/ tqdkygajcmufcdkifNidrf;csrf;a&;qEjyyGJ a<u;aMumfoH
rsm;rSm awmwGif;vufeufudkiftzGJUtpnf;rsm;\ awmif;qdkcsuf
rsm;ESifh wlnDaejcif;/
5/ ajray:y.r.n.w jynfoYl aumfrwDEiS hf ajratmuf r.'.
n.w wdkY ESpfzufnyfNyD; tpdk;&udk tusyfudkifovdkjzpfaejcif;/
odkYtwGuf Nidrf;csrf;a&;aqG;aEG;aeonfhtcsdeftwGif;1/ rnfonfhpnf;Hk;a&;rsKd;rS rvkyf&ef/ tpdk;&tay:
tusyfudkifovdkjzpfaeaom ajray:ajratmufpnf;Hk;vIyf&Sm;rI
rsm;udk &yfqdkif;&ef?
2/ vlxkudk 0efydaponfh qufaMu;rsm; raumufcH&ef?
3/ vlxkudk taMumif;rJhaESmifh,Suf? Ncdrf;ajcmuf? zrf;qD;?
owfjzwfrIrsm; csufcsif;&yf&ef?
4/ txufygtcsufrsm;udk vufcHygu vufatmufcH
tzGJUtpnf;rsm;odkY tjrefqHk;TefMum;csufxkwfjyef&ef?
5/ vufeufuikd w
f yfzUJG rsm;vdu
k ef m&rnft
h csuif g;csuf udk
vd k u f e m&ef (ig;csuf r S m awmwG i f ; tzG J U tpnf ; rsm;\
vIyf&Sm;rIrsm;udk uefYowfxm;aomtcsufrsm;jzpfonf/)
qdkcJhygig;csufudk 1963 Edk0ifbm 14? nae 6 em&D
rwdik cf if taMumif;jyef&ef? owfrw
S cf sufig;csufukd vufcrH o
S m
qufvufaqG;aEG;Edkifrnf[k Edk0ifbmv 11 &ufaeYwGif
awmfvSefa&;aumifpDudk,fpm;vS,ftzGJUrS xkwfjyefaMunm/
r.'.n.w tzGJU\ jyefMum;csuf
(u) awmfvSefa&;aumifpD\ owfrSwfcsuft&qdkvQif
ygwDvkyfief;rsm; vHk;0&yfqdkif;ypfa&;? vufawGUwGif ygwDzsuf
odrf;a&;t"dym,foufa&muf/
(c) ppfa&;t& MunfhvQifvnf; rdrdwdkYwyfpcef;rsm;udk
0dkif;ywfcHxm;&onfh tajctaersKd;jzpfap?
(*) awmfvSefa&;aumifpD\ owfrSwfcsufrsm;twdkif;
vufcHaqmif&Guf&ef rdrdwdkYudk,fpm;vS,ftzGJUwGif vkyfydkifcGifh
tmPmr&Sd/ ygwDtvdkuf A[dktmPmydkiftzGJUtpnf;rsm;ESifhom
aqG;aEG;&rnfhudpjzpfaMumif; ... jyefMum;cJhygonf/
1963 Edk0ifbmv 14 &ufaeYwGif r.'.n.w ESifh
aqG;aEG;yGJ&yfpJvdkufNyDjzpfaMumif;aMunm/
8/ u&ifawmfvSefa&;aumifpD
1963 Mo*kwf 15 &uf/ apm[efwmomarT;OD;aqmif
aom u&ifawmfvSefa&;aumifpDrS apvTwfonfh apmbxGef;
acgif;aqmifaom yPmrA[dkudk,fpm;vS,ftzGJU &efukefa&muf/
Mo*kwf 20? 21 &uf/ awmfveS af &;aumifpu
D ,
kd pf m;vS,f
tzGJUESifhaqG;aEG;/ AdkvfcsKyfBuD;ae0if;wufa&muf/
1963 atmufwdkbm 22&uf / apm[efwmomarT ;
acgif;aqmifaom A[dktmPmydkiftzGJU &efukefa&muf/
atmufwdkbm 28 &ufaeYrSp AdkvfrSL;BuD;vS[ef
OD;aqmifaom awmfveS af &;aumifpu
D ,
kd pf m;vS,t
f zGUJ ESihf aqG;aEG;/
Edk0ifbm 2 &uf aqG;aEG;yGJwGif AdkvfcsKyfBuD;ae0if;
wufa&muf/
'DZifbm 2 &ufwGif AdkvfrSL;BuD;apmjrifhOD;aqmifaom
awmfvSefa&;aumifpD udk,fpm;vS,ftzGJUESifh qufvufaqG;aEG;/
'DZifbm 21 &ufwGif c&prwfyGJawmftwGuf aqG;aEG;
yGJacwem;/ 1964 Zefe0g&D 27 &ufwGif aqG;aEG;yGJjyefp/
u&ifawmfvSefa&;aumifpD\ awmif;qdkcsufrsm; (u) u&ifjynfe,fudk aumfol;av[kac:&ef?
(c) aumfo;l av\tus,ft0ef;udk vuf&u
dS &ifjynfe,f
xuf wdk;csJUNyD; weoFm&Dwdkif;ESifh {&m0wDwdkif;&Sd u&iftrsm;pk
aexdkif&ma'orsm;udkyg xnfhay;&ef?
(*) aumfol;avjynfe,f\ tcGifhta&;ESifh wm0efrsm;udk
owfrSwfay;&ef?
(C) typftcwf&yfpJ&efESifh aumfol;avvufeufudkif
wyfzGJUrsm;udppOf;pm;qHk;jzwf&ef?
(i) weoFm&Dwdkif;? yJcl;wdkif;ESifh {&m0wDwdkif;wdkY\
vHNk cHKa&;ESihf tkycf sKyfraI umfrwDwiG f u&ifawmfveS af &;aumifp\
D
udk,fpm;vS,fwpfOD;pD xnfhay;&ef?
awmfvSefa&;aumifpDudk,fpm;vS,ftzGJUu awmif;qdk
csuf (c) rSvGJ useftcsuftm;vHk;oabmwl/ awmif;qdkcsuf
(c) udkrl wdkif;&if;om;tm;vHk;yg0ifonfh tpnf;ta0;wGifrS
wifjyaqG;aEG;oif[
h t
k BuHjyK/ tBuHjyKcsufukd u&ifawmfveS f
a&;aumifpDrS vufcH/
1964 rwfv 12 &uf apm[efwmomarT;ESihf Adv
k rf LS ;BuD;
apmjrifhwdkY Nidrf;csrf;a&;oabmwlnDcsufudk vufrSwfxdk;/
NcHKiHkoHk;oyfcsuf
jynfwGif;Nidrf;csrf;a&; awGUqHkaqG;aEG;rIrsm; bmaMumifh
ratmifjrif&onfudk PfrDoavmuf qef;ppfMunfhygrnf/
1/ vlrsKd;pkvufeufudkiftzGJUtpnf;rsm;ESifh aqG;aEG;Mu&m
wGif t"dutzktxpfjzpfaeonfrSm olwdkYawmif;qdkMuaom
]cGJxGufvdku cGJxGufydkifcGifh} jzpfrnfxifygonf/ 1947 zGJUpnf;
tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya't& jynfaxmifpkyHkoPmefjzifhoGm;cJhMu
aomfvnf; vufawGUwGif wpfjynfaxmifoabm jzpfaeonf[k
olwdkYbufrS cHpm;csufrsm;&SdEdkifonf/ tpdk;&bufrS cHpm;csuf
oHo,udk acszsufay;Edkif&ef vufawGUjyoEdkifzdkY vdkrnfxifyg
onf/ vlrsKd;aygif;pHktwlpkpnf;aexdkifMuonfu tm;vHk;
twGuf ydktusKd;rsm;apaMumif;udkvnf; vufawGUususjyo
EdkifzdkYvdkygvdrfhrnf/
2/ ArmvufeufudkiftzGJUtpnf;rsm;ESifh aqG;aEG;&mwGifrl
tdkif'Dtdkvdk*sD &nfrSef;csuf? vrf;pOfwdkYwGif ajymyavmufatmif
uGm[csufr&SdvSaomfvnf; ESpfzuftjyeftvSefoHo,rsm;
aMumifh typftcwf&yfpJa&;rQudkyif oabmwlnDcsufr&onf
udk awGU&onf/ olykefbufrS rdrdwdkYygwDtzGJUtpnf;rsm;udk
zsufodrf;Edkif&ef ppfa&;t& acsmifydwf&ef vQKdU0SuftBuHtpnf
rsm;&Sdvdrfhrnf[k oHo,0ifonf/ tpdk;&bufrSvnf; rdrdwdkY
pmrsufESm 29 od k Y
PERSPECTIVE
29
VOICE
The
tkPfOD; vGwfvyfa&;
aeoefarmif
(ed'ge;f )
arSmiftwdpdk;rdk;xm;aom nOfh\eufdIif;rI ys,fvGifhawmh
rnfh t&dyt
f a,mifukd rawGU&ao;aomfvnf; &efuek jf rpftwGi;f
toift
h aetxm;&Sad eonfh ppfoabFmwpfpif;onf tcsed w
f pfck
udk apmifhqdkif;aeonf/ em&DvufwHrsm; wa&GUa&GU vIyf&Sm;aeMu
onf/ at;jraom aqmif;avta0SYwGif ppfoabFmrS tvHwdkif
ay:xuf0,f ,leD,H*suftvHonf wzswfzswfvGifhaeonf/
bmrif[rfppfoabFmteD;&Sd bifc&mwyfzGJUonf tqifoifh
taetxm;jzifh apmifhqdkif;aeonf/
tkPfonf rMumrD a&mufvmawmhrnf/
aeYopfwpfckukd rMumrwif pwif&awmhrnf/
xdak eYonf vGepf mG ta&;ygaom ordik ;f 0ifaeYwpfaeYjzpfvmrnf/
eHeuf 4 em&D rdepf 20 wdwdwGif bmrif[rf ppfoabFm
ay:rS tajrmufrsm; pwifypfazmufvdkufonfESifh bifc&mtzGJU
onf NAdwo
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k cg tvH
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D *H sut
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oabFmOMoqGJoHrsm; &efukefjrpftwGif; qla0oGm;onf/
rD;usnfrD;yef;rsm; 'def;ceJ'def;ceJ ypfazmufoHjzifh tdyfarmus
aeaom &efukefNrdKUonf kwfjcnf; Edk;xoGm;onf/ bk&m;&Sdcdk;
ausmif;rS acgif;avmif;oHrsm; ay:vmonf/ xdt
k kPw
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usuo
f a&r*Fvmtaygif;ESihf jynfph v
kH aS om tcgor,BuD;wpfck
jzpfoGm;avonf/
&Jpdkaom teDa&mifatmufcH\ tjyma&mifaxmifhcsKd;ay:rS
Mu,fjzLig;vH;k yg jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdik if aH wmftvHonf trsK;d om;
oDcsif;oHESifhtwl tvHwdkifay: wvlvl vGifhwufoGm;onf/
xdkwpfcPonf vGwfvyfaom jynfaxmifpkEdkifiHawmfwpfckudk
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wdkifay:odkU EdkifiHawmfopfwpfck arG;zGm;vdkufonfh txdrf;trSwf
tjzpf trsKd;om;tvHrSm wzswfzswfvGifhaeonf/
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orwBu;D pifjrifah y: ae&m,lNy;D onfah emuf jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdik if H
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uRefawmfwdkY&JUacgif;aqmifBuD;jzpfwJh AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;eJY
taygif;yg 0efBuD;rsm;rSm aoG;eJYylaZmfoGm;Mu&&Smw,f/ tJ'Dvdk
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ra&G; yk*dKvftm;vHk;&JU ya,m*aMumifh uRefawmfwdkYwpfawG[m
'DaeY'DtcsdefupNyD; vGwfvyfa&;qdkwJh qkxl;qkjrwfudk yefqif
EdkifMu&w,f/ 'Dawmh vGwfvyfa&;[m 'Dyk*Kd vfawG&JU aus;Zl;yJ/
'DaeYvdkrsKd;rSmqdk&if 'Dyk*dK vfawG&JUaus;Zl;udk uRefawmfwdkY rawG;
awm ratmufarhbJ raeEdkifbl;/ awG;rd&rSmyJ/ atmufarhrd&
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'Dy*k Kd vfawG&UJ aus;Zl;aMumifh ArmjynfBuD;[m tcsKyftjcmtmPm
ydkif vGwfvyfaomorwEdkifiH jzpfvmcJhw,f/ aemif tem*wf
twGurf mS qd&k if uReaf wmfwYkdArmEdik if o
H m;rsm;[m uReaf wmfwYkd&UJ
tvdkqEtwdkif; uGefawmfwdkY&JUaemifa&;udk uRefawmfwdkY jyKjyif

zefwD;oGm;EdkifNyD/
aumif;uifwGif a&mifeDysKd;avNyD/
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usufoa&&SdpGm ay:xGef;vmcJhNyD/ xdkuJhodkYaom trsKd;om;a&;
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hJ nfh
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wvnf atmufarhowd&aeMuonf/ jynfaxmifpkorwjrefrm
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tHk;odkY0ifa&mufum udkvdkeDqefYusifa&;vIyf&Sm;rIwGif ocifEk
jzpfco
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NyD; zqyvtzGUJ csKyf\ 'kw,
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aeoefarmif
pmrsufESm 28 jrefrmhEdkifiHa&;avhvmqef;ppfcsufrStquf
udk ajray:ajratmufenf;rsm;jzifh tusyfudkifonf/ EdkifiHa&;
tjrwfxkwfonf[k oHo,0ifonf/ tqdkyg tjyeftvSef
oHo,rsm;rSm rSefoavmufvnf; rSef[ef&Sdonf/ acwfNydKif
ordkif;ynm&Sif eD;(v)zm*lqefaumufcsufcsovdk ]wdkif;jynf udk
b,fvt
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kd nfxuf b,fot
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wGif tjiif;yGm;aeMu} ovdk jzpfaeovm;pOf;pm;rdonf/
3/ ae&mwGif ppfat;txGwftxdyfumv (1960
0ef;usif) u a&yef;pm;cJhaom awGUqHkaqG;aEG;yGJqdkif&m csOf;uyf

enf;ESihf ppfat;aESmif;ydik ;f ESihf ppfat;tvGeaf cwfwiG f a&SUa&muf
vmaom csOf;uyfenf;ESpfrsKd;\ rwljcm;em;yHkudk qufpyfMunfh
apvdkonf/ csOf;uyfenf;ta[mif;u awGUqHkaqG;aEG;yGJrS tajz
wpfck&zdkYqdkonfxuf rdrdbufrS tompD;&zdkY &nf&G,fonf/
odkYESifhtrQ ]awmif;qdkcsufrsm;} (Demands) jzifh csOf;uyfonf/
ratmifjrifonfursm;ygonf/ csOf;uyfenf;topfurl tajz
wpfck&a&;twGuf *drf;oDtdk&DudktajccHonf/ ]arQmfvifhwefzdk;}
(Expected Value) udk
CARTOON OF THE WEEK
taorudkif/
]vuf&Sdtajctaexufydkaumif;} (Better Off) vQifyif
Mum;tajzwpfck&Edkifp&m&Sdvdrfhrnf ,lqonf/ odkYtwGuf
awmif;qdkcsufrsm;jzifh rcsOf;uyf/ ]tqdkjyKcsufrsm;} (Proposals) jzif h csOf ; uyf o nf / atmif j rif r I a wmf a wmf r sm;rsm;
&onfudkawGU&ygonf/
ausmf0if;
a&SUwpfywftTef; - jrefrmhEdkifiHa&;jyu'def(1965-74)
30
VOICE
The
PERSPECTIVE
wm0efod? wm0efausyGefaom t&yfbufvlhtzGJYtpnf;

Responsible Civil Society rsm;\wm0ef
rSL;aZmf
Rule of Law ESiUf Civil Society wdt
hk ay:
Edik if aH wmf
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vTwaf wmfrw
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orwBuD;\ EdkifiHawmftajcjyrdefYcGef;wGif yg&SdcJhonfh rl0g'
oabmxm;rsm;udak tmufygtwdik ;f aumufEw
k af zmfjyvdu
k &f ygonf ]]'Drdkua&pDtoGiful;ajymif;a&;eJY EdkifiHwnfaqmufa&;
vkyif ef;pOfawGrmS ta&;BuD;qH;k uawmh t&yfbufvYl tzGUJ tpnf;
cdkifrmtm;aumif;vma&;yJjzpfygw,f/}}
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kd a&pDvYlabmif
BuD;jzpfay:vma&;twGuf tajccHtusq;kH uawmh Oya'pd;k rd;k a&;
yJjzpfygw,f/}}
]]uRefawmfwdkY vlYtzGJUtpnf;BuD;wpfckvHk; Rule of Law
eJYtnD aqmif&GufEdkifNyDqdk&if vlYtcGifhta&;? vGwfvyfcGifh? 'Drdk
ua&pDqw
kd mawG[mvnf; tvdt
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Rule of Law tay:rSm rlwnfaeygw,f/ 'Dwm0efBuD;udkvnf;
uRefawmfwYkd tm;vH;k nDn
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awG ajymif;vJapzdkY Rule of Law eJY tm;jznfhay;&ygr,f/ t&yf
bufvlYtzGJUtpnf;awGu 0dkif;ulMu&ygr,f/}}
wpfenf;qdk&vQif EdkifiHawmforwBuD;\ oabmxm;
onf EdkifiHawmftpdk;&\ rl0g'yifjzpf ,if;rl0g'atmifatmif
jrifjrif azmfaqmifEikd af &;onfyif Edik if w
H nfaqmufa&;jzpfaeayonf/
t&yfbufvlYtzGJYtpnf; cdkifrmtm;aumif;vma&;
jrefrmhaEGOD;wGif yk&pfzl;av;rsm;tjzpf EkopfvmonfrSm
t&yfbufvYltzGUJ tpnf;[kac:wGiaf om Civil Society jzpfygvdrhf
rnf/ tzGiw
hf iG f aumufEw
k af zmfjyxm;aom Edik if aH wmforwBuD;
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tzGJUtpnf;rsm;tay: opfvGifBudKqdkyGJoabmxm;&SdaeNyD[k
aumufcsufcsEdkifonf/ ynm&Siftawmfrsm;rsm; axmufjyavh&Sd
aom rl0g'azmfaqmifrItydkif;wGif BuHKawGU&avh&Sdaom Implementation Capacity Gap udk xnfhoGif;wGufcsufMunfhvQif
Stakeholder wdkY\ &ifhusufrIrSm rsm;pGmta&;BuD;aeaMumif;
awGU&Sd&onf/ jynfolvlxkudk yOrr@dKif[l oabmydkufygu
t&yfbufvlYtzGJUtpnf;onf ,if;yOrr@dKifwdkY\ a&SUwef;
wyfO;D jzpfayvdrrhf nf/ tvm;wl wyfO;D udk cdik rf matmif wnfaqmuf&m
Civil Society rsm;twGuf &Sif;vif;jywfom;aom? em;vnf
vG,fulapaom? IyfaxG;rIr&Sdaom Law odkYr[kwf Rule [l
cdik cf ikd rf mrm owfrw
S jf y|mef;ay;&ef vdt
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udk Edik if o
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rsm;tjzpf owfrSwfcJhMuonf/ odkYaomfvnf; EdkifiHa&;orm;rsm;
rS Edik if aH &;&nf&,
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axG ; a&m,S u f w if jyemrsm; zef w D ; vmMuaomtcg
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twGuf t"dutcef;u@rS yg0ifaom? EdkifiHawmf,E&m;ESifh
oD;jcm;vGwu
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hf nf; oufqikd jf cif;
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tzGJUtpnf;rsm;tjzpfodkY ul;ajymif;owfrSwfvmcJhaMumif; awGU&Sd
&onf/ ,if;\aemufydkif; wnDwGwfwnf; vufcHvmMu
onfrSm 'Drdku&ufwdkifaZ;&Sif;\ jy'g;â&csdefonf Civil Society \ tcef;u@[l jzpfvmum 'Dru
kd &ufwpftifpwDusL;&Si;f
rsm;wGif Civil Society wdkY t"duae&mrSyg0ifaejcif;? 'Drdkua&pD
tEkt&ifu
h kd ,if; Civil Society rsm; tm;aumif;cdik rf mjcif; &S?d r&Sd
ESifh wdkif;wmvmMujcif;wdkYyif jzpfonf/
vnf; &ifhusufrI? tajrmftjrifBuD;rm;rIwdkY xkwfazmfjyo&ef

vdktyfouJhokdY vlYtzGJUtpnf;&Sd Stakeholder rsm;uvnf; tjyK
oabmMunfhjrifwwf&ef vdktyfrnfjzpfonf/
[efcsufjyemb,fvdk&Sif;
Rule of Law
Civil Society
yHk (1) 'Drdkua&pDul;ajymif;a&; Rule of Law ES i f h

Civil Society wd k Y \ tquf t pyf
(EIef;pHtajcjyKtdkif'D,m)
'Drdku&ufwdkifaZ;&Sif; wdkif;wmrIpHEIef;rsm;t& t&yfbuf
vlYtzGUJ tpnf;cdik rf mtm;aumif;vmonfEiS t
hf rQ 'Dru
kd a&pD a&csed f
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vufawGUazmfaqmifaomtcg zGifhqdkcsuf? jy|mef;csuf wdus
cdkifrmrIr&Sdjcif;\ tusKd;quftm;jzifh Clash of Society wGif
Civil Society \ taetxm;udk ar;cGe;f xkwjf cif;rsm; jzpfay:vm
&onf/ xdkodkYpnf;rjywfao;onfh ueOD;ul;ajymif;a&;umv
rsm; jzpfay:wwfaom y#dyursm;wGif vlYtzGJUtpnf;wpfckvHk;
wGif yg0ifaeaom Stakeholder tm;vHk;\ &ifhusufrI? tajrmf
tjrif? r[mAsL[majrmuf pOf;pm;awG;ac:EdkifrI? tem*wfudk
a&S;IO;D wnfEikd rf I ponfh tTe;f ude;f rsm;u t"duusaeaMumif;
awGU&Sdvm&onf/ tqdkygarQmfvifhxm;Edkifonfh wdk;wufrIrsm;
tcsdefrD tjyeftvSefndEdIif;EdkifvQif? Stakeholder rsm;rS vsifvsif
jrefjref &ifhusufEdkifMuvQif rlvarQmfrSef;xm;aom taetxm;
odYk jyefvnfqw
JG ifEikd o
f nfukd atmufygtwdik ;f azmfeT ;f vmMuonf/
Rule of Law
Civil Society
yHk (2) 'Drdkua&pDul;ajymif;a&; Rule of Law ES i f h

Civil Society wd k Y \ tquf t pyf
(vufawGUBuHKawGU&avh&Sdaom oabmw&m;)
txufygjzpfpOfukd a*s-yHo
k Pmefw;kd wufr[
I
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rsm;u ac:wGifowfrSwfxm;MuNyD; ueOD;tajymif;tvJumv
wGif (t&yf&yf &ifu
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kd
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jzpfatmif xde;f odr;f aqmif&u
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kd a&pDEek ,fp?
toGiful;ajymif;p EdkifiHrsm;\ pdefac:rIvnf;jzpfcJh&onf/
onfudk 'Drdku&ufwdkifaZ;&Sif; ]t&yfbufvlYtzGJUtpnf;ESifh
pyfvsOf; jzpfay:wwfaom [efcsufjyem} [l ynm&Sif
rsm;u uifyeG ;f wyfcMhJ uonf/ atmufoYkd pu
kd q
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[efcsufudk tcsdefrDxdef;odrf; tay:odkY jyefvnfOD;armhvma&;
wGif t"duZmwfaumifjzpfaom Civil Society rsm;udk,fwdkifu
urmh'Drdkua&pDtoGiful;ajymif;a&;ZmwfaMumif;yHkjyif
tawmfrsm;rsm;wGif ul;ajymif;a&;umvr&Sdrjzpfvdktyfaom
wnfNidraf &; Stability udk tav;ay;wGucf suMf uaMumif; awGU&S&d
onf/ yGifhvif;rI Openness ESifh wnfNidrfa&; Stability wkdYudk
wnfNidrfpGmxdef;odrf;xm;Ekdifjcif;onf [efcsufudk Ekdifeif;pGm
xdef;odrf;xm;Ekdifonfhoabmukdaqmifojzifh yGifhvif;a&;
vrf;aMumif;wpfavQmuf rQajctaetxm;wpfcu
k kd xde;f ausmif;
ay;&ef vkdtyfonfudk vufcHMuonf/ odkYaomf tjiif;yGm;zG,f
jzpfaeonfrSm ,if;rQajctaetxm;udk tkyfcsKyfa&;r@dKifu
wm0ef,Nl yD; ,if;odYk tyk cf sKyfa&;r@dKiftwGuf vdt
k yfonfh Oya'?
pnf;rsOf;pnf;urf; ponfh Institution rsm;udk Oya'jyKa&;r@dKif
u jyefvnfxdef;ausmif;ay;&rnfjzpfonf[laom Think Tank
wkYd u wpfp?k r@dKifBuD;oH;k &yftjyif pwkwr @dKif[al om rD',
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jrifhwifay;&rnf[laom acwfopf Think Tank wkdYu wpfpk
oabmxm;uGJvGJcJhaom tkdif'D,mrsm; xdyfwdkufwkd;rdjcif;jzpf
onf/ ,cifu vlxkvIyf&Sm;rItm;vHk;udk Civil Society [l
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udk OD;wnfcsux
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jzpfap? atmfwu
dk a&pDtajctaejzpfap &nf&,
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wpfckcktwGuf Stakeholder rsm;tMum; tjyeftvSefxdef;nday;
aom tcef;u@udk xrf;aqmifMuolrsm;omjzpfNyD; ]vlxk
vIyf&Sm;rIrsm;twGuf awmfvSefa&;\tjrKawtzGJUtpnf;rsm;
r[kwaf Mumif;} cdik rf maom tmrcHcsufjzifh tjyeftvSe,
f MkH unfrI
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,HkMunfrIwnfaqmufa&;twGuf t"duta&;BuD;aomtmrcH
csufudk jyoEkdif&eftwGuf t&yfbufvlYtzGJUtpnf;rsm; udk,f
wkdifuvnf; taoG;ta&mifrsm; uif;&Sif;ygonf[laom vuf
awGUtcsufjyrIrsm; ay;Ekdif&ef vkdtyfvmonf/ 'Drdkua&pD EkdifiH
a&;pepfwGif yGifhvif;rI&Sd&ef vdktyfaomfvnf; ,if;yGifhvif;rIwdkY
vkdufavsmnDaxGjzpfap&ef vnf;aumif;? wnfNidrfrI&Sd&efvdktyf
aomfvnf; ,if;wnfNidrfrIwkdY vkdufavsmnDaxGjzpfap&efvnf;
aumif; vlxktusKd;twGuf tcdkiftrm&yfwnfay;aom Mum;ae
tzGJUtpnf;wpf&yftjzpf Civil Society u
xrf;aqmifay;&ef vdk tyfjcif;yifjzpfonf/
'Dru
kd a&pDonf yGiv
hf if;a&; Openness udk ydrk ;kd &Si;f jyKonf
jzpf wnfNidrfa&;udk ydkrdk;&Sif;jyKrnfh Rule of Law tm; wm0ef
pmrsufESm 31 od k Y
PERSPECTIVE
31
VOICE
The
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tajccHujyem
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xifxif? pdwfxJu xif&mrSm jzpfwwfwJh ,kefxifaMumifxif
udppOf;pm;p&myg ...
(1) ,kefudk aMumifvdkYxifwm?
(2) aMumifudk ,kefvdkYxifaewm?
(3) bmyJjzpfjzpf ,kefvdkY aMumifvdkY xifvdkufwm?
(4) ,kefvdkYxifvdkxif aMumifvdkYxifvdkxif jzpfaewm?
(5) ,kef&,f aMumif&,fa&mNyD; xifrdwm ...
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34
The
VOICE
Monday, July 30 - August 5, 2012
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Qualification Flying Instructor, Certificate of
Common Pilot (China)
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udk,fvkyfEdkifoavmuf twwfEdkif
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Voice : tckvdk yHkESdyfeJY tGefvdkif;
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qdk&ifvnf; 'DvdkyJaqmif&GufcJhrSmyg/
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Heart and Soul News
35
VOICE
The
Monday, July 30 - August 5, 2012
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THE VOICE WEEKLY 37
Vol.8 / No.33 - August 20 - 26, 2012
37
FOREIGN AFFAIRS
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Ref : Muslin States and
the Syria Question
42
VOICE
The
SPORT
Soccer Weekly Fixtures
18-8-2012 (paeaeY)
jrefrmae&Sife,fvd*f yGJpOf- 23
aejynfawmf-arm&0wD
aygif;avmif;uGif; nae (4;00)
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19-8-2012 (we*FaEGaeY)
&wemykH-aZ,sma&Tajr
Axl;uGif;
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rauG;-[Hom0wD (CH 7)
ok0PuGif;
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atmifqef;uGif; nae (4;00)
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20-8-2012 (wevFmaeY)
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eHeuf(3;30)
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20-8-2012 (wevFmaeY)
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21-8-2012 (t*FgaeY)
y&D;rD;,m;vd*f yGJpOf(1)
tJAmwef - ref,l
eHeuf(1;30)
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eHeuf(1;30)
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eHeuf(1;00)
22-8-2012 (Ak'[l;aeY)
csefyD,Hvd*f ajcppfyGJ (Play Offs ) (yxrtausmh)
abq,f-uvkcsf
eHeuf (1;15)
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eHeuf (1;15)
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23-8-2012 (Mumomyaw;aeY)
y&D;rD;,m;vd*f yGJpOf(3)
csJ,fqD; - &uf'if;
eHeuf(1;15)
pydefplygzvm; (yxr tausmh)
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23-8-2012(Ak'[l;aeY)
csefyD,Hvd*f ajcppfyGJ (Play Offs ) (yxrtausmh)
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'kdiferkdZm*&uf-rm&Dabm
eHeuf (1;15)
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eHeuf (1;15)
Breaking News
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SUPPLEMENT
49
A
DAWEI NEWS
Weekly
Vol.8 / No.33
VOICE
The
August 20 - 26, 2012
NATURAL DISASTER
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VOICE

Monday, August 20 - 26, 2012

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THE VOICE WEEKLY 33

Vol.8 / No.33 - August 20 - 26, 2012

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Monday, August 20 - 26, 2012

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