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Click Draw>Line means that you can also click the Draw Line toolbar button to execute the Line command.
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Getting Help
Ansoft Technical Support
To contact the Ansoft technical support staff in your geographical area, please go to the Ansoft website, http:// www.ansoft.com, click the Contact button, and then click Support. Phone numbers and e-mail addresses are listed for the technical support staff. You can also contact your Ansoft account manager to obtain this information. All Ansoft software files are ASCII text and can be sent conveniently by e-mail. When reporting difficulties, it is helpful to include specific information about what steps were taken or what stages the simulation reached. This promotes more rapid and effective debugging.
Context-Sensitive Help
To access online help from the Maxwell user interface, do one of the following: To open a help topic about a specific Maxwell menu command, press Shift+F1, and then click the command or toolbar icon. To open a help topic about a specific Maxwell dialog box, open the dialog box, and then press F1.
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Table of Contents
1. Introduction
Maxwell Solution Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-2 The Maxwell Desktop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-3 General Procedure for Setting Up Maxwell Designs 1-4 About the Example Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-5
Create the Coil Terminals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-19 Create the Background (Region) . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-20 Finalize the Geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-20
Contents-3
Contents-4
Introduction
This Getting Started Guide is written for Maxwell beginners and experienced users who would like to quickly refamiliarize themselves with the capabilities of Maxwell. This guide leads you step-by-step through creating, solving, and analyzing the results of solving a rotational actuator magnetostatic problem. By following the steps in this guide, you will learn how to perform the following tasks: Draw a geometric model. Modify a models design parameters. Assign variables to a models design parameters. Specify solution settings for a design. Validate a designs setup. Run a Maxwell simulation. Plot the magnetic flux density vector. Run a parametric analysis. Create an animation using saved parametric field data.
Estimated time to complete this guide: 60minutes.
Introduction 1-1
Harmonic (sinusoidal variation in time) steady-state magnetic fields with pulsation-induced eddy currents in massive solid conductors caused by one of the following: a. b. A user-specified distribution of AC currents (all with the same frequency but with possibly different initial phase angles). Externally applied magnetic fields.
This solution includes displacement currents for calculating near field electromagnetic wave radiation.
Transient (time domain) magnetic fields caused by permanent magnets, conductors, and windings supplied by voltage and/or current sources with arbitrary variation as functions of time. Rotational or translational motion effects can be included in the simulation. Electrostatic 3D fields caused by a user-specified distribution of voltages and charges in non-conducting regions. Additional quantities that can be computed include torque, force, and capacitances. Electric DC Conduction 3D fields in conductors characterized by a spatial distribution of voltage, electric field, and current density. Power loss can also be computed. In addition, optional simulation of fields in insulating materials is supported.
1-2 Introduction
In addition, Maxwell may be coupled with other simulators to provide a greater range of solution capability. Couplings to ePhysics for thermal and stress analysis, HFSS for ferrite analysis, and Simplorer for Finite Element/Circuit co-simulation are all supported.
History Tree
Message Window
Progress Window
Status Bar
Introduction 1-3
2 Save a new project. 3 Draw the geometry of the model. 4 Optionally, modify the model's design parameters. 5 Assign variables to design parameters. 6 Assign excitations and boundary conditions. 7 Specify solution settings. 8 Run a Maxwell simulation. 9 Create post-processing plots. 10 Create a parametric analysis. 11 Create a field animation of the parametric analysis
results.
1-4 Introduction
The outer part is a ferromagnetic nonlinear armature carrying two coils. The inner part is made of the same nonlinear material and can rotate around an axis. The inner and outer parts of the device are co-axial. The field distribution will likely cause the flux density to concentrate in the two steel armatures in the regions where the distance between them is minimal. The expected edge effect will then further increase the field concentration.
Introduction 1-5
In this example, we will compute the torque acting on the inner armature and the flux linkage of the two coils. For a presentation of the results and the corresponding FEM code, see the IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, Vol 38, No. 2, March 2002, pp 609-612.
1-6 Introduction
In this chapter you will complete the following tasks: Open and save a new project. Insert a new Maxwell design into the project. Select a solution type for the project. Set the drawing units for the design.
If you want a new Maxwell design to be automatically inserted every time you open Maxwell, do the following: Click Tools> Options>General Options, and click the Project Options tab. Select the Insert a design of type radio button, and select Maxwell3D from the pull-down list. Click OK.
You can add additional designs to the project by repeating step 2 above, or by clicking the corresponding icon on the toolbar. For the current simulation task, we do not need to create additional designs. For More Information see the Online Help Topic: General Options: Project Options Tab
3 4 5 6
In this chapter you will complete the following tasks: Set the drawing plane and movement mode. Create the outer armature of the actuator by subtracting and uniting objects. Create the inner armature of the actuator. Create the coils. Create the coil terminals. Create the background object. Finalize the geometry by rotating the inner arm.
To set the drawing plane: Select XY from the Drawing plane pull-down list on the 3D Modeler Draw toolbar. To set the movement mode: Select 3D from the Movement mode pull-down list on the 3D Modeler Draw toolbar.
Optionally, you may use the pop-up Properties Window by configuring user options.
Type 0.6 in the text box, and click OK to return to the Properties window. 8 Optionally, click the Command tab to view and edit the geometric data. For this example, we do not need to edit the geometric data. Note
You can also view the Command tab by double-clicking the CreateCylinder entry in the history tree window.
Use the Tab key to navigate between value fields (from X to Y to Z and from dX to dY to dZ).
4 Type 25.4 for the height in the dZ box, and press Enter.
The Properties window appears. 5 Click the Attribute tab. 6 Change the Name to Cylinder_tool. 7 Click OK when you are done making any desired edits. The Properties window closes.
The first object selected appears under Blank Parts, and the second object selected appears under Tool Parts. Tool parts are removed during a Boolean operation (unless cloned) and the final part takes on the name and other characteristics of the Blank Part.
2 Click Modeler>Boolean>Subtract.
The Subtract dialog box appears. 3 If necessary, move the Outer_arm object to the Blank Parts list and the Cylinder_tool object to the Tool Parts list. To move an object from one list to another, select it, and click the appropriate arrow. 4 Click OK.
the box. Then unite the three model objects, and subtract a newly created cylinder to arrive at the final shape. To create the box for the outer armature magnetic poles: 1 Click Draw>Box.
2 Click Edit>Arrange>Move. 3 Type (0, 0, 0) in the (X, Y, Z) fields as the origin of the
move vector, and press Enter. 4 Type (0, -45, 0) in the (dX, dY, dZ) fields as the target point of the move vector, and press Enter.
2 Click Edit>Duplicate>Mirror. 3 Type (0, 0, 0) in the (X, Y, Z) fields as coordinates for the
anchor point on the mirror plane, and press Enter. 4 Type (0, 1, 0) in the (dX, dY, dZ) fields as coordinates of target point of the vector normal to the mirror plane, and press Enter. A second box, named Box1_1, is drawn.
2 Select Modeler>Boolean>Unite.
The first selected object was Outer_arm; therefore, the default name for the final object is Outer_arm.
b.
c. d.
2 Since we will be using a similar cylinder in the next section, we will make a copy of cylinder1 for later use.
a. b. c. Select cylinder1. Click Edit>Copy to create a copy of the object on the clipboard. Next select Edit>Paste to paste a new copy, named cylinder2 in the history tree, into the project at the same location as the original.
Note
Pressing F1 with any dialog on the screen will open the Context-Sensitive Help system to the appropriate page for that dialog.
c. d. Make sure the Outer_arm object is in the Blank Parts list and the cylinder1 object is in the Tool Parts list. Click OK. The Outer_arm object should look as shown in the following graphic:
c. d. e. f. g.
b. c. d. e. f.
In the Properties Window, select the Command tab. Select the value field containing 53.75 corresponding to Radius. The field becomes highlighted and editable. Change the value to 38.1 and press Enter. The radius of cylinder2 is changed in the modeler window. In the history tree, select cylinder2. The Attribute tab is now visible in the Properties Window. Change the name of the object by selecting cylinder2 in the value field corresponding to Name and entering Inner_arm. Press Enter. Subtract shaft from Inner_arm:
g. h.
Select Inner_arm, press and hold down the Ctrl key, and select shaft. i. Select Modeler>Boolean>Subtract from the menu bar. The Subtract dialog box appears. j. Make sure Inner_arm is in the Blank Parts list and shaft is in the Tool Parts list. k. Click OK.
2 Select Edit>Arrange>Move. 3 Type (0, 0, 0) in the (X, Y, Z) fields as the origin of the
move vector, and press Enter. 4 Type (0, -35, 0) in the (dX, dY, dZ) fields as the target point of the move vector, and press Enter. The Properties window appears. 5 Click OK.
2 Select Edit>Duplicate>Mirror. 3 Type (0, 0, 0) in the (X, Y, Z) fields as coordinates for the
anchor point on the mirror plane, and press Enter. 4 Type (0, 1, 0) in the (dX, dY, dZ) fields as coordinates of target point of the vector normal to the mirror plane, and press Enter.
3-12 Creating the Geometric Model
The Properties window appears. 5 Click OK. A box named Box2_1 is drawn.
2 Select Modeler>Boolean>Unite.
Because the first selected object was Inner_arm, the final object name is Inner_arm. The name of the objects can be changed in the Properties window on the Attribute tab.
b. c. d. e. f. g.
6 Click OK.
A rectangle named path is drawn. 7 Uncover the faces: a. Click Edit>Select>Faces, and select path by clicking on it in the Modeler window. b. Click Modeler>Surface>Uncover Faces. Set the Drawing Plane to YZ To set the drawing plane: Select YZ from the Drawing plane pull-down list on the 3D Modeler Draw toolbar. Draw the Cross-Section of the Coil To draw the cross-section of the coil: 1 Click Draw>Rectangle to draw the cross-section of the coil.
Sweep the Cross-Section Along the Path To sweep the cross-section (coil1) along the path (path) to create the coil: 1 In the history tree, select path, press and hold down the Ctrl key, and then select coil1.
Set the Drawing Plane Back to ZX To set the drawing plane: Select ZX from the Drawing plane pull-down list on the 3D Modeler Draw toolbar.
b. c. d. e. f. g.
2 Select Edit>Arrange>Move. 3 Type (0, 0, 0) in the (X, Y, Z) fields, for the origin of the
new location, and then press Enter. 4 Type (0, 54.5, 0) in the (dX, dY, dZ) fields as the target point of new dimensions, and press Enter. The Properties window appears. 5 Click OK.
2 3 4 5
Click Modeler>Surface>Section. Select XY as the Section Plane. Click OK. Click Modeler>Boolean>Separate Bodies. This separates the interlinked sheet objects created when the intersection of the XY plane created two terminals in each coil. The resulting four objects are automatically named Coil1_Section1 Coil1_Section1_Separate1 Coil1_1_Section1 Coil1_1_Section1_Separate1 6 Delete the two redundant terminals:
a. In the history tree window, select
Coil1_Section1_Separate1, press and hold down the Ctrl key, and select Coil1_1_Section1_Separate1.
Press Delete.
b.
7
Note
Alternatively, the Draw>Region command may be used to create the background object.
2 Click Edit>Arrange>Rotate.
The Rotate dialog box appears. 3 Select the Z radio button for the Axis. 4 Thinking ahead, we will want to evaluate the device over a range of armature angles. Therefore, enter angle into the value field. The Add Variable dialog appears as shown to specify the value for the variable.
5 Ensure that the Unit Type is set to Angle, and the Unit is
set to deg. Type 29 in the Value text box. 6 Click OK.
Note
Most numeric entry fields allow entry of a variable name for use in parametric or optimization.
In this chapter you will complete the following tasks: Define material properties. Assign excitations. Set up torque and inductance parameter calculations. Set up a matrix.
2 3 4 5 6
c.
In the Coordinates section, append 10 additional rows to the table to reach a total of 20 data rows:
d. Note
Click the Append Rows button. Type 10 in the Number of rows text box, and click OK. The BH Curve dialog box reappears, with 20 rows now available in the table.
When entering data into the Coordinates section, the Tab key can be used to sequentially move to the next entry position. H (A/m) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 0 4000 8010 16010 24020 B (T) 0 1.413 1.594 1.751 1.839
Defining Material Properties 4-3
6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20.
e.
32030 40030 48040 64050 80070 96080 112100 128110 144120 176150 208180 272230 304260 336290 396000
1.896 1.936 1.967 2.008 2.042 2.073 2.101 2.127 2.151 2.197 2.24 2.325 2.37 2.42 2.5
Click OK. The BH Curve dialog box closes, and the View / Edit Material dialog box reappears. In the Value column of the Bulk Conductivity row, enter 2e6. Click Validate Material. A green check mark appears if the material is valid.
f. g.
Assign Excitations
Currents need to be defined and assigned as excitations for the two coil terminals. To define the currents: 1 Select Section1 and Section2 in the history tree.
Excitations may also be assigned using the shortcut menu. Right-click on Excitations in the Project tree. In the Shortcut menu, select Assign>Current.
Thus, in addition to inductance matrix entries calculation, Maxwell can perform a grouping calculation. To perform a grouping calculation: 1 Select the matrix entry and specify the corresponding number of turns.
The operations performed by the grouping function can be one of the three cases:
Series connection if the number of branches is set to 1. Parallel connection if number of branches is equal with the total number of coils (matrix entries). Series/parallel if the number of branches is different from the two above.
Example 1: Series/Parallel Assume a situation with 4 coils, each with 18 turns, all 4 selected to be grouped with the number of branches set to 2. In this case, 9 turns from each of the 4 coils (18 / 2 branches = 9) are connected in series and paralleled, with the other 9 turns of the same coils also connected in series. Example 2: Series/Parallel Assume a situation with 5 coils, each with 15 turns and number of branches set to 3. In this case, the equivalent S/P corresponds to taking the first 5 turns from each of the 5 coil and connecting them in series, taking the next 5 turns from the same coils and connecting them in series, taking the final 5 turns from the coils and connecting them in series, and then finally connect the emerging 3 subgroups in parallel.
Note
For the grouping in the S/P case to correspond to a physical situation, the number of turns must be an integer multiple of the number of branches.
In this chapter you will complete the following tasks: Set up the analysis. Run and solve the analysis.
In this chapter you will complete the following task: Plot the magnetic flux density vector. Plot the magnetic flux density magnitude.
In this chapter you will complete the following tasks: Run a parametric analysis. Create an analysis report. Close the project and exit Maxwell.
Parameters can be easily added to the setup for the purpose of changing assigned values (making "what if" type of analysis easy to perform) or for the purpose of setting up and running parametric analysis. The quantities that can be parameterized include geometric attributes, material properties, excitations, etc. In this application we define the rotation angle of the Inner_arm object as a parameter and then perform a parametric analysis aimed at obtaining the self and mutual inductance of the two coils as well as the torque for a whole range of rotation angles. The rotation angle was specified as a variable during the creation of the geometric model. To define the angle variable as a design parameter: 1 Right-click the Optimetrics row in the project tree. A shortcut menu appears.
You can also use the Design Properties command to add new variables.
2 Select Add>Parametric from the shortcut menu. 3 In the Setup Sweep Analysis dialog, click Add to add a
variable to the sweep. 4 Select the variable angle from the drop-down list. 5 Select Linear Step as the type of sweep. 6 Enter 0 deg for the start value, 30 deg for the stop value, ans 5 deg for the step value. 7 Click the Add button, and then OK. 8 Select the Calculations tab. 9 Click the Setup Calculations button. 10 In the Add/Edit Calculation window,select Magnetostatic for Report Type, Setup1:LastAdaptive for Solution, and None for Parameter. 11 Click on the Trace tab. 12 Under Category select the following variables:
a. b. c. Select Torque>Torque1.Torque and click Add Calculation. Select L>Matrix1.L(Current_1, Current_1) and click Add Calculation. Select L>Matrix1.L(Current_1, Current_2) and click Add Calculation.
d.
13 Click Done. 14 Back in the Setup Sweep Analysis window, select the
Options tab. 15 Select the Save Fields And Mesh check box. 16 Click OK when complete.
A ParametricSetupn entry is now shown under Optimetrics in the project tree. To start the parametric analysis: 1 Right-click the ParametricSetup1 row in the project tree. A shortcut menu appears.
2 Select Analyze.
Note
Because you are solving multiple geometric problems, the solution time required will be proportionately longer than solving the non-parametric solution in the previous chapter.
2 Select Create Magnetostatic Report>Rectangular Plot. 3 In the New Report window set the Solution to
Setup1:LastAdaptive and Parameter to None. 4 Under Category select L and hold down the ctrl key and select Matrix1.L(Current_1,Current_1), Matrix1.L(Current_1,Current_2), and Matrix1.L(Current_2,Current_2), and click New Report. 5 Click Close when finished.
The L11 and L22 traces almost overlap. This is normal since the respective inductances should be identical.
The Setup Animation dialog box appears. Click the Swept Variable tab. Select the desired variable from the Swept variable pulldown menu (angle in this case). Select the desired variations from the Select values section. Click OK to start the animation process. The Animation play panel appears, allowing you to pause and otherwise control the animation. Click Close to stop the animation display.
You can export the animation as an animated .gif or .avi file by clicking Export in the Animation play panel. Maxwell can take advantage of computing resources on various computers that can be accessed on a local network. Using the Distributed Processing option (licensed separately), you can solve parametric designs in parallel (simultaneously) on multiple user-selected computers available on the local network. Please contact your Ansoft account manager for details.
Note
Index
Numbers
3D Modeler window 1-3 3D movement mode 3-2
C
closing Maxwell 7-7 closing the project 7-7 coil cross-section 3-15 coil terminal 4-5 coil terminals 3-19 context-sensitive help 1-iii conventions used in guide 1-i coordinate system 3-15 copyright notice 1-2 creating a coordinate system 315 creating a parametric analysis report 7-4 creating a path 3-15 creating an animation 7-6 creating an inner armature object 3-10 creating an object list 6-2 creating outer armature object 3-3 creating the background region 3-20 creating the coil terminals 3-19 cross-section of a coil 3-15 currents 4-5
Index-1
A
adding a solution setup 5-2 adding parameters to a setup 72 analysis setup 5-2 Analyze command 5-2 analyzing the solution 5-2 animation 7-6 assigning excitations 4-5 attributes plot properties 6-2
B
B vector 6-2 background region 3-20 BH-curve 4-2 Boolean operations 3-19 box object 3-6
I
inner armature 3-10 intersecting objects 3-18
D
defining material properties 4-2 defining the background region 3-20 desktop 1-3 fit all 3-5 diagram of example design 1-5 distributed processing 7-6 drawing a box 3-6 drawing a cylinder 3-3 drawing a rectangle 3-15 drawing plane 3-2 drawing units 2-3 duplicating an object 3-7
M
magnetic flux density vector 6-2 magnetostatic solution type 2-3 magnetostatic solutions 1-2 material properties 4-2 Maxwell closing 7-7 exiting 7-7 renaming a design 2-2 renaming a project 2-2 saving a project 7-7 Maxwell desktop 1-3 Maxwell solution types 1-2 menu bar 1-3 Message window 1-3 mirroring an object 3-7 modifying plot attributes 6-2 Movement mode 3D 3-2 moving objects 3-7
E
electric 3D field solutions 1-2 excitations 4-5 exiting Maxwell 7-7
F
field overlays 6-2 fit all in modeler window 3-5
N
new coordinate system 3-15 nonlinear material 4-2
G
general design procedure 1-4
O
object list creating 6-2 opening a project 2-2 outer armature 3-3
H
harmonic steady-state solutions 1-2 help Ansoft technical support 1-iii context-sensitive 1-iii on dialog boxes 1-iii on menu commands 1-iii history tree 1-3
Index-2
P
parameterization 7-2
parameters 7-2 parametric analysis 7-2 parametric analysis report 7-4 parametric design variations 7-2 parametric sweep 7-2 performing an animation using saved data 7-6 plot attributes 6-2 plotting magnetic flux density vector 6-2 object list 6-2 preparation 6-2 post processing 6-2 preparing for a plot 6-2 Progress window 1-3 project closing 7-7 Project Manager window 1-3 project tree 1-3 projects opening and saving 2-2 properties plot attributes 6-2
S
saving a project 2-2 saving Maxwell project 7-7 separate bodies 3-19 setting drawing units 2-3 setting the drawing plane 3-2 setting the movement mode 3-2 setting up Maxwell designs 1-4 setting up the analysis 5-2 simulation 5-2 sinusoidal solutions 1-2 solution setup 5-2 solution simulation 5-2 solution type 1-2, 2-3 sources 4-5 subtracting objects 3-6 sweeping a cross-section 3-15 sweeping variables 7-2
T
table parametric design variations 7-2 TEAM workshop problem 24 1-5 time domain solution 1-2 toolbars 1-3 trademark notice 1-2 transient electric fields 1-2 transient solutions 1-2
Q
quantity plotting 6-2
R
rectangle drawing 3-15 renaming a design 2-2 a project 2-2 report parametric analysis 7-4 rotating an object 3-20 rotational actuator example 1-5 running the analysis 5-2
U
uniting objects 3-8
V
viewing entire screen 3-5
W
windows in Maxwell desktop 1-3
Index-3
X
XY drawing plane 3-2
Index-4