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: Prof.K.A.Sarala President District Panchayath, Kannur : Sri. T. Krishnan Vice-President, District Panchayath, Kannur Smt. P.Rosa Chairman Health- Education Standing Committee Kannur District Panchayath

Convenor Academic Convenor Editorial Board

: Sri. A. Arunkumar DDE., Kannur : Sri. K. Prabhakaran Principal, DIET, Kannur : P.M.Radhakrishnan Retd.Teacher-Sivapuram H.S.S. Sri. T.V.Chandran HSA GGHSS, Payyannur Sri. P.Unnikrishnan HSA, ST.Cornelius HSS, Kolayad Sri. K.K.Vinod Kumar HSA, Mambram HSS Sri. A.K.Jayaraj HSA, GHSS, Kuthuparamba Sri. T.K. Sajeevan HSA, Kadambur HSS Sri. E.K. Pradeep Kumar HSA, RVHSS Chokli Sri. Abdul Kader HSA, GGHSS, Kannur Sri. A.Sasikumar HSA, GVHSS, Kadirur Sri. P.M. Thankachan HSA, KARIKKOTTAKARI HSS Sri. M.G. Sibi Cheriyan HSA, ST.Mary's HS, Payyanur Sri. Chandran Pazhedath HSA, AKGS GHSS, Peralassery Sri. V. Anilkumar HSA, GHSS, Karthikapuram Sri. Rajesh. N.K. HSA, GHSS, Pattiam

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15

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samUyq 7
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16

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17

samUyq 8
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samUyq 9
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{]h\w
mkv skan\m, N
T.B. Page 22 mt\{nb sshIysf Ipdnv IpnI {KqpIfmbn N sNpp. {Kqv

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18

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19

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_n) ]nIbnse "F' tImfnse tcmKmhp ImcW Fsms Fv FgpXpI

A B

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20

amXrIm tNmZy
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21

8)

F) I]Sn\v tN An _n) Hmh hntmtbmSv tNncnp An kn) hmbpaw {IaoIcnp `mKw 9) (3)

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22

11)

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{]XnIcW Cs\bpw
BapJw
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23

samUyq 1
apJy Bibw dn^vfIvkv {]h\w

{]h\w 1
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{]h\w 2
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aqey\nWbw * Hcp Ipn mkv skan\mdn ]dp "skdn{_nepw kpjpav\bnepw t{Kamdpw sshv
24

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25

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26

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27

{]h\w 10
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apIfn sImSpncnp t_mIvkv hniIe\w sNbvXv tcmKw XncndnbpI samUyq 3 Bib av PohnIfnse kwthZ\, khntijXI

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28

bq\nv sSv
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Nn{Xw ]Inshv `mK ASbmfsSppI

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29

(4 x 1 =4)

Iv NnpXv : , ]pfnsbpdnv ]dbptm hmbn Dan\o DmIpXv (1 x 1 = 1)

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(1 x 1 =1)

30

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kwthZ \mUn

4. 5.

intbdnb {]Imiw In ]Xnptm AdnbmsX Iv Nnpp. Cu {]h\hpambn _sv dn^vfIvkv BIv Nn{XoIcnpI `bw, tZzjyw, Pnmk Fo {]tXyI kmlNcy D kabv `Ww Ignm AXv Zl\s _m[nptam? knw]Xnv hyhbpsS {]h\fpambn _sSpn hniI e\w sNpI

31

A[ymbw 3

{]XnIcWv ]nnse ckX{w

BapJw
Poh {]h\fpsS \nb{Wnsbpw GtIm]\nsbpw ASnm\w tImi Xnep Bibhn\nabamsWv IpnI t\cs a\nemnbnpv. PohtImi Xn cmkoIambn kti hn\nabw \Sm\p kwhn[m\sf kw_nv \ [mcW BPn m ]TnXmsf {]m]vXamm\mWv Cu bq\nv. cmkkti hmlIcmb tlmtamWpIfpsS {]h\spdnpw AhbpsS Dev]mZ\ sshIey Dmp {]iv\sfpdnpap Adnhv BtcmKy ]qWamb PohnXw \bnp Xn\v klmbIambncnpw. kkyfn cmkobambn am{XamWv \nb{Whpw GtIm]\hpw km[yampsXpw AXn\v klmbnp LSI GsXpw IpnI a\nemtXpv. IpnIv Bhiyamb hvjopI, hmb\m kma{KnI, sF.kn.Sn. Fnh Xmdmn \tIXpv. ImenI {]m[m\yap hmI, Nn{X, teJ\, eLpteJI, XpSn bhbpw mkv dqan {]tbmP\sSpmhpXmWv. kPohamb ]T\m\p`hfneqsS XfpsSbpw klPohnIfpsSbpw Pohs kanXn \ne\nsSpsXs\sbpw IpnI a\nemt XmWv. Bib/[mcWI * * * * * * * * * * * tImi Xnep Bib hn\nabn cmkknepIhlnp ]v tlmtamWpIktihmlIcmb cmkhkvXp tlmtam Dev]mZI{KnIm\hpw tlmtamWpIfpw tlmtamWpI eyIeIfntev kwhlnsSp hn[w, tlmtamWpIfpsS {]h\ coXn {][m\ D]m]Nb tlmtamWpIeyIeIfpw [afpw A{Un\men\pw, t\mA{Un\men\pw [ ASnbc tlmtam tImntm[w, Huj[w F \nebnep {]tbmP\w Ckpen\pw qtKmWpw cnse qtmkns Afhv \nb{np hn[wUb_nkv saenkv ssXtdmIvkn[,ssl]ssXtdmbvUnkwssltmssXtdmbvUnkwss{In\nkw, anIvskUna skmamsm{Sm]n[w`oamImcXzwhma\Xzw At{ImsaKmen HmIvkntSmkn\pw t{]memIvSn\pw [
32

* * * * * * * * * * * * * *

sStmotdm, Cukvt{SmP, s{]mPtdm FnhbpsS [ sae tSmWn [ hmtkm{]knaq{Xnse Pens Afhv \nb{nsSphn[wUb_nkv Ckn]n Ukv AtUmotdmcnse tkmUnbnsbpw s]mmkynsbpw Afhv {IaoIcn sSp hn[wsS\n t{Sm]nIv tlmtamWpI[w dneoknwKv tlmtamWpIfpw Cln_ndn tlmtamWpIfpw[w BckanXn ]me\n tlmtamWpIfpsS ]v \mVnbhpw cmkobhpamb kti hn\nab kwhn[m\fpsS ]mckv]cywXmcXayw ^ndtamWpIPp Npp]mSntev {khnp ktihmlI cmkhkvXp kkytlmtamWpIDev]mZ\hpw {]h\ coXnbpw hnhn[ kkytlmtamWpIhfm t{]cI, HmIvkn\pI, Kndnen\pI, ssktm ssI\n\pI FnhbpsS [w hfm hntcm[IA_vknknIv BknUv, FYnen FnhbpsS [ HmIvkn\pIfpsS {]h\wImnepw thcnepw Ir{Xna kkytlmtamWpIfpw AhbpsS D]tbmKhpw

samUyq 1
{]h\w 2
Nn{X\ncoWw, N Bibw aqJ ]mns\ Iv `b s]Ipnbn Dmbnp imcocnI am env sNpI * * * * Dn \nehnfnpp lrZbanSnv hnpp izmtkmmk thKX hnpp ]nXncnv HmSpp

Ccw imcocnI am krjvSnm icocs {]m]vXamp LSIw \mVohyh bmsWv IpnI a\nemnbnpv. Do]\n\\pkcnv icocs {]XnIcnnpIbmWv \mUohyh sNpXv. Ipn ]nXncnv HmSptm Do]\w XpSv e`npnsnepw {]Xn IcW {]h\w Ipdv kabw IqSn \ne\npp. Cu XpS Fs\bmWv \ne\nsSp Xv. CXn\v klmbnp Xcnep cmkhkvXpfmWv tlmtamWpI.

{]h\w 2
Nn{XhniIe\w, N, ]nI ]qnbm ]mT]pkvXInse Nn{Xw 3.1 {Kqv Xen hniIe\w sNpp
33

kqNI * * * a\pjy icocnse hnhn[ A:{kmhn{KnI Hmtcm {KnIfpsSbpw m\w Hmtcm {Knbpw D]mZnnp tlmtam

{KqvXe AhXcWw XpSv ]mT]pkvXInse ]nI 3.1 {Kqv Xen ]qnbmp p. Ahkcnnpp.

{]h\w 3
s]mXpN Bibw : tlmtam eyIeIfn K`mib `nnsb ktm]nnv {]khw kpKaamm klmbnp tlmtam GXv ? K`mibn {]hnp Cu tlmtam D]mZnnpXv FhnsSbmWv? Cu tNmZy p {]XnIcWw hynKXambn AhXcnnpp.

t{ImUoIcWw
HmIvkntSmkn\pw ap tlmtamWpIfpw {]hnpXv Ah Dev]mZn np Ahbhfne. D]mZ\ tI{fn \nv Cu {kh t\cnv cntev HgpIpp.

{]h\w 4
{Kqv N, hnhcW hniIe\w ]mT]pkvXInse Nn{Xw 3.2 {KqvXen hniIe\w sNpp. XpSv tlmtam eyIeIfn F hnhcWw hmbnpp kqNI * * * * tlmtamWpI GsXms tI{fn \nv cn Fntcpp. Fns\? tlmtam Xm{XI eIvvjyIeIfntev Fntcp hn[w tlmtam {Kmln kwbpw tImifn tlmtamWns kzm[o\w

{KqvXe AhXcWw

t{ImUoIcWw
Hmtcm tlmtamWn\pw \nnX eyIeIfn am{Xta {]h\w km[y amIq F Bibw t{ImUoIcnpp.

34

samUyq 2
{]h\w 1
]nIhniIe\w, N Bibw : {][m\ D]m]Nb tlmtamWpIfpw [fpw ]nI 2.2 kqNIfpsS ASnm\n hniIe\w sNbvXv D]m]Nb tlmtamWpI AhbpsS [ Fnh env sNpp. kqNIw * * * * * * * ASnbc kmlNcysf t\cnSm icocnepmIp GsXnepw \mev {]h\ env sNpI CXn\v klmbnp tlmtam GXv ? AXv GsXms IeIfnemWv {]hnpXv? Icfnepw sImgppIeIfnepw {]hnv D]m]Nb {]h\s \nb{np tlmtam cnse qtmkns Afhv IqSptmgpw Ipdbptmgpw AhbpsS {IaoIcnp tlmtTm WpI GsXms? ssXtdmIvkn Fns\ klmbnpp? icocIeIfn {]hnv hf km[yamp tlmtam ]nIbnse tlmtamWpIfpsS s]mXpkam\X FmWv?

t{ImUoIcWw
apJy tlmtamWpIfmb A{Un\men, tImntkm, Ckpen, q tKm, ssXtdm Ivkn, skmam tm t{Sm n Fnh ico c n D]m ] Nb {]h\ \n{nphbmsW [mcW hcp coXnbn t{ImUoIcWw \St XmWv

{]h\w 2
Nn{X\ncoWw, N, ICT Bibw A{Un\men, t\mA{Un\men tImntkm, ssewKnI tlmtam, BtUmntdm FnhbpsS {]h\w

35

adp]pdw sImSpncnp cv k`fntebpw {]XnIcW XpSnshpXv knw] XnIv hyhbpsS {]h\amsWv ap]v ]Tnnpv. Fm Cu {]XnIcWsf XpSv \ne\npXv Fs\bmsWv Nn{Xw 3.2 t\mn hniIe\w sNbvXv Ipdnv XmdmpI. kqNIw * * * * ta k`fnse {]XnIcWsf XpSv \ne\nm klmbnp tlmtamWpI Ch {khnsSp A{Uo\ {KnbpsS `mKw Cu tlmtamWpIfpsS {]h\w t]mcnt\m ]emb\nt\m icocs kampsXs\bmbncnpw tImIvkn Dev]mZnnp tlmtamWpIAhbpsS [w

t{ImUoIcWw
saUpbnepw tImIvknepw Dev]mZnnsSp tlmtamWpIfmb A{Un \m en, t\m A{Un \m en, tImn tkm, ssewKnI tlmtam, AtUm otdm FnhbpsS [w, ASnbc Lfn A{Un\men\pw tlmA{Un\men\pw Fs\ {]hnpp Fpw tZzjyw, `bw, BmZw, Pnmk Fo k`fnepw imcocIamfpsS ImcWw hyamp coXn bn t{ImUoIcWw \StXmWv. Ipdnv : apIpfw dntkmgvkv kn.Un.bnse {]k `mK CXn\mbn D]tbmKnmw.

{]h\w 3
]nI hniIe\w, N ]nI 3.3 hniIe\w, kqNIfpsS ASnm\n s]mXpN kqNI * Nne BfpI AnIfpsS hf apcSnv Ipdnbhcmbn Xocpp. Fm ap Nne ico c`mchpw s]mhpw IqSnbhcmbn Xocpp. F) _n) * CXn\v ImcWsav ? Cu AhIv ]dbp t]scv ?

hfm ImeLn\v tijhpw Nne BfpIfn Bmhbhfpw hncepIfpw apJmn Ifpw am{Xw AanXambn hfcpp. F) Cu Ahbvv ]dbp t]scv? hfm tlmtam {khnsSpXv GXv A:{kmhn {KnbnemWv ?

t{ImUoIcWw
]nbqj {KnbpsS apZfw Dev]mZnnp skmamtmt{Sm]n F tlmtamWns A]cym]vXXbpw AantXmev]mZ\hpw aqeapmIp Ah IfmWv hma\Xzhpw `oamImcXzhpw At{ImsaKenbpw
36

{]h\w 7
Bibw HmIvkntSmkn, t{]memIvSn
T.B t]Pv 49 hniIe\wN

kqNIw * * * an\pkt]inIfpsS ktmNw km[yamp tlmtam Cu tlmtamWns asmcp [taXv Cu tlmtam Dev]mZnnsSpsXhnsS? kw`cnsSpsXhnsS ?

{]h\w 8
hnhcW hniIe\w, ]nI Xmdm sSIvv _pv Nn{Xw 3.4 \nconv tcmKw, ImcWw, eW Fnh N sNpp hnhcW hniIe\w (t]Pv \ 39 ssXtdmIvkn) kqNIfpsS ASnm\n Ipdnv Xmdmpp. kqNI * * * * * ssXtdmbnUv {Kn Dev]mZnnp tlmtam ssXtdmIvkns \nmWn\mhiyamb aqeIw ssXtdmIvkns {][m\ [ ssl ssXtdmbnUnkw eW ssltm ssXtdmbnUnkw eW

t{ImUoIcWw
icocnse {][m\s {]h\fmb t]mjILSIfpsS hnL S\w, Dutmev]mZ\w, imcocnI am\knI hf, lrZbkv]\w Fnh icnbmbn \Sm Bhiyamb tlmtam BWv ssXtdmIvkn. CXns A]cym]vXXbpw AantXmev]mZ\hpw Dmp imcocnI XIcmdpIsf Ipdn p [mcW hchn[w t{ImUoIcWw \StXmWv.

aqey\nbw
Igpn apg {]XysXn\m tUmIvSsd kao]n tcmKntbmSv ISayfpw ] dnIfpw Ignm \ntinp F) _n) CbmfpsS tcmKsav? GXv aqeIns A`mhamWv CXn\v ImcWw ?

37

* * A

...................tImi ...................tImi

: :

Ckpen B

DtPnnpp
A fh vI
pdb p p

qS

vI fh

tlmtam DtPnnpp

qtmkns km[mcW Afhv

70-110mg/100 ml

qtmkv sstmP \mbn amdpp A\ptbmPyamb coXnbn Nn{XoIcWw ]qnbmpI

{]h\w 9
aq{Xnse qtmkns kmnyw{]mIvSn s_\UnIvSv emb\n D]tbmKnv sNbvXv IftImUv t\mn ]coW Ipdnv Xmdm

aqey\nbw
Hcp {]taltcmK \nb Iymn hnhn[ tcmKnIfpsS aq{Xw s_\UnIvSv emb\n tNv NqSmnbtm hnhn[ \ndfmWv e`nXv. hyn cmP hnt\mZv _m_p C{_mlnw tPmk^v e`n \ndw Hmdv ]v Nphv a \oe
38

\nKa\w ......................................... ....................................... ......................................... ....................................... .......................................

t{ImUoIcWw
]mepev]mZ\n\v klmbnpXpw {]kh {]{Inb Ffpambn amm\pw klmbnp HmIvkntSmkn ssltmemakn {khnsSpIbpw ]obq j{KnbpsS ]nZfn kw`cnsSpIbpw sNpp

aqey\nbw
K`nWnIfn {]kh kabv HmIvkntSmkn Ipnshmdpv. Cu tlmtam Fv [amWv \nhlnpXv.

{]h\w 10
]nI hniIe\w N {]Xypev]mZ\ {]{InbIsf s]mXpsh \nb{nsSp tlmtamWpIsf Ipdnv sSIvv _pv ]nI 3.4 kqN\IfpsS ASnm\n hnebncppp. kqNI * * hrjWw AXv Dev]mZnnp tlmtamWpI[w tlmtamWpI[w Amibw

{]h\w 11
s]mXpN ]peImep tImgnIfpsS Iqh Hcp Znhkns ]Iens Bcw`w kqNnnpp. kab_nXambn ]peImev tImgnIfpsS Iqhen\v ImcWsav ? sSIvv _pv t]Pv 41 ]mT`mKs ASnm\amn s]mXp N IqSpX DZmlcW Ispp. * * * * ininc \n{Z ]nIfpsS tNtd

{]h\w 12
Nn{XoIcW hniIe\wN

39

samUyq 3
Bibw : tlmtamWpI Pe kwXpe\n\v

{]h\w 1
s]mXpNNn{XoIcW hniIe\w, Ipdnv Xmdm "th\mepw agmepw ]pdp aq{Xns Afhv Htc t]msebmtWm? Cu tNmZys Bkv]Zamn s]mXpNt{ImUoIcWtijw ]mT]pkvXInse Nn{XoIcWw 3.2 {Kqv ASnm\n hniIe\w sNpp. Ipdnv Xmdmpp. kqNI; * * * * * icocnse Pe\jvSw \nb{np tlmtamDev]mZnnp `mKwkw`cnp `mKw aq{XneqsSbp Pe\jvSw IpdbvstS kmlNcyw aq{XneqsS IqSpX Pew ]pdtn hcpsXtm Pens ]p hnnpsXns\ Ub_nkv Ckn]nUkv

t{ImUoIcWw
ssltmXemakv, ]nyqdn{Kn, hmtkm{]kn Ch Xnep _w, Pens ]p\cmKWcWtXmXvUb_nkv Ckn]nUkv Fo Bib hchn[w t{ImUoIcnWw. aqey\nWbw 1) th\mev s]mXpsh aq{Xns Afhv Ipdhmbncnpw. hmtkm{]kns Dev]mZ\hpambn _s Cu {]kvXmh\ hnebncp pI Nn{XoIcWw ]qnbmpI aq{XneqsSbp Pe\jvSw Ipdbvt kmlNcyw

2)

........................tlmtam Dev]mZnnpp

tlmtamWns {]h\w................................................................................

aq{XneqsSbp Pe\jvSw Ipdbpp

40

3.

""aq{XneqsSbp Pe\jvSw Ipdbvt kmlNcyn hmtkm{]kns Dev]mZ\w IqSpp F) _n) kn) hmtkm{]kn Dev]mZnnp `mKw GXv hmtkm{]kn kw`cnpsXhnsS apIfn sImSpncnp kmlNcyn hmtkm{]kns {]h\w Fv

{]h\w 2
Nn{XoIcW hniIe\w {Kqv N Bibw : ehW kpe\w Xmsg sImSpncnp Nn{XoIcWw kqNIfpsS klmbm hniIe\w sNpI

ssXtdmbvUv {Kn DtPnnv Imkn tSmWn D]mZnn pp

Imkyw AnIfn \nt]nsSpp aq{XneqsS Acnpampp. {khfneqsS ]pdpt]m Ipp

IqSpp cns Imynse Afhv

10-12 mg/100ml

Ipdbpp

Imyw AnIfn \nv XncnsSppp. hrIfn \nv ]p\cmKncWw sNpp IpSen \nv BKncWw sNpp

]mcmssXtdmbvUv {Kn DtPnnsSpp ]mcmsXtam Dev]mZnnsSpp

kqNI; * cnse Imyns km[mcW Afhv * Imyns Afhv IqSptm Dev]mZnnsSp tlmtam * CXv Imyns Afhv {IaoIcnpsXns\ * Imyns Afhv Ipdbptm Dev]mZnnsSp tlmtam * Imyns Afhv Ipdbptm AXv ]p\:m]nsSpsXns\ {KqvXe AhXcWw
41

t{ImUoIcWw
cnse Imyns Afhv {IaoIcnpXn ssXtdmbvUv, ]mcm ssXtdmbvUv {KnbpsSbpw Ah Dev]mZnnp tlmtamWnsbpw ]v hy amWw. Hw ]mcmsXmtamWns Afhv IqSnbmepw Ipdmepw Dm Ip tcmKmhsbpdnpw [mcWbpmIphn[n t{ImUoIcnWw aqey\nWbw 1) XmsgsImSpncnp Nn{XoIcWw hniIe\w sNbvXv tNmZyv DssagpXpI
\nt]npp Anbnse Imyw XncnsSp pp Ipd bptm BKncWw IqSpp IpS IqSptm IqSptm c nse Imyns Afhv .............................. IqSptm hr Ipd bptm

Ipd bptm

]pdpp

* *

Imyns km[mcW Afhv F{X Imyns Afhv Ipdbptmgpw IqSptmgpw Dev]mZnnsSp tlmtamWpI GsXmw

Dev]mZ\w IqSpp * ]mcmsXtam

tcmKmh

tcmKmh Dev]mZ\w Ipdbpp Ipdnv : ]mT]pkvXInse ]nI 3.5 ]qnbmp {]h\w hynKX aqey\nWbn\mbn D]tbmKsSpmw

{]h\w 2
Nn{XhnieI\w{Kqv N Bibw : tlmtamWpIv ]nnse tlmtam ""Nne {KnIfnse tlmtam Dev]mZ\w \SpXv ap Nne tlmtamWpIfpsS Do]\
42

^eambmWv'' Cu {]kvXmh\ Xmsg sImSpncnp Nn{XoIcWns klmbm hniI e\w sNbvXv Ipdnv XmdmpI. (]mT]pkvXInse Nn{Xw 3.5 \nconm Ahkcw \IWw) ]nyqdn {KnbpsS apZfw

t{Smnv tlmtamWpI

TSH

ACTH

GTH

ssXtdmbvUv {Kn Do]nnsSpp kqNI * *

A{Uo\ {Kn Do]nnsSpp

sKmWmUpI Do]nnsSpp

]nyqdn {Kn Dev]mZnnp Do]\ tlmtamWpI ChbpsS Dev]mZ\ ^eambn DtPnnsSp {Kn

t{ImUoIcWw
]nyqdn{KnbpsS apZfw DmZnnp hyXykvXXcw t{Smnv tlmtamWpI Nne {KnIfpsS tlmtam Dev]mZ\s kzm[o\npp. t{Smnv tlmtamWpIsf IqSmsX hfm tlmtam, t{]memIvSn Fn hbpw ]nydn {Kn Dev]mZnnpp

{]h\w 4
Nn{XhnieI\w{Kqv N Bibw : ssltmXemakpw, ]nyqdn {Knbpambp _w, Nn{XoIcWw 3.6 \nconm Ahkcw \Ipp. ]mT`mKs kqNIp ]pdsa Xmsg sImSpncnp kqNI IqSn DsSpn {KqvXen Ipdnv Xmdmpp. kqNI ; * ssltmXemakv Dev]mZnnp tlmtamWpI
43

* * *

dneoknwKv tlmtam ]nyqdn {Knbn Fp hn[w ]nyqdn {KnbpsS apZfw Do]\ tlmtamWpI Dev]mZnnpsXns\ ]nyqdn {KnbpsS ]nZfw kw`cnp tlmtam Ch ]nZfn FpsXns\ ?

t{ImUoIcWw
kqNI\pkcnv t{ImUoIcWw \Sm lmUv_pnse A[n Ihnhcw IqSn {]tbmP\sSppatm

{]h\w 5
s]mXpN, Nn{XoIcW hniIe\w Bibw : tlmtamWpI Bc kanXn ]meI Nn{XoIcWw 3.5 hniIe\w sNpp. Ipdnv Xmdmpp kqNI * * * Bc kanXnbn hyXnbm\w DmIp kmlNcyw DsSp tlmtamWpI kanXn ]p\:m]nsSp hn[w

t{ImUoIcWw
icocnepmIp hyXbm\\pkcnv DmIp tlmtam Dev]mZ\w kanXn ]p\:m]nsSp coXn Fnh lmUv_pnse Bibhpambn _sSpn t{ImUoIcWw. tlmtam, AhbpsS icoc nse {]h\CXpaqeap Poh{]h\fpsS {IaoIcWw, \nb {W Fnhsbpdnp s]mXpImgvNmSv cq]sSp hn[n t{ImUo IcnWw, Hw, \mUohyh XpSnshp {]h\ XpSv sImp t]mIpXv tlmtam hyhbmsW [mcW DmIWw aqey\nWbw ""cnse Na, K AtbmWpIfpsS Gpdn BckanXnsb XIcmdnempp'' * *
Na, K AtbmWpIfpsS Gpdn BckanXnsb

Fs\ _m[npp? Cu kabv Bc kanXn ]menm klmbnp tlmtam GXv ? AXv Dev]mZnnp {Kn GXv ?

44

samUyq 4
{]h\w
N hcnhcnbmbn kcnp DdppIfpsS kmc]mXbn XSw krjvSnm DdppI fpsS hcnbn amw hcpptm? FvsImv? sSIvv _pv t]Pv 47 se kqNIfpsS ASnm\n hniIe\w sNpp. kqNI * * * * ^ndtamWpIv DZmlcW ^ndtamWpI sImp {]tbmP\w ^ndtamWpIfpw tlmtamWpIfpw Xnep hyXymkw ^ndtam sIWn

t{ImUoIcWw
^ndtamWpI, Pp Npp]mSntev {khnp cmkhkvXpfm Wv. Fm tlmtamWpI icocn\pntev {khnphbpw. ^ndtam WpI PohnKWnse AwK Xnepw, tlmtamWpI icocn\pn tImi Xnep Bibhn\nabn\pw {]tbmP\sSpp

samUyq 5
{]h\w 1
s]mXpN \mUokwhn[m\ansnepw kkyfpsS Poh{]h\ \nb{nsSpsXs\? kqNI * * sacnanIIeI kkytlmtamWpIfpsS Dev]mZ\w, {]h\coXn

t{ImUoIcWw
* kkytlmtamWpI apJyambpw sacnanI IeIfn Dev]mZnn sSpp. tImihn`P\w, hf, tImifpsS sshhn[yhcWw, ]pjv]n , Fnhsb kzm[o\nmWv kkytlmtamWpI Poh{]h\sf \nb{npXv. kkytlmtamWpI hfm hkvXp F t]cnepw Adn bsSpp

aqey\nbw
kkytlmtamWpIsf hfm hkvXp Fv hnfnpXv FpsImv ?
45

{]h\w

]nI hniIe\w, {Kqv N ]nI T.B. 3.7 kqNIfpsS ASnm\n {Kqv hniIe\w kqNI * * * * {][m\ kkytlmtamWpI Hmtcm tlmtamWns Dev]mZ\ t{kmXv kky hfsb DtPnnp tlmtamWpI Gh ? AhbpsS {]h\sav? hfsb XSbp kkytlmtamWpI Gh? Ah Fs\ {]hnpp?

t{ImUoIcWw
kkytlmtamWpI hfsb klmbnph, hf XSbph, Ah bpsS t{kmXv, Hmtcmnsbpw [, Fnh t{ImUoIcntXmWv.

aqey\nbw
HstXXv? \ymboIcWw \IpI F) _n) HmIvkn\pI, ssktmIn\pI, Kndnen\pI, A_vknknIv BknUv hmtkm{]kn, ssktmIn\n, Ckpen, skmamtmt{Smn

{]h\w

Nn{XhniIe\w, {Kqv N, Nn{Xw ]qoIcn

T.B Nn{Xw 3.8 t]Pv 48 \ncoWw, \ncoW hniIe\w AhXcWw

kqNI * * * {]Imins kmnyw Imm{Knse HmIvknP Xm{XIfpsS hnXcWs Fs\ kzm[o\np. Imm{Knse tImifpsS ZoLoIcWs HmIvkn Fs\ kzm[o\np Imns hfbnepmb hyXnbm\sav

t{ImUoIcWw
HmIvkn Xm{XI {]Imiw XpXns FXnhitv \opp. HmIvkn tI{oIcnsSp `mKs ImtImi ZoLnpp. Xqew {]Imin\v t\sc Imw hfv hfcpp. XmbvthcpIfpsS ZoLoIcWw HmIvkn XSbpp

aqey\nbw
Nn{Xw 3.9 ]qnbmp {]h\hpw hniZoIcWpdnpw aqey\nbw sNmhp XmWv (t]Pv 49)
46

{]h\w

\mdnhpI
hmgpe ]pI sImnm thKw ]gppp ]^esmw ]gph tNv shm thKw ]gppp

s]mXpN
kqNI * * thKw ]gppXns ImcWsambncnpw GsXmw cmkhkvXp /tlmtam CXns\ klmbnpp
T.B. bnse ]nI 3.8 t]Pv 49 {Kqv N, hniIe\w

aqey\nbw
HstXXv 1) 2) 3) 4) 5)
NAA, IBA, 24D FYnen

HmIvkn, ssktmIn\n, Kndnen, FYnen Dcpfngn apIpf XSbp tlmtam GXv ddn ]mev Dev]mZ\w Iqm klmbnp Ir{Xna kkytlmtam GXv Ir{Xna kkytlmtamWpI ImjnIcwKv hnhIcamb am Dmnbnpv. Ch KpWhpw tZmjhpw sNpXmbn Ip]nSnnpv. {]kvXmh\ hnebncppI?

47

amXrIm tNmZy
1. IqnsSmXv Isn \ymboIcWw FgpXpI F) anIvskUna, {In\nkw, sS\n, FIvkv Hm^v XmanvtKmbn _n) tImntkm, BtUmkvotdm, Ckpen, A{Uo\men kn) F^nen, Knen\pI, ssktmIn\n, HmIvkn\pI 2) ]ZtPmUn_w a\nemn hn`mKw ]qcnnpI F) ssXtdmIvkn skmamtmt{Smn _n) qtmkv Imkyw 3) 4) 5) 6) : : : : {In\nkw ........................................ 70100 an.{Kmw/100 an.en ......................................

\gvkdn \Sp tPmkn\v Ahs tdmkmsNSnIfn thcv apfbvm _pnapv A\p`hs p. tPmkns\ \nv klmbm ]ptam? Fs\? cmap {]taltcmKnbpw (Ub_nkv sankv) Bkvm tcmKnbpamWv. tUmIvSv cmap hns Bkvm tcmKns Huj[ambn tImntkm \Im Ignbptam? hniZoIcnpI ]qtmn \nv Hcp BjUv]Zw s]jUv]Zs hfsc Zqcp \npw BIjnp. Fmbncnpw ImcWw? cnse qtmkns Afhv {IaoIcnp Nn{XoIcWamWv Xmsg sImSpncnpXv. Cu Nn{XoIcWw Imkyns Afhv {IaoIcnpXmbn amn Nn{XnIcnpI.

]m{Inbmkv & tImiw sFevkv Hm^v emKlmkv

I pd b p
Sp Iq p

]m{Inbmkv tImiw sFev Hm^v emKlmkv

qtKm

qtmkns km[mcW Afhv

70-110mg/100 ml

Ckpen

Sp Iq

pd b p

sstmP\ qtm kmn ampp

48

qtm kns tImi n tev qtmkns\ sstm P \mbn kw`cnpp

7)

"_n' bnse hnhc "F' bvv A\ptbmPyambn {IaoIcnpI. "kn' tImfw A\ptbmPy ambn ]qcnnpI
A B C

{Kn ssXtdmbnUv ]nyqdn ]mcmssXtdmbvUv ssltmXemakv ]m{Inbmkv 8)

tlmtam Ckpen hmtkm{Ukn ssXtdmIvkn ]mcmsXmtam skamtmt{Smn

tlmtam sshIeyw .......................................... .......................................... .......................................... ............................................ ...........................................

cv tcmKnIfpsS tcmKhnhcw Xncnpp. tcmK GsXmw? CXn\nSbmnbXv GXv tlmtamWns Dev]mZ\ IpdhmWv? F) 1) 2) cmap imcocnI hfm apcSnv am\knI hf apcSnv 2. ktmjv 1. imcocnI hfm apcSnv am\knI hf km[mcW

9)

cv tcmKnIfpsS tcmKhnhcw Xncnpp. tcmK GsXmw? CXn\nSbmnbXv GXv tlmtamWns Dev]mZ\ IpdhmWv? cm[mIrjvW 1) aq{Xns Afhv IqSpX 2) AXnbmb Zmlw 3) cnse qtmkns Afhv 180 an.{Kmw/100 an.en A\ojv 1) 2) 3) aq{Xns Afhv IqSpX AXnbmb Zmlw cnse qtmkns Afhv 100 an.{Kmw/100 an.en

49

10) Nn{XoIcWw ]qnbmpI sFev Hm^v KwK lmknse.............D]mZn npp IqSptm qtmknse .....................................

(4)

cnse qtmkns 80120 an.{Kmw/100 an.en

Ipdbptm

KvssftmPs .....................

sFev Hm^v KwK lmknse.............D]mZn npp

11) kkyhfbpsS hnhn[ Lfn GsXmw kkytlmtamWpI ]sSpppshv IspI (4) tlmtamWpI F) hnp apfpp 1. ssktmssI\n _n) CeI hncnbpp 2) FYnen 3) HmIvkn kn) Imw hfcpp 4) Knen Un) CeI s]mgnbpp 5) A_vskknIv BknUv

12) Nne jUv]Z CWIsf BIjnm\mbn Nne {]tXyI cmkhkvXp ]pdsSphn mdpv. GXmWv Cu cmkhkvXp? CXns av [ Fsmw (4)

50

{]XnIcWv ]nnse ckX{w

bq\nv sSv
1 aWnq 20 amv
1. ]ZtPmUn _w Isn ]qcnnpI F) ssXtdmbnUv {Kn hrjWw _n) B^mtImi _nmtImi kn) ]pjv]n If\min\n Un) Ckpen hmtkm{]kn 2) ]nI {IasSppI 1. skmamtm t{Kmn 2. tImntkm 3. A{Un\men 4. ssXtdmIvkn Ic an icocIeIfpw Fm icocIeIfpw t]inI D]m]Nb \ncv IqSpp hf km[yampp amwyw, sImgpv, Fnhsb hnL Snnpp ASnbnc kmlNcysf t\cnSm icocs kampp : : : : : : : : ImkntSmWn ................................ qttKm ................................ FYnen ............................... Ub_nkv saenkv ............................... (4) (4)

51

A[ymbw 4

D]m]Nbn\p tijw
BapJw
PohnIfpsS icocn \Sp Nne D]m]Nb {]h\fmWv Pohs \ne\n]p Xs km[yampXv. Ccw D]m]Nb {]h\fpsS ^e ambn D m Ip Nne D t] m ] ico c n\v Bh i y an m ]mgvhkvXptfm, tZmjw sNp hnjhkvXptfm BWv. Ah icocn \nv \ow sNpXneqsS am{Xta BcnI kanXn ssIhcnm km[n pIbpq. CXn\p D]m[n F \nebnemWv \mw hnk\ {]{Inbsb ]cn NbsSptXv. XpSv ico cn cq]w sImp hy X ykvX hnkPy h kvXp , Ahsb \ow sNm klmbnp hnk\mhbh, amen\y \ow sNp coXnI apXembhsb Ipdnp hyamb [mcWI ]TnXmfn cq]hcnm \mw {iantXpv. hnk\mhbhv DmIp XI cmdpI BckanXnsb {]XnIqeambn _m[npsXns\, AXn\p ]cn lmc amK Fnh N sNsSWw. ap PohnIfnse hnk\ {]{In bsbnbp Bib[mcWIfpw IpnIfn hnIknnsSpm \mw {iant XmWv. hrZm\w sNm\p at\m`mhw IpnIfn hfnsbSptXmWv. ]T\ ey efnXhpw ckIchpamb hnhn[ ]T\ {]h\fneqsS Xmsg ]dbp Bibfpw [mcWIfpw ]TnXmfn cq]sSppI FXmbncnWw \psS eyw * * * * * * * * * * hnk\ns {]m[m\yw amwkyns D]m]Nbw bqdnb \nmWw ap hnk\mhbh aq{Xnse bqdnbbpsS kmnyw hrIm\w, [w, A\p_ `mK hrBcLS\ s\t{^mLS\, {]h\w aq{Xnse LSI tlmtam \nb{Ww
52

* * * * * * * * *

hrtcmK Ubm en knkv hramnshkm[yXIfpw ]cnanXnIfp hrZm\w Xzv, izmktImiw, Ic Fnh hnk\ Ahbh F coXnbn ap PohnIfnse hnk\ XmcXayw kkyfnse hnk\w _mly ]cnnXnbpsS kpe\w amen\y \nmW {]h\

samUyq 2 hnkyh kvXp

{]h\w 1 kw`mjW hniIe\w N (qtmkns hnLS\w)
TB bn t]Pv 52 se A[ym]I\pw Ipnbpw Xnep kw`mjWw AhXcnnv qtm

kns hnLS\nse cmkamw N sNpp

C6 H12 06 + 6 O2 6H2O + 6CO2 + Duw

kqNI * * * qtmkns hnLS\ns {]m[m\yw hnLS\ ^eambn DmIp D]

CO2 , H2OFnh \ow sNmXncpmep tZmj

t{ImUoIcWw
tImi izk\ thfbn qtmkv hnLSnv Pehpw Im_ssUHm IvsskUpw DmIpp. Ch Bhiyn Ihnv icocnepXv \ow sNtXpv. aqey\nbw 1) Pew icocn\v Bhiyap hkvXp BWtm. ]nssbn\v icocn \nv ]pdwXWw ?

{]h\w 2
hnhcW hniIe\w, N ( bqdnb \nmWw) bqdnb \nmWhpambn _sv TB bnep hnhcWs B[mcamn Icfn bqdnb cq]w sImp hn[w N sNpp
53

kqNI * * * amwkyns eLpLSI amwky kwtjWw A[nIap Aant\m BknUn\v Fv kw`hnpp?

t{ImUoIcWw
icoc \nmW LSIamb amwkyns hnLS\ ^eambn Aant\mB knUv DmIpp. Aant\m BknUpI kwtbmPnv amwkyw DmIpp. IqSp Xep Aant\m BknUpI tImifn shv hnLSnv AtamWnbbpw [m\y Ihpw Bbn amdpp. AtamWnb Icfn shv Im_ ssU HmIvsskUp ambn kwtbmPnv bqdnb DmIpp

t{ImUoIcWw
tImifn Aant\m BknUns hnLS\^eambn DmIp Atam Wnb hnjhkvXp BbXn\m DS Xs pmanIv BknUpambn IqSntv qman BbnocpIbpw sNpp. Icfn shv qman hnLSnv Atam Wnb DmIpp. Cu AtamWnb Im_ssU HmIvsskUpambn kwtbm Pnv bqdnb DmIpp

aqey\nbw : 1. ^vtfmNmv ]qnbmpI

B

amwkyw

hnLS\w
A

* * 2. 3. cmkhmIyw DNnXambn ]qnbmpI AtamWnb + ....................................= bqdnb

[m\yIw

qtmkns hnLS\^eambn DmIp Pew Im_ssU HmIvsskUv FnhbpsS hnkP\w t]mse efnXa Aant\m BknUv hnLSnpmIp AtamWnbbpsS ]pdwX. hniZoIcnpI.

54

Aant\m BknUv hnLSnpmIp AtamWnb Hcp hnj hkvXp BWv. CXv t\cnv hnk\mhbhfneqsS ]pdwXm ]n. AXns\ tZmjIcam hkvXphmn amtXpv. 4. ""tImiizk\ thfbn cq]w sImp CO2 ]qWambpw \nizmk hmbp hneqsS ]pdw XsSpn'' Cu {]kvXmh\ icnbmtWm. \ymboIcWw Fv

icocn Ahtijnp CO2 Icfn shv AtamWnbbpambn kwtbmPn mWv bqdnb DmIpXv. icocns BckanXn kwcnsSm\pw \nnX Afhv CO2 icocn BhiyamWv

{]h\w 3 ]nI \nmWw ( ap hnk\mhbh)

icocnse {][m\ hnky hkvXpfpw Ah \ow sNm klmbnp Ahbh fpw ImWnp Hcp ]nI IpnI Xmdms. aqey\nWbw ; 1 ]nI ]p\: {IaoIcnpI hnkyhkvXp aq{Xw CO2, Pew hnbv hnk\mhbhw Xzv hr izmktImi

{]h\w 3 ]coWw (aq{Xnse bqdnbbpsS kmnyw)

aq{Xn ^nt\m^vXen, bqdntbkv Fnh HgnpsImp ]coWw \Spp

t{ImUoIcWw
aq{Xn ASnbncnp bqdnb bqdntbkns kmnyn hnL Snv NH3, CO2 Fnh DmIpp CXv ^nt\m^vXens\ Nphv \ndampp aqey\nbw cv sSv Syq_pIfn Hn aq{Xhpw atXn Pehpw Xncnpp. Cu {ZmhIfn GXmWv aq{Xw Fv \nWbnm cmPphns\ klmbnmtam?

55

samUyq 2 : hnk\mhbhw (hr)

{]h\w 5 Nn{X hniIe\w, N
ICT bpsS klmbtmsS hrIfpw A\p_ `mKfpw {]ZinnpIbpw AhbneqsS bp cnsbpw aq{Xnsbpw {]hmlw ImWnp B\ntaj \nconpIbpw sNp p. XpSv Nn{Xw \nconv hnhn[ `mKsfn N sNpp.

kqNI * * * hrbpsS m\w, BIrXn, hepw hrbpambn _s cpgepI hrbn \nv cw hlnpsImpt]mIp Ipg

t{ImUoIcWw
DZcmibn\Sn `mKv ]nhimbn \sn\v Ccp]pdhpambn ]ba WnbpsS BIrXnbn GXmv 11 sk.an. \ofhpw 5 sk.an hoXbpw 3 sk.an. I\ XXnepw Hcp tPmUn hrI ImWsSpp. ISpw Nphv \ndnep Chbvv GXmv 150 {Kmw `mcw ImWpw. hr[a\nI hrbn cw Fnpp. hrkncI hrbn \nv cw hlpsImpt]mIpp. hrbn cq]w sImp aq{Xw aq{Xhmln aptJ\ aq{Xknbn tiJcnpp. AhnsS \nv aq{Xw aq{X\mfnbneqsS ]pdwXsSpp aqey\nWbw 1. kqNIfpsS klmbm Nn{Xw DNnXambn ASbmfsSppI

F) hrbntev cw Fnp cIqgep I _n) hrbn \nv cw hlnpsImpt]mIp cpgepI kn) hrbn \nv aq{Xw hlnpsImpt]mIp Ipg Un) aq{Xw kw`cnsSp `mKw C) 2. aq{Xw shfnbntev Xp `mKw

hrbpsSbpw A\p_ `mKfpsSbpw Hcp amXrI Dmn mkv apdnbn {]ZinnpI

56

{]h\w 6 tamU, ICT, Nn{XhniIe\w, N (hrbpsS Bc LS\)

hrbpsS s\SpsIbp tOZns tamU, Nn{Xw Fnh \nconv hnhn[ `mKsf Ipdnp N \Spp. kqNI * * * * * hrbn cw Fnp cpg hrbn \nv cw hlnpsImpt]mIp cpg hrbpsS ]pdw`mKw, D`mKw tiJcW\mfn Xpdp `mKw AcnIfn \nv aq{Xw HgpIn Fp `mKw

t{ImUoIcWw
hrbpsS ]pdw`mKamWv tImIvkv. D`mKw saUp Fv AdnbsSp p. kqva AcnIfpsS tiJcW \mfnI Xpdp `mKamWv ]ncanUv. Ahbn \nv s]hnkntev aq{Xw HgpIn Fpp aqe\nWbw 1. hrbpsS s\SpsIbp tOZns Nn{Xw ]Inhcv kqNIfpsS ASnm\n ASbmfsSppI.

F) hrbntev cw Fnp cpg _n) hrbn \nv cw hlnpsImpt]mIp cpg kn) hrbpsS ]pdw`mKw Un) hrbpsS D`mKw C) aq{Xw tiJcnp `mKw

2. _m_p : izmktImiamWv cs ipoIcnpXv. lrZbn \nv izmktIminsep Aip cn \nv CO2\ow sNbvXv ipc ambn lrZbntev Xncnbpp. km_p : AXv icnb, hrbmWv cnse amen\y \ow sNpXv, AXv sImv hrbmWv cw ipoIcnpXv. Cu kw`mjW n BcpsS hmZamWv icn ? FpsImv ?
57

_m_phnsbpw km_phnsbpw hmZ icnbmWv. izmktImi CO2 \ow sNpp. hr bqdnbbpw ap amen\yfpw \ow sNpp

{]h\w 7 Nn{X\ncoWw, ICT hnhcW hniIe\w, N (s\t{^mWns LS\)

s\t{^mWns LS\ ImWnp Nn{Xns klmbtmsS AXns LS\ Acn {]{Inbv F{Xam{Xw A\ptbmPyamsWv N sNpp kqNI * * * * * s\t{^mWns AS `mKw t_mamkv Im]vkyqfn cw FpXv temanIm PmenI cw Xncnpt]mIpXv tmadpe ^nt{Sv HgpInsbp `mKw

t{ImUoIcWw
cn \nv amen\y \ow sNpXn\v hfsc A\ptbmPy amb LS\bmWv s\t{^mWpIv DXv aqey\nWbw 1. A^c v sh C^c v sh FnhbpsS hepnep hyXymkw XmcXayw sNpI. CXns {]m[m\ysav ?

tmadpekneqsS HgpIp cns aw IqSpXn\v Cu hen hyXymkw CSbmpp. CXns ^eambn tmadpekneqsS HgpIp cn \nv tmadpe ^nt{Sv t_mamkv Im]vkyqfntev Dudnbndpp 2. tmadpe ^nt{Sn qtmkv, Aant\m BknUpI, hnan\pI Fnhbpw ASnbnpv. Fm aq{Xn ChbpsS Afhv XmcXtay\ IpdhmWv. Fmbncnmw ImcWw. icocn\mhiyamb LSIfpsS ]p\cmKncWw

{]h\w 8 ]nI hniIe\w, \ncoWw, N (aq{Xnse LSI)

aq{Xnse hnhn[ LSI ImWnp ]nI \nconv LSIsf Ipdnv N \S pp. th\Imepw XWpv Imepw aq{Xns Afhn DmIp amsfpdnpw
58

N sNpp. kqNI * * * * * aq{Xnse {][m\ LSIw bqdnbbpsS tXmXv ehW aq{Xns Cfw a \ndn\v ImcWw aq{Xns Afhv \nb{np tlmtam

t{ImUoIcWw
aq{Xns 95% PeamWv. bqdnb IqSmsX av Nne ehWfpw aq{X n ASnbncnpp. Imemhbvv A\pkrXambn aq{Xns Afhv \nb{npXv ADH F tlmtam BWv. aqey\nbw 1) th\Imev aq{Xns Afhv Ipdbm ImcWsav ?

NqSpImev icocnse Pemwiw Ipdbptm sslt]mXemaknse Hmkvtam dnk]vtkv Do]nnsSpp. CXns ^eambpmIp BthK ]nyq dn {Knbn \nv IqSpX hmtkm{]kn (ADH) ]pdphnSpIbpw hr \mfnIIfn shv IqSpX Pew ]p\cmKncWw sNpIbpw sNpp.

{]h\w 9 ]nI hniIe\w, N (hrsb _m[np tcmK)

TB bnse hr tcmKsf kw_np ]nI hniIe\w sNbvXv hrsb _m[np

tcmKsf Ipdnv N sNpp. kqNI * * * tcmKmWp \nanapmIph ]Zm ASnpIqSpXv sImv ap ImcW

t{ImUoIcWw
s\ss{^nkv, hramyw, aq{Xnse Iv apXemb tcmK hr bpsS {]h\ XIcmdnempp

59

aqey\nbw 1) ]nI icnbmbn ]p\:{IaoIcnpI tcmKw s\ss{^nkv tcmK eW ASnhbn thZ\, ]pdwthZ\, XeIdw On Ienb aq{Xw, \ohow, ]\n hnf, icoc`mcw IpdbpI, bqdnbbpw apw cn Xs \ne\ns SpI ImcW ]eXcw hrtcmK, {]ta lw, cmXnkw Imkyw ehWfpw apw ASnpIqSpXv tcmKmWp_m[

hramyw aq{Xnse Iv

2.

hr[a\nbn Fp cn bqdnbbpsS Afhv km[mcWbn Ipdhmbn ImWsp. Xmsg ]dbphbn Fmbncnpw CXn\v ImcWw ? F) _n) kn) Un) hrbpsS XIcmdv lrZbns XIcmdv Icfns {]h\nep Ipgw izmktImins XIcmdv

{]h\w 10
ICT Nn{XhniIe\w,

N (Ubmenknkv)

Ubmenknkv \Sp {]h\ns ICT {]Zinnv kwhn[m\ns Nn{Xns klmbtmsS N \Spp. kqNI * * * * bq\nntev csanpXv cw I]nSnmXncnm\p D]m[n Acn {]{Inb \SpXv cw XncnsI icocnsepXv

t{ImUoIcWw
hrIfpsS {]h\w AhXmfnemb hynIfpsS cn \nv amen\y \ow sNm Ubmenknkv sNpp. Ubmenknkv bq\nntev ISn hnSp cn \nv amen\y \ow sNbvXv cw XncnsI ico cntev Xs ISnhnSpIbmWv sNpXv
60

aqey\nbw 1) ""Ubmenknkv bq\nv Hcp Ir{Xna hybmWv'' Cu {]kvXmh\ icnbmtWm? \ymboIcWsav ?

{]h\w 11 ]{Xhm, N (hr amnsh)

"hr Bhiyapv' F XestmSpIqSnb ]{Xhm AhXcnnpsImv hr amn shens\bpw hrZm\sbpw]n N sNpp kqNI * * hr amnsht kmlNcyw amnshptm {int Imcy

t{ImUoIcWw
hrIfpsS {]h\w NnInnp t`Zamm ]m hn[w \nep t]mbm BtcmKyhm\mb Hcmfn \ntm acnpt]mb hynbn \ntm kzo Icnp hr D]tbmKnv hr amn shbvmw. icoc IeIfpsS tbmPnv Ddv hcpWw aqey\nbw 1) 2) "ASpp _pfn \np hrI kzoIcnpXmWv DNnXw Fv ]dbsSpp.' Fmbncnmw ImcWw hrZm\s Ipdnv 2 t]mdpI XmdmpI

hr amnshptm tISp h hr \ow sNpn . kzo Icn p hr Ahbvp Xmsgbmbn LSnnpIbmWv sNpXv. tISp h hrbntep cpgepI (A{Un\ {Knbntep h HgnsI) sInbnv Ahbntep c{]hmlw \nempp. A{Un\ {Kn AXns {]h\ bYmhn[n \nlnpp.

61

samUyq 3 : hnk\w ap PohnIfn

{]h\w 12 Nn{X \ncoWw, hnhcWhniIe\w (hnk\w ap Ppfn)
TB bnse hnhn[ PohnIfnse hnk\mhbh ImWnp Nn{Xfpw hnhcWfpw ASnm\amn N kwLSnnpp.

kqNI * * hnkPy hkvXp hnk\mhbhfnse sshhn[yw

t{ImUoIcWw
hnhn[ PohnIfn hn`nfmb hnkyhkvXpfpw Ahbhfpw BWpXv. icoc ns koWXbvv A\pkcnv hnk\mhbhfpsS koXbpw IqSpp aqey\nbw 1) 2) ]nIfpsSbpw DcKfpsSbpw hnkyhkvXp bqdnIv BknUv BWv. CXv sImp {]tbmP\w Fv ? ]nI DNnXambn ]p\:{IaoIcnpI Pohn Aao_ anc ]m ayw hnk\mhbhw hr ktmNt^\w s\{^nUnb a]oPnb \fnII

IticpInIsf Ah ]pdwXp hnkyhkvXphns ASnm\n Atam WntbmsSenIv, bqdntmsSenIv, bqdntbm sSenIv Fns\ aqmbn hKoIcn mw. AtamWnb ]pdwXp ayfmWv AtamWntbmsSenIv. bqdnIv BknUv ]pdwXp DcKfpw ]nIfpw bqdntmsSenIv hn`mKn s]Spp kkvX \nIfpsS hnkPyhkvXp bqdnb BbXn\m Ah bqdntbmsSenIv BWv. XhfI fpsS hmam{InI AtamWntbmsSenpw XhfI bqdntbm sSenpw BWv.

{]h\w 13 hnhcW hniIe\w, N (kkyfnse hnk\w)

hnk\w kkyfn F hnhcWns ASnm\n kkyfnse hnk\ {]{Inb N sNpp
TB bnse

62

kqNI * * * ]pdw Xt hnky hkvXp amen\yw \ow sNm klmbnp `mK Ce sImgnb

t{ImUoIcWw
{]Imi kwtjWns ^eambn DmIp HmIvknP\pw tImiiz k\ns ^eambn DmIp Im_ssUHmIvsskUpw smam, sslU tmSv FnhbneqsS ]pdw XsSpp aqey\nbw 1) "Ce sImgnb Hcp Xcw hnk\ {]{InbbmWv.'' Cu {]kvXmh\ icnbmtWm? FpsImv?

samUyq 4 : _mly ]cnnXnbpsS kwcWw {]h\w 14 ]cnkc aen\oIcWw

\psS ]cnkcw aen\amp amen\ysf Ipdnv Ahbvv ImcWamIp LSIsf Ipdnpw IpnI Hcp skan\m kwLSnns. Ign Imefnse aen\oIcW tXmXpambn XmcXayw sNbvXv aen\oIcWns tXmXv IqSpp F \nKa\nsem\pw ssPh hnLS\ n\p hnt[bamIpXpw Amhbpw thXncnpXn\pw {inpatm. aqey\nWbw 1. 2. 3. \nfpsS ]cnkcw aen\oIcnp {][m\ amen\y env sNpI amen\ysf ssPh hnLS\n\v hnt[bamIph, Amh Fns\ ]nIsSppI ]cnkc aen\oIcWw XSbpXn\p {]mtbmKnI \nti AhXcnnpI

References 1. The fundamentals of Biochemistry for Medical students - by Ambika Shanmughan 2. Advanced Organic Chemistry - by Arun Bahl 3. Plus One Biology - NCERT 3. www.righthealth.com 4. www.kidneyatlas.org 5. www.kidneypariyaram.org

63

UNIT TEST
Time : 40 Minutes Marks :20

]ZtPmUn _w a\nemn DNnXambn ]qcnnpI 1. 2. hnbv anc : Xzv, : :: aq{Xw : ....................... s\{^nUnb :: ...................................

(2x1=2)

: a]oPnb \mfnI
(2x1=2)

II.

Iqn s]SmXv GXv? aphbpsS s]mXpkz`mhw FgpXpI s\ss{^nkv, bqdoanb, \yqtamWnb, hrbnse Iv Dan\o{Kn, Xzv, izmktImiw, hr ]nI DNnXambn ]qcnnpI Pohn a\pjy
B

3. 4.
III

(4x1=4)

5.

hnkPyhkvXp aq{Xw Pew

C D

hnk\mhbhw
A

ktm N\w hr hr 2

ayw ]n 6. 7.

hrZm\n\v thn P\sf t_m[hIcnpXn\v 2 t]mdpI XmdmpI

ASnhbn thZ\bpw Xedhpw Onbpw ]nSns] cmPphnt\mSv tUmIvS aq{X]cntim [\bpw kvIm\nwKpw \ntinp. XpSv [mcmfw shw IpSnm\pw ]mepev]fpsS D]tbmKw Ipdm\pw \ntinp. Fmbncnmw cmPphns tcmKw ? CXn\p ImcWsav ? 2 icocnse amen\y \nm\n Ic {][m\ ]v hlnpp. Fns\ ? agmev aq{Xns Afhv IqSm ImcWsav? Nn{Xw ]Inhcv Xmsg]dbp `mK ASbmfsSppI F) hrbntev cw Fnp Ipg

8. 9. 10;

_n) AcnIfpsS \o IpgepIfp Bc`mKw kn) aq{Xw hlnpsImpt]mIp Ipg

64

tNmZy amXrII
1. hrbpsS Nn{Xw ]In hcv Xmsg ]dbp `mK ASbmfsSppI * * * * 2. 3. aq{Xknbn aq{Xsanp Ipg aq{Xw kw`cnp shbvp `mKw aq{Xw ]pdtv t]mIp `mKw hrbntep cpg

tmadqem ^nt{Sn qtmkv Aant\m BknUpI Fnh ASnbnpsnepw Ah aq{XneqsS ]pdtv t]mIpn. CXns ImcWsav? aq{Xhnk\hpambn _s ^vtfmNmv ]qnbmpI hr[a\n A^d v shk tmadqekv

hr\mfnI

aq{Xhmln

aq{X\mfn

4.

hrtcmKhpambn _s Hcp hv jov ]qoIcnpI tcmKw s\ss{^nkv hrmamyw aq{Xn Iv {][m\tcmK eW ImcWw

5. 6.

kkyfnse amen\y \nm\w \SpXv {][m\ambpw aqv hn[nemWv. FXmWo aqv coXnI? Xmsg sImSpncnp Nn{XoIcWw ]qnbmpI s {khw Ipdbpp
ADH

agmew

th\mew

ADH s {khw IqSpp

65

7. 8.

NphsS sImSphbn \nv hrmtcmKw sXcsSpsgpXpI sS\n, At{ImsaKen, {In\nkw, bqdoanb hnk\hpambn _s PohnIfpsS ]nI ]qnbmpI PohnI anc Aao_ jUv]Z ayw Xhf ]nIfpw DcKfpw hnk\mh bhw s\{^oUnb hnkyhkvXp ss\t{SmP\nI hnkyhkvXp

9. 10. 11.

Xmsg sImSp tIkv jov ]cntim[nv cmaphns tcmKmh IspI * ASnhbn thZ\, aq{XXSw, ]pdwthZ\, XeIdw, On Ubmenknkns\pdnv Hcp Ipdnv XmdmpI "F"bpambn _aph, "_n', "kn' Fnhbn \nv sXcsSpv FgpXpI
A B C

hnkPyhkvXp AtamWnb bqdnb

t{kmXv qtmkns D]m]Nbw Aant\m BknUpIfpsSbpw \yqntbm ssSUpIfpsSbpw hnLS\w aqew Dm Ipp Icfn shv \Sp lntamm_ns hnLS\w AtamWnbbpw ss_Im_tWpw tNv Icfn shv cq]w sImpp Aant\m BknUpIfpsS D]m]Nb ^e ambn DmIpp. CXv bqdnbmbn amdpp

hnk\mhbhw izmktImiw hr

Im_Utbm IvsskUv bqdnmknUv

hr hr, Xzv

ss_]nKvsap I 12. 13. 14.

hr

Xmsg sImSpncnphbn \psS icocnse hnk\mhbh AmXv GXv? Ic, Bamibw, izmktImiw, Xzv, hr \nfpsS kvIq ]cnkcs amen\ysf ssPhhnLS\n\v hnt[bamphbpw Am hbpambn ]nIsSppI. A[ym]nIbpsS t\XrXzn mn smambpambn _s ]coWw sNbvXp Ign tmgmWv taLbvv kwibw DmbXv. ""smam Csn kkyv FmWv kw`hnpI. AXv {]IrXnbpsS kwXpe\mhsb _m[nptam? Cu kwibw ZpcoIcn m \nv Ignbptam?
66

A[ymbw 5

kanXn XIcptm
BapJw
\nch[n hyXykvX D]m]Nb {]h\fpsS ^eambn \ow sN stSXmb A\mhiy hkvXp tImi]cnkcv cq]sSppv. Ch ]q ambpw Xm\v\npw \ow sNstSXmWv Cu \ow sN {]{In bbvv XSw t\cnSptm Bc kanXn XIcmdnemIpp. Xqew hnhn[ tcmK Dmhpp. Cs\ BckanXn XIcmdnemp hnhn[ kml Ncysfpdnpw Ahbvv FXnsc kzoIcnmhp apIcpXepIsfpdnpw ]TnXmfn hyamb [mcW cq]stSXpv. AXntembn a\pjys\ _m[np hnhn[ tcmKtcmKImcnI, AhbpsS hym]\w, ap Zpoe {]XymLmX , ]I cm tcmK, am\knImtcmKyw Fnhbpw, kky PpPmesf _m[np CXctcmKfpamWv {]Xn]mZyw. ]T\ ey * * * * hnhn[ kmw{IanI tcmK ]IcpXv Fns\sbv XncndnbpXn\v Xs Npp]mSn tcmKkw{IaW km[yXI F{Xtmfapsv Is pXn\v hnhn[ tcmKImcnI tcmK DmpXv Fns\sbv Xncndnbp Xn\v ]pIhen, aZy]m\w, abp acppIfpsS D]tbmKw Fnh Dmp {]XymLmX XncndnbpXn\pw AhbvsXnscbp at\m`mhw cq] sSpXn\pw Imk tcmK s p dn p [mcW sa s Spn t_m[ hI cW {]h\ GsSpv \Sphm\p at\m`mhw cq]sSppXn\v P\nXIsshIeyw tcmKImcWamIpsXs\sbv XncndnbpXn\v aq{X]Ynse AWp_m[ CXns\Xnsc kzoIcnmhp apIcpXepI Fnhsbpdnv [mcW ssIhcnpXn\v. imcocnImtcmKystmse Xs am\koImtcmKyn\pw {]m[m\yap s [mcW sasSppXn\v \mw hfp arKsfbpw ]nIsfbpw kkysfbpw _m[np tcmKsfpdnp [mcW sasSppXn\v imcocnIhpw, am\koIhpw, kmaqlnIhpamb kq kpnXn WHO
67

* * * * *

BtcmKyw

Bib * * Ac]cnnXn XImdnemIp Ah Blmcw, hmbp, Pew, Zwi\w, kw hgn ]Icp tcmKtcmKImcnIeW _mIvSocnb, sshdkv, ^wKkv, t{]mtmtkmhLS\ ]pIhen, aZyw, abpacpv, ap Zpoe, Zqjy^e Imk, P\nXI tcmK, aq{Xnse AWp_m[ hynbpsS BtcmKyns aqpXe * * imcocnIw, am\knIw, kmaqlnIw {][m\ PptcmK kkytcmKA]cym]vXX, tcmK, kmw{IanItcmK

{int av Imcy * * * *

samUyq 1 {]h\w 1
IpnItfmSv ]mT]pkvXInse Nn{XoIcWnse kw`mjWw hniIe\w sNbvXv Ipdnv Xmdmm BhiysSpp. hynKXwdntmnwKv

t{ImUoIcWw
hynipNnXzw, ]cnkcipNnXzw. ChbpsS {]m[m\yspdnv [mcW hcppp. hynipNnXzstmse kmaqlyipNnXzn\pw hfsc {]m[m\y apv F BibamWv t{ImUoIcntXv.

{]h\w 2
Nmv {]Zinnpp tcmKImcn t{]mtmtkmh tcmKw hbdpISn * eW t\cnbhbdpthZ\,CSbvnsS aehn k\w, aen chpw I^hpw XethZ\, iamb ]\n, DZcthZ\, ae_w hbdnfw, On, Inshw t]mse bp aew, t]inIfn tImn ]nSpw

`Ww shw _mIvSocnb

ssSt^mbvUv

tImfd
68

tcmKImcn _mIvSocnb

tcmKw bw *

eW XpSbmbn A\p`hsSp hc Npa, ]\n, I^n cw, s\pthZ\, `mcpdhv ]\n, XethZ\, icoc`mKfn Nph XnWpI {ItaW Ipanfbmbn cq]s Spp hndbtemSp IqSn ]\n, tcmK_m[bpn Sv thZ\, Nphv \ndw, enw^v hmln bn hncI hfcpXv aqew enw^ns {]hmlw XSsSpp. icoc`mK hopp ITn\amb ]\n, hndb, Aklyamb Xe thZ\, icoc`mKw, Nppsmp A\p` hw, CSthfIfn ]\n Bhnpp

hmbp

sshdkv

Nnt]mIvkv

* IyqeIvkv sImXpIv ss^tednb hnc av

At\m^n ekv sImXpIv

* mkvtamUnbw ae\n

Nmnsbpw sSIvv _pnse Nn{XoIcWw 5.2 sbpw ASnm\n {Kqv N Nm kqNI * * * * 1) tcmK ]ImcoXnI hnhn[ tcmK AhbpsS eW ipNnXzanmbvabpw tcmKfpw tcmK]IsXnsc kzoIcnmhp apIcpXepI ""Nne {]tZifn sImXpIvP\ytcmK s]cpIpp''. \ndnbmhp cv sImXpIvP\ytcmKfpw AhbpsS eWfpw IpdnpI? sImXpIvP\ytcmK XSbpXntembn kvIq slv ns B`napJy \nv Fsms amK\nti \Im km[npw. 2) ]nI ]qoIcnpI ............................. _mIvSocnb * * * * * * * *
69

aqey\nbw

Nnt]mIvkv ssSt^mbvUv

]\n, XethZ\, icoc`mKv Nph XnWpI ............................................... .............................................. ................................................ ................................................ t\cnb hbdpthZ\ CSbvnsS aehnk\w aen chpw I^hpw

...............................

t{]mtmtkmh

t{ImUoIcW kqNI * * * * tcmK]ImcoXnI ]cnkc ipNnXzanbva hnipNnXzw tcmK]Im apIcpXepI

samUyq 2 {]h\w 1
]mT]pkvXInse sImfmjpw lmUvHmpw {Kqn hniIe\w sNbvXv imkv{XteJ\w Xmdm Ipdnv : sImfmjv Nmn {]Zinnpp. {Kqn tcmKsfnbp lmUvHuv \Ipp

{]h\w 2
tcmKImcnIfmb kqva PohnIfpsS BIrXnbpw LS\bpw ]cnNbsSppp.

]mT]pkvXInse ]nI ]qnbmq

70

samUyq 3
{]h\w 1
]pIhenbpsS Zqjy^e Xncndnbm\p ]coWw kqNI * * * ]pIbnebn ASnb lm\nIcamb hkvXp ]pIhenptm DmIp CO Dw izk\ {]{Inbbpw ]pIhen icocs _m[np hn[w

{Kqv N, dntmnwKv

t{ImUoIcWw
* * * * ]pIbnebn \ntmn, Sm, Im_tamtWmIvsskUv, s_tkmss] dn XpSnb 4000 tmfw cmkhkvXp ASnbncnpp Chbn 60 Hmfw Fw Imknt\mP\pIfmWv ]pIhen t{_mssnkv Dmpp lntamtm_n\v HmIvknPt\mSv DXnt\m {]Xnn Im_tamtWm Ivssknt\mSmWv. AXn\m Im_tamtWmIvsskUv lotamtm_n\p ambn tNv Imt_mIvkn lotamtm_n\mbn amdpp. CXv hfsc kmh [m\ta hnLSnpIbpq, X\nanw cn\v HmIvknP kzoIcnm \p tijn Ipdbpp.

71

{]h\w 2
]{Xhm ""NmepSn Hmw m\v. hnjpthfbn kwm\v Ghpw IqSpX aZyw hn]\ \Sn'' CSpn Im_v tXmw \innp. h\ {]tZiv Irjn sNbvXncp 5 Gtdmfw Im_v tXmw h\]meI.......... ]{Xhmsb ap\nn s]mXpN{Kqv NAhXcWw

t{ImUoIcWw
* * * aZyw, abpacppI Fnhsb icocw hfscssv BKncWw sNbvXv AocI kakvYnXnbpsS Xmfw sXnpp aZy]m\w, Ichow, kotdmknkv Fnhbvv ImcWamIpp aZ yhpw ab p acppw \mUo h y h , B cm h bh Fnh bpsS {]h\s _m[npIbpw dn^vfIvkpI kmh[m\n BhpIbpw sNpp. X\nanw hml\w HmSnptm A]IS Dmpp. abp acppI Htm ctm XhW D]tbmKnptm Xs AXn\v ASnasSpp. elcnhnt[bXzw DZm: acoPphm\, sImss, Hnbw, sltdmbn, tam^n, Im_v, lmjn jv, F.Fkv.Un. Ipdnv : ]pIhen, aZy]m\w, abvacpv XpSnb ZpoesXnsc ]TnXm fn Aht_m[w DmptXmsSmw kmaqly kpcbvv ChbpsS h\w A\nhmcyamsWv t_m[bstSXmWv. aqey\nWbw ]pIhen, aZy]m\w, abvacpv D]tbmKw FnhbvsXnsc Aht_m[w DmpXn\v Hmtcmn\pw Hmtcm t]m kampI

{]h\w 3
Imk : icoctImi A\nb{nXambn s]cpIbpw av tImiv e`nt t]mjI hensSpv Ahsb \innpIbpw sNp AhbmWv Imk. Imk tImi v AhbpsS DZv`hm\v \nv cneqsStbm enw^neqsStbm icocns ap `mK fn Fntcphm\pw AhnSfn s]cpIphm\p Ignhpv. , av hnIncW, ]pIbnebnepw apw ASnbncnp Imknt\mP\pI Nnebn\w sshdkpI Fnh Imkdn\v ImcWamhp p. {Kqp N kqNI * * * FmWv Imk Imkdn\v ImcWsav Imk DmIpXv Fns\ XSbmw
72

{]h\w 4

a\phnsbpw apwXmknsbpw tcmKfpambn _s {KqpXe N kqNI * * ASnm\ ImcWw eWw

t{ImUoIcWw
Po\pIfpsS sshIeyw aqeapmIp tcmKfmWv P\XnI tcmK. amXm]nXmfn \npw kXn]ccIfntev hym]cnp tcmKfmWv ]mccytcmK

A\oanb
* lotamtm_ns D]mZ\w Ipdbpp * Blm c n Ccpv hnm an \p I (B12,Et^mfnmknUv) Fnh Ipdbp Xn\v \nanw DmIpp * Ie I fn te p HmIv k n P kth ls _m[npp * hnf, ImbnIamb A[zm\w Bhiy ap tPmenI sNm {]bmkw

knn sk A\oanb
* lotamtm_ns LS\m]camb sshI eyw * P\nXI sshIeyw * HmIvknP kwhl\s _m[npp * hnf, ImbnIamb A[zm\w Bhiy ap tPmenI sNm {]bmkw

{]h\w 5
sXfna kn.Un.{]Zi\ws]mXpNAhXcWwlmUvHuv hnXcWw (Urinary tract infection -UTI) \psS kvIqfpIfnepw s]mXpefnepap aq{XpcI F{Xtmfw kpc nXhpw hrnbpXpamWv? hrnlo\amb Ccw aq{XpcI D]tbmKnm \mw hnapJX Immdpv. AXpsImpXs hon \nv ]pdpt]mIp IpnI {]tXyInv s]IpnI hon XncnsnbXn\ptijw am{Xw aq{XsamgnpI F
73

aq{X]Ynse AWp_m[

ioew ]Xnhmnbncnpp. CXv \nch[n BtcmKy{]iv\ krjvSnpp. aq{Xsamgnptm aq{Xmibw, aq{X\mfw FnhnSfnse tcmKmWpsf IgpInfbpI F {]h\w IqSn \Sppv. Fs\bmWv aq{X]Yn tcmKWp FpXv? \psS IpSense Nne _mIvSocnbI aetmsSmw ]pdphcpp. Cu _mIvSocnbI aeZzmc n\p Npnepw ImWsSpp. Ch aq{X\mfn(urethra)eqsS aq{Xkn hgn hrIfn hsc Fm\nSbpv. Ccw kqva PohnI aq{X]Ynepmp tcmK_m[sb s]mXpsh bqdn\dn {SmIvv Cs^\pI FmWdnbsSpXv. Bhiyn\v shw IpSnmXncn pI, aq{XsamgnmsX ]nSnp \npI Fo ioe hgn aq{X]Ynepw aq{Xminepw Dmhm\nSbp _mIvSocnbIsf ]pdm\p km[yX XSbpIbmWv \mw sNpXv. CXphgn aq{Xmibns BckvXcn AWp_m[ \nanw how DmIpp. Ccw AWp_m[ Nnetm s\ss{^nkn\v hgnshbvpp. Nnebn\w ^wKkpIfpw aq{X]Ynse AWp_m[bvv ImcWamImdpv. kqNI * * * * * aq{X]Ynse AWp_m[ DmIp kmlNcy Fs\ Hgnhmmw aq{X]Ynse A\p_m[bvv ImcWamb tcmKImcnI AWp_m[ Dmp BtcmKy {]iv\ kv{XoIfn Cu tcmKn\p km[yXI ]pcpjmsc At]nv IqSpXemsWv ]dbpsXpsImv Znhtk\ 23 en shsanepw IpSnWsav ]dbm\p ImcWsav

t{ImUoIcW kqNI
* * * tcmKImcnI_mIvSocnb, ^wKkv aq{Xmibnse AWp_m[aq{Xmibns BckvXcn how, ss\ss{^nkv Fnhbvv ImcWamhpp aXnbmb Afhn shw IpSnpXpw Bhiyaptm aq{Xhnk\w \SpIbpw sNp tcmK_m[ XSbm klmbnpp

Ipdnv : hyn ipNnXzhpw kmaqlyipNnXzpw Ddmm ]TnXm GsSpv sNm km[np {]h\ sNtXmWv aqey\nbw

* Nn{XoIcWw ]cntim[nv tcmK DmIm\nSbmp kmlNcyw, Ch aqew tcmKfp mIpwhn[w, tcmK Fnhsbpdnv Hcp Ipdnv XmdmpI
74

samUyq 5
{]h\w 1
]gbmSn : Ipfv tcmKw hym]Iw AmSnbn AInSv how IpImenIfn ]m Dev]mZ\w Ipdbpp

tImgnhk Cdn hne CSnbpp

Xriq : IpImenIfn \nv B{mIvkv a\pjycntev

]{XhmIfpsS sImfmjns ASnm\n PptcmKsfIpdnp {Kqv NA hXcWw. XmsgsImSpnp ]nI {]tbmP\sSpWw.

75

A[nI hnhcn\v

B{mIvkv
IpImenIfn \nv a\pjy\ntev ]Icp tcmKamWv B{mIvkv. N arKfn \nv tcmKmWp ansepp. an Ch ZoLImew \inmsX \ne\npp. an \nv tcmKWp a\pjy\ntev Fpp. tcmKw _m[n arKfpsS amwkw `nmepw tcmKIbvv km[yXbpv.

]n \n
Fv 1 F1 F sshdkmWv tcmKImcn, Chbvv P\nXIamw kw`hnv a\pjy\n tcmKapmpp. Pe]nIfpw tZimS\nfnIfpw tcmKhmlIcmhmw. Chbpambn kw ]pep hfp]nIv tcmKw hcmdpv. tcmKhmlIcpsS hnkPyhkvXpfn \nv sshdkv hmbphnsepw. hmbphneqsSbpw aen\ams Xo, ]nqSv Fnhbneq sSbpw tcmKw ]Icpp. XqhepI AanXambn sImgnbn, sImv, ]qhv FnhnSfn \oe \ndw, hbdnfw, apbnSpXv IpdbpIbpw, aptmSn\v In IpdbpIbpw sNpI, XosbSpp Xv IpdbpI, \mkmc{w, av icoc`mK FnhnSfn \nv cw s]mSnbpI, Ch bmWv eW. Cu cv tcmKw _m[nv acnm\nS hcp PohnIsf Bgn Ipgnshn AXnenv Ibpw apw 1:3 F A\p]mXn Ienb an{inXw sImv aqtSXmWv.(d^: kvIq BtcmKy]Xn ssIpkvXIw UbdIvS Hm^v slv kokkv,tIcfw) aqey\nbw ]nI DNnXambn ]qnbmpI tcmK tcmKImcnI * * * * * * eW s]sp ]\n ..................................................... ..................................................... ..................................................... ..................................................... .....................................................

B{mIvkv

.....................................................

Ipfv tcmKw

sshdkv

..................................

.....................................................

* * *

AInSv \ocv hv hopp ]mepev]mZ\w Ipdbpp BlmctmSv hncn

]ptfmd

.....................................................

* * *

.................................................... ..................................................... .....................................................

76

{]h\w 2
lmUvHuv \Ipp. {Kqv N
hmgbnse Ipdp\mv

CeqpI XnnsRcpn hfcpp CeqpI \ofwIpdv

IpnbmIpp hf apScnpp

sshdkpI

IoS hgn

]bdnse samsskUv tcmKw aco\nbnse samsskv tcmKw hmtcmKw(hgpXn\)

Cebn a\ndnep ]mSpI hf apcSnv Dev]mZ\w Ipdbpp CeIfn shfptXm Cfw

a\ndntem D ]pnI CeI apcSnpp sNSnbpsS hf Ipdbpp

_mIvSocnb

hnv hgn ssvtcmKw(s\v)

CeI hmSpp Dev]mZ\apcSnv CebpsS hifn

\ndhyXymkap ]mSpI CeI A{K`mKp \nv DWpp

77

kqNI * * * kkytcmKv DZmlcW hnhn[ tcmKImcnI Ahbpmp tcmK tcmK]ImcoXn

{]h\w 3
A]cym]vXX tcmKfpsS Nmv {]Zi\w, {Kqv N, AhXcWw kqNI * * aojyns Ipdhv kkysf _m[npXv Fns\ CeIfn {]XysSp eWfpsS ASnm\v Mg, K FnhbpsS Ipdhv aqeapmIp tcmKsf Fns\ Xncndnbmw kkyfnse hnhn[ A]cym]vXXm tcmK Hgnhmm Bhiyamb GsXnepw aqeI enp sNpI ]ZtPmUn_w Isn hn`mKw ]qcnnpI Im_ e`yX ssl{UP e`yX : : Aco hmbp ..................................

aqey\nbw * *

kkyv :

78

UNIT TEST
Time : 45 Minutes Marks :20

1.

HsXns\ XncsSppI, \ymboIcWw FgpXpI F) hbdpISn ssSt^mbvUv Nnt]mIvkv tImfd _n) Ipdp\mptcmKw, ]ptmdw tcmKw, samsskv tcmKw, hmtcmKw

2.

]ZtPmUn _w a\nemn ]qcnnpI F) av : IyqeIvkv sImXpIv ae\n:.................................. _n) cw I]nSnm ImeXmakw:lotam^oenb

AcpWcmWphns BIrXnbnep hyXymkw :............ 1

3.

icnbmb {]kvXmh\ XncsSpv FgpXpI F) aojyw amwky kwtjWhpambn _sncnpp _n) aojyw lcnXIns \nnXnv AXymhiyamWv kn) aojyw Bkyc{sf ASbvm\pw Xpdm\pw klmbnpp

4. 5.

"]pIhenbpsS Zqjy^e' F mkv skan\mdn \nv DsSpmhp \mev Bib env sNpI ]nI ]qoIcnpI F) NnKp\nb ]n \n Fen \n ............................... sshdkv ......................... ITn\amb ]\n XethZ\ * * ............................. .............................. 2

In\v Nphv shbnev t\mm {]bmkw

6. 7;

ZoLt\cw P\tddn \np ]pI izknm CSbmb Ipnv izk\ XSw A\p`hsSpp. CXn\v \n Fv hniZoIcWw \Ipw ? cmap hbkv 20 s]sp ISp ]\n t]inIfnepw knIfnepw ISpthZ\ t\{XtKmfn\v ]nn thZ\ cmPp hbkv 40 XpSbmbn A\p`hsSp Npa s\pthZ\ I^n cw `mcpdhv cmaphnsbpw cmPphnsbpw tcmKw, tcmKImcn, ]Icp hn[w Fnh hyampI

2 4

8. 9.

bqdn\dn {Smv C^ Hgnhmm kvIq slv mkv \Sp t_m[hIcW kwcw`ntev Fsms \nti \Im km[npw 3 ]pIbne, ]makme Fnh Imkdn\v ImcWamhpp. Imkdn\v ImcWamb av kmlNcy GsXms?
79

tNmZy amXrII
1. Hbms\ XncsSppI\ymboIcWw FgpXpI F) _n) 2. F) _n) 3. tImfd, ssSt^mbvUv,Nnt]mIvkv, bw Nnt]mIvkv, Un\n, ae\n, ]n\n IyqeIvkv sImXpIv : av At\m^nekv sImXpIv :................................ lcnXIns \nnXn : aojyw amwky kwtjWw:...................................... cmPp (27) * t\cnb hbdpthZ\ * CSbvnsS aehnk\w * aen chpw I^hpw dlnw (27) * XethZ\ *iamb ]\n * DZcthZ\ *ae_w F) _n) kn) 4. cmPp, dlnw, tPmk^v Fnhcps tcmK GsXms tcmKImcnI GsXms Cu tcmK \nb{nm ^e{]Zamb GsXnepw cv \nhmcW amK \ntinpI ]{Xhm aZyhn]\ Ghpw IqSpX NmepSnbn Cu ]{Xhmsb Bkv]Zamn kaqls t_m[hIcnm\mbn Hcp eLpteJ Xm dmpI 5. 6. 7. 8. icocs _m[np am\koI {]iv\v DZmlcW FgpXpI (GsXnepw 4) Hcp hynbpsS am\koImtcmKys kzm[o\np LSI Fsmw ]pIhen Xmsg ]dbp Ahbhsf GsXms Xcn _m[npp akvXnjvIw, izmktImiw, lrZbw, A{Uo\ {Kn ]nI ]qoIcnpI tcmKw B{mIvkv AInSphow ]ptmdw tcmKImcn ..................... ...................... ........................ eW ............................. ............................. ............................... tPmk^v (27) * hbdnfw *On *Inshwt]msebp ]\n *t]inIfn tImn]nSpw

]ZtPmUn _w a\nemn hn`mKw ]qcnnpI

80

A[ymbw 6

kpcbpw NnInbpw
BapJw
\apv Npap hmbp, Pew, Npp]mSv Fnhbnsems [mcmfw tcmKImcnI fmb kqva PohnIfpv. `mKyhim Fmbvtmgpw \mw tcmK_m[nXcmhpn. tcmKmWp icocn\Iv {]thinpXv XSbm\p _rlmb kwhn[m\ \psS icocn DXv sImmWnXv. icocn\Iv ISm Xsbpw Ahsb \nhycyamm\p {]Xntcm[ kwhn[m\fpw \psS icocn\Ipv. Cu kwhn[m\snbp ]T\w F coXnbn thWw Cu ]mT`mKw AhXcnn pXv. XpSv tcmKkpcbpsS `mKambn tcmK{]Xntcm[n\mbn Nne Ir{Xna amK kzoIcntn hcpXns\nbpw {]Xn]mZnsSWw. hnhn[ NnInm coXnI, tcmK\nWb amK, D]m[nI, Huj[ XpSnbhsbnbpw Ipn Ifn hyamb [mcWI cq]oIcnsSWw. tcmK{]Xntcm[n\mbn hnIknn sSpnp hmIvkn\pIfpw AhbpsS {]tbmKsnbpw IpnI Adnncn Ww. IqSmsX, cZm\w, {]Yaip{iqj, AhbhZm\w, XpSnbhtbmSv {]Xn_X bp Hcp kmaqlnI at\m`mhw ]TnXmfn cq]sSpn FSppI F almb eyhpw Cu ]mThn\nabneqsS \mw eyanSpp. Bib * * * * * * * * * * * * * tcmKmWp icocn ISmXncnm\p kwhn[m\Xzv, hnhn[ {kh tcmKmWptfmSv icocw ImWnp {]Xntcm[wicotcmjvamhv hnn, ^mtKmssktmknkv, ho, cwI ]nSn, Bnt_mUnI tcmK{]Xntcm[hcWw,hmIvkn\pI {]Xntcm[ sshIey AhbhZm\wcZm\wt\{XZm\w hnhn[ NnInm coXnI hnhn[ kvs]jyssetkj\pI tcmK\nWb D]m[nI Bn_tbmnpI, ]miz^e kzbw NnInbpsS A]IS ^e {]Ya ip{iqj c{KqpIc\nthi\wAqnt\j cZm\w, {]m[m\yw tcmK{]Xntcm[wkkyfn
81

samUyq 1
kpcmkwhn[m\fpw {]Xntcm[ {]XnIcWfpw

{]h\w 1
TB Imq hniIe\w

kqNI * * * * a\pjys\ _m[np tcmK ]IcpXpw ]IcmXpamb tcmK ]Icp tcmKv ImcWamb tcmKImcnI ]Icp amK

t{ImUoIcWw
Npp]mSpIfn \nv icocntev {]thinp hnhn[ tcmKmWp fmWv kmw{IanI tcmKv ImcWw

{]h\w 2
icocnse kpcm kwhn[m\ Nn{XhniIe\w (TB 6.1 Page 78) s]mXpN kqNIw * sNhn, Iv, Bamibw, hmb Ch tcmKWpsf {]Xntcm[np hn[w aqey\nbw IsagpIv : Iw : Iv : ..........................................

{]h\w 3
Nn{XhniIe\w , ICT klmbtmsS Xzns LS\ \nconpp. XpSv {Kqv N kqNI * * * * * Xzns ]mfnI, ]pdw]mfn {kh[ tcma,[w tjvaw [w Xznse Fabw ImcWw

t{ImUoIcWw
hnbv, sk_w Fnh AWp\minIfmbn {]hnpp. tjvaw tcmKm Wpsf XSbpp. tcmamhcWw, NqSv, XWpv Fnhbn \nv kwcnpp
82

aqey\nbw \psS icocs tcmKmWp_m[bn \nv cnp hnhn[ kpcm kwhn[m\ FsmsbmWv ?

{]h\w 4
Xzn\v Xtam\p kmlNcy enp sNpI, Ccw k`fn AWp_m[ XSbm kzoIcnp amK aqey\nbw amcIambn s]mte tcmKnIsf kiIsc A\phZnmsX {]tXyIapdnIfnemWv {]th innpI. FmImw ImcWw?

{]h\w 5
Nn{XhniIe\w (Nn{XoIcWw6.1) kqNI * * _mIvSocnb Ipd Afhn s]cpIp Dujvamhv _mIvSocnbbpsS s]cpI \ncn\v Ghpw A\ptbmPyamb Dujvamhv

t{ImUoIcWw
hfsc Ipd Dujvamhnepw IqSnb Dujvamhnepw _mIvSocnbIfpsS s]cp I \ncv Ipdbp p. _mIvSocn bbpsS hfbvv Ghpw A\ptbmP yamb Dujvamhv a\pjy icotcmjvamhmWv aqey\nWbw ]\n Hcp tcmKa. tcmKeWamWv. Cu {]kvXmh\tbmSv \nfpsS {]XncWsav ?

{]h\w 6
ICT, ^mtKmssktmkns Nn{Xw, Nn{XoIcWw 6.2 Fnh D]tbmKnv {Kqv N

kqNI * * temanIm `nnbn FpamamWv DmIpXv amapmbXpsImp KpWw

aqey\nbw Xmsg sImSpncnp {]kvXmh\Isf icnbmb coXnbn {IaoIcnpI, A\ptbmPyamb Xesv \ntinpI * * * * * temanIIfneqsSbp cns {]hmlw IqSpp apdnhneqsSbp tcmKmWp {]thi\w IqSpX tizX cmWp temanIIfn \nv ]pdtv hcpp apdnth `mKs temanIv Dmp how ]pdv h tizXcmWp tcmKmWpsf hngpn \innpp
83

apdnth `mKw ]q nXn {]m]npp

{]h\w 7
Nn{XoIWw 6.3 6.3 TB PAGE 71 ) Nn{XoIcW hniIe\wIpdnv Xmdm kqNI * * t{Xmw_n \nnm Bhiyamb Atbm tvepIfpsS ]v

t{ImUoIcWw
apdnhpmIptm c\jvSw XSbpXn\v klmbnptXmsSmw apdn hn cq]w sImp c tcmKmWp icocn {]thinpXv XSbp Ibpw sNpp. aqey\nWbw t{]mt{Xm_n
Ca++

Fsskw

...........................................................

ss^{_nt\mP ...........................................................
RBC

tvepI

{]h\w 8
hnhcWhniIe\w kqNI * * BnP\pI, Bot_mUnI BnPs\ t\cnSp coXn

t{ImUoIcWw
enwt^msskpI Bot_mUnIfpsS klmbtmsS icocn\pIn {]thinp tcmKmWpsf \innpp.

84

aqey\nWbw ^mtKmsskpI : hngp {]{Inb enwt^msskv : ................................

{]h\w 9
{]XntcmKhXvIcWns {]m[m\yw hnhcWhniIe\ws]mXpN kqNIw {]Xntcm[hXvIcWns {]m[m\yw aqey\nWbw FtUzUv P hkqcn .................................................. : t]hnj_m[

{]h\w 10
hnhn[Xcw hmIvkn\pI
TB hnhcW hnieI\ws]mXpN

kqNI * * * FmWv hmIvkn\pI FsmsbmWv hmIvkn\pIfmbn D]tbmKnpXv hnhn[ tcmKsXncmbn D]tbmKnp hmIvkn\pI

t{ImUoIcWw
arXamstXm \nhocyamstXm Bb tcmKmWp, \nocyam s tSmIvkn\pI Fnh Ir{Xnaambn tcmK{]Xntcm[ tijn Dmphm D]tbmKnp hkvXpfmWv hmIvkn\pI aqey\nWbw * * {]Xntcm[hXvIcW Nmv XmdmpI (kqNIw : tcmKw, hmIvkn, {]mbw) {]Xntcm[hXvIcWns {]m[m\yspdnv hyamp t]m XmdmpI {]iv\hpw Cmhcpw Dsv NqnmWnpp.

t{ImUoIcWw
kzw icocnse tImisf Xs BnP\pIfmbn Iv {]XnIcnp Xpw Nne ]ZmsXnsc icocw AanXambn {]XnIcnpXpamWv kzbw sshIey

85

aqey\nWbw * * pI ...............: BkvXa : kzbw {]Xntcm[sshIeyw : hmX\n BkvXabpsS eW, NnInmcoXnI Fnhsbn hnhctiJcWw \S

{]h\w 12
]{X]ckyw

hr Bhiyapv
]{Xhmsb ASnm\amn s]mXpN kqNI * * * amnshbvmhp Ahbh Ahbh`mKw Bhiyamb hcp kmlNcy AhbhZm\w t\cnSp {]iv\, ]cnlmc \nti

t{ImUoIcWw
* tcmKw, A]ISw Fnh aqew XIcmdnemb Ahbhv ]Icw ]pXnb Ahbh hp ]nSnnp kmtXnI hnZybmWv Ahbhw amnsh ikv{X {Inb aqey\nbw * * t\{XZm\w almZm\w Ipdnv XmdmpI t\{XZm\ns {]m[m\yspdnp t]m XmdmpI

{]h\w 13
]mTmcw`nep Imq T.B bnse hnhcWw Fnh hniZambn hniIe\w sNpI
ICT Mukulam Res. CD

kqNI * * * * * * icocn\v tcmK{]Xntcm[tijn \inm CSbmp Ah tcmKImcn eW ]Icp coXnI * ]cnlmcw/apIcpXepI Unk 1 : temI FbvUvkv Zn\w t]m \nmWw FbvUvkv Zn\ t_m[hevIcWn\v Bhiyamb ap{ZmhmIy FgpXpI
86

aqey\nWbw

{]h\w 14
icocnse {]Xntcm[ kwhn[m\sfsbms adnISv Dnsem\pw tcmK Dm Im\pw CSbmp A\pIqe kmlNcy enkvv sNpI

samUyq2
{]h\w 1
s]mXpN, ]Xnv \nmWw kqNI 1) \psS \mn Cv {]Nmcnep NnInmcoXnI

t{ImUoIcWw
1. kv{Xhpw BbptZw, tlmantbmXn, Atem]Xnbpw B[p\nI sshZyim

mkns\ aqv {KqpIfmn Hmtcm {Kqn\pw apIfn sImSpncnp NnIn mcoXnIsf ASnm\amn ]Xnv \nnm \ntiw sImSppp. ]mT]p kvXIn BbpthZspdnv {]IrXn]mTw F ]Xnns BapJw \In bXv {]tbmP\sSpWw. ssPhsshhn[y timjWw Ccw NnInmcoXnI fpsS \ne\nns\ {]XnIqeambn _m[npsa Xncndnhv hnZymnIfn cq] sSWw.

{]h\w 2
tdm t Hmtcm Ipnbpw kvs]jssetkj t]scgpXnb _mUvPv [cnv hyXykvX efnencn pp. av IpnI tcmKnIfmbn \nnX kvs]jssetkj skdensepp aqey\nbw tcmKn1 aq{XXSkw tcmKn2 Ajna tcmKn3 sNhnthZ\ tcmKn 4 sNv tcmKn5
87

lrZvtcmKw apIfn sImSpncnp tcmKnIv A\ptbmPyamb kvs]jssetkj sXcsSp pI (Hm^vXmtamfPn, C.F.Sn. ImUntbmfPn, bqtdmfPn, \yqtdmfPn)

{]h\w 3
kvIq em_n \npw sXkvtImv, kv^ntmamt\mao, sXtamao Fnh mkn {]Zinnv AXns D]tbmKw hyampp. SodpsS klmbtmSpIqSn sXkvtImv D] tbmKnv Hcp IpnbpsS lrZbkv]\ \ncv asmcpIpn ]cntim[npp. kv^nKvtamamt\mao D]tbmKnv ckhpw sXtamao D]tbmKnv icotcmjvamhpw ]cntim[npp. XpSv TB bnse kqNI (t]Pv 88 ) D]tbmKnv ]Xnv XmdmpI.

{]h\w 4 (F)
IpnIsf 4 {KqpIfmpp. 2 {KqpIv km[mcW D]tbmKnp Nne AtemXn acp pIfpsS ]mbvpItfm te_epItfm \In AhbpsS D]tbmKw AhbneSnb LSI Fnh ]nIsSpm BhiysSpp. av 2 {KqpIv BbpthZ acpns Ipntbm ]mtm \In D]tbmKw LSI Fnh tcJsSpm\mhiysSpp. acpv D]tbmKw LSI

t{ImUoIcWw
AtemXn acpnse ASnkvXm\ LSI IrXyambn Xmdmp cmk hkvXpfmWv. Fm BbpthZ acpnse LSI kkyfn \nv Xm dmphbmWv.

88

{]h\w 4 _n
AtemXn acpnse LSI Ir{Xnaamb cmkhkvXp am{XamtWm F {]iv\w Dbnpp. XpSv s]knens Ip]nSphpambn _s `mKw hmbnv hniIe\w sNm \mhiysSpp. kqNI * * * * AeIvkm ^vsfanwKns ]coWw bmZrnI kw`hhpw ]cnWnX ^ehpw ]pXnb Nnbpw AXynI Dev]fpw s]knens Huj[ cwKpmnb hnhw

t{ImUoIcWw
TB bnse {]kvXpX `mKw IpdnnepsSppI

{]h\w 5
kwhmZw hnjbw Zo]p : : Bn_tbmnpIfpsSD]tbmKhpw ]miz^efpw : cv IpnI Xnep kw`mjWw {]iv\mh XcWw tKm]p :

""Bn_tbmnpI Poh\minIfmWv. Ah D]tbmKncpXv'' ""AsXs\? NnInnnsn acnp t]mhnt?''

]TnXmnSbn kzX{amb Bib cq]oIcWn\v tijw 2 {KqpIfmpp. {Kqp Ifn lmUvHuv hnXcWw sNbvXv hmZKXn kwn]vXambn AhXcnnm {Kqv eoUamv Ahkcw \Ipp. hmZKXnIsf FXnm\pw A\pIqenm\pap Ahkcw {Kqnse awK v \Ipp. tamUtddmb So t{ImUoIcnpp.

t{ImUoIcWw
Bn_tbmnpI NnInmcwKv hnhw krjvSn acppIfmWv. Ah ]etcmKfpsS NnInbvpw \nm\n\pw klmbnp. AhbpsS Aan tXm]tbmKhpw Zpcp]tbmKhpw ]e ]miz^epw ImcWamIpp.

{]h\w 6
NIpdnv Xmdm XethZ\bpw ]\nbpw apapmIptm hyamb tcmK\nWb \SmsX acpv hmn IgnpXv icnbmtWm F tNmZyw Dbnv s]mXpN \Spp.

t{ImUoIcWw
acppIfpsS tUmkv, D]tbmK{Iaw, D]tbmKnmhp Imebfhv Fnh IrXyambn ]cnKW\bnemWv tUmIvS acpv \ntinpXv. Ch hnthN\ cln Xambn D]tbmKnptm BtcmKy {]iv\fpmhm km[yXbpv. kzbw NnIn A]IS km[yXbpXmWv.
89

{]h\w 7
NNpa ]{XnI \nmWw ]{Xfnse A]IS hm {]Zinnv sImv ]mT`mKv {]thinmw. IpnIfpsS A\p`h AhXcnnm Ahkcw \Imw. Ccw k`fn \n Fs\ {]XnIcn pw. hynKX {]XnIcWv tijw {]Ya ip{iqj \Inbm Poh cnm Ignbns F tNmZyap bn p p. FpsImmWv A]I Sns hsc ]ecpw klmbnmXv? Nbvv tijw t{ImUoIcWw.

t{ImUoIcWw
* * * * {]Ya ip{iqjsbnbp Adnhnmbva \nbapcppIsfIpdnp Bi A]IS kmlNcyfnepmIp `bw kzw Imcyn\v am{Xw {]m[m\yw \Ip at\m`mhw

t{ImUoIcWns XpSbmbn TB bnse Nn{XoIcWw 6.5 se A,B,C \nconv Hmtcmpw GXv Lfn \Sp {]Ya ip{iqjbmsWv IsXXm\mhiysSpp. shn ap izmk XSw An`wKw An m\ {`wiw av kmlNcyfnse {]Ya ip{iqjsbIqSn DsSpn Npa ]{Xnb Xmdmm \nt inpp.

{]h\w 8
c Zm\ns BhiyIX t_m[ysSp coXnbn Nn{XoIcWw 6.4 se kmlNcytam,av A\p`h IYItfm mkn AhXcnnpp. cZm\ns BhiyIX t_m[ysSpnb tijw CXv Hcp NnInm coXnbmsW [mcWbpmpp. XpSv Nne tNmZy Dbnpp 1) 2) FmhcpsSbpw cw Hcp t]msebmtWm? Ahiy kmlNcyfn Bpw BcpsSbpw cw kzoIcnmtam?
T.B bnse kqNIfpw ]cnKWnWw.

t{ImUoIcWw
* * * * tcmKfnm {]mb]qnbmbhcpsS cZm\w sNmw Hcp kabv 300 an.en hsc am{Xta Zm\w sNmhq ZmXmhns {]mbw, BtcmKynXn Fnh ]cnKWnWw A\ptbmPyamb c{KqpI Xn am{Xta c\nthi\w ]mSpq
90

A\ptbmPyX FXv sImv FmWv DtinpXv Fv Ism sSIvv _pnse _s `mKw hmbnv kqN\IfpsS ASnm\n Ipdnv Xmdmphm\mhiysSpp kqN\I * * * Imem v ss\dpsS ]v {KqnwKv coXn {KqnwKns ASnm\w

t{ImUoIcWw
sSIvv _pnse hnhc DsSppI aqey\nWbw ]nI ]qnbmpI {Kqv
A A
+ve ve

Antigen A

Antigen B X

Antigen D

---

---

---

B+ve

{]h\w 9
Ipdnv Xmdm, t]m \nmWw

kqNI
* * * * Htc {KqpI Xnep c\nthiw {Kqns {]tXyIX {Kqns {]tXyIX Fdnt{Xm mtmknkv ^omenkv

t{ImUoIcWw
TB bnse hnhc DsSpn t{ImUoIcnmw.

cZm\w PohZm\w

F hnjbs ASnm\amn t]m cN\

91

samUyq 3

kkyfnse {]Xntcm[ kwhn[m\

{]h\w 1 NIpdnv Xmdm
kkytcmK aqew Irjn \inXns ]{Xhm AhXcnnv ]mT`mKntev IS mw. kkyfnse {]Xntcm[ kwhn[m\w env sNm\mhiysSpp. * * * sXmen ............................. .....................................

TB bnse hnhcWw hmbnv kkyfnse LS\m]camb kwhn[m\ env sNm\mh iysSpp.

kqNI * * * {]XnIcWn\v thn Dev]mZnnp ]Zmw ChbpsS [w av {]XoI

t{ImUoIcWw

sSIvv _pnse hnhc

{]h\w 2 Ipdnv Xmdm

a\pjycn {]Xntcm[hIcWw t]mse kkyfn {]Xntcm[tijnbpmm km[n ptam F tNmZyw Dbnpp. kkyfnse {]Xntcm[hcWw F hnhcWw hniIe\w sNbvXv mnt_mUnIsfpdnv Ipdnv Xmdmm\mhiysSpp

t{ImUoIcWw
mnt_mUnIfpw AhbpsS {]m[m\yhpw kw_nv Sn._n.bnse hnhc DsSpn t{ImUoIcnmw

92

UNIT TEST
Score : 10 Time : 30 mts.

]ZtPmUn _w Isn ]qcnnpI

OPV : t]mfntbm : : BCG : .........................................

(2x=1)

1. 2.
II

kkyw : ......................................: : Pp : Bnt_mUn HsXv GXv? aphbpsS s]mXpkz`mhsav? hnNpa, apn\ocv, hmX\n, Un^vXocnb sXkvtImv, t]kvta, sXtamao, kv^ntmamt\mao sXpsn XncppI kvs]jyssetkj 5. 6. 7. 8. ImUntbmfPn HmtmfPn \yqtdmfPn bqtdmfPn _staJe Imk NnIn aq{XmibtcmK NnIn lrZb NnIn \mUotcmK NnIn (4x=2) (2x1=1)

3. 4.
III

9. F) Nn{Xn ImWp tImiw GXv? (3x1=3) _n) Cu {]h\n\p ]dbp t]scv kn) apdnth `mKw hnpXv Cu {]h\s kzm[o\npsXs\ 10. NphsS sImSpncnp ^vtfmNmv ]qoIcnpI (c) Fsskw a (4x=2)

t{]mt{Xmw _n

cnse ss^{_nt\mP (d)

93

b tvepI c

A[ymbw 7

\sfs\ \fmbn
BapJw
amXm]nXmfpw km\fpw Xnep kmZriyhpw, Htc PohnhKnse PohnI Xnep kam\XIfpw IpnI a\nemnbnpv. AtX kabw amXm]n Xmfpw km\fpw Xnep hyXnbm\fpw IpnI {inncnpw. kmZriy fpw hyXnbm\fpw Fs\bmWv XeapdIfntev ssIamw sNsSpXv F Bibw, P\nXI imkv{X ]nXmhmb {KnKsaUens ]coWfneqsS, ]mcc cy \nbafneqsS Dsmv [mcmW t\Sm hnZymnIsf {]m]vXcmpI F XmWv Cu Aymbns Dtiyw. Hw {lkzamb Imebfhn\pn Gsd hnImkw {]m]n Pohimkv{XimJ F \nebn ssPhkmtXnI hnZy am\hcminv \In bnp kw`mh\Isfpdnv IqSpX Adnbm\p t{]cW DfhmpXn\pw Cu ]mT `mKw eyanSpp. AXphgn kaql\bvpw ssPh sshhn[y kwcWn\pw P\n XI kmtXnIX {]Zm\w sNbvXpsImncnp kw`mh\Isfn aXnpmm\p XIp Xcnep ]T\ A\p`hfpw k`fpw \Im {ianWw. IqSmsX Cu taJebnse BiI ]pshv Ah Xncndnv icnbmb at\m`mhw IpnI fn cq]sSpnsbSppXn\v {inpatm. {][m\ Bib * * * * * * * * * * * * * amXm]nXmfpw km\fpw Xnep kmayXIhyXnbm\ {KnK sPmlmsaUens ]coW]mccy \nba P\nXI imkv{Xns hfbnse kp{][m\ LP\nXI imkv{X mcpsS kw`mh\I Po\pI]mccyLSIUn.F.F.bpsS {]h\ LSIw Un.F.F.bpsS LS\ amwky kwtjWw B.F.F.bpsS LS\Un.F.F.B.F.F. = XmcXay ]T\w hyXnbm\Po hn\nabwD]cn]h\w P\nXI sshIeySW knt{Umw,Uu knt{Umw, knnsk A\o anb enwK\nWbwa\pjy\n enwK \nWb t{ImatkmapI]pcpjmcnepw kv{XoIfnepw _oPtImifpw enwK\nWbt{ImatkmapIfpw ssPhkmtXnI hnZykm[yXIfpw BiIfpw

94

]T\ {]h\
{]h\w 1
Nn{XhniIe\w, s]mXpN, Ipdnv Xmdm Bibw : amXm]nXmfpw km\fpw Xnep kmarXIhyXnbm\]mTmcw`nep Nn{X \nconm IpnIv Ahkcw \Ipp. kqNIfpsS klmbm Ah hniI e\w sNbvXv Ipdnv Xmdmpp kqNI * * * hcb IpXncIfnse km\ns {]tXyIX a\pjycnse km\ns {]tXyIX Ccn kam\XIfpw hyXnbm\fpw ImWnp PohnIv DZmlcWw

Xmdmnb Ipdnv ctm aqtm t] AhXcnnpI

t{ImUoIcWw
amXm]nXmfpw km\fpw Xn kmayXIfpw hyXnbm\fpw ImW sSpp. amXm]nXmfpsS KpWhntijsf IqSmsX AhcpsS apXeapdI fnse kz`mhkhntijXI IqSn km\fn {]ISamhmdpv F [mcW cq]sSp coXnbn t{ImUoIcnWw

{]h\w 2
Bibw : hnhcW hniIe\w, {Kqv N, Ipdnv Xmdm ]mT]pkvXInse (t]Pv 95) "" saU ]mccyimkv{Xns ]nXmhv'' F hnhcWw hynKXambn hmbnpp {Kqn CXv hniIe\w sNbvXv P\nXI imkv{Xns Bhn`mh spdnv Ipdnv Xmdmpp. kqNI * * * * * saU ]T\ hnt[bamnb khntijXI Cu khntijXIfnse hn]coX KpWAhsb kqNnnp {]XoI saU Fnt \nKa\ saUens IsepI ]p\cmhnjvIcn imkv{Xm P\nXI imkv{Xns Bhn`mhw

t{ImUoIcWw
]bsNSnbnse 7 tPmUn hn]coX KpW saU ]T\hnt[bamn. AXn Hmtcm kz`mhn\pw ImcWamIp Hmtcm tPmUn LSI Fm Pohn Ifnepw DmIpw. Cu LSIfn Hv amXmhn \npw atXv ]nXmhn \np amWv e`npI. Hmw Xeapdbn 2 hn]coX KpWfpsSbpw LSI ASn bnpmIpsanepw Hcp KpWw am{Xta {]ISamhpIbpq, lyqtKmUo{hokv, ImtImdkv, FdnIvkv jamv Fnh saUens ]mccyimkv{X \nba kzX{ambn Isn ]p\cmhnjvIcnp.
95

So Adnbm
saU ]T\hnt[bamnb 7 tPmUn hn]coX KpW

{]h\w 3
Nn{XoIcW hniIe\w {Kqv N Bib : {KnK saU kw`mh\I, ]mccy \nba

96

Nn{XoIcWw {Kqv Xen hniIe\w sNm \ntinpp kqNI * * * * * * amXr]nXrkkyns khntijXI Cu khntijXI {]XoIfp]tbmKnv kqNnnncnpsXs\ cq]w sImp _oPtImi HmwXeapdbn {]ISamb KpWhntijw, {]ISamIm KpWhntijw amXr]nXrkkyns LSIfpw HmwXeapdbnse LSIfpw Fs\ hyXymksncnpp Cu ]coWneqsS saU Fnt \nKa\

t{ImUoIcWw
DbcqSpXep amXrkkytfbpw Dbcw Ipd ]nXrkkytfbpw bYm{Iaw TT, ttF coXnbn kqNnnp. Chbn \np T, t F {Ian _oP tImi cq]sSpIbpw Ch kwtbmPnpmb Hmw Xeapdbn DbcqSp X F khntijX {]ISamhpIbpw Dbcpdhv F kz`mhw adncnp Ibpw sNpw. Cu ]coWw hniIe\w sNpXneqsS Hcp tPmUn hn]coX KpW IqSntcptm AXnsemcp KpWw am{Xw {]ISamhpIbpw atXv ad ncnpIbpw sNpw F saUens {]ISkz`mh \nbaspdnp [mc WbpmIpwhn[w t{ImUoIcWw aqey\nbw (hynKXw) XmsgsImSpncnp Nn{XoIcWw ]qnbmn tNmZyv DcsagpXpI amXr kkyw (hbev ]q) WW ]nXr kkyw (sh ]q) ww

_oPtImi

HmwXeapd tNmZyw 1 (F) HmwXeapdbn {]ISamb kz`mhhntijw GXv? _n) amXrkkynse LSIhpw HmwXeapdbnse LSIhpw Xnep hyXymk ?
97

{]h\w 4
Nn{XoIcW hniIe\w {Kqv NIpdnv Xmdm Bib : {KnK saU kw`mh\I, ]mccy \nba

Xnp kqNIfpsS ASnm\n {KqvXeN kqNIw * * * * * *

F1 XeapdbpsS khntijXI

cq]w sImp _oPtImi

F1 XeapdbpsS kz]cmKW ^eambn cq]sSp 2mw XeapdbpsS khntijXI,

Ah Xnep A\p]mXw cmw Xeapdbnse kkyfpsS P\nXI LS\ amXrkkyn tPmUnbmbn ImWs LSI(Tt) _oPtImifn ImWsSpsXs\? Hmw Xeapdbn \nv cq]s _oPtImifnse Dbcs \nb{np ]mccy LSI kam\amtWm?

{KqvXe AhXcWw

t{ImUoIcWw
F1 Xeapdbn amXr]nXrkkyns LSI ASnbncnpp. Ch

bn \npmIp _oPtImifn ]IpXn amXrkkynsbpw _mn ]nXr kyntbpw LSI ASnbncnpp. Hmw Xeapdbn tPmUnbmbn ImWs LSI (Tt) _oPtImi cq]w sImptm tPmUn ]ncnv Hmtcmtcm enwKtImifntev t]mhpIbpw 3:1 F A\p]mXn F2 Xeapd cq]w sImpIbpw sNpp. cmwXeapd bn 1:2:1 F A\p ]m X n Db c q Sp X ep ip hKw (homozygusTT) DbcwIqSpXep an{ihKw (heterozygous Tt) DbcIpdhp iphKw(tt) Fnh bpmbn
98

aqey\nWbw Nn{XoIcWw hniIe\w sNbvXv ]nI ]qnbmn. Nn{XoIcWw tNmZyv Dcsa gpXpI amXr kkyw (ahnv) YY Y HmwXeapd Y y Y y y (1) (2) YY ( c) Yy Y y ( a) ( b) y ]nXr kkyw (]hnv) yy y

_oPtImiw

a,b,c Fo kXnIfpsS kz`mh hntijw FgpXpI 2mw Xeapdbnse A\p]mXw FmWv?

{]h\w 5
Bibw : saUens ]mccy \nbaw {]h\w : Nn{XoIcW hniIe\w, Ipdnv Xmdm

99

kqNI * * {]IS KpWw, Kp]vXKpWw GsXms amXr]nXr kkyfnse LSIfpw HmwXeapdbnse km\fnse LSIfpw Xnep hyXymkw Fv

Xmdmnb Ipdnv IpnI AhXcnns XpSv Xmsg sImSpncnp Nn{XoIcWw ]qnbmm {KqpIv \ntiw \IpI

]qnbmnb Nn{XoIcWn \npw _oPtImifpsS IqSntc Xmsg ImWp ]n Ibn tcJsSps.

100

]qnbmnb ]nI hniIe\w sNbvXv XmsgsImSpncnp kqNIv Dcw Ism \ntinWw kqNI * * * km\ F{XXcn DmIpp amXr]nXrkkyfn \npw hyXykvXamb km\ GsXms amXrkkyn DbcwIqSpXepw Nph ]qfpw Hnp \np. ]nXrkkyn Dbcpdhpw shfp ]qfpw Hnp \np. Hcpanp \n Cu KpWhntij Fm kXnIfntepw ssIamw sNsXv Hcpanp XsbmtWm. Asn Fs\. Cu ]coWneqsS saU Fnt \nKa\w FmWv.

AhXcWw {Kqv Xen

t{ImUoIcWw
cptPmUn hn]coX KpW ]cnKWnv hKkcWw \Snbtm 4 Xcnep km\ cq]sp. 9:3:3:1 F A\p]mXn ImWsp. Ch bn cv C\ ]qWambpw ]pXnbhbmbncpp. amXr]nXrkkyn Hnp \n kz`mhkhntijI Hcpan km\fntev ssIamw sNsXv F XncndnhneqsS Hmtcm tPmUn KpWhpw A]ctPmUnbpambn IqSnIecmsX XnIpw kzX{ambn ASp Xeapdbntev ssIamw sNsSpp F saUens kzX{ A]hyql\ \nbaw t{ImUoIcnm {inpatm aqey\nWbw ]nIbnse hn`mKw DNnXambn ]qcnnv tNmZyv DcsagpXpI
RY RY rY Ry rY RRYY ---rY ----Ry -RrYy --rY ---rryy

kqN\ :
R Dcp hnv r Npfpnb hnv Y a \ndap hnv y ]\ndap hnv

1) 2)

HmwXeapdbnse kkysf RrYy Fv kqNnnptm ChbpsS amXr]nXr kkys Fns\ kqNnnpw

F2 Xeapdbn cq]wsIm ]pXnb C\ FSpsgpXpI

101

{]h\w 6
s]mXpNhnhcWhniIe\w ]nIXmdm Bibw : ]mccy kz`mhfpsS t{]jWw, P\nXIimkv{Xnse \mgnIpI IpnItfmSv A\n \npw Abn \npw e`n khntijXI hynKXambn Ipdn m BhiysSpp. apsbpw apnbpsSbpw khntijXIfpw Ipdns. saUens ]mccy \nbafpsS ASnm\n Hmtcm kz`mhhpw {]XysSpXv Fs\sbv kqN IfpsS hniIe\w sNpp kqNIw : 1) 2) 3) 4) amXm]nXmfpsS khntijXI km\fntev hym]cnpsXs\ saU CXn\p \Inb hniZoIcWsav ]mccy LSI FhnsS nXn sNpp P\nXI imkv{X hgnbnse \mgnIpI F ]mT`mKw hniIe\w sNbvXv Cu imkv{XimJbpsS hfbn hnhn[ imkv{Xam hln ]v ]nIsSppI

{KqvXe AhXcWw

t{ImUoIcWw
km\fn apXeapdIfnse kz`mh khntijXI hym]cnpXv ]mccyLSIfneqsSbmWv. Ch tImifnep t{ImtamtkmapIfn nXn sNpp.

samUyq 2

]mccyhpw Po\pIfpw
{]h\w 1 Nn{XoIcW hniIe\w, hnhcWhniIe\w, {Kqv N
Bibw Po\pI ]mccy LSI t{Imatkmw, Un.F.F.LS\ * kqNIw * * * * * Un.F.F.ImWsSpsXhnsS Un.F.F.bpsS CgI, ]SnI \yqntbmssSUpI AhbpsS LSI hnhn[ ss\{SP s_bvkpI ]ckv]cw tPmUn sNp ss\{SP s_bnkpI
102

sSIvv _pv t]Pv 100 se hnhcWw t]Pv 101 se Nn{XoIcWw 7.5 Fnh kqNIfpsS ASnm\n hniIe\w sNpI

t{ImUoIcWw
Un.F.F. Xm{XbpsS LS\, BIrXn, ss\{SP s_bnkpIfpsS {Iao IcWw Po\pI Fnhsbpdnp [mcW Dfhmp coXnbn t{ImUoI cWw aqey\nWbw XmsgsImSpncnpXn icnbmb ss\{SP s_bvkvtPmUn GXv? AUn \n AUn \n Kzm\n ssXan Xban Kzm\n

ssktmkn ssktmkn

Hcp Un.F.F.bpsS Cg Xncnp ]qcIamb Cg hcv tNpI

p S p S p S T c A

{]h\w 2
Nn{XoIcW hniIe\w, hnhcW hniIe\w, Pohimkv{X dntkmgvkv knUnbnse t{]mo \nmW B\ntaj \ncoWw Bibw Po\pIfpsS {]h\w, B.F.F., amwky kwtjWw s]mXpN kqNIw 1) Fs\bmWv Po\pI AhbpsS [w \nlnpXv XpSv sSIvv _pv Nn{XoIcWw 76 hnhcWw t]Pv 71 Fnh kqNIfpsS ASnm\n hniIe\w sNpp kqNIw * * * AhXcWw Po\pI kz`mh khntijXI cq]sSppXv Fs\ t{]mo \nmW {]{Inb t{]mo \nmWn B.F.F.bpsS ]v

103

t{ImUoIcWw
t{]mo \nmW{]{Inb CXn Un.F.F., B.F.F. ssdt_mtkmw FnhbpsS ]ns\pdnv [mcW Ddnp coXnbn t{ImUoIcWw \S Ww. aqey\nWbw Nn{XoIcWw \nconv tNmZyv DcsagpXpI aw Aant\m BknUv 1) 2)
(a) RNA (b)

B.F.F. t{]mo \nmWw

"A' Fns\ kqNnnpp "Bn' Hcp tImimwKamWv, CXns t]scgpXpI

{]h\w 3
Nn{XoIcW hniIe\w, ]nI ]qoIcWw Bibw : B.F.F.LS\Un.F.F., B.F.F.LS\XmcXayw ]mT]pkvXInse Nn{XoIcWw 7.7 (t]Pv 102 ) kqNIfpsS ASnm\n hniIe\w sNpp kqNI * * * CgbpsS Fw ]kmc Xm{XIfpsS hyXymkw Un.F.F., B.F.F. Chbnse \yqntbmssSUpI

{KqvXe AhXcWn\ptijw XmsgsImSpncnp ]nI ]qnbmm \ntin patm. CXv {KqvXe aqey\nWb {]h\ambn \Imw. khnti jX CgbpsS Fw ]kmcbpsS C\w ss\{SP t_kpI
DNA RNA

104

samUyq 3

Po hn\nabw
{]h\w 1 hnhcW hniIe\w, Nn{XhniIe\w
Bibw Po hn\nabw, D]cnh\w ""Aphn\v efnXKm\acn Hmw m\w e`np'' CbmfpsS Apw A\pw ]mSm\p Ignhn. Fm apn \smcp KmbnIbmbncpp. amXm]nXmfn \npw hyXykvXambn Aphn\v Cu kz`mhhntijw cq]sXv Fs\ sbv XmsgsImSpnp kqNIfpsS ASnm\n N sNbvXv \nKa\w cq]sSppI. kqNI * * AhXcWw amXm]nXmfn \nv e`n t{ImtamtkmapI AtX]SnbmtWm _oPtImifn FpXv. Po hn\nabw \SpsXtmgmWv. CXv hyXnbm\v ImcWamIpsXs\

t{ImUoIcWw
Du\`wKthfbn amXmhn \npw ]nXmhn \npw e`n t{Imatkmap I tPmUn tNcpIbpw t{Imatkmw hkvXp ]ckv]cw ssIamdpIbpw sNp p. AXn\m amXmhn \np e`n t{Imatkmw am{Xa _oPtImifn Fn tcpXv. apXeapdbnse BfpIfn \npw kz`mh hntij ssIamw sNpp F [mcW Ddnp coXnbn t{ImUoIcWw \SWw.

{]h\w 2
s]mXpN, hnhctiJcWw Bibw : Dcnh\w, P\nXIsshIey XmsgsImSpncnp {]kvXmh\ hniIe\w sNbvXv ]mT]pkvXInse 103 mw t]Pnse hnhcWns klmbm Ipdnv XmdmpI sshIeyap Ipns\ {]khn AbpsS tIkv Ubdn ]cntim[ntm K`[mcWns BZyLn At\Iw XhW FIvkvtd ]cntim[\ \SnbXmbn Ip kqNIw sshIeyap Ipv P\nm\nSbmb kmlNcyw Fmbncnmw Xmdmnb IpdnpIfpsS AhXcWw

105

t{ImUoIcWw
Dcnh\ns ImcW CXpaqeapmIp P\XnI tcmK Fnhsbpdnp [mcW ssIhcp coXnbn t{ImUoIcWw \SWw. IqSp X hnhctiJcWn\p km[yXI Isn Assksambn \IWw.

{]h\w 3
Nn{XoIcW hniIe\w, s]mXpN Bibw : enwK\nWbw a\pjy\n enwK\nb t{ImatkmapI s]Ipns\ {]khn `mcysb hopImtcmsSmw `mhpw IpsSpn apIfn sImSpncnp Cu hmtbmSv sSIvkvv _pv t]Pv 103 se Nn{XoIcWw 7.8 hniIe\w sNbvXv \nfpsS {]XnIcWw FgpXpI. kqN\ * * * AhXcWw enwK \nbt{ImatkmapI F{XXcw ]pcpj\nepw kv{Xobnepw t{ImatkmapIfn ImWsSp kmayhyXymkw BIpv, s]Ipv P\nm\p km[yX

t{ImUoIcWw
BIppw s]Ippw P\nm\p km[yX XpeyamsWpw ]pcp js enwK t{ImatkmapIfmWv enwK\nWbn apJy ]v hlnpXv F [mcW hcp coXnbn t{ImUoIcWw \SWw. aqey\nWbw s] xx x x x B xy y

b a Nn{XoIcWw hniIe\w sNbvX a,b,c ]qcnnpI c xx

106

samUyq 4 PohtemIs amnadnp imkv{XimJ

{]h\w 1 kwhmZw, ]Xnv Xmdm
Bibw P\nXI Fn\obdnwKv, P\nXIimkv{X kmyXIfpw BiIfpw

kap{Znse F aen\oIc W n\v {] Xn hn [n b mb n _mIvSocnbI

ssPhmbp[w am\hcminv `ojWn

"P\nXIimkv{Xns hf am\hcminv KpWIcamtWm' apIfn sImSpncnp ]{X hmsb ASnm\n Cu {]kvXmh\ hniIe\w sNpI. CXn \np cq]sSp A\pIqe {]XnIqe \ne]mSpIfpsS ASnm\n IpnIsf cv {KqpIfmn PohtemIs amnadnp imkv{XimJ F ]mT`mKhpw D]tbmKsSpn kwhmZw kwLSnnpI. kwhmZns t{ImUoIcWw kbkv Ubdnbn tcJsSppI CXns\ ASnm\amn mkvXen Hcp ]Xnv XmdmpXn\pw \ntiw \Ip atm?

107

UNIT TEST
Time : 45 Minutes Marks :25

1.

2.

3.

P\nXI imkv{X imJbpsS hfbnse Nne imkv{XcpsS kw`mh\I Xmsg sImSp pp. kqN\I ]cntim[nv imkv{Xmsc Xncndnv {_mn \npw icnbmb t]cv sXcsSpsgpXpI. (Pbnwkv hmSvk, ltKmhnv sJmcm\, Bthcn, sPmlmk t_vk) F) P\nXI tImUv Isn _n) P\nIvkv F ]Zw D]tbmKnp kn) ]mccy LSIv Po F t]cv \In (3) Xmsg sImSpncnphbn Un.F.F.bpambn _anm \yqntbmssSUv GXv F) AU\n \yqntbmssSUv _n) bqdmkn \yqntbmssSUv kn) ssXan \yqntbmssSUv ]bsNSnbn saU \Snb ]coWns Nn{XoIcWw Xmsg sImSpncnpp. CXv hniIe\w sNbvX tNmZyv DcsagpXpI Hmw XeapdbpsS kz]cmKWw F1 Xeapd DbcwIqSnbXpw Dcp hnpIfpw kz]cmKWw Tt Ww x Tt Ww 1 3 9 3 F2Xeapd Dbcw IpdXpw Dbcw Dbcw IqSnbXpw Dbcw IqSnbXpw Npfpnb hnp Dcp hnp Npfpnb hnp IpdXpw Dcp Ifpw hnpIfpw Ifpw Ifpw a) F1 XeapdbpsS (Tt Ww) amXr]nXrkkyns P\nXI LS\sbgpXpI (2) b) F2Xeapdbn cq]w sIm ]pXnb C\ Gh (2) c) ]coWnse {]ISKpWw, Kp]vXKpWw Fnh FgpXpI (1) Xmsg sImSpncnphbnGXns\ ASnm\amnbmWv kzX{ A]hyql\\nbaw Bhn jvIcnXv F) Hcp tPmUn hn]coX KpWw _n) ctm AXne[nItam hn]coX KpW (1) Un.F.F.bpsS Hcp \yqntbmssSUns LS\ Xmsg sImSppp. A B F) A, B FnhbpsS t]scgpXpI G

4.

5.

(2) (2)

_n) Kzm\n ss\{SP t_kpambn tPmUn tNcp ss\{SP t_kv GXv 6. Nn{XoIcWw \nconv tNmZyv DcsagpXpI

108

F) 7.

Nn{XoIcWw GXv {]h\s kqNnnpp (3)

DNA RNA

_n) a,b,c Fnh DNnXambn ]qcnnpI ]nI ]qnbmpI khnti jX CgbpsS Fw ]kmcbpsS C\w ss\{SP t_kv 8. 9. 10. amXm]nXmfn \npw hyXykvXamb Nne kz`mh khntijXI km\ {]ISnn mdpv. Cu {]kvXmh\ Po hn\nabhpambn _sv km[qIcnpI (2) cv hynIfpsS t{ImatkmapIfpsS Fw bYm{Iaw 44+X, 45+XX Fns\bmWv. CXn \npw ChcpsS sshIey XncndnbpI (1) Xmsg sImSpncnp Nn{XoIcWw ]qnbmpI amXmhv
44 + XX

(3)

]nXmhv
44 + XY

enwKtImi
22+X 22+X

enwKtImi
22+X 22+Y

44+XX

s]Ipv 11.

.................. ..................

.................. ..................

.................. ..................

12.

""P\nXI imkv{Xw PohtemIs amn adnp imkv{XimJbmWv'' Cu {]kvXmh\ hnebn cpn P\nXIimkv{X kw`mh\sbpdnv Hcp eLpIpdnv XmdmpI (2) Asn ]{Xhm hniIe\w sNbvXv tNmZyv DcsagpXpI ImjnI taJebntev ]p AXnYnI Bt ]cpn, Bt hgpXn\, ............................................ F) Bt FXv sImv AampsXv _n) Bt hnfI Dev]mZnnp kmtXnI hnZybpsS t]scgpXpI
109

UNIT TEST
Time : 40 Minutes Marks :20

1.

]ZtPmUn _w Isn DNnXambn ]qcnnpI F) _n) Un.F.F. : Un. HmIvkn ssdt_mkv ]kmc : B.F.F.:.................................. 44 xy: BIpn : : ........................s]Ipn (2) (2) _n lyqtKm Un{hokv FdnIv sjamIv emUvkvsbv\ s{^UdnIv anj

2.

Xmsg sImSpncnp t_mIvkpIfn \nv Hs ]Zw Isn FgpXpI aphbpsS s]mXp {]tXyIX Fv F SW knt{Umw s\ss{^nkv Uuknt{Umw knnsk A\oanb

3.

Nn{XoIcWw \nconv tNmZyv DcsagpXpI kqN\ : TFXv DbcqSpens\bpw t DbcIpdhns\bpw kqNnnpp TT x tt (2)

F)

Tt Hmw XeapdbpsS khntijX Fv

_n) saUens GXv ]mccy \nbahpambn CXv _sncnpp. \nbaw \nNnpI 4. 5. "P\nXI Fn\obdnwKv ImjnI taJebnepw sshZyimkv{XtaJebnepw Htsd amv ImcWambn. Cu {]kvXmh\ DZmlcW klnXw km[qIcnpI (3) Un.F.F.bpsS LS\ Xmsg sImSppp

A ss{SP t_kv

110

F)

'A' Fv ASbmfsSpnbncnp `mKw \nnncnpXv FvsImv

(1) (2)

_n) Un.F.F.bnse ss\{SP t_kpIfn ]ckv]cw tPmUntNcph GsXmw

kn) Un.F.F.bvv NpptKmhWnbpsS BIrXn AhXcnn imkv{X Bscmw(1) 6. Dbcw IqSnbXpw Dcp hnpI DXpamb ]bsNSnbpw Dbcpw IpdXpw Npfpnb hnpIfp ]b sNSnbpw hK kcWw \Snbtm Hmw Xeapdbn Dbcw IqSn bXpw Dcp hnpIfpap kky Dmbn. kqN\Isf ASnm\amn Xmsg sImSp ncnp tNmZyv DcsagpXpI kqN\ : Dbcw IqSpX(T) Dcp hnv (W) F) Dbcw Ipdhv (t) Npfpnb hnv (w) (1) (2)

{]ISKpWw : Dbcw IqSnbXv Dcp hnv Hmw Xeapdbn Dmb kkyfpsS P\nXILS\ FgpXpI _n) Hmw Xeapdsb kz]cmKWn\v hnt[bamptm cq]w sImp enwKtImi Gh 7. t{]mo \nmWnse L Xmsg sImSppp Un.F.F. F) B.F.F. t{]mo Xm{X (1) (1) (1) t{]mo\pIfpsS [w Fv

_n) t{]mo \nnsSpXv GXv tImimwKnemWv kn) t{]mo \nmWn B.F.F.bpsS ]sv

111

tNmZy amXrII
1. Xnp {]kvXmh\ hniIe\w sNbvXv tNmZyv DcsagpXpI ""D]cnh\ ]mccyambn t{]jWw sNsSpp. Iv tZmjIcambn `hnpp'' F) _n) FmWv D]cnh\w ? Chbn A[nIhpw Pohn (1)

D]cnh ^eambn kzcq] t{ImatkmapIfn Hv IqSpXembn 45+XX=47 t{ImatkmapI cq]w sImp. Cu sshIeyw Fv t]cnednbsSpp. eW Fsms CXnse enwK\nWb t{Imatkmw ]cntim[nv Ipn BtWm s]tm Fv FgpXpI (3) (2) (4)

2. 3.

\psS cmPyv kv{Xo ]pcpj A\p]mXw Gsdpsd XpeyamWv. Cu {]kvXmh\ hnebncppI t_mIvkv F, _n Fnhbn \nv A\ptbmPyamb ]Z sXcsSpv tPmUn tNsgpXpI F * * * * Po\pIsf Xn tNp Fsskw tamfnIpem I{XnI kq _Kvkv ]nXrXz \nWbw * * * * _n B\v taml N{Ihn Un.F.F. ^nwK {]nnwKv entKkv

sdkv{Sn FtUm \yqnbkv (3)

4.

Nn{Xw \nconpI

F) _n) kn) 5.

Nn{Xn kqNnnncnp {]{Inb GXv CXv GXv Xcw tImihn`P\ thfbnemWv \SpXv P\nXI imkv{Xn Cu {]{InbbpsS {]m[m\ysav

F) _n

Nn{Xw A,B Fnh XncndnbpI A bn \nv B Fns\ hyXymksncnpp

112

(2) (2)

6.

Un.F.F. t\cnv t{]mo \nnpn. Fm Un.F.F.bpsS \nti{]ImcamWv Ch \nansSpXv. Cu {]kvXmh\ ]cntim[nv tImifn t{]mo \nnsSp hn[w hniZoIcnpI (2) Nn{XoIcWw DNnXambn ]qcnnpI
RR YY x rr yy

7.

Rr Yy

kz]cmKWw
RY

RR YY
ry

ry ------Rr Yy ---

-Ry

--

-rr YY

Ry

-ry

--

-----

ry

Rr

Yy ----

--

--

---

RR --

yy ---

--

-rr yy

--

References 1. Genes VI _ Benjamin Lewin 2. Biology-Text book for class XII -NCERT 3. Fundamentals of Higher Secondary - Biology-Zoology-Arjun boder 4. Objective Biology-Arshart Prakashan-Mecrut

113

A[ymbw 8

Pohs IY....PohnIfpsSbpw
BapJw
Fm PohnIfpsSbpw icocw \nnncnpXv tImi sImmWv. A Pw, amwkyw, sImgpv Fo PohIWnII ASnbXmWv tImiw. Cu PohIWnI I \nnncnpXv, hyXykvX aqeI sImmWv. Cu aqeI kwtbmPnv Fns\ Xm{X Dmbn Fpw Xm{XI kwtbmPnv Fns\ tImi Dmbn Fpw Cu tImisns\ Poh Dmbn Fpw, tImifn \nv Fns\ sshhn[yam PohnI Dmbn Fpw BWv Cu A[ymbn {]Xn]mZnpXv.

{][m\ Bib * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Pohs cmk]cnWmaw anbpsd ]coWw an,bpsd kam\ ]coW ]mkv s]anb kev]\w kap{Zn\Snbnse An ]XcnIn Pohs Dhw BZy Pohn IWnIbn \npw _lptImi PohnIfntev ]cnWma knm emamv, Nmkv Umhn, B{^Uv hmekv {]IrXn \nmcW knmns ]cnanXnI Poh ]cnWma sXfnhpI a\pjys Dev]n]cnWmaw a\pjys\ ap PohnIfn \npw hyXykvX\mp khntijXI ss{]tav HmU Xm{X Pohimkv{Xhpw ]cnWmahpw a\pjy ]cnWma hgn a\pjy ]cnWmanse {]hWXI a\pjys imcocnI ]cnanXnIAXnPoh\w ]cnWman a\jys CSs]SepI{]XymLmX kpnc hnIk\ ImgvNmSv

114

samUyq 1
{]h\w 1
]mT`mKnse BapJ Nn{Xs ASnm\amn s]mXpN HmcnlmtU]cnIev]\]mT`mK hniIe\w Nm kqNI * * * * BZna `qanbpsS Ah Pohs cq]oIcWn\v hnt[bamIp ]Zm Pohs cq]oIcWntev \bnp {]{InbIfn Duns e`yX Poh cq]s hn[w

t{ImUoIcWw
Pohs Bhn`mhn\v ImcWamb {][m\ ]Zmfpw ChbpsS {]Xn {]h\n\v klmbn Du t{kmXpIfpw DsSpn ]mT`mKw t{ImUo IcntXmWv.

{]h\w 2
BZna `qanbnse kmlNcyw ]p\:krjvSnv sImv hnhn[ imkv{Xm \Snb ]co W s]mXpN kqNI * * * * men anltcmUv bqtd bphmHmsd kndn s]mw s]cpa ]mkvs]anb

t{ImUoIcWw
men anbpsd, bphm Hmsd, kndn s]mws]cpa FnhcpsS ]co Wfnse LwLap ]ptcmKXn t{ImUoIcWn DmbncnWw

aqey\nbw ]ZtPmUn _w IspI * * men an bphm Hmtd ltcmUv bqtd kndn s]mws]cpa : : : : Aant\m BknUv AUn\n Aant\m BknUv AUnt\mkn
115

{]h\w 3
"Cu `qapJv kkyfmtWm, PpfmtWm BZyw DmbXv' s]mXpN]mT`mK hniIe\w Nn{XoIcWw 8.1 ImeKW\w, ]nI hniIe\w N kqNI * * * * F{X Ziew hjv apmWv `qan Bhn`hnXv (Sov A\ptbmPysav tXmp Nm kqNI DsSpmhpXmWv)

t{ImUoIcWw
`qanbpsS ]ndhn, BZys PohIWnIbpsS Dhw, hmbh PohnIfpsS Bhn`mhw, _lptImi PohnIfpsS Dhw Fnh DsSpWw

samUyq 2
{]h\w 1
TB Nn{XoIcWw 8.2 ]mT`mKw Fnh hniIe\w, s]mXpN

kqNI * Igpns \ofw Iqn kucyw hnnm\mbn _bnse Imc BZnhmkn kv{XoI Igpn\v Nppw hfb [cnmdpv. AXpsImv AhpmIp Ipp \ofw IqSnb IgptmSv IqSn P\nptam

t{ImUoIcWw
emamns kzbmnX kz`mhfpsS ]mccy t{]jW knms ASnm\amn [mcW e`nhn[nep t{ImUoIcWw aqey\nbw * * emamns knmnse {][m\ Bib B[p\nI imkv{Xw emamns knmw Xnfbphm\p ImcW IspI

{]h\w 2
Umhns _nKnbm{X KmetKmkv Zzo]pI ICT aqey\nWbw Nmkv Umhns\ Ipdnpw Atlns _oKn bm{Xbpw Ipdnv XmdmpI
116

{]h\w 3
TB Nn{Xw 8.4 \ncoWw, ICT Umhns IpcphnI

Umhns IpcphnIfpsS sImns khntijXI]cnWmas ASnm\amn {Kqv N kqNI * * Umhns IpcphnIfpsS sImns LS\bpw AhbpsS `WcoXnbpambp _w PohnIfn ImWsSp LS\m]camb Ccw am AhbpsS \ne\nn\v Fns\ klmbIcamIpp.

t{ImUoIcWw
Hcp s]mXp]qnI\n \npw hyXykvX kmlNcy\ptbmPyamb A\pIqe\ t\Snb PohPme ]pXnb Pohn hK Bbn ]cnWanp psh Bibw DdnWw.

{]h\w 4
TB Nn{Xw 8.1, 8.2 FnhbpsS hniIe\ws]mXpN

kqNI * * KmetKmkv BaIfn ImWs hyXymk KmetKmkv CKzm\Ifnse {][m\ hyXymk

{]h\w 5
TB Nn{Xw 8.5 hniIe\ws]mXpN

kqNI ]sms hocyw Ipd IoS\min\n D]tbmKnptm Xs IoS \inncpp. Fm Cv hocyw IqSnb IoS\min\nI D]tbmKnnpw IoS \inpn. IoSv AXns tijn IqSnbXmtWm. IoS\min\n ambw IeXmtWms]mXpN

t{ImUoIcWw
PohnIfn \nccw hyXnbm\ kw`hnpsImncnpp. Ahbn KpWIcambXpw AmXpamb hyXnbm\ ImWsSpp. KpWIcamb hy Xnbm\ D PohPme \ne\npp. Amh \inpt]mIpp. \ne \n]n\mbp t]mcmn AlXbp AXnPohnpp. Ccw hyXnbm\ fmWv ]pXnb Pohn hKfpsS Dev]nv ImcWw. aqey\nWbw ""sImXpIp XncnI Inpshnpw sImXpIpI NmIpn.'' Cu {]kvXm h\ Umhns ]cnWma knmhpambn _sSpn hniIe\w sNpI.
117

{]h\w 6
B{^Uv hmekns\ Ipdnv Umhns ]cnWma knmnse t]mcmbvaIsf Ipdnpw s]mXpN kqNI * * Umhns knmnse t]mcmbva hyXnbm\v B[p\nI imkv{Xw \Ip hniZoIcW

t{ImUoIcWw
{]IrXn \nmcW knmn hmekns kw`mh\ hyXnbm\v ImcWw hniZamphm Umhn\v IgnbmXns ImcWhpw DsSpWw.

{]h\w 7
]pXnb PohnhKns Bhn`mhn\v ImcWamIp hkvXpXIs]mXpN kqNI * Po Dev]cnh\w * t{Imatkmw Dev]cnh\w * HsS * \h Umh\nkw aqey\nWbw * aphIcIfn ImWsncp kn arK Ctm Bkv{Snbbn am{Xw ImWsSpp. hniZoIcnpI * Atd_y HInsbpw _mIv{Snb HInsbpw cq]amspdnv \hUmh\nkns shfnn hniZoIcnpI

samUyq 3
{]h\w 1
TB Nn{Xw 8.4 \ncoWwhni Ie\w

kqNI * apImepIfpsS _mlycq]nse hyXymkw * Bc LS\bnse kmZriyw aqey\nWbw PohnIfpsS BImcXmcXay ]T\n \npw \nsfnt \nKa\sfsmw

{]h\w 2
]n, ]q, knwlw ChbpsS hKoIcW Nmv {]Zinnpp
118

(Fmw mknse ASnm\ imkv{Xw Aymbw 2 se Nn{XoIcWw CXn\v D]tbmKnmhp XmWv) kqNI * kmay * hyXymk * hKoIcWns hnhn[ Xe

t{ImUoIcWw
hKoIcWns ASnm\ XXzw ChnsS t{ImUoIcnpp

{]h\w 3
""Fm PohnIfpw ASnm\]cambn HmWv''s]mXpN Nm kqNI * tImiw * tImimwK * Poh {]h\ * tImihn`P\ coXn

{]h\w 4
"]mT]pkvXI Nn{Xw 8.5, 8.6 Fnhsb Bkv]Zamnbp N ICT kqNI * FmWv t^mkn * hnhn[Xcw t^mknepI aqey\nWbw Bntbm]vsSdnIvkv DcKsfbpw ]nItfbpw Xn _nnp InbmWv CXv DcKtfmSpw ]nItfmSpw ImWnp kmZriy env sNpI.

{]h\w 5
B\bpsS ]cnWmas Ipdnp lmUvHuv hnXcWwZ ]mT`mK hniIe\w, Nn{XoI cWw 8.6 hniIe\w N B\bpsS ]cnWma Ncn{Xnse {][m\ imcocnI am env sNpp aqey\nWbw B\bpsS ]cnWmahpambn _s hkvXpXI {IasSpn FgpXpI, CXv ^vtfmNmv cq]n Nn{XoIcnpI. ^ntbm anb ntKmtUm tamdnncnbw Gjy B\

119

samUyq 4
{]h\w 1
* * * * * a\pjys\ apPohnIfn \nv hyXykvX\mp khntijXIs]mXpN khntijXI enp sNpI \nhp \nphm\p Ignhv

{]h\w 2
]mT]pkvXInse Nn{XoIcWw 8.7 hniIe\ws]mXpN kqNI * a\pjy\pw IpcpIfpw DsSp s]mXphn`mKw * a\pjy\pambn IqSpX ASpap Pohn hKw * * aqey\nWbw * ""_pn]cambn Ghpw hnImkw {]m]n PphmWv a\pjys\nepw a\pjys\ Ipcp Ifpw enadpIfpw DsSp ss{]tav hn`mKnemWv DsSpnbncnpXv'' Ipcnepw a\pjy \nepw ImWsSp s]mXpkhntijXI Gh? Nn{XoIcWw ]qnbmpI ss{]tapI

Bt{mtmbnUvkv s{]mknan bkv

120

{]h\w 6
]mT]pkvXIn sImSpncnp "Xm{Xm Pohimkv{Xhpw ]cnWmahpw' Nn{XhniI e\hpw s]mXpNbpw ]nI 8.1 hniIe\w kqNI * Nnmkn, a\pjy lotamtm_n XmcXayw aqey\nWbw ]cnWma {]{Inbbn a\pjyt\mSv Ghpw kmayap Pohn GXmWv

{]h\w 7
]pcm\chwi hnm\ob imkv{Xmsc Ipdnp hnhcWw hniIe\w sNbvXv ]nI ]qnbmpI

bqPn Uqt_mbv

................................................. Bkv{Xtem ]nkv

Pmhm a\pjy

sUmWmUv sPmlmkv

.................................................

.................................................

Imev]mSpI

Xmkm\nb

{]h\w 8
Nn{Xw 8.88.14 hsc Nn{Xw \nconpw Ah Hmtcmns\ Ipdnp hnhcWw hniIe\w sNbvXpw \nKa\fn FntcpI kqNI * {Iaamb a\pjy ]ptcmKXn * a\pjy ]cnWmanse hnhn[ L * a\pjyicocns ]cnanXnI * a\pjy Xs ]cnanXnI XcWw sNpsXns\ aqey\nWbw a\pjys ]cnWma hrw Nn{XoIcnpI

121

UNIT TEST BIOLOGY

Time : 1 Hrs Marks :20

1.

]ZtPmUn _w Isn ]qcnnpI F) tlmtamCdIvv : bqPn Upt_mbv Bkvt{Stem]nkv ; ............................ _n) {]IrXn \nmcWknmw: Nmkv Umhn D]cnh knmw : ......................... kn) acp`qanbnse AXnPoh\w : Atd_y HIw ssiXynse AXnPoh\w : ................................ Un) kap{Znse PohIWnI : HmdnlmtU ]cnIev]\ {]]n\v shfnbn PohIWnI : ..............................................

2.

icnbmbnph sXcsSpsgpXpI F) BZna `qanbn PohIWnI cq]sSm ImcWamb Xm{XI GsXmw (ssl{UP, HmIvknP, \ocmhn, Ab, AtamWnb, ss\{SP, aotY, knv) _n) sdUv Umm enn Dsnph GXv (kzWhf, achf, tUmtUm]n, hm\mSn ]n, Iocn, Im)

3.

]nI "F' tImfn\\pkcnv "_n', "kn' tImf icnbmb coXnbn ]p\:{IaoIcnpI

A B C

tlmtaml_enkv \nbm a\pjy tlmtamCdIvkv BUn]nkv

1.8 Ziew hjw apv Pohnp 4.4Ziew hjw apv Pohnp 2.25 Ziew hjw apX 1.44 Ziew hjw apv Pohnp 50000 apX 30000 hjw hsc apv Pohnp

FtXym]y Ing B{^n P\n Xmkm\nb

122

4.

ss{]tapIfpsS hwi hrnnp cp hn`mKsfpdnp ]nI ]qnbmpI s{]mkoanbkv * * * cm{Xn kmcw * * * Xmsg sImSpncnp Ppsf AhbpsS ]cnWma {]{InbbpsS ASnm\n {IasSppI BSv, Xhf, Abe, ]mv, Im _n) B\bpsS ]cnWma Ncn{XNn{XoIcWn hnpt]mbh ]qcnnpI tamdnocnbw ....................... .................................. kntm]ntmbvtU ]I kmcw

5.

F)

2 1 Gjy B\

6.

Bntbm]vsSdnIvkv F {]mNo\ ]nbn ImWsncp DcKkz`mhfpw ]nkz`mhfpw enp sNpI DcKkz`mh * * * * * * ]n kz`mh

123