:

 :

.


..
, ,
.
( ),
.
, ,
1 .
,
, , ,
.
,
,

, ,
.

- - .,
.

, .

(linkedin antonis hontzeas)

, , ,

.
. (OIQ),
MMT Seventh Temple Blue Room, Local Ambassador
Edinburgh Business School (EBS) .
. ,

.


, ,
.
- McGill
3GPP . Kevin
Flynn, ,
.

,
, . ,
M.I.T. (Sloan)
- John Kenneth
Galbraith2. .. -
( )
, ,
.
Ericsson,
, ,
-
,
, .
, , , ,
. , ,
.

, 2011

Paul M.Warburg Harvard Sloan.

1. (LTE)
2. System Architecture Evolution Evolved Packet Core
3. (UTRA)
4. MIMO
5. 4G LTE Advanced
6.
7. Cloud Computing LTE
8.
9.
10.
11.
:


1.1 LTE Logo
1.2 :
1.3 : Evolved Packet System (EPS)
1.4 : LTE
1.5 :
1.6 :
.
:1.7 : World Radio Conference (WRC) 07
2.1 :
2.2 : Enhanced Packet Core
2.3 : SAE Protocol Stacks
2.4 : Signalling Stacks
2.5 : Evolved Packet Core
2.6 : Inter LTE Handover
3.1 : OFDMA
3.2 : OFDMA/SC-FDMA
3.3 : IFFT/FFT
3.4 :
3.5: SAE Bearers
3.6 :
3.7 : Variable PDU
3.8 : MAC
3.9 : UE States

3.10 : Reference Symbols

3.11 : Transmission Blocks
3.12 :
3.13 :

3.14 :
3.15 : LTE
3.16 :
3.17 : Intra-LTE 2
3.18 : Intra-LTE S1
3.19 : S1 Inter MME Handover SGW
3.20 : S1 inter MME- inter SGW Handover
3.21 : LTE-UMTS InterRAT Handover
3.22 : UMTS-LTE InterRAT Handover
4.1 Single Input Single Output and Multiple Input Multiple Output Antenna
Systems
4.2
4.3 :
4.4 : Precoding Principle
4.5 : transmit diversity mode
5.1 LTE Advanced Logo
5.2 :
5.3 : 3GPP Organization
5.4 : LTE Advanced (relay nodes)
5.5 :

 6.1 :
6.2 :
6.3 : NDS IP
6.4 : S Security Architecture
6.5 : IMS AKA
7.1 :
8.1 : Porter
8.2 :
8.3 : PEST (Political, Economic, Social, Technological)
8.4 : 3G
8.5 :
8.6 :
9.1
9.2 :
9.3 :
9.4 :
9.5 :
9.6 :
9.7 :
9.8 : LTE
9.9 : LTE
9.10: nodeBs
9.11 : EPC
9.12: 3GPP Release 8
11.1 :
11.2 Strowger (1891,Patent # 447,918)
11.3 :Regional Bell Operating Companies after Breakup of AT&T
11.4 : AMPS based mobile system (Cellular Concept)


1.1 GSM LTE
4.1 : 2 2 transmit codebook
5.1 LTE-LTE Advanced
8.1 : Swot Analysis
8.2 : Boston
Consulting Group
9.1 :


1 GSM (
Laurent).
2- LTE Advanced
3 - (Really Charming
Laurent)
4 Startups (Constellation Engine Startup Wikipedia Commons)
5 (}
6 ( -
LifeScience)
7 - (Girl with Mobile
Tolchok)
8 -
9 - (Gabriela Garcia
)


3GPP Third Generation Partnership Project
ARPU Average Revenue per User
CDMA Code Division Multiple Access
CN Core Network
CPC Continuous Packet Connectivity
DSL Digital Subscriber Line
EDGE Enhanced Data Rates for Global Evolution
eNodeB Evolved Node B
EPC Evolved Packet Core
EPS Evolved Packet System
E-UTRAN Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network
EV-DO Evolution, Data Optimised
FDD Frequency Division Duplex
FMC Fixed Mobile Convergence
FTTH Fibre to the Home
GERAN GSM EDGE Radio Access Network
GPON Gigabit Passive Optical Network
GPRS General Packet Radio Service
GSM Global System for Mobile communication
HD High Definition
HSDPA High Speed Downlink Packet Access
HSPA High Speed Packet Access
HSPA+ HSPA Evolution
HSUPA High Speed Uplink Packet Access
IMS IP Multimedia Subsystem
IMT International Mobile Telecommunications
IP Internet Protocol
ITU International Telecommunication Union
LSTI LTE SAE Trial Initiative
LTE Long Term Evolution
MBSFN Multicast Broadcast Single Frequency Network
MIMO Multiple Input, Multiple Output
MPLS Multi-Protocol Label Switching
NGMN Next Generation Mobile Networks
NGN Next Generation Network
OFDM Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing
OFDMA Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access
P2P Peer-to-Peer
PDA Personal Digital Assistant
PLMN Public Land Mobile Network
QoS Quality of Service
RAN Radio Access Network
RIT Radio Interface Technology
RNC Radio Network Controller
SAE System Architecture Evolution
SC-FDMA Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access

10

SD Standard Definition
SGSN Serving GPRS Support Node
SIP Session Initiation Protocol
SON Self-Organising Network
TCP/IP Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol
TDD Time Division Duplex
UE User Equipment
UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunications System
UTRAN Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network
VoIP Voice over IP
WCDMA Wideband CDMA
WiFi Wireless Fidelity
WiMAX Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access
WRC07 World Radiocommunication Conference 2007

11


, 3(
) meeting Saltillo4
,
. ,

- .


.
TDMA/FDMA , ,

LTE, . 2004
.
65,000 ,
,
.

-
,
, . , ,
,
.

Skype, facebook, Twitter, MSN:

.

,
.

, .

Rolf Hansen, Ericsson Mexico Ericsson

Ericsson Intracom.
4
Coahuila, .
.

12

 ,
,
.

13

1.

1.1 LTE Logo

LTE (Long Term Evolution)
, 8 (Release 8)
3GPP (3rd Generation Partnership Project). 3GPP
UMTS

.


3G
,
(dsl, fibre .)
skype video, web tv, voip
.

/
WCDMA. 2010 HSPA+
81 48 , 63
21 bps peak 9
42 Mbps5. 2011 100
HSPA+ ,
2010 1 ( 5
6), 3 20147. 2010
-
5

GSMA 2010.
Ericsson Press Release, July 9 2010
7
ITU Regional Workshop on IMT, 8 2010,
6

14

 , ,
( 1.2).

1.2 : .

3.7 BWA/WiMax
2010, 5.5 2011
WiMax 17.25 (
32.7%), LTE 320,000
2011. LTE 305 2016
14% TD-LTE FDD-LTE8.

2011 17 LTE ,
TeliaSonera , ,
, Elisa , Vodafone , Verizon
MetroPCS , DoCoMo . .
180 operators 70 LTE
128 commitments 52 ,
18 51 .
GSA (GSM Association) 62 LTE
2011, 59 FDD-LTE 3 TDD-LTE.

wireless broadband ( UMTS

commercialized ) mobile WiMAX
ITU IMT 2000, IMT - 2000 OFDMA TDD WMAN
operators, .

Maravedis 4G Digest, April 6 2011,Volume 6 Issue 16

15

, carriers
WIMAX 3G/UMTS .
WiMAX -2000 operators
( WIMAX
3G )
.
,
, (

).

H LTE operators
,

, 3GPP.
3GPP
60 operators,
.
3GPP Release 8 UMTS 4G
,
IP.

LTE
downlink (peak rates) 100Mbps, 50 Mbps
uplink roundtrip - - 10ms (RAN).
(flexible carrier
bandwidths) 1.4MHz 20MHz
FDD TDD.

LTE
,
refarmed ,
. EPS (Evolved
Packet System) e- Utran (evolved UTRAN)
to EPC (Evolved Packet Core) . EPC
SAE (System Architecture Evolution) e- Utran
LTE ( 1.3 1.4).

16

 1.3 : Evolved Packet System (EPS)

1.4 : LTE .

LTE ,
, plug and play (
), FDD/TDD ,
(OPEX)
( 1.5).

17

 1.5 : .
(backward compatibility)
GSM, CDMA WCDMA.
LTE / RAN core

UMTS.
:

Peak download rates 326,4 Mbps 4x4 MIMO, 172,8 Mbps 2x2
MIMO 20 MHz .

Peak upload rates 86,4 Mbps 20 MHz .

5
voice centric , data centric

.

20
MHz.

200 5 MHz (., 200

data )

Latency 5ms .

, . 1,5 MHz (
20 MHz). WCDMA
5 MHz, roll outs

18

 5 MHz 2G
GSM cdmaOne.

5 MHz
.

5 30 ,
100 .

(legacy) GSM /GPRS WCDMA.

MBSFN (Multicast Broadcast Single Frequency Network)

DVB-h.

circuit switched/packet switched 3G ,
IP .

operators,
(. , data IMS) ,
,
( ) .

, LTE
, operators
UMTS/HSPA.
,
.
UMTS/HSPA , LTE
cellular

. , 9 voice centic
data centric environment
.

LTE legacy circuit switched .
9

VoLGa VoLTE

19

 operators
,
LTE . H 3GPP
IP 4
3G Long Term Evolution.
LTE 3G
2004 10 3G/RAN
40 operators,
( 3GPP ).
UTRAN .
2004 3GPP
3GPP
.
,
(RAN) (
) ,

. 3GPP
8,
.
8 7,
HSPA +, HSPA LTE. HSPA + (
7 8) , IP
legacy UMTS/HSPA.

HSPA + peak data rates 28 Mbps downlink

11,5 Mbps uplink 2x2 MIMO 16QAM. , peak data rate
42 Mbps downlink 23 bps uplink 2x2MIMO
64QAM, 8.
, HSPA +
HSPA ( 14,4 Mbps
downlink) LTE 300
bps downlink 75 Mbps uplink (peak rates) 20 MHz
.

10

Minutes of Meeting, RAN Workshop Toronto 2004, TR feasibility study on system level December
2004 to June 2006 TR 25: 913,813,814,912

20

 1.6
.

1.6 :
.

21

Advanced Wireless Services (AWS)

2006 FCC11 AWS
(" . 66") 1.087 .
tech neutrality , FCC
(tech neutrality). ,
AWS ()
, 2G, 3G 4G.
1.710-1.755 GHz uplink 2.110-2.155 GHz downlink .
90 MHz blocks F.
blocks A, B, F 20 MHz block blocks C, D, E, 10
MHz block. FCC "" AWS
UMTS 2100 . ,
UMTS 2100 PCS
, .
, FCC AWS
. (AWS)
UMTS 2100 base transmit band , (AWS)
GSM1800 mobile transmit band.

11

22

700 MHz
2005,
17 2009

.
700 MHz,
.
2008 62 MHz
4 blocks Lower (12 MHz), Lower B (12 MHz), Lower E (6 MHz unpaired),
Lower C (22MHz), Lower D (10 MHz).
.
(sparse buildout)
.

upper block C (open access).

operator
'
, ( , port,
).
12
, ,
. upper block D /
Public/Private Partnership obligation .
FCC,
10 MHz
(PSBL), . shared
(
), block D
PSBL
.

(digital divide)

. UHF
.

12

2008 Verizon AT&T. Verizon

2010 700
MHz.

23

 200 z 1 GHz
( UHF)
.
,
.
(Regions) 1 790-862 z
, , 2 693 806 MHz
, 3 698-862 z
720-862 z .

Refarming GSM 900 MHz

900 MHz
.

,
.
, 900MHz
.
GSM UMTS
150 GSM900
( ) 900 MHz13.
, operators /
UMTS (HSPA/HSPA+) 900 MHz.
, UMTS
5 MHz
.
, 3G 900
MHz 2011. ,
1.25MHz,

900 MHz,
. UMTS
(HSPA/HSPA+) 900 MHz. ,
900 MHz ,
operators LTE

. ,
.

, LTE 900MHz cost/benefit

GSM, ,
( ).
13

, .

24

 GSM
GSM global
roaming . LTE 900 MHz
GSM900 5-10
decommissioning GSM.
2011

900 1800 MHz .
1987,
900 z GSM (non tech
neutral). 1987 2009
2009/114/, 900 MHz
, 3G.
, 2009/766/,
.
GSM,

.
,
2011,

2013
202014.
15 31 2011
, 900 z 1800
MHz LTE WiMAX.

14

IP/10/581, MEMO/10/199 MEMO/10/200

2011 900 Hz (2
5 z) , ( 225
MHz 2011 270 . )
. Vodafone Wind, 2012
210 MHz , , Cosmote
25 MHz . Vodafone (25 z)
2016 25 MHz Cosmote 2017.

15

25

IMT Extension Band

WRC-2000 -2000
2500-2690 MHz. ,
2008, 140 MHz IMT2000 FDD
2500-2570 MHz uplink 2620- 2690 MHz downlink.
50 MHz (2570 MHz-2620 MHz) unpaired TDD (
unpaired ).
,
. ,
, ,
2500 MHz .
FDD segment
HSPA /HSPA +. ,
2500 MHz deployment
20 MHz.
2.6 GHz ( , ,
, , ), (, , ,
), (, , , , , ,
) (, , , ,
. ,
TeleSonera,DNA, Elisa,Tele2, Telenor 220Hz
China Mobile, Genius CSL (2 X 15 MHz).

Other Candidate Bands

GSM 1800: 1800 (ITU band 3)
refarming
900 MHz. 1800
2.6 GHz,
2.1 GHz
RAN LTE GSM.
technology neutral
Asia.
UMTS core band 2.1 GHz: 3- 3.5G , AsiaPac &
LAC commissioned 150 . operators
2, 3 4 X 5 MHz
. mobile data
UMTS/HSPA, carriers
LTE 2010 - 2011.

26

PCS 1900: core band EMEA

(Europe, Middle East, Africa). refarming ()
700 MHz AWS.

Cellular 800: 900 MHz

.
2011 TeliaSonera, Net4Mobility Hutchinson 3G,
210z 4G.
. .

ITU (M.2078) (ITU-R)
-2000 Advanced.
500 MHz 1 GHz 2020
.
, ( )

2015.
WRC- 07
,
. WRC - 07 450-470MHz , 2300-2400 MHz
698-862 MHz 3400-3600 MHz IMT (
-2000 -Advanced) .
, .

WRC 07 ( 1.7)

LTE . , WRC - 07
698 806 z .


. ,
.

27

:1.7 : World Radio Conference (WRC) 07

28

1- GSM

. ,
, 40% traffic
450
2014.

(downlink uplink), ,
packet latency, LTE

.


(commoditization). LTE ARPU (
) ARPU
, .

UMTS Forum 2007 , 3G

downlink/uplink packet latency LTE.
,

29

 ,
.

(QoS),
,
high bandwidth HDTV.

,
.
, concept LTE
2,0
, peer to peer multiplayer
gaming file sharing. , machine to
machine (2) communication
.

30

Peer to Peer

Browsing

TV/Video on Demand

M commerce

cross media

GSM


SMS,MMS


online
GPRS
3G WAP

LTE
VoIP

browsing

.
E-, audio

streaming

Ringtones,

Screesavers,Ringbacks


online
online





,

on demand

,
tracks


downloading

,
,





intranets P2P file transfer,
,

CRM
sharing,
M2M ,

intra/extranet

1.1 GSM LTE

31

2. System Architecture Evolution Evolved

Packet Core
, Service
Architecture Evolution SAE 3GPP,
WCDMA/HSPA,
(LTE), ,
.16

SAE

. LTE/SAE
WCDMA/HSPA radio
access network.
,

: . (charging),
(user authentication) , (end to end service setup) .

,
, .
3GPP
LTE
(radio access network RAN) (core network
CN).

16

3gpp TS 23.002,23.060,23.203,23.221,23.236,23.401,23.402

32

 2.1 :
TCP/IP

, ,
.
2004, 3GPP TCP/IP
(feasibility studies)
IP (AIPN) ( 2.1). 17
3GPP Release
7 (2005),
LTE. 3GPP System
Architecture Evolution (SAE).
all IP , , 3GPP
Release 4. 3GPP
SAE. LTE SAE
mass-market IP
. (
) GSM/WCDMA
, .

17

3gpp TR 22.978

33

 SAE18
(Enhanced Packet Core or EPC), SAE ( 2.2).

2.2 : Enhanced Packet Core

18

TSGS#39(08)0132, Puerto Vallarta, March 2008

34

 (subcomponents) EPC 19 :

19
20

MME (Mobility Management Entity) :

LTE.
UE ( ), tracking
paging () .
/
SGW UE ,
Inter-LTE handover ( LTE)
(CN).
( HSS).
- (Non Access Stratum NAS)
MME
UEs. UE
PLMN .
ciphering/integrity
NAS
(Lawful Interception).

S-GW (Serving Gateway): data ,

mobility anchor inter-eNB
handovers LTE 3GPP
/. status IDLE, SGW
UE (.. DL, UE
contexts, IP bearer service, network internal routing information ,
) .

P-GW (PDN gateway20): UE

/ UE. UE
PDN GW
PDNs. PDN GW policy enforcement,
, , ,
. anchor 3GPP
- 3GPP WiMAX 3GPP2 (CDMA 1X EvDO).

3GPP Plenary Meeting # 42, Paris France 2009 (updated)

3GPP TSG Meeting #42, Interworking between packet network and external networks, Athens 2008

35

 WCDMA LTE
- ,
RAN CN.

WCDMA21 RAN CN.
setup
RAN,
. ,
CN
.
GSM
CN. -
CN.
WCDMA service
area RAN CN
Service Areas
RAN.
GSM
data buffers .


GSM,
,
WCDMA/HSPA.
GSM
buffers RAN WCDMA
CN ,
lu lu interface
.

, GSM
Circuit Switched CS GSM
RAN (packet data)
CN GSM.

21

3gpp TS 23.110 V9.0.0

36

 , WCDMA
RAN WCDMA
.
RAN WCDMA/HSPA :
, (interleaving), ,

ARQ, ,
(link layer)
handover
(ciphering and integrity protection).

CN :


(mobility management)
(bearers) QoS;

LTE RAN LTE CN

WCDMA/HSPA
RNC-WCDMA e-ode B,
CN,
. ,
RAN 3G RAN LTE (
2.3).

2.3 : SAE Protocol Stacks

37

 RAN LTE:
, (interleaving), ,

ARQ, ,
(link layer)
(ciphering and integrity protection).
handover
CN:


(mobility management)
(bearers) QoS;

RAN CN,
RAN
-

, RAN.
RAN WCDMA RAN
LTE,
,
,
RAN .

38

 2.4 : Signalling Stacks

macro diversity

-
DCH-
WCDMA/HSPA.

-
,
, ,

macro diversity , (
RAN) . , (anchor)
.
,
macro diversity
,
, .
, RAN
macro diversity Radio Network Controller RNC.

39

 WCDMA 99,
7 8
macro diversity HSPA
uplink.
RAN , RNC Node B.
RNC
Iu CN.
CN Iu ,
WCDMA.
RNC RNC Iur
Iur
RNC (anchor RNC) ,
.
, Iur
-diversity RNCs.

2.5 : Evolved Packet Core

Iub, RNC NodeBs
, RNC, Node
B RNC Node B
RNC RNC
Node B . macro-diversity
RNCs, RNC Node Bs.

NodeB

40

. NodeB
.
.

NodeB GSM
Base Transceiver Station (BTS), Base Station (BS), Radio Base
Station (RBS).
hardware, . , Node B

macro-diversity.
WCDMA
macro
diversity ( )
. ,
Node B RNC
Iur- Node B

Node B RNC
(Controlling RNC) Node Bs .
Controlling RNC (
), , scheduling ,
( HS-DSCH)
( / ).
WCDMA /NodeB
RAN, Controlling RNC

, -
Controlling RNC Serving RNC. Serving
RNC ,

( )
(policies)
CN. ,

.

RNC, Controlling RNC RNC,
, ,

Controlling RNC Drift RNC.
,
( ) RNC, Controlling RNC SRNS
relocation procedure.

41

To RNC broadcast unicast unicast

broadcast
- Multimedia
Broadcast Multicast Service (MBMS) unicast
point to point broadcast mode
RNC.
3GPP
99, (
RAN WCDMA) RNC NodeB.
:

RNC (4096)

- NodeB . NodeB

,
.
macro diversity HSPA uplink
.
,
RNC .
, RAN
HSPA
. ( RNC NodeB). ,
99 WCDMA HSPA,
. , LTE
macro diversity eNodeB

.

LTE macro diversity

uplink downlink - ,
eNodeB.
eNodeB, , NodeB,
. , eNodeB
RNC,
radio resource management, handover, scheduling .

42

 eNodeB CN S1
Iu, 2
eNodeB- Iur (WCDMA) ( 2.4 2.5).

X2 -
(active mode),
, ( drift RNC) lossless
. eNodeB,
NodeB, RNC,
, handover, uplink downlink scheduling,
, , ,
ARQ ARQ.
handover LTE
GSM 3G
handover eNodeB serving eNodeB
controlling drift
( 2.6).
LTE MBMS
unicast/broadcast- 3G.
broadcast
- eNodeBs MBMS Coordination Entity (MCE)
. GPS
.
, Evolved
Packet Core (EPC)22,
GSM/GPRS 3G, .
3G GSM/GPRS
3G 3G (CN,RAN)
u- GSM/GPRS (core radio network) A Gb.
:
1. (MSC);
2. SGSN
GGSN.
HLR,
.
Iu_cs WCDMA/HSPA RAN
MSC Iu_ps SGSN via the Iu_ps interface, A
MSC GSM RAN, Gb SGSN GSM RAN.

22

TSGS#39(08)0132, Puerto Vallarta Mexico,2008

43

 SGSN GGSN Gn/Gp GGSN

Gi IMS
. HLR MSC
C D, SGSN Gr.
Iu Iu flex- RNC SGSN
MSC ,
SGSN MSC.
,
, ,
.

MBMS, CN
(multcast/broadcast)
Iu-ps. multicast/broadcast, RAN
- (unicast/broadcast)
.
, CS,
PS, SGSN visited
GGSN home Gp,
ISDN
(MSC) , ,
, home/visited HLRs.
policy (
., policy management )
,
, MSC, SGSN/GGSN
.
flat rate, minute based rating, content event based charging
.
, Service Architecture Evolution
SAE 3GPP GSM/GPRS
Evolved Packet Core EPC.
H SAE packet
switched domain , ,
, . , Evolved Packet
Core HSS
HLR/3G.
To EPC LTE RAN S1
SGi , eNodeBs S1
content agnostic tunnel ( ) HSS
S6 ( Gr/WCDMA) ( 2.5).

44

 , QoS 3G RABs (radio

access bearers) LTE priority classes.
, EPC
( ) anchor network EPC

GGSN/3G. SAE
eNodeB 3G
EPC ,
RAN/LTE.
To S1 flex, o Iu flex EPC.

EPC, visited home network, ,
IP home, visited EPC.
handover SGSN/WCDMA
EPC/LTE EPC GGSN
S4,
LTE/RAN.
EPC IP


WCDMA/HSPA , seamless
handover .
handover LTE ( WCDMA/HSPA)
EPC ( SGSN) Gn SGSN -
S3 SGSN
EPC, GGSN ( 2.6).

45

 2.6 : LTE Handover

46

3. (UTRA)
E-UTRA , UTRA E -

UMTS, (air
interface) Release 8 LTE.
H Release 8 IP WiMAX ,
WiFi, () . E-UTRA
OFDMA (
3.1) downlink ( ) FDMA (SCFDMA) uplink MIMO
(. 4x4) .
transport blocks (turbo code) contention
free quadratic permutation polynomial (QPP) turbo code.

3.1 : OFDMA

Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiple Access

OFDMA multiuser OFDM23
modulation.
.
.

OFDMA :

23

OFDM . : IEEE.802.16a
, 2007
4 , 2006 .

47

,
permutations
.

permutations. orthogonality uplink
.

(Single Frequency Network

coverage), .

23
23 1587 (
).

diversity (carriers)
. time diversity
.

phase noise.

,
FFT Forward Error Correction
,
.

diversity gain frequency selective (fading),

subcarriers ,
carrier OFDM.

, frequency hopping
, .

CDMA.

48



.
OFDM
fast fading co-channel interference,
.

QoS
,
.
OFDMA CDMA,
spreading factors
.
OFDMA
OFDM-TDMA.
pulsed carrier .
OFDMA
,
,
OFDM OFDM.
OFDMA ,
scalablity,
MIMO,
.
Single-carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA) frequency division
(. Single-carrier frequency-domain equalization (SCFDE)) . SC-FDE
OFDM, SC-FDMA
OFDMA , LP-OFDMA. ,
single carrier multiple access scheme ( 3.2).

49

 3.2 : OFDMA/SC-FDMA

SC -FDE LP- OFDMA/SC-FDMA

peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR)
guard intervals blocks
time spreading (
multipath factors) blocks. FFT (Fast Fourrier Transform)
OFDM, block ,
FFT (IFFT) . SC FDE, FFT
IFFT ,
( 3.3).

3.3 : IFFT/FFT

50

 SC-FDMA, FFT IFFT

,
. OFDM SC-FDE SCFDMA, equalization
FFT, Fourier
(complex vector space) . ,
frequency selective fading .
FFT frequency domain equalization
,
(. ) , time
domain equalization. SC-FDMA,
silent Fourier-coefficients
IFFT,
IFFT. Fourier-coefficients
() .
OFDM,
,
, E- UTRA
.
CDMA blocks
, chip rates,
.
chip rates ( )
radio units
.

mode frame structure LTE

hardware

.

(. LTE/TDD TD- SCDMA). H Ericsson
MWC (Mobile World Congress) 200824
FDD TDD (LTE ) .

24

Ericsson Research-10 years of shaping change,Ericsson Review volume 1, 2009

51

Downlink
LTE
downlink . OFDM
LTE
high peak rates.
, standards ieee 802.11a/b/g, 802.16,
HIPERLAN-2, DVB DAB.
time domain radio frames s 10 ms 10
(subframes) 1ms ..
2 (time slots) 0,5 ms.
15 kHz.
resource block, resource block 180 kHz. 6 resource blocks
(carrier) 1,4 MHz 100 resource blocks 20 MHz.
downlink QPSK, 16QAM
and 64QAM. MIMO ( 3.4),
MIMO, data throughput ,
MIMO cell throughput.
MIMO, transmitter streams
transmit .

3.4 :

transmit streams matrix

transmit antennas transmitter receive antennas .
, multiple receive

52

antennas vectors
. Spatial Multiplexing
, OFDM OFDMA,
(multipath effects)
.
Uplink
Uplink, LTE OFDM
Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access (SCFDMA). SC-FDMA
OFDM,
Peak to Average Power Ratio (PAPR).
PAPR
(linearity),
. SC-FDMA
resource blocks
- power amplifier.
PAPR
(cell edge).
Modulation () uplink QPSK, 16QAM and 64QAM.
MIMO/Spatial Division Multiplex Access (SDMA)
data rate uplink
.
.

53


LTE WIMAX
. differentiator
WiMAX TDD (Time-Division-Duplex)
operators unpaired LTE FDD
(Frequency-Division-Duplex) operators paired
. TDD uplink downlink ,
FDD uplink/downlink .

54

LTE Radio Interface Architecture

,
,
.
LTE
, eNodeB GSM (BS-BSC) 3G
(nodeB, RNC). (-)

transport format selection. ,
(system information) MAC scheduling
ARQ soft combining.
(IP packets) downlink
SAE bearers ( 3.5 3.6)
:

3.5: SAE Bearers

Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP)

ROHC WCDMA - IP header
. Ciphering integrity protection
(/ /)
decompression . PDCP entity
() .

Radio Link Control (RLC) node B,

segmentation/concatenation,

55

, in-sequence delivery .
RLC radio bearers
RLC (radio bearer) .
Medium Access Control (MAC)
ARQ (hybrid-ARQ retransmissions)
, (scheduling)
(uplink and downlink channels).
eNodeB
MAC uplink downlink. MAC
logical channels.

Physical Layer (PHY), /,

/, mapping ()
(multi-antenna mapping), .
MAC layer
transport channels.

3.6 :

56

RLC : Radio Link Control

, RLC, LTE (
3G/WCDMA)
IP ( RLC SDUs ) PDCP RLC PDUs
PDUs
in sequence RLC SDUs ..

, /
Service Data Unit (SDU) /
Protocol Data Unit
(PDU) ( 3.7) .

3.7 : Variable PDU

error free
RLC . RLC
(
)
RLC .
PDUs. RLC
PDUs
Acknowledged Mode (AM).

57

 RLC Unacknowledged
Mode (UM) Transparent Mode (TM). UM in-sequence delivery


(. VoIP ).

random access.
RLC


MAC ARQ.

RLC segmentation
concatenation
SDUs. SDUs buffer scheduler
(segmented/concatenated) RLC PDUs.
PDUs
overheads (low data rates)
PDU payloads.
RLC (scheduler rate adaptation) eNodeB
LTE
kbit/s Mbit/s
PDU.

58

MAC: medium access control

MAC ( 3.8) ,
hybrid-ARQ scheduling ()
. LTE macro diversity
,
serving cell,
hybrid-ARQ.
MAC RLC
(logical channels )
(control channels )
(configuration) traffic
channels, user data.

3.8 : MAC

59

 :
Broadcast Control Channel (BCCH),
( system control information )
. , ,
( BCCH) .
.
Paging Control Channel (PCCH), paging ( )

.
Dedicated Control Channel (DCCH), /
.
handover.
Multicast Traffic Channel (MTCH), MBMS
Services
Multicast Control Channel (MCCH),
MTCH.
Dedicated Traffic Channel (DTCH), user data /
uplink data
non-MBMS downlink user data.
MAC ( physical layer )
Transport Channels (
) transport blocks.
(spatial multiplexing)
Transmission Time Interval (TTI)
radio interface o spatial
multiplexing MIMO transport blocks TTI.
(transport block)
Transport Format (TF),
, (modulation scheme)
antenna mapping ( ).
code rate
code rates
(transport format variations).
To LTE (transport channel
types):
Broadcast Channel (BCH)
BCCH format.

60

 Paging Channel (PCH)

PCCH DRX
.
Downlink Shared Channel (DL-SCH) downlink data
dynamic rate adaptation channel-dependent scheduling
, hybrid ARQ, spatial multiplexing.
DRX DL-SCH TTI 1 ms.
Multicast Channel (MCH) MBMS semi-static transport
format semi-static scheduling. MBSFN
,
transport format
MBSFN .
Uplink Shared Channel (UL-SCH) DL-SCH
.
LTE,
DL-SCH UL-SCH
( ) uplink
downlink. (scheduler), MAC,
(downlink/uplink)
( )
.

downlink scheduler , 1 ms,

DL-SCH
DL-SCH scheduled
.
(180 kHz 1 ms) (resource block).
resource blocks DLSCH ,
, (modulation), antenna
mapping spatial multiplexed .

RLC segmentation MAC multiplexing
.
, ( 3GPP,
implementation specific)

(
3G/HSPA). , OFDM downlink
,
(frequency and time domains)
frequency-selective fading

61

 -
( ).

eNodeB Channel- Quality Indicator (CQI)
-,
spatial multiplexing.

buffers ,
,
(. expensive high cost vs cheap low cost),
/
,
.
scheduler, uplink downlink,

, 1 ms,
UL-SCH
.
uplink shared resource
eNodeB,

.

,
transport format
eNodeB scheduler
eNodeB.

bit

.
eNodeB
,
uplink
. , (eNodeB)
payload ,
.
.

eNodeB RRC signalling

(prioritized bit rate ).

62

 prioritized bit rate

.
MAC
eNodeB uplink
scheduler, scheduling grant
( ) .
, uplink
L1/L2.
downlink-uplink channel-dependent scheduling
uplink
, eNodeB
. downlink

.
hybrid ARQ MAC - soft combining
-
ratecontrol .
hybrid ARQ DL-SCH UL-SCH
- .
.
stop-and-wait HSPA, LTE hybrid-ARQ
transport blocks
(ACK/NAK bit - overhead)

.
ACK/NAK/
hybrid-ARQ
ACK/NAK hybrid-ARQ process25
hybrid ARQ ( )
asynchronous protocol
.
synchronous protocol

.
hybrid-ARQ

.
ARQ ,
.
25

TDD,
uplink/downlink (uplink/downlink allocation).

63

 RLC
,
MAC hybrid ARQ
ARQ
error free RLC
.
1%,
TCP error free .
, 100 Mbps
packet loss 10**5.
, TCP

(congestion avoidance mechanism).
RLC-AM
error free TCP.
, hybridARQ RLC '
feedback overhead
.
RLC hybrid ARQ eNodeB

, RLC (RLC status report)
PDUs. ,
hybrid ARQ and RLC
.
,

HSPA. , RLC ARQ 3G (
) .

64

PHY: physical layer

To , ARQ, ,

-.
TTI DL-SCH
,
, .
CRC .
rate matching
downlink scheduler, transport block,
.
hybrid-ARQ redundancy
rate matching
bits.
antenna mapping ( spatial multiplexing)
downlink scheduler.
scheduled
.
hybrid-ARQ protocol MAC
.
UL-SCH
DL-SCH. , MAC scheduler eNodeB

.
downlink
DL-SCH
.
BCH ( )
. , transmission format

MAC.
PCH
DLSCH MAC ,
(antenna mapping). , hybrid ARQ
ACK/NAK uplink
.
MCH transmissions ( MBMS )
MAC

65

 -

format,

66

LTE states
( 3.9) , LTE_DETACHED
state.

, .

(random access procedures)
LTE_ACTIVE or LTE_IDLE.
LTE_ACTIVE
. LTE_ACTIVE
IP Cell Radio-Network
Temporary Identifier (C-RNTI), . IN_SYNC and OUT_OF_SYNC (LTE_ACTIVE)
uplink .
orthogonal FDMA uplink transmissions

eNodeB.
To eNodeB
. uplink IN_SYNC,
user data L1/L2 control signalling .
,
, uplink
OUT_OF_SYNC.
random
.
LTE_IDLE
,
.
LTE_ACTIVE.

, IP

LTE_ACTIVE.
(service area)
.

67

 3.9 : UE States

68

LTE:

, ,
. FDD (paired spectrum),
(downlink/uplink)
unpaired TDD,
(downlink), , downlink uplink.
, FDD,

,
.
TDD

/
uplink/downlink
.
Type 1 3GPP
TD-SCDMA Type2.
Type 1.

( 3.13), (resource element)

(OFDM)
.
15 kHz
/ FFT, 10 ms Tframe =10 ms (1ms
10 )
Ts =1/30720000, Tframe =307200 Ts
Tsubframe =30720 Ts , fs =15000 NFFT (NFFT
= FFT size) NFFT=2048. Ts
,
, NFFT = 2048 (fs =30.72MHz)
. 15 MHz.

, FFT
.
5 MHz FFT (NFFT)=512
fs =7.68MHz . 15 kHz

(WCDMA/HSPA/LTE) sampling rate fs =_f NFFT

69

 WCDMA/HSPA chip rate fcr =3.84 MHz

Multi-mode WCDMA/HSPA/LTE
().
( subcarriers) (downlink) ,
, resource blocks resource block
12 180
kHz. Nsc =12 NRB +1 NRB=
resource blocks 1 DC subcarrier

(oscillators) / .
, ,
6 100+ resource blocks
1 20 MHz granularity
.
1 ms, Tslot =0.5 ms
(15360 Ts) OFDM
. , f =15
kHz, Tu =1/_f 66.7s (2048 Ts)

TCP.
,
- Ts -
OFDM
OFDM
0.5 ms Ts
(15360) .
-
:
1. ,
(overhead) ,
(delay spreads) . .

(residual time dispersion)
-
, .
2. MBSFN (multicast/broadcast)
-

MBSFN.
,

overhead- MBSFN
multicast/broadcast. 12 0.5 ms, resource

70

block 84 (
) 12 6=72 .

( 3.10)
OFDM LTE downlink reference symbols-
. downlink reference
signals
.
12 resource block-
(reference symbols)
MBSFN-based transmission.

3.10 : Reference Symbols

resource block,
interpolation/averaging
-
(reference signals) resource blocks -.
,
averaging time domain
/,
. time averaging
TDD
.

71


.
(cell reference signals) ( twodimensional reference-signal sequence)
( physical-layer cell identity). LTE
510 510
.
, pseudo-random
170 LTE 170
,
pseudorandom orthogonal sequence
LTE.

eNodeB
pseudorandom

eNodeB.

-
.
,
reference symbol frequency hopping -
.
offsets
,
.
p k p(k) = (p0 + 6 i +
offset(k)) mod 6
10 170
(frequency hopping)
.
H



(reference signal energy boosting).

72

 downlink multi-antenna transmission

(LTE specifications :
antenna port )
-
.

(reference signal)

( antenna port).
- -
offset

OFDM
.

(time domain),

(reference signal overhead).


,
.


initial cell search

,
.

, MAC,
Transport Channels
Transport Blocks ( 3.11) .
Transport Block TTI
transport blocks
TTI, transport block codeword
downlink spatial multiplexing. (antenna
cardinality > 1) codewords 2.

73

 3.11 : Transmission Blocks

transport blocks
(DL-SCH) transport
block. , transport block
downlink spatial multiplexing transport
blocks Antenna Mapping.

transport
block transport
block ARQ.
DL-SCH
WCDMA/HSPA- turbo code rate QPP
26- = (eight state constituent encoding)
R=1/3

(interleaver).
QPP
/ Turbo
LTE .
ARQ
bits , bits
TTI
26

(contention free)

74

resource blocks, . ,
resource blocks,
(reference symbols) L1/L2 . ARQ
code bits,
Reff >1/3 code bits <
bits , hybrid ARQ functionality
code bits, effective code Reff <1/3.
, ARQ
code bits , Incremental Redundancy.
LTE downlink scrambling (scrambling downlink
)
hybrid ARQ- bits (bit level
exclusive or) scrambling sequence.
scrambling sequences
processing gain
. LTE downlink scrambling code bits
(transport channel)
L1/L2. downlink transport channels
MCH scrambling sequences cell specific
scrambling randomization .
MBSFN MCH scrambling

MBSFN (cell common scrambling).

scrambled bits
/ scrambled bits
(complex modulation symbols).
LTE QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM,
, , bits
.
. QPSK BCH .
Antenna Mapping ( 3.12)
,
. ( Antenna Mapping)
4 transmit -
transmit diversity, beam-forming, and
spatial multiplexing.

75

 3.12 :

(resource block mapping)

(resource elements)
(resource blocks) MAC scheduler
transport blocks.
resource blocks
resource blocks
. , downlink scheduling
1 ms ( )
0.5 ms slot ,
resource blocks (time domain)
.
resource 84 (resource elements 12
subcarriers during seven OFDM symbols) ,
downlink reference symbols, downlink L1/L2 control signaling
.

, resource
elements ,
- resource elements L1/L2 ,
resource elements.
76

 LTE DL-SCH
Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH).
DL-SCH UL-SCH associated
downlink control signalling L1/L2 control
signalling MAC ( 2
layer 2). , DL-SCH UL-SCH
L1/L2 :

DL-SCH- scheduling messages

, DL-SCH.
DL-SCH , resource
blocks, transport format, DL-SCH hybrid
ARQ.
UL-SCH-related scheduling messages, scheduling grants,
, uplink resources transport
format UL-SCH transmission.


downlink L1/L2 control channel- TTI.
, CRC, ,
bit-level scrambling, QPSK modulation.
OFDM time-frequency grid.
L1/L2
LTE Physical Downlink Control Channel
(PDCCH) L1/L2
OFDM
DL-SCH ,
.
DL-SCH
L1/L2 -
downlink (transmission).
L1/L2 subframe (
L1/L2)
(scheduled)
subframe
.
L1/L2
(control-channel elements)
resource elements.
L1/L2 control channel

77

(control-channel elements)
L1/L2. / L1/L2
control channel.
control channel
subframe. control channel elements
subframe, scheduled
resource elements L1/L2 control
channels resource elements DL-SCH
L1/L2

L1/L2 control channel
control-channel candidates
L1/L2 control channel
.
control-channel candidates CRC
.
, Layer
mapping and Pre-coding. (layer mapping) de-multiplexing
codeword layers.
layers transport blocks.
pre-coding
,
.
multi-antenna transmission schemes
open-loop transmit diversity, beam-forming, spatial multiplexing,
single multi-antenna framework.
Two-antenna SpaceFrequency Block Coding (SFBC)
single codeword ( spatial
multiplexing) . layer mapping
codeword layers. pre-coding
spacefrequency code .
Beam-forming
Single codeword ( spatial multiplexing) , mapping
.

Spatial multiplexing
Spatial multiplexing LTE codebook-based
pre-coding NA NL
LTE .

78

 codewords NL layers, NA , NL 2 NA
NL. layer mapping 2 NL
..

pre coder .

,
, .
,
downlink L1/L2
control .

multi-antenna
beam-forming, downlink reference signals
. pre-coder (beam-forming)
.
. ,
pre coding DL-SCH transmission
L1/L2 control signalling.
Multicast/broadcast using MBSFN
OFDM transmission
multi-cell multicast/broadcast services,
synchronous multi-cell multicast/broadcast
multi-path channel (Multicast/Broadcast over Single Frequency
Network (MBSFN)).
LTE multicast/broadcast MBSFN
MCH (Multicast Channel)
DL-SCH :
MBSFN ,

eNodeB. eNodeB MCH
.
hybrid ARQ MCH
MCH . , MCH
(MCH scrambling)
MBSFN (cell-common scrambling)
MBSFN

MBSFN MBSFN
.

79

 MBSFN ,
MBSFN.
(. DL-SCH) MCH
MBSFN
L1/L2 control signalling DLSCH transmission (transport-format, resource indication,
hybrid-ARQ related information) MBSFN subframes. ,
downlink L1/L2 control signalling
MBSFN subframes
,
MBSFN. , L1/L2
, (
OFDM )
MBSFN.

, LTE low PAR single carrier

(DFTS-OFDM transmission) Single-Carrier FDMA (SCFDMA). DFTS-OFDM DFT M
M (modulated) ,
DFT (mapped) inputs IFFT
. DFT transmitted
signal transmitted
signal .
, .
single carrier ,
cyclic equalization
.
localized distributed DFTS
OFDM, LTE localized
DFTS OFDM.

80

 3.13 :

81

LTE :

, ,
( 3.14).
Cell Search, -
-
. Cell Search
broadcast
.
-
510
/ 170 , 3
- cell planning,

3.14 :
-
downlink,
OFDM, .
, cell search
(reference signals) .
cell search procedure

( 5 ms) handover GSM.
,
matched filtering
.
5 ms output matched
.

82

 carrier
(oscillator)
.
,
(reference synchronization signal) one to one
.
,
, .
,

.
(1,2)
, (2,1)

(5 ms) cell search
.
(1,2)
cell search
pseudo-random
. ,
. .
, , OFDM.

.

,
.
,

.
, ()
(
MBSFN)- , ,
.

, ,
( )
.
-

.

83

 LTE

.

TDD-
.

cell
search - -
, , .
,
.
,
, , ,
72 , 1 MHz.


. initial
cell search neighbour-cell search.
, cell search,
.
, GSM, hard coded
,
().
setup
.
.
,
,
handover
.

handover
,
. -
handover

baseband
.

84


,
. , random access, (
LTE) uplink,
C-RNTI , .

random access random access

LTE_DETACHED LTE_IDLE LTE_ACTIVE
.

:
1. random-access preamble,
eNodeB
2. uplink ( )

(timing advance )
3. UL-SCH

4. contention resolution DL-SCH
.

.
random access

.
,
. WCDMA,
( uplink)
random access. ,
power ramping

.
, ramping procedure
. ,
, random access (
power ramping) .

85

 - LTE- user data power

ramping. Orthogonality

(time and frequency domains).

. uplink
time frequency random access preamble
.
random access preamble (frequency domain)
6 resource blocks (1.08 MHz)
granularity LTE. ,
,
random access frequency domain
.

preamble- downlink channel
uplink.
uplink frame
downlink frame-
, timing
- .
uplink timing
( 6.7 s/km).
(
random access) (guard
time) 0.1 ms preamble 0.9 ms 15 .
guard times .
Zadoff-Chu
uplink ZC
X(u) ZC(k) m-1 MZC/m
MZC ZC .

ZC
amplitude
PAR single carrier uplink.
,
eNodeB. , cross-correlation
preambles ZC
N/m
preambles round-trip propagation time
delay spread .
.

86



64.
, ( LTE)
ZC

preambles.

random access attempt,

,
.
,

.
, . 0.8 ms
ZC -
Fast Fourier Transform FFT.
.1 ms
.
FFT
(frequency domain)
(frequency domain complex conjugate) ZC
Inverse FFT (IFFT).
IFFT ZC
delay. , peak
peak
..
(frequency domain)


ZC
peak ..
(random access attempt)
- DL-SCH-
:

random-accesspreamble receiver.

87

 .

,
.
random access DL-SCH
L1/L2 random-access response.
L1/L2
/.

response

( ) .


preambles. ,
preamble ( random number generator)
ARQ
- ..
ARQ
ACK/NAK
.
/ ,
/ uplink .
,
..

preamble - /uplink
large guard times,
/
..
, hybrid ARQ soft combining uplink,


uplink.
uplink messages

content resolution.
LTE_ACTIVE,
CRNTI uplink .

88

 downlink
content resolution
procedures. ,
preamble,
.
,
(
)
.
DL-SCH
L1/L2.
uplink , ARQ
downlink acknowledgment
uplink.

-
.
uplink
ARQ.

(paging)
.


.
WCDMA paging indicator ,
,
. LTE
L1/L2 .
' , LTE
downlink data transmission DL-SCH
L1/L2 scheduling assignments.

,
downlink
.
DRX- timing uplink
ACK/NAK
ARQ soft combining .

89


LTE
,
(UE),
2G/3G CDMA27.
( )

UE

/ 28.

, .
3G LTE,
( ) UE ,

UE ,
thresholds () Radio Resource Management29
(RRM) ( )
.
( 3.15- 3.16) :

Intra-LTE : MME/SGW
Inter LTE : MME/SGW
Inter RAT : . LTE/GSM
LTE/UMTS

27

3GPP TS 36.331: Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA); Radio Resource Control
(RRC);Protocol Specification.
28
The World of Cellular, Tony Hontzeas, IEEE Canadian Review number 9,September 1990, pg.10
29
3GPP TS 25.331: UMTS Radio Resource Control (RRC) Protocol specification

90

 3.15 : LTE

91

 Intra-LTE 230 ( 3.17) :

handover UE source eNodeB target eNodeB
X2 MME SGW. H
source target
eNodeBs 2. EPC .

30

3GPP TS 36.423: Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN); X2

Application Protocol (X2AP).

92

 3.16 : .

93

1. UE serving eNodeB (
) .
2. MEASUREMENT CONTROL REQ UE
thresholds
(thresholds).
3. UE serving eNodeB MEASUREMENT REPORT
serving eNodeB target
eNodeB.
.
4. serving eNodeB RESOURCE
STATUS REQUEST target eNodeB RESOURCE
STATUS RESPONSE ,
target eNodeB, 2.
5. serving NodeB HANDOVER REQUEST target eNodeB
Security Context arget Cell information.
6. To target eNodeB ,
HANDOVER REQUEST ACKNOWLEDGE.
7. To serving eNodeB RRC
RRCCONNECTION/RECONFIGURATION
ciphering integrity protection UE.
8. To serving eNodeB target eNodeB
E-RABs STATUS TRANSFER.
9. To serving eNodeB downlink
target eNodeB .
10. , UE target eNodeB
non contention based Random Access
, target eNodeB RRC CONNECTION
RECONFIGURATION COMPLETE.
11. To target eNodeB MME TAIECGI, PATH SWITCH REQUEST.
12. (
SGW) SGW, MODIFY BEARER REQUEST.
13. To SGW downlink target eNodeB
TEIDs
MODIFY BEARER RESPONSE.
14. To SGW serving eNodeB
end marker.
15. To target eNodeB PATH SWITCH REQ ACK
.
16. target eNodeB serving eNodeB
X2 UE CONTEXT RELEASE.

94

 3.17 : Intra-LTE 2

95

 Intra-LTE S131 ( 3.18):

target source eNodeB,

. 2 2
handover, target eNodeB, source eNodeB32
handover S1-MME ,
EPC. To source MME
source eNodeB (direct or indirect forwarding
paths) . 2
MME S1
UE CONTEXT RELEASE , SGW DL
data forwarding ,
PATH SWITCH
.

31

3GPP TS 36.413: Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN); S1

Application Protocol (S1AP)
32
MEASUREMENT REPORT UE

96

 3.18 : Intra-LTE S1

97

S1 Inter MME Handover SGW ( 3.19):

source target
source/target eNodeB, SGW :
1. MEASUREMENT REPORT (UE), source eNodeB
target eNodeB.
2. To source MME GTP (GTP-C FORWARD
RELOCATION) target MME.
3. S1 HANDOVER REQUIRED source MME
target MME, GTP
FORWARD RELOCATION REQUEST.
4. target MME target eNodeB
S1 (HANDOFF REQ)
5. target eNodeB
HANDOFF REQ ACK, target MME.
6. To target MME source MME GTP FORWARD
RELOCATION RESP.
7. SGW
(data link DL packets)
source target eNodeB SGW.
8. O UE target eNodeB
S1 HANDOVER NOTIFY target MME.
9. To target MME source MME
GTP FORWARD RELOCATION COMPLETE NOTIFY.
10. To source MME
GTP FORWARD RELOCATION COMPLETE NOTIFY ACK

.

98

99

 3.19 : S1 Inter MME Handover SGW

100

S1 inter MME- inter SGW Handover ( 3.20):

/SGW UE
MEASUREMENT REPORT . GTP: FORWARD RELOCATION REQ
SGW target /SGW
GTP: CREATE SESSION REQ/ GTP: CREATE SESSION RESPONSE
S1 inter
MME.

101

 3.20 : S1 inter MME- inter SGW Handover

102

LTE-UMTS InterRAT Handover ( 3.21):

1. To serving eNodeB 33 UMTS
HANDOFF REQUIRED serving MME.
2. To serving MME target SGSN GTP-C: FORWARD
RELOCATION REQUEST.

3. To target SGSN target SGW GTP: CREATE

SESSION.
4. target SGW , , target SGSN
GTP: CREATE SESSION RESPONSE.
5. target SGSN target RNC RANAP: RELOCATION
REQUEST.
6. H
RANAP: RELOCATION REQUEST ACK target RNC target SGSN.
7. To target SGSN
serving target SGW serving MME
GTP: FORWARD RELOCATION RESPONSE.
8. To serving MME HANDOVER COMMAND serving

eNodeB.
9. To serving MME MOBILITY FROM EUTRA COMMAND
UE - (LTE-UMTS) .
10. To UE UMTS HO
TO UTRAN COMPLETE target RNC.
11. To target RNC target SGSN RANAP: RELOCATION
COMPLETE.
12. inter system inter RAT handover target SGSN
serving MME GTP: FORWARD RELOCATION COMPLETE NOTIFICATION
ACK serving MME serving
SGW/eNodeB.
13. To target SGSN ERAB target SGW/PGW (
GTP MODIFY BEARER).

33

MEASUREMENT REPORT
LTE .

103

 3.21 : LTE-UMTS InterRAT Handover

104

UMTS-LTE InterRAT Handover34( 3.22):

1. To serving RNC MEASUREMENT
REPORT (UE) RANAP RELOCATION REQUIRED serving SGSN.
2. To serving SGSN -
GTP-C: FORWARD RELOCATION REQUEST target MME35.
3. SGW target MME
target SGW GTP: CREATE SESSION.
target MME RESPONSE .
4. target MME target eNodeB (
eNodeB) S1AP:
HANDOVER REQUEST/ S1AP: HANDOVER REQUEST ACK.
5. target MME

target/serving SGW serving SGSN

GTP: FORWARD RELOCATION RESPONSE.
6. , serving SGSN RANAP RELOCATION
COMMAND serving RNC.
7. To serving RNC HO FROM UTRAN COMMAND UE
LTE ( UMTS).
8. UE target eNodeB UE
RRC CONNECTION RECONFIGURATION COMPLETE
interRAT (Intersystem) handover.
9. To target MME serving SGSN GTP: FORWARD RELOCATION
COMPLETE NOTIFICATION ACK.
10. transit MME -RABs target SGW/PGW GTP
MODIFY BEARER.

34

3GPP TS 25.413 UMTS: UTRAN Iu Interface RANAP Signaling, 3GPP TS 29.274: 3G PP

Evolved Packet System (EPS); Evolved General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) Tunneling Protocol for
Control Plane (GTPv2-C), 3GPP TS 29.060: General Packet Radio Service (GPRS); GPRS
Tunneling Protocol (GTP) Across the Gn and Gp Interface
35
H / transit MME .

105

 3.22 : UMTS-LTE InterRAT Handover

106

4. MIMO36
MIMO LTE,

spectral efficiency. MIMO
/ /.

.
, 22
-
, 44
( 4.1).

4.1 Single Input Single Output and Multiple Input Multiple Output Antenna
Systems
(Spatial Multiplexing) ( 4.2)
-
,
. .

. (SUMIMO) ( MU-MIMO). SU-MIMO

MU-MIMO
.

36

. ,
-, ,
,2009 , (MIMO)
, ,, 2009.

107

 4.2

(transmit antennae)
( delay) H ( 4.3).
H Nt transit antennae,
Nr receive antennae. hij
channel coefficients
.

4.3 :

108


MIMO min {Nt, Nr}
H.
H, .
37. (rank) H

.
MIMO, ,

.

38
( WCDMA 99).

, antenna specific space time coding

39.
LTE :

, MIMO


Precoding
Beamforming ( )

code words
, o code work output
transmission
(rank) H40. spatial
multiplexing precoding (
4.4), precoding matrix W
W codebook eNodeB UE.

37

. scattering
.
38
. SNR fading
time alignment .
39
S.M. Alamouti (October 1998). "A simple transmit diversity technique for wireless
communications", IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, Vol. 16., No. 8
40
3GPP TS 36.211; Physical Channels and Modulation (Release 8)

109

 4.4 : Precoding Principle

(codebook)
( 4.2).
,
codebook index 0. 44
codebook .

4.1 : 2 2 transmit codebook

UE
eNodeB- precoding matrix.
-
41. codebooks
UE.

44
precoders .
eNodeB MIMO mode configuration
UE downlink
41

precoding matrix resource blocks.

110

control information (DCI) PDCCH format 2

2 code words .
2a , 1b 1 code word
1d
spatial multiplexing
power offset information.
transmit diversity mode ( 4.5) code
word
Space Frequency
Block Coding (SFBC)42,
.
,
, .

4.5 : transmit diversity mode

Cyclic Delay Diversity (CDD),
(diversity)
. antenna-specific delay
multipath
.
43.
MIMO UE ,
.


. PUCCH .
PUSCH.
42

S.M. Alamouti (October 1998). "A simple transmit diversity technique for wireless
communications", IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, Vol. 16., No. 8
43
CDD, delay diversity, cyclic shift
transmit antenna.

111


CQI (channel quality indicator), PMI (precoding
matrix indicator), RI (rank indication).

MIMO (uplink)
. MU-MIMO
,
resource block44.
(single transmit
antenna) (UE)
(mutually orthogonal pilot patterns).
UE

. UE,
transmit ,
switch
eNodeB.
eNodeB, CRC parity bits (DCI format
) UE selection mask 0
1, .
UE.

44

spatial division multiple access(SDMA)

112

5. LTE ADVANCED

5.1 LTE Advanced Logo

LTE
, ,
(
) .

LTE 3GPP ITU

ITU-
IMT-2000 specs, LTE
3G, 3.9G..
,

(
) study groups U45
( )
IMT-Advanced ( 5.2).

45

ITU-R WP5D

113

 5.2 :
Delphi Group
ITU Circular letter ITU IMT Advanced

.
New Radio Interface
Technologies (RITs) peak data rates 100 Mbit/s
1 Gbit/s low mobility.
46
, ( LTE,
WiMAX 3G) -
.

46

TSG RAN Meeting # 45 RP090736,LTE Release 10 and Beyond (LTE Advanced)

114

 5.3 : 3GPP Organization

, IP, 100
MHz 47
.
- 2015 -
3,8 4,2 GHz C band,
, , .
2011
WRC-2011.
, 3GPP ( 5.3)
(LTE-Advanced)
(peak data rates),
power states, .

47

WRC07 400 z 200 z 3.4 3.6 GHz

, 3.4 3.8 GHz .

115

LTE Advanced

LTE

Idle to
Connected

Dormant
to Active

1000bps 100 MHz

100 Mbps 20 MHz

500 Mbps 100 MHz

50 Mbps 20 z

< 50 ms

< 100 ms

< 10 ms

< 50 ms

<<<< 5 ms

< 5ms

: 30 bps/Hz
<= 88, :15
bps/Hz <= 44
: 3.7
bps/Hz/ 44,
:2 bps/Hz/
24
: 0.12
bps/Hz//
44, :0.7
bps/Hz//
24
<= 350 /, <= 500
/

> 20 MHz

(spectral
convergence)

: 5 bps/Hz
22, : 2.5 bps/Hz
12
: 3 4
HSPA R6 22
: 2 3
HSPA R6 12

<= 350 /

1.4,3,5,10,15,20 MHz

5.1 LTE-LTE Advanced

LTE, , 3G
4G IMT advanced
(International Telecommunication Union ITU) . peak
data rates 1 Gbit/s. ITU
(RITs)
( 5.1).

4G . LTE advanced.
116

3GPP workshop 2008

LTE
LTE advanced. ,
requirements 2008 peak data rates
1Gbps , power states
.
.
LTE Advanced48:

: DL:1 Gbps, UL: 500 Mbps

70 MHz DL 40 MHz UL

Latency : C plane IDLE ( IP)

CONNECTED < 50 ms U plane latency < 5 ms
RAN 30% (FFS)

2 LTE (cell edge)

3 LTE

( ) 3 LTE

: DL : 30 bps/Hz, UL: 15 bps/Hz

(Mobility): LTE

LTE 3GPP
Legacy

Technology proposals ( Physical Layer)

:

48

UE dual TX SU- MIMO diversity MIMO;

Scalable 20 MHz
100MHz

LTE Advanced Release 10 and Beyond, 3GPP TSG RAN WG4, Dec 2009

117

(Cognitive)

forward correction mechanisms

FDD

OFDMA Sc- FDMA uplink

UL/DL inter eNB MIMO

( 5.4).

5.4 : LTE Advanced (relay nodes)

Support of larger bandwidth in LTE Advanced

100MHz peak data rates 1 Gbps.
, OFDM
. 8 UE
bandwidths 20MHz, scheduler
. backward compatibility LTE

118

 (control channels) synchronisation, broadcast

PDCCH/PUCCH 20MHz.
100 MHz
RF
sampling rate
quantization resolution,
.. soft buffer size.

multi carrier operations

Resource Allocation, MIMO, Link Adaptation, Hybrid
ARQ 20MHz . scheduler
,
transport blocks . FDD
schemes LTE release 8
.
, FDD
. LTE
advanced bandwidth allocation.. LTE advanced
3GPP release 10
4G ITU ( 5.5).

5.5 :

119

 4G bandwidth allocations
100MHz peak data rates 1 Gbps stationary . To
LTE advance 4G ,
LTE .
requirements 3GPP
.
physical
radio layer bandwidths

. scheduling,
MIMO
.

120

2- LTE Advanced

121

6.
8 3GPP
2
3 (stage 2 and stage 3)49 3GPP 50.
, Packet-Switched domain
PS,
(UE) (PLMN) ( 6.1).
,
IMS ( IMS CN SS)
/ .

6.1 :
51 :

(I)

(II)

(III)
(IV)
(V)

Network access
(access
interfaces).
Network domain
(exchange signalling data and user data),
.
User domain .
Application domain security
operator.
Visibility and configurability of security
security features
.

49

3GPP TS 33.401 V8.2.1 (2008-12) 3GPP System Architecture Evolution (SAE); Security
architecture
50
3GPP TS 33.402 V8.2.1 (2008-12) 3GPP System Architecture Evolution (SAE); Security aspects of
non-3GPP accesses
51

. 3GPP TS 33.102 V8.1.0

(2008-12) 3G security; Security architecture .

122

 , , UE
Globally Unique Temporary Identity (GUTI)52
EPS, IMSI, radio access
link.
GUMMEI :
PLMN Id: MCC, MNC
MME Identifier (MMEI): MME Group Id (MMEGI) MME Code
(MMEC) MMEC MME pool
MME, MMEGI (pools)
MME.

SAE TMSI (S-TMSI) , GUTI,

UE ,
RRC (paging). STMSI MMEC M-TMSI, MMEI53.
MMECs -
MME pool- MMEs
MMEC54.
UE
GUTI55 NAS (Non Access
Stratum) ciphering. , The International Mobile Equipment Identity (IMEI)
-
NAS
Authentication and Key Agreement (AKA) EPS
-
(KASME).
KASME Access Stratum (AS) and NAS
ciphering AS Radio Resource Control (RRC),
user plane , NAS signalling protection.
ASME (top
level keys) HSS E-UTRAN MME
Access Security Management Entity (ASME).

52

To GUTI : Globally Unique MME Identity (GUMMEI)

MME M-TMSI UE.
53
S-TMSI MMEGI , pool MME.
54
3GPP TS 23.003 V8.3.0 (2008-12) Technical Specification Group Core Network andTerminals;
Numbering, addressing and identification
55
3GPP TS 23.401 V8.4.0 (2008-12) General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) enhancements for
Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN) access 3GPP TS 24.301 V8.0.0
(2008-12) Non-Access-Stratum (NAS) protocol for Evolved Packet System (EPS); Stage 3

123

 EPS (Security Context)

EPS AKA evolved Key Set Identifier (eKSI)
KSIASME, MME EPS AKA.
AS NAS.

UE MME EPS
.
security context .
"cached security
context." UE EMM-DEREGISTERED EMMREGISTERED Extended
Pedestrian A (EPA) AKA,
cached security context.
, UE EMM-IDLE EMM-CONNECTED
(EMMREGISTERED state)
(EPS cached security context)
EPS AKA.
EPS mapped security context
SGSN S3 ,
3GPP Inter-RAT handover UTRAN/GERAN EUTRAN.
HSS S6
. IMSI, serving
network identity ( ) , (EUTRAN), (AV)
. (MME)
(authentication data request), (HSS)
(Authentication Center) AV
. HSS
KASME MME EPS AV authentication
data response. EPS AVs,
MME AVs, Random Number
RAND, expected user response (XRES), authentication (AUTN), and KASME56.
UE serving MME
EPS NAS. EMM authentication request
RAND AUTN, eKSI KSIASME57. ,
GUTI- - UE
cashing KASME (
) .
KSIASME UE MME
56

3GPP TS 29.272 V8.1.1 (2009-01) Evolved Packet System (EPS); Mobility Management Entity
(MME) and Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN) related interfaces based on Diameter protocol
57

MME KASME.

124

authentication response user response (RES)

(authentication challenge data).
RES,
KASME EPS AKA,
UE MME58.

UE UE identification request
serving MME EPS NAS.
GUTI,
EPS Mobility Management (EMM) identity request UE,
UE, IMSI. EMM identity
request International Mobile Equipment Identity
(IMEI) the Mobile Equipment (ME) identity check
IMEI EIR (Equipment
Identity Check) S13.

: Access
Stratum (AS) Non Access Stratum (NAS).
Ciphering
UE EPS,
integrity replay
.
tunneling user plane eNB S-GW
NDS (Network Domain Security)
Transport Layer, integrity and replay protection
UE eNB.
, EPS (Encryption Algorithms EEA)
4 identifier 128 input key :

"00002" 128-EEA0 Null ciphering algorithm

"00012" 128-EEA1 SNOW 3G
"00102" 128-EEA2 AES

EPS (EPS Integrity Algorithms EIA)

4 identifier 128 input key :

"00012" 128-EIA1 SNOW 3G

58

3GPP TS 24.301 V8.0.0 (2008-12) Non-Access-Stratum (NAS) protocol for Evolved Packet System
(EPS); Stage 3

125

"00102" 128-EIA2 AES

:
EEA0 null ciphering algorithm,
ciphering,
.
EIA0 integrity protection
RRC (AS) 59
EEA1/EIA1 SNOW3G UMTS Encryption Algorithm,
UEA2, 3GPP Release 7 UMTS confidentiality protection.
EEA2/EIA2 Advanced Encryption Standard (AES).
AS NAS EEA/EIA . EIA
EEA. Ciphering
EEA/AS RRC User Plane
RRC , user plane, NAS
KASME EPS AKA.
MME EPS AS eNodeB (eNB)
ECMCONNECTED UE intra LTE
handover. , ,

serving eNB target eNB. (EPS AS)
eNB UE (STATE) ECMIDLE
intra-LTE handover. RRC
eNB UE
AS/SRB1, Signalling Radio
Bearer 2 (SRB2) Data Radio Bearers (DRBs).
- non ciphered
integrity-protected AS security mode
EEA, EIA eKSI ( )
UE,
EEA EIA
eNB. EEA EIA
eNB UE
UE MME
S1-AP ,
S1 intra LTE handover.
source eNB X2 initiated handover.
, / (AS)
intra LTE handover, eNBs
. ciphering
deciphering AS downlink eNB
UE (security mode command)
security mode complete message. uplink,
59

3GPP TS 36.331 V8.4.0 (2008-12) Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA);Radio
Resource Control (RRC); Protocol specification

126

 security mode complete UE

eNB ciphering deciphering AS.
AS security mode complete ciphering
integrity protection ,
(user plane ciphering)
DRBs , DRBs
EEA SRBs.
handovers RRC connection reestablishments
intra cell handovers60.
(Packet Data Units PDUs
Packet Data Control Plane PDCP) header,
(
SRBs ) .
ciphering/deciphering bytes SRB/DRB
Message Authentication Code (MAC-I) SRB.
PDCP control PDUs. SRBs, data
(Integrity
protection and validation) PDCP PDU61
To EPS
NAS. security mode control (
MME UE)
, , (.
.).
(NAS security mode command message) EIA
non ciphered security context key
EEA, EIA eKSI ,
( ) UE,
MME.
EEA MME
UE.
NAS EEA/EIA MME,
MME target
. NAS security mode complete message

NAS
attach request, tracking, update request security mode command,
,
NAS, MME
ECM-IDLE.
integrity protected NAS
EPS cached security ECM-IDLE ECMCONNECTED. EPS cached security context,
EPS AKA, NAS AS Security
60

3GPP TS 36.331 V8.4.0 (2008-12) Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA);Radio
Resource Control (RRC); Protocol specification
61
3GPP TS 33.323

127

Mode Control EPS

NAS AS. EPS cached security context, UE
eKSI ,
EPS AKA.
, NAS eNB key (KeNB)
S1-AP e-node B.

H UE eKSI
(security mode control procedures) KASME.
eNB UE
NAS. UE (ciphered) (integrity
protected) -

NAS . Tracking Area Update (TAU) accept attach accept62.
(ciphered) NAS
NAS.
(integrity protection) (ciphering)
(sequence
number)
MAC. (integrity validation)
NAS.
EMM (security header)
NAS PDU 63.
, EPS 256 bits,
AS NAS 128 LSB ciphering
integrity keys
. eKSI
KASME KASME.
KeNB Next Hop (NH)
Intra-LTE handovers
KeNB.
KeNB, Next Hop Chaining Counter (NCC) 0,
MME serving e UE ECMIDLE ECM-CONNECTED64 (EPS AKA) (cached)
EPS. NH MME
UE {NCC, NH} MME serving
eNB inter-eNB handover source eNB
62

TAU active flag is not set NAS

DRBs
63

3GPP TS 24.301 V8.0.0 (2008-12) Non-Access-Stratum (NAS) protocol for Evolved Packet System
(EPS); Stage 3
64
3GPP TS 29.272 V8.1.1 (2009-01) Evolved Packet System (EPS); Mobility Management
Entity (MME) and Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN) related interfaces based on Diameter protocol

128

( S1 2 initiated intra inter eNB handover) KeNB*. KeNB*

target eNB KeNB
EUTRAN AS ciphering integrity
. KeNB* Physical Cell Id (PCI) target
, KeNB NH.

( 6.2), keys
KeNB
NH. keys source eNB
{NCC, NH} (NCC > KeNB)
. intra-eNB handovers, source eNB
.

6.2 :
keys re-keying
key-refresh. Re-keying access stratum
Re-keying access stratum
the AS EPS
AS re-keying, MME KeNB eNB,
security keys SRBs DRBs
AS intra-cell handover AS EPS security context.
, re-keying non-access stratum NAS EPS
security context ( to be activated ) active security context.
NAS re-keying, MME NAS security keys, NAS
security mode control NAS EPS security context.
KASME , AS re-key
NAS re-key. Key refresh ( eNB
AS intra-cell handover )
wrap around PDCP COUNT. , key
refresh NAS wraparound NAS COUNT
MME EPS AKA
.

129

 IP EPS
Network Domain IP (NDS/IP) (
6.3) 65.
IPSec66.

6.3 : NDS IP
NDS/IP
Security Gateways (SEG) IKEv1 IKEv2
IKE
SEGs v2 peers.
(IPSec)
IKE.67
tunnel mode ESP IP,
.
IPSec security association peers
( SEGs) 59 (ESP).
ESP
(confidentiality protection)
.
, tunnel mode, IP (IP frame)

tunneled ESP frame, .
()
(integrity protection)
(IP payload).
65

3GPP TS 33.210 V8.2.0 (2008-12) 3G security; Network Domain Security (NDS); IP network layer
security
66

67

IETF RFC 2401

IETF RFC 2407,IETF RFC 2408,IETF RFC 2409,IKEv2 RFC-4306

130

 ESP IP 32-bit
Security Parameter Index (SPI) 32 Sequence Number
(SN). ESP trailer IP
(tunnelled IP datagram) :
Traffic Flow Confidentiality (TFC) padding
Padding ()
Pad length
Next header ( )
Extended Sequence Number ( (MSB, 32-bit))

:
Security Parameter Index (SPI)
Destination IP address (SA end point)
Security protocol (ESP in NDS/IP) .
32 SA
32 (SN 0
Security Association SA) SA
1.
SN anti-replay
SA SA
outbound .

(ESN - RFC 4303) SA management protocol
IKEv2 64 ESN.
32 SN ESN,
SN ESP header 32
.
encryption integrity, 32
IPSec ESP,
Integrity Check Value (ICV). Cipher
Block Chaining (CBC) (IV) . 3DESCBC AES-CBC payload data
tunnel mode IP header and payload 3DES-CBC (64 bits)
and AES-CBC (128 bits) . IV
encryption .
tunnel mode -
, IP
(payload information). TFC


IP datagram () ,
tunnel mode.

131


CBC 4 byte . CBC
3DES-CBC
AES-CBC 4 .
(payload data),
TFC (Transport Format Combination), ,
(pad length), (next header field).
IV.

(padding bytes) TFC padding bytes.
(next header) .
IPv4 IPv6
. (next header field)
68 . 4 IPv4, 41 IPv6
.
ICV ESP, (
IV), ESP trailer, , (integrity
padding) 32 ESN69 HMAC-SHA-1-96
160 ICV 96
160
96
ICV. ICV
ICV
. HMAC-SHA-1-96 64 ,
ICV
64 bytes.

ESP tunnel (tunnel mode) ESP
70,
transport mode.
ESP, tunnel mode.

SA (SA
bundle). H SA SA

(security policies). SAs
end points . ESP tunnelling ESP tunnel.
NDS/IP ,
ESP SA end nodes.

68

http://www.iana.org/assignments/protocol-numbers/
ICV, integrity higher-order
ESN ESP packet
integrity .
70
IPSec .
69

132

 anti-replay,
IPSec,
antireplay ,
IPSec71.
IMS ( 6.4) 5
IM
CN SS72 :
1. ( Mutual authentication)
IM Services Identity Module (ISIM) ,
HSS Serving Call Session Control Function (S-CSCF).
2. (Network access Gm)
UE Proxy Call Session Control Function (PCSCF) Gm.
3. Network domain Cx ,
HSS Interrogating Call Session Control Function (I-CSCF)
HSS SCSCF Cx.
4. Network domain (Mw)
Session Internet Protocol (SIP).
P-CSCF Visited
Network (VN).
5. Network domain (Mw)
SIP capable nodes. P-CSCF
Home Network (HN).

71

72

IETF RFC 4303

3GPP TS 33.203 V8.5.0 (2008-12) 3G security; Access security for IP-based services

133

 6.4 : S Security Architecture

IMS Authentication and Key Agreement (AKA) ( 6.5)
home network. IMS AKA
UMTS/EPS AKA.
UE registration IMS CN,
. IMS AKA procedure
IMS.

6.5 : IMS AKA

HSS home
, - Cx - S-CSCF .
authentication request (CM1: Cx-AV-Req) IP Multimedia
Private Identity (IMPI), IP Multimedia Public Identity (IMPU), S CSCF Id,
Authentication Vectors (AV) S-CSCF .
authentication request S-CSCF, HSS IMS
AVs S-CSCF authentication request response (CM2:
Cx-AV-Req-Resp) RAND, XRES, AUTN, CK
IK. AV IMS AKA S-CSCF UE73.
authentication UE S-CSCF. S-CSCF
IMS AV , HSS UE.
S-CSCF AV HSS, authentication
challenge P-CSCF : RAND, AUTN, IK, CK.
P-CSCF AV S-CSCF authentication challenge
UE IK CK. UE authentication
response ( XRES) session CK IK.
73

3GPP TS 29.228 V8.4.0 (2008-12) IP Multimedia (IM) Subsystem Cx and Dx Interfaces, Signalling
flows and message contents, 3GPP TS 29.229 V8.4.0 (2008-12) Cx and Dx interfaces based on the
Diameter protocol; Protocol details

134

 P-CSCF authentication response

S-CSCF S-CSCF XRES,
IMS AKA UE IMS CN.
Gm IPSec- ciphering
SIP,
integrity replay, UE P-CSCF .
SIP registration, ESP SAs
authenticated registration
SAs UE PCSCF
. (encryption and integrity)
SA CKESP IKESP
SAs.
CKIM and IKIM, .
SA

IMS.
IMS CN
74,
NDS/IP75
integrity, confidentiality anti-replay,
(eNB):
: ESP (RFC 4303)
Security mode: tunnel (mandatory) transport (optional)
: IKEv2
NDS/IP
(trusted environments).

74

3GPP TS 33.203 V8.5.0 (2008-12) 3G security; Access security for IP-based services

75

3GPP TS 33.210 V8.2.0 (2008-12) 3G security; Network Domain Security (NDS); IP network layer
security

135

7. Cloud

computing LTE

Cloud Computing on demand

, , shared
( ) ..

virtualization, , utility
computing76.
,

, ,
, ,
, entry barriers.

, ,
, . browser based applications
dedicated smartphone applications.

,
.

.

LTE,
video sharing instant messaging
presence ,
,
,
- ,
, .

dumb
bit pipes77,
(. peer to peer) -
IMS-
.

business

.
76

.
DoCoMo plans LTE cloud to avoid dumb pipe, Robert Clark, Telecom Asia, 19
2009

77

136

 ,
APIs78 developers,

.
, SMS .
, SMSC, MMSC
, IMS -
- shared

outsourcing
. ,
shared


,
LTE.

Apple iOS ITunes digital locker, iGroups79

iPhones iPads. iOS 5
, ,
,
LTE Qualcomm iPhone 5.
H Google
, Amazon Amazon Cloud Drive
Service.
ABI Research80

. 2016

Smartphones -
. CD ( 7.1). cloud based music
streaming 6 2011
161 2016,
.

78

Facebook Application Platform, Google

Android Apple iOS.
79
location check-in system
80
Mobile Cloud Music Services On demand internet radio, Discovery and Digital Locker Services,
ABI Research,Allied Business Intelligence, 2011

137

 7.1 :

, AT&T ( Verizon)
Cloud Computing Compute as a Service (CaaS)
2009 81,
VMware VSphere virtualization platform servers
Small (1 CPU and 4 GB of memory), Medium (2 CPUs and 8 GB of memory)
Large (4 CPUs and 16 GB of memory).
& .
Telefonica Telephony Cloud
Services Virtual
Mobile Number Service.
SIM, over the top
Voicemail
. Telefonica
Skype, 2010
25%
Smartphones WiFi
.

81

TaxisNet 2011,
.

138

, cloud computing
,
. ,
,
outsourcing ,
,
..

8.

3 -

.

(gap
analysis),
,
,
.
,
.

( 8.1),
.

, .

139

 ,
.

8.1 : Swot Analysis

,
,

.

(core skills) ,
(vision).

.
82.
,
, 83

.

82

Michael E. Porter, Competitive Advantage of Nations, New York (Free Press),1998,pp.33-129

,
.

,
.
(
) .
83

140

 2000 Deutsche Telekom (DT)

Telecom Italia.
, ,
84.
DT (
) ,
DT Telecom Italia.
Pirelli Telecom Italia
, Pronti
. Pronti
.
.
'30 ,
(, )85.

, - (
Romanov, Rasputin).
,
.
( )
,
86,

.
,
. .

,

87 ,
88.


, , .
84

.
Massimo Florio : Telecom Italia 1997-2007 :
A Case Study in Privatization Failures, Universita Degli Studi de Milano, 2007
85
John Kenneth Galbraith, The Great Crash 1929,(London) Penguin Books,1975, pp.186-209
86
- Telecom Italia, , , 24
2006
87
John Naisbitt & Patricia Aburdene, Megatrends 2000,(New York) Avon,1990,p.88
88
.
, ,
, .

141

 ( )
, ,
.

, ,
..


, , marketing research,
, , ,
(
general motors circa 195089).

,

, .

,

, ( ) (
).



.

.
,
,
. ,

,
,

( )
.
, ,
.

.
89

Alfred P. Sloan, My Years With General Motors, New York (Doubleday),1963

142

 ,


. ,
,
90 .



.

,

.

,
.

,
- ,
,
.

,
, ( 8.1).
( 91)
, , , .
, ,
( ) .

90
91

.
JK Galbraith,A Journey Through Economic Time,Boston(Houghton Mifflin),1994

143

, ,

92,
,
,


.


.

8.1 : Porter

, ,
. ,
-
.
, .

.
.
.
,
- .

, .
,
.
: (
) .
pay as you grow
, .

92

144

 ,
- .
Competitive Intelligence
Strategy without Intelligence is: Guessing93
Fortune 500 94 55 %

.
.

, leveraging core skills,
(competitive intelligence).
,
,
. ,
, just in time ,


(bigger is not better; bigger can be bulkier; the bigger
they are, the harder they fall).
,
( competitive
intelligence)
.

93
94

Douglas Bernhardt, Competitive Intelligence, Harrow (Pearson),p. xv

http://www.aurorawdc.com/whatisci.htm

145

 8.2 :

- , ,
.
, .
competitive intelligence
positioning-
. ,

( 8.2).

,
,
, ,
.
, .

(StartUps)
146

4 Constellation Engine Startup

(
) (
1929)95
( )




96 .
, ,
,
,
management system ,
enterprise.
, (
) ,
, ,
, ,
.
, Mintzberg97,
,
, Principle Agent
98
.

.
.
. , ,
, ,
,
. 99

95

, ,( /) , 1993,.6784;Hunt and Sherman,Economics An Introduction to Traditional and Radical Views,(Harper Row)

New York,pp.155-186;Galbraith, A Journey Through Economic Time,(Houghton Mifflin)
Boston,pp.61-105;Greenspan, The Age of Turbulence,(Penguin) London,pp.346-353
96
Henry Mintzberg, Managers Not MBAs, San Francisco (Berret-Kochler),2004
97
, McGill, Montreal Quebec - Canada
98
, .
99
Gilbert Shaw -
.

147

 ( , (
) golden boys bootle100 girls)
, , . ,
, .
, , ,
, .

.
101
.102
- , ,
- ,
103 -
- 104.

,
, ,
.

, , , ,

( 8.3).

.
(. =3) ,
100

, skulls, Yale
Understanding the Crisis in Greece : From Boom to Bust, Mitsopoulos and
Pelagridis ..
, Marx Critique of Political Economy
102
http://www.citypress.gr/index.html?action=article&article=75458
103
, .
.
104
.


human resources department.

,
101

148

 .


.
; -
.

( 60)
.
(game theory),
105
. .
,



(. ) .

8.3 : PEST (Political, Economic, Social, Technological)

(, )
,
,
.
,

. ,
, negative price spiral
.


. 106

106

http://www.tovima.gr/default.asp?pid=2&ct=19&artid=359488&dt=09/10/2010

149

 , ,
2009 500
107.
, 2009
2%108 2010 2%
( Deutsche Bank 4%)109.
, 2009 2010
2,8% 2012.
2011 135%
.110
111 2009
7,2 % (
, , .
32 40%) 8,7%.
, 500 .
2009 , 2010112 -

, negative spiral
.
(

,
)
payback
period, , ,
.
, 2010

(roaming),
2012,
.
2015
( ) .

,
2015.113
107

2.2.2010
http://www.inews.gr/20/voutia-2-tis-ellinikis-oikonomias-to-2009.htm
109
http://www.businessweek.com/news/2010-03-11/greece-underestimating-gdp-fall-deutsche-banksays-update2-.html
110
2010, , . 148
111
http://www.eekt.gr/NewsInside/tabid/71/ArticleID/29/CBModuleId/385/Default.aspx
112
http://www.tovima.gr/default.asp?pid=2&ct=19&artid=359488&dt=09/10/2010
113
European Commission Press Release, Reference: IP/10/1679, Date: 08/12/2010
108

150

 ,
peer to peer ,
unlicenced , WiFi
, .
(Battle of the Building),
.

location based services ,

(,
.) .
, ( 32 64
) laptop
.
, e-payments, ,
( , .)
.
,
(technology disruption .)
LTE,
peer to peer , , server based VoIP.
VoIP bundled - .

.
,

( ) .

5

,
, ,
,
, e
;

151


, .
,
, ..
.

. ,

Soylent Green114 ,
( endogenous extinction level event).
,
.
( )

.
, ,
, , , , - , .

.
. - ;
100%
(.. ) . e-readers
( ).
;
, paperless 115
hardware
.

, ,
-
.
, ,
( ) e-,
,

/project
.

114

70
, esignature Silanis.

115

152

 , DOS
Microsoft pc,
DOS.
Microsoft,
DOS ( Microsoft) .

WAP (Wireless Application Protocol) -

( 8.4)
, ,

,
( .).
WAP


IMS (IP
Multimedia Subsystem).
,

peer to peer
8.4 : 3G
data pipes ( )

.
Web Companies :
( ) (interconnection) .. IMS
global access peer to peer ,
116.
, WAP
, Android .
, ,
-
, ( DOS, Android, )
.

/
,
116

, net neutrality

153

 ,
. , / (product
management)
/ .


,
( )
(
) .

management system
(grievance handling system).


principle agent problems (old boys network)
. ,

.

(dubious business practices).

, ,
(quarterly reports .)
.
(

) .


.

,
.
,
.
.
(Root Cause Analysis)
.

.

154

 ( )
(Groupthink117) 118.

,

(. ) (
)119.

/ .


.
Winston Churchill 120

(..
)
( )
.

. ( )
,
.. Groupthink.

.
( )



.

(Strategic Product Management)

/

117

( management team)
. .
118
.
.

.
119
WikiLeaks, ,
10 , .2
120
David Halberstam, the Fifties,New York (Fawcett Columbine),1993,p.232

155

 (
product
management). /

( 8.2)
.
,
/,
.
( )
.

, roadmap ,

( ) .

8.2 : Boston
Consulting Group
,
,
,
. roadmaps

.

(: Net Present Value)

.

156



, .
.
Business Continuity
,
,
.

, roadmap
,
.

.

.

, ,
,
, . ,
. 3G
,
( WiMax rev D)
( )
.

157

 8.5 :
, ( )

WiMax (
8.5) , WIMAX rev. D121
IMS (
),
( 8.6).
- (
) .

8.6 : .

121

GSM WiMax rev. D

mobile WiMax
GSM

158

9.

(
) .


.


.

CTO (Chief Technology Officer)
Product Management..
product management
,



roadmaps.
standards
, product
(
9.1).

9.1

159


,
standards
. ,

customizations, ,
.
CTO .
,
roadmaps standards
, (
IMS, ;
. MIMO ; )
( First Office Application Live Betas),
, , budget

, Return on Investment (ROI) opex, capex
.

9.2 :
2009
2
3.3
2014 ( 9.3 9.4)122.

122

Rogers Wireless Communications, Canada

160

 9.3 :
17
-
2 ( 9.2 9.1).

9.4 :
, (QoS)

9.1 :
161

,
.

. ,
- - ,
( 9.5 9.8)

9.5 :

. 3G GPRS,
LTE 2012 HSPA (high speed 3G) mainstream
2014, LTE mainstream
HSPA.

162

 9.6 :

9.7 :

9.8 : LTE

163

 IMS

IMS
.
IMS
Alamo 123 -
, ,
.
,
concept
customizations .
IMS,
, , ,
124,

.

3G, 4G
WiMax ,

IMS125.
- 126
- , 127,
o ODI128, High Performance Push to Talk129, VoIPVoLGA130-VoLTE131, cloud
computing132, ,
IMS
LTE WiMAX.

123

bit pipe.
ROI.
125
PCRF HSS
QoS.
126
http://wireless.fcc.gov/auctions/default.htm?job=auction_factsheet&id=73
127
FCC 700 MHz 900 .
128
Verizon Wireless
129
Sprint
130
http://www.volga-forum.com/
131
Warren Dan, Roaming in LTE and Voice over LTE,GSMA,
132
Gouveia,Wahle,Blum and Magedanz, Proceedings of the 5th International ICST Mobile Multimedia
Communications Conference,Brussels,2009
124

164

 LTE

3G LTE,
133
, GGSN EPC.134

, , /
, . atca135
.

Total Cost of Ownership (TC)

(. GSM-3G-LTE), .

3G/GSM LTE
,
, budget, (
) ,
.
Vodafone , 2010 1500 HSPA
LTE, 136. 1.21
12 800 Hz,
.

, O2
Halle 2.6GHz
Ebersberg and Teutschenthal 800 z137.
,
layered CS flat IP LTE
odeBs ( RNC) data
( IP ) SGSN GGSN ( 9.9
9.10), GGSN ( IMS) EPC
3G SGSN( 9.11) .
eNodeBs
133

Traffic modeling traffic engineering, link budgeting, dimensioning, network design and
planning, capacity analysis and enhancements etc
134

.
135
Advanced Telecommunications Computing Architecture (ATCA)
136
http://www.suite101.com/content/vodafone-germany-to-deploy-lte-by-september-a264571
137
http://www.suite101.com/content/o2-joins-lte-race-in-germany-a269112

165

RNC LTE (
9.12).

166

 9.9 : LTE

9.10: nodeBs

9.11 : EPC

167

 9.12: 3GPP Release 8

168

10.
6

, -
.
, 2010138,
3431/2006

.
(&) ,
,
, ,
, . 4
,
6 .
,

,

, .139.

(cellular concept),
,
..
.
,
,
, .
, 1980,
138

, 10 2010, . 24
, , 10 2010,
. 24
139

169


.
,
GPRS, 3G LTE
,

,
, .

,

.

,
:

The Stewart Report140

Stewart Report
2000
, Independent Expert
Group on Mobile Phones (IEGMP).
IEGMP
(
) ,
,

.
, IEGMP :
"

,
, . .
( 1.33) : "

' (
6.35)
"
" ( 5.270)

140

Sir William Stewart,IEGMP,April 28 2000

170

""
,
" ( 5.273)

(
)
.
The Mobile Telecommunications Health Research Program (MTHSR)141
(MTHSR) 2007
"
(, )
." :


TETRA

. .

( 10 )


(symptomatology).
Ericsson Vodafone
- Vodafone142,
,

, :
(WHO)

, ,
.
,

, Vodafone
. ,
,

10 ..

141

http://www.mthr.org.uk/

142

http://www.vodafone.com.au/personal/aboutvodafone/healthmobilephonetechnology/phonesbasestation
showismysafetyassured/index.htm

171

 , Ericsson

. Ericsson
RF
,
.143 , Ericsson,
,
.
Ericsson (.
)
( SAR )
ICNIRP ,
.
Ericsson, Vodafone,
"
".

144


:

16 .
hands free

(SAR)145

, Imperial College146
250.000 ,
.

.

143

Mobile Communications and Health, Tomas Persson and Christer Trnevik,Ericsson Review 2003

144

http://www.dh.gov.uk/en/Publicationsandstatistics/Publications/PublicationsPolicyAndGuidance/DH_4
123979
145
http://reviews.cnet.com/cell-phone-radiation-levels/
146
http://www3.imperial.ac.uk/newsandeventspggrp/imperialcollege/newssummary/news_22-4-201013-52-53

172

11.

(LTE),

. , ,
Huawei Ericsson
. ,
rollouts ..
LTE , TeliaSonera 2009,
LTE , MetroPCS
2010.
Ericsson
(tier 1), ,
. Huawei, ' ,

.

173

 11.1 :

TeleGeographys 4G Research Service ( 11.1),

Huawei 18
TeliaSonera, Vodafone O2
2010 Sprint, Verizon Wireless NTT DoCoMo.
Ericsson,
Nokia- Siemens Alcatel-Lucent 2G 3G,

Huawei , ZTE.
, Huawei .

2009 19% USD21
, Ericsson USD27 .

174



.

(resilience)
.

( )

2011. 22
2009 - 43 2011
6 2009 11
2011147

, lap-top
1300 , smartphone
iphone

.
, 100
,
500,000 SMS
.
Rogers Wireless

200% downloading
160%.148
,
peer
,
(commoditization
SMS)
Return on Investment (ROI),
.

147

148

UMTS Forum, Recognizing the Future of Mobile Broadband: July 10, p. 5.

Solutions and Greater Use of Commercial Networks: Rogers 2010

175

, ,
, .
,
IMS
, ,
.
,

, ,
.
Web Companies ' peer to peer,
, ,

, bit pipe.

Total Cost of Ownership (TCO)

,
, anytime anywhere
, .
100
WCDMA
HSPA. HSPA+
2013, LTE 149.
,
,
.
Shannon
MIMO
OFDM
.
Analysis Mason

149

UMTS Forum ,Mobile Broadband Evolution : the roadmap from HSPA to

LTE: Feb. 2009, pp. 5,12

176

 10,000 ,
WCDMA 0.06 bit,
HSPA+ 0.03 bit.

(self tuning self optimizing) LTE, 0.01
/bit150.

Networks First, Applications Soon

.
, -

, . .


, .

,
LTE,
DSL,
, network sharing,
, co-siting outsourcing , managed services (

) ,
, .

( , ,
)

,
.

150

Analysys Mason, Wireless broadband forecasts for 20082015: HSPA,

HSPA+, EV-DO, LTE and WiMAX, July 2008

177


151.

(
) .

.

,

() . ,
,
.152

, Almon
Strowger , Strowger
, (
) . Strowger

. Strowger ,

.

151

Serling, Shaping American Telecommunications, New York (Lawrence Erlbaum Associates),

November 30, 2005, pg 65
152
Stephen Van Dulken, Inventing the 19th Century, New York (NYU Press) , February 1, 2002, pg 24

178

 11.2 Strowger (1891,Patent # 447,918)

Strowger switch, ( 11.2)
equal access.
Strowger switch crossbar
, SPC (Stored Program Control)
crossbar.
SPC
.
CCITT SS7,

PCM (pulse code modulation),
( .),
, / ,
.
/ .

.
SPC Ericsson AXE,
Alcatel System 12 ( ITT 1240) , Motorola EMX, Siemens EWSD,
Northern Telecom (Nortel) DMS, Stromberg Carlsson DCO, AT&T ( Lucent
Alcatel-Lucent) ESS .
179


( Fujitsu , NEC)
,

. 100 ,


CCITT #7 ANSI SS7.
, (Huawei, ZTE)
, ,
. ,
playground
.

80 90
- .
, Greene
AT&T, (Regional
Bell Companies) ( 11.3)153 ,
-
..
.

153

Stephen Green, The breakup of AT&T,New York (Atheneum Books),October 1986

180

 11.3 :Regional Bell Operating Companies after Breakup of AT&T

,
, (commoditization)
.
,
(. Vodafone)
.


.
, ( Clinton)
(The
Information Superhighway)

(. CDMA).

,
,
IP.
, ( FCC) ,
Computer I, II, and III enquiries,

walled garden SS7 ,
,
, peer to
peer.

181

To 1921, ,
2 MHz.
7 1928
downlink.

, ..
.
1933 Bayonne, New Jersey
,
.

.
Bayonne .
1940 30-40 MHz
.

Frequency Modulation (FM)
Connecticut Hartford. FM,
Connecticut (Daniel E. Noble)
Fred M. Line
, AM. FM
de
facto standard .
, FCC 400 z
30 500 MHz
, , . AT&T
"public correspondence systems" (
).
H FCC Domestic Public Land
Mobile Radio Service (DPLMRS)
St. Louis 150 MHz
.
1947 35 to 44 MHz "highway"


.- 1956 half duplex Push To
Talk 450 MHz,
.

1964 150
MHz. IS Improved Mobile Telephone Service ,
(dynamic trunking)

182

 ,
( shared resource). , , 450
z
, AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone Service).

IMTS
.
500 W
20 - 25 .
25 , (
)
,
60 100 ( ).
,
. ,
, 6 .
1974 FCC
666 duplex
800 -900MHz.
Illinois Bell ( 1978) Chicago ( 850 MHz)
Washington DC.
World Administrative Radio Conference 1979

1982 Group Speciale Mobile (GSM).
1981 , NMT (Nordic
Mobile Telephone System) Ericsson
450 470 MHz 1984 AMPS
.
AMPS:
: 800 MHz

( ).
( 200 )
highway 1947.
:
.

.

183

 154 ( 11.4)
.

11.4 : AMPS based mobile system (Cellular Concept)

, 1993 ,
, FCC
"personal communications"
FCC 155
.
,
. ,


.


GSM 1992.


,
,
156.

154

1947, D. H. Ring of AT&T Bell Laboratories

Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1993
156
2001 OECD reform La Reform de la Reglementation en Grece
155

184

 Telecom
Italia Mobile, Telestet, Panafon ,
vodafone plc. , ,
, ,
.

Telestet 1993, Panafon

1993.

(OECD)157
, .
1000 ( 400,000 .)
25 , 90
40 158.
1998
OTE , Cosmote,
. Cosmote
GSM 1800 ( ,
, DCS 1800) Telestet Panafon
GSM 900 MHz GSM.
Cosmote
,
.
,
, Cosmote

, Cosmote
.
( 900 Hz)
,
, Cosmote OTE- .

157
158

2001 OECD reform La Reform de la Reglementation en Grece

, 17

185

 Cosmote
price sensitive
, 2002, Q telecom
( .). Q
(national roaming)
.
1994, ,
4%
159. 2004, 100%

2008 163%.
, 168%
( )
.
, 100%
ICAP,
,
, , .

159

186

,
,
.
,
,
.
,

.
,
,


.

187


assets
.


,

- .

IP
,
(anytime - anywhere)
.
( opex
, ()
),
.

.
, emails, ,
vpn
,
-
caf,
.
e-
.

8 -

188

 back office CRM ERP

just in time deliveries tracking

( ) logistics
management.

.
,
,
,
,
. .

(frictional) ,

.

9 -

189

Balanis Constantine. Antenna Theory: Analysis and Design, London (Wiley), 2005
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